mar.1estuaries, salt-marshes and mangrovesarp 12: 349-357

Mar. 1 Estuaries, salt-marshes and mangroves ARP 12:349-3573 Open Oceans: Adaptations SPL 13:372-393, 15:426-4328 Open Oceans: Feeding, mating SPL 15:438-44010 Arctic vs Antarctic Community Ian Stirling (CWS)15 Marine Mammals SPL 15:440-45517 Deep sea 1: Adaptations (SP) 13:390, 16:479-48022 Deep sea 2: Hydrothermal vent SPL 16:482-48924 Sponge reefs SPL 4:111-11629 Coral reefs 1: SPL 3:100-102, 16:473-47931 Coral reefs 2: Ecological interactionsSPL 16:473-479

Apr. 5 Marine life history strategies SPL 13:375-376, 16:478-4807 Marine Resources, Fisheries SPL 17:492-51512 Environmental concerns 1: SPL 18:519-54514 Environmental concerns 2: SPL 18:519-54528 Final Examination (0900) 60% of mark (ALL students in gymnasium)

May 4 Deferred final exam* (0900, BioSciences Z211)

Lecture schedule…continued

Biology 361: Marine Science Lecture Schedule, Winter 2005

Lectures: Tu -Th 1100, Dentistry/Pharmacy 2022

http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/biol361/B361.html

S.Leys ESB 1-58 ph. 2-6629; email: sleys@ualberta.ca

Classification of Living ThingsKingdomPhylum (Division)ClassOrderFamilyGenus Species

e.g. AnimaliaChordata

VertebrataMammaliaCetaceaDelphinidaeOrcinus orca

Fig 13.9

Neritic Oceanic

Classification of Marine Organisms

Fig 13.9

Neritic Oceanic

Epipelagic

Mesopelagic

Bathypelagic

Abyssopelagic

Biozone

Fig 13.9

Neritic Oceanic

Euphotic

Disphotic

Aphotic

Sunlight zone

Fig 13-11

Temperature ranges

Stenothermal

Eurythermal

Temperature tolerances

• Eurythermal– Shallow coastal water– Open ocean, surface

• Stenothermal– Open ocean, deeper

• Cooler water organisms tend to have smaller, fewer appendages, fewer species, and live longer

Figure 13.20

Oxygen variation with depth

Euphotic zone

Light penetration Fig 14-5

Box 13-1Fig 13 A

Deep scattering layer

Sonar of the Deep Scattering Layer

Morning

Day

Evening

Night7 am9 am

5 pm7 pm

Plankton – drifts with ocean currentsNekton – swim actively Zooplankton

& Nekton

PhytoplanktonBacterioplankton

Chaetognaths

Cnidaria

Gastropod mollusc

UrochordataPyrosoma

ArthropodaCrustacea

Zooplankton

Ctenophora

Image from text, T&TInside back cover

Cestus - ctenophore

Ctenes – rows of macro cilia

Floatation - shape

Fig 15-8

Floatation - shape e.g. Copepods (crustacean arthropods)

Fig 15-5

Cl. Hydrozoa: SiphonophoreMuggiaea

Individual= zooid

Nectophore= bell withfloat

Feeding zooid

Floatation – oil droplets

Vellela vellela (by the wind sailor)Cl. Hydrozoa: Chondrophora

Floatation – gas chambers

Physalia(portugese man of war)

Cl. Hydrozoa, Siphonophore

Floatation – gas chambers

Fig 15-7

Janthina – gastropod mollusc

Float of air bubbles

Floatation – gas chambers

Nautilus

Floatation – gas chambers

Fig 15-1

Buoyancy compensation in Nautilus

Siphuncle shell

animal

Transparency

• Provides camouflage

• Involves the whole organism

• Has evolved multiple times

The outcome of a predator/prey interaction depends on:

Sighting distance = the maximum distance at which a prey animal is detected by an animal relying on visual cues

Transparency allows:a) Prey with short sighting distance reduce their

encounters with visually orienting predators

c) Raptors to get within striking distance before being detected

b) Ambush predators with short sighting distance to increase chances of entangling prey before being detected and avoided

UV (~320nm)

Predator solutions to catching transparent prey…

1. UV visionfound in mantis shrimp,

cladocerans, copepods, decapods, horseshoe crabs, and even a polychaete worm!

2. Polarization visionlight is polarized when it enters water

Unpolarized light Polarized light

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope/logs/aug12/aug12.html

The Great Barrier Reef taken through a polarizing filter held in front of the camera horizontally, vertically, and at 45º.

The fourth image is coded with color to show that much of the water is horizontally polarized (coded here as red). By Justin Marshall and Tom Cronin

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope/background/polarization/polarization.html

Polarized vision – view of a copepod through…

unpolarized light polarized light

Polarization vision helps detect transparent preyShashar, Hanlon, Petz, Nature 1998,