managing transients in isolated systems with large wind power penetration crete experience by john...
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Managing transients in isolated Systems with Large Wind Power Penetration
Crete experience
By
John StefanakisPPC-GREECE Renewable
Energy Sources Department
About transients
Voltage transients (VTs)• Voltage dips (Short Circuits in the Grid)• Voltage surges (lightnings, switching
operations) Frequency transients (FTs)
• Frequency dips (loss of generation)• Frequency surges (loss of consumption)
Voltage transients (VTs)
Induce deferent Voltage changes ΔV through out the Grid. At the point of the Fault Voltage becomes zero. Away from the
point of the Fault, ΔV is inversely proportional to the total Thevenin’s Impedance between the point of reference and the point of Fault.
VTs at height Voltage grid influence the whole grid but last for a short time (usually less than 100msec)
VTs at low Voltage grid influence part of the Grid but, because of application of Protection’s Selectivity Principle, they may last for a long time (even more than one sec).
ΔV may cause WT trip if the resulting Voltage level AND the transient’s duration exceeds certain limits set by the manufacturer of the WT.
The old generation of WTs is very sensitive regarding VTs. New “Grid-Compatible” WTs, promise they can overcome the
problem.
Voltage Transients in Isolated Power Systems
Severe voltage dips because of the weakness of the Systems.
WF outages because of VDs Grate number of weather-induced faults
(lightnings, sea pollution, strong winds). Difficulties recovering after a loss of generation
event because of lack of interconnections.
Typical Voltage dip profile and its propagation through the System
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
-100 0 100 200 300 400
% Nominal (V)
mSecs
1220165-001/002 at PPC GREECE - 28/12/2000 05:48:12.259
P 50 VAP 50 VBP 50 VC
Vth(90%)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500
% Nominal (V)
mSecs
1220165-005/008 at SUBSTATION MIRES - 28/12/2000 05:51:40.723
M/S 2 PH AM/S 2 PH BM/S 2 PH C
Vth(90%)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500
% Nominal (V)
mSecs
1220165-005/009 at substation Ierapetra - 28/12/2000 05:54:46.219
VOLT M/S Ph AVOLT M/S Ph BVOLT M/S Ph C
Vth(90%)
Voltage profile at 150 kv Linoperamata Substation’s Buses during a single-face fault in face C
Voltage profile during the same fault at 20 kv Mires Substation’s Buses (50 Km away of fault’s site)
Voltage profile during the same fault at 20Kv Ierapetra Substation’s Buses (150 Km away of fault’s site)
WIND-FARMS OUTAGES OWING TO SYSTEM'S VOLTAGE DIPS
MIRES S/S MARONIA S/S
TO
PLO
U
RO
CA
S
AEO
LO
S
XIR
OLIM
NI
IWEC
O
AC
HLA
DIA
KR
IA
AN
EM
OES
SA
1 15.02/18.03.99 2 3,1 - 0,4 9 - 4,7 * * * * 12.1 176,5 6,9 - - - -
2 15.35/18.03.99 2 3,4 - 0 8,5 - 4,4 * * * * 11,9 174,5 6,8 UFL 24 3 to 7 2
3 18.32/07.07.99 1 8,5 - 0 8,5 - 0 4 - 4 * 2,6 - 2,7 * 23,6 316,4 7,5 - - - -
4 09.25/26.08.99 1 4,3 - 4,3 7,0 - 3,5 3,3 - 3,5 * 4 - 3,9 * 18,7 306,4 6,1 - - - -
5 14.25/14.09.99 5 # 0,3 - 0 1,4 - 0 * 0,9 - 0 * 2,6 293,0 0,9 - - - -
6 17.46/17.10.99 1 # 4,8-0 2,9-0 * 2,9-1,5 8,5-0 19,0 203,1 9,3 - - - -
7 05.58/27.10.99 1 # 6,9 - 3,8 5,3 - 0 * 3,3 - 2,7 13,8 - 13,3 28,3 139,8 20,2 - - - -
8 04.49/18.02.00 1 # 8,8 - 5,9 0,4 - 0 * 0,5 - 0,5 24,5 - 0 34,2 120,9 28,3 - - - -9 17.04/19.03.00 3 # 6,9 - 6,5 1,9 - 1,2 * 3,8 - 3,8 20 - 0 32,6 186,2 17,5 ROCOF 7,5 3 to 4 0,4
10 00.36/11.04.00 5 # 8,4 - 8,4 2,7 - 0 * 0 - 0 25,5 - 0 36,5 146,0 25,0 ROCOF 6,5 4 to 5 0,611 01.09/11.04.00 5 # 8,5 - 8,5 0,5 - 0,4 * 0 - 0 22,7 - 0 31,7 129,5 24,5 ROCOF 6,5 0 to 6 0,612 02.58/12.04.00 5 # 6,0 - 6,5 3,5 - 0 * 1,5 - 0 0 - 0 9,5 125,9 7,5 - - - -13 06.34/12.04.00 5 # 6,2 - 5,9 3,5 - 0 * 2,2 - 0 2 - 0 11,9 130,4 9,1 - - - -14 02.54/17.04.00 1 # 1,3 - 0,4 1,8 - 0 * 0 - 0 0,5 - 0,3 3,6 127,0 2,8 - - - -15 00.52/05.05.00 2 # 9 - 8,4 7,9 - 0 * 4,1 - 0 5,9 - 0 22,7 175,1 13,0 UFL 6 0 to 4 0,416 06.20/28.06.00 1 3,9 - 3,9 8 - 3,5 8 - 0 4 - 0 4,7 - 4,7 24 - 21 52,6 173,7 30,3 ROCOF 25 2 to 3 1,117 10.35/28.06.00 1 0,3 - 0,3 2,4 - 2,4 0 - 0 8 - 0 4,7 - 4,7 1,8 - 1,5 12,6 288,1 4,4 ROCOF 33 3 to 12 3,818 22.29/28.07.00 5 0 - 0 0,7 - 0,6 0 - 0 0 - 0 1,0 - 0 0 - 0 1,7 400,0 0,4 - - - -19 22.50/28.07.00 5 0 - 0 0,5 - 0,6 0 - 0 0 - 0 1,0 - 0 0 - 0 1,5 353,0 0,4 - - - -20 00.37/13.08.00 1 4,4 - 4,2 7,3 - 2,2 7,1 - 0 9,0 - 0 4,3 - 4,2 23,0 - 23.0 55,2 271,3 20,3 - - - -21 17.17/14.08.00 1 3,9 - 3,9 7,8 - 0 6,7 - 0 8,5 - 0 4,3 - 2,1 22,8 - 21,5 54,0 276,4 19,5 UFL 43 2 to 8 3,422 13.32/26.08.00 1 4,2 - 4,2 8,3 - 0 5,2 - 0 7,5 - 0 2,9 - 0 10,2 - 9,3 38,3 346,0 11,1 UFL 18,1 7 to 11 2,823 00.39/28.08.00 1 4,2 - 4,2 4,1 - 0,7 5,2 - 0 4 - 0 1,5 - 0 9,7 - 8,6 28,8 255,1 11,3 UFL 10 3 to 4 0,524 15.48/08.09.00 1 0,5 - 0 1,3 - 0 0,9 - 0 1,6 - 0 0 - 0 5,0 - 4,6 9,2 287,0 3,2 - - - -25 21.56/12.09.00 4 3,0- 0 7,5 - 0,5 5,9 - 0 8,3 - 0 1,8 - 0 17,3 - 0 43,9 326,9 13,4 ROCOF+UFL 42,5 3 to 34 7,126 22.31/12.09.00 4 1,90 - 0 4,8 - 3,6 7,4 - 0 6,2 - 0 2,8 - 0 11,3 - 0 34,4 301,2 11,4 MT 34,7 2 to 3 0,127 10.07/16.09.00 1 2,5 - 2,5 6,0 - 0 7,5 - 0 5,5 - 0 0 - 0 11,5 - 11,5 33,0 302,0 10,9 - - - -
Fault category
123
# 4* 5
Fault
cate
gory
Pow
er
Regecte
d [M
W]
Tota
l Dem
and [M
W]
Tota
l W/F
pro
ductio
n
befo
r th
e F
ault
[MW
]
Outa
ge d
ura
tion
min
/max [m
in]
Penetr
atio
n
Explanation of colours and symbols
c/n
Energ
y L
oss [M
Wh]Load
compensation through
U/F Relays (ROCOF or UFL)
or Manual Triping (MT)
Hour/Date
W/F Production prior/after the Fault
SITIA S/S
Discription
Fault at W/F connecting Line
Total W/F outageLack of informationNot yet in operation
Partial W/F outageFault at outgoing Distribution Line from other S/S
Stable W/F operation
Fault inside Maronia W/F (20 KV network)Fault at Transmission System
Fault at outgoing Distribution Line from Sitia S/S
Fault-induced WFs-Outages
Rejected Load [MW]
Part of total [%]
1999 6 4 2 24 13,7
2000 19 13 6 43/25 15,6/18
2001 11 7 4 35,3 16,7
2002 4 0 4 30 12
2003 17 3 14 48,2 15
2004 7 3 4 19,2 18
Most serious event of the year
Years
Number of WFs-
Outages per year
Faults in Height
Voltage grid
Faults in Middle
Voltage grid
Disturbances: 14.02.2004 10:42 & 10:52
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10:3
4
10:4
4
10:5
4
11:0
4
11:1
4
11:2
4
11:3
4
11:4
4
11:5
4
12:0
4
12:1
4
12:2
4
12:3
4
12:4
4
12:5
4
13:0
4
WF
Lo
ad [
MW
]
Time[min]
Faults in Transmission Lines 1978-2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
Nu
mb
er
of
Fa
ult
s
0
24
6
8
1012
14
1618
20
22
2426
28
Fa
ult
s p
er
100K
m
Number of Faults
Faults per 100 Km
Frequency Transients
Induce the same Frequency changes ΔF all over the Grid.
ΔF is proportional to the Load imbalance. WTs of Current technology quite resistant to FTs. Consequence to the Grid rear but (in case of Frequency
Dips) fatal to the System because:• Affect all WFs irrespective of their location.• Load imbalance that causes the FT, is amplified by WFs outages
leading to unstable performance and very probably to Blackout.
Toward increasing Penetration
Small scale interventions
Wind Farm levelVoltage support facilitiesUpgrading Grid connectionsGrid friendly Wind Turbines
System levelStrengthening the GridPromoting geo-diversityAdopting Supportive infrastructures
The SCADA System Highly qualified personnel in Dispatch Center Sophisticated logismic tools
Typical demand for Voltage deviations
Time [msec]
150 1500 30001000500
0,8
0,15
0
1,0
0,9
0,5
Re
ma
inin
g V
olt
ag
e [
pu
]
PPC 's Curve
EON 's Curve
1900
WFs sites
Ag. Nikolaos
Sitia
Ierapetra
Maronia
Atherinolakos
Atherinolakos S/S
Ag. Antonios Moni Toplou
Rokas
Xirolimni
Aeolos
Maronia Complex
Oas
Pretoria
Mires
Stalida
Iraklion I Iraklion II
Iraklion III
Linoperamata 66KV
Linoperamata 150KV
Linoperamata
Voskero
Iweco
Heraklion Prefecture
Lasithi Prefecture
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