malaria. malaria agent: plasmodium sp. p. falciparum p. vivax p. ovale p. malariae vector:...
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MALARIA
Agent: Plasmodium sp.
P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
Vector: Anopheline
Reservoir: Man
MALARIA
Mode of Transmission:
Mosquito
Man Man
Mosquito
1-3 yrs : P. vivax
1 yr : P. falciparum
Incubation period:-
P. vivax: 14 days
P. falciparum: 12 days
MALARIA
Parasite factors:
-Species
- Strain
- Stage
- Antigenic diversity
- Resistance to Chemotherapeutics
MALARIA
The vector:
-Distribution & Density
- Resting area
- Blood meal preference
- Frequency of meals
- Duration of sporogony
- Longivity (survival)
- Flight range
- Resistance to insecticide
MALARIA
Importance:
• 3.2 Billions
(> 100 countries)
> ½ W. pop.
•500 millions infection /year.
•200 millions disease /year.
MALARIA
Importance:
•Major killer in the tropics
Mainly P. falicparum
Children with other problems
Untreated P. falicparum < 25%
MALARIA
Endemicity: (Spleen rate)
Hypoendemic 0-10%
Mesoendemic 11-50%
Hyperendemic 51-75%
Holoendemic >75%
MALARIA
Hypoendemic 0-10% Unstable
Mesoendemic 11-50% Malaria
Hyperendemic 51-75% Stable
Holoendemic >75% Malaria
MALARIA
Immunity:
Unstable malaria:
All population groups.
Stable malaria:
Newborn (immune mothers):
3-6/12 (IgG).
Clinical malaria throughout childhood:
Intermittent absence of parasitaemia.
Lower parasite density.
Premunition.
Splenomegally.
MALARIAImmunity:
Stable malaria:
Adolescents and adults:
Parasitaemia: sometimes
Clinical symptoms: occasional
Pregnant: especially primigravidae
Use of prophylaxis:
Delays the process of immunity
Serious disease on re-exposure
MALARIA
Control (and Prevention):
Vector Reduction
Vector-host contact reduction
Parasite reduction
Research
MALARIA
Control (and Prevention):
Vector Reduction:
Breeding sites
Destruction of larvae
Adult anophelines
MALARIA
Control (and Prevention):
Vector-host contact reduction:
Well screened areas.
Mosquito nets (ITN).
Cover most of the body.
Use repellent on exposed skin.
Insecticide spray.
Antisporozoite vaccine?
MALARIAControl (and Prevention):
Parasite reduction:
Chemotherapy
Chemoprophylaxis
Antimerozoite vaccine?
Antigamitocyte vaccine?
Research
MALARIA
The problem is increasing
(resurgence):
Vector:
Breeding site
Cost and resistance
Changing habits
Parasite:
Resistance and Cost
MALARIA
(resurgence)
Population:
Movement.
In-cooperation.
Neighboring countries
Inadequate Control:
Political and economic.
Technical.
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