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5/23/2016
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Making Sense of Modern Feed Tests
Randy Shaver & Luiz Ferraretto
Dairy Science Department
Mention of companies, labs, trade names, products or assays solely for the purpose of providing specific information or examples and does not imply recommendation, endorsement or exclusion.
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Plant Cell Schematic
Cell wall
Cell contents
NDF DigestibilityHemicellulose ModerateCellulose LowLignin Indigestible
ProteinFatty acidsStarchSugars
NFC DigestibilityStarch High but variableSugar Very HighPectin Very High
Pectin
}
Adapted from D.K. Combs
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Fiber Assay Results
• ADF
• NDF; aNDF; aNDFom
• Lignin
• uNDF = Lignin × 2.4 iNDF?
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Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2007
Ash Content of Forage Samples
Plant content of ash
is 6% for grass and
8% for alfalfa
rest of ash is dirt
contamination
Ash Content of Forage
Samples UW Marshfield Lab
Type Statistic % Ash
Haylage Avg 12.3
Max 18.0
Min 5.7
Hay Average 10.3
Max 17.6
Min 8.8
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NFC = 100 - CP - (NDF - NDFCP) - EE - Ash
Non-Fiber Carbohydrates
Adapted from M.B. Hall
Organic
Acids
Sugars
Starches
Fructans
Pectic
Substances
b-Glucans
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A look at NFC fractionsCP
% DMNFC% DM
Starch% NFC
Sugar% NFC
Pectin%NFC
VFA% NFC
Corn Silage 8 41 71 0 0 29
Alfalfa Silage 21 18 25 0 33 43
Grass Hay 14 17 15 35 50 0
Beet Pulp 10 36 2 34 64 0
Citrus Pulp 7 57 2 48 50 0
Soyhulls 14 18 19 19 62 0
Molasses 6 81 0 100 0 0
Corn Gluten Feed 24 34 74 26 0 0
Barley 12 61 82 9 9 0
Adapted from Tables 4.1-4.2 in Dairy NRC 2001
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Summative Energy Equation
TDN1-x =
DIGCP + DIGFA + DIGStarch + DIGNSTNFC + DIGNDF – 7
OARDC from NRC-2001 modified for corn silage by Schwab et al., 2003, JAFST
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In Vitro
In Vivo
In Situ Gas Production
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RHA (lb)
Stat Cow # Milk Fat Protein Cheese
Average 486 31,297 1,154 961 3,150
Std. Deviation 500 1,622 90 57 203
Min 20 30,141 981 857 2,733
Max 3490 41,364 1,677 1,288 4,395
WI AgSource DHIA Top 100
Sept. 2015
111 Herds >30,000 lb RHA which represents 2.5% of herds on test there
+30 WI Herds >30,000 lb RHA at NorthStar DHI
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• Associative effects of feeds, nutrients, diets and DMI influence the digestibility of nutrients in vivo
• Associative effects are largely ignored with in vitro or in situ digestibility measurements
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Traditional (Goering – Van Soest) NDFD;
Standardized (Combs – Goeser) NDFD
In vitro total tract NDFD (Combs-ivttNDFD)
kd calculated from 24, 30, 48, 120-h NDFD (CG)
NDF kd Mertens, MIR; NDF kd Van Amburgh
24-h NDFD; calculated B2/B3 kd
4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120, 240-h NDFD lag, pools, rates
120-h uNDF, uNDFOM; 240-h uNDF, uNDFOM
Survey of websites and reports of 4 major US dairy feedlabs for analyses related to NDF digestibility
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Starch; Prolamin; Ammonia; Particle Size;
UW Feed Grain Evaluation; Corn Silage Processing Score
3-h, 7-h in vitro or in situ starch digestibility (ivRSD); kd
Fecal Starch; Total Tract Starch Digestibility (TTSD)
Survey of websites and reports of 4 major US dairy feedlabs for analyses related to starch digestibility
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TMR-D
Fermentrics™ (gas production system)
Calibrate™
Jones Index; (NDFd30 + starch)/NDFu30
Survey of websites and reports of 4 major US dairy feedlabs for analyses related to starch and NDF digestibilities
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Partial list of inherent flaws of rumen in vitro &in situ digestibility measures relative to in vivo
Donor/incubation cow diet ingredient/nutrient content & physical form versus client farm(s) e.g. Diet starch% & source affects amylase & cellulase activities;
Rumen pH & fluctuation; RDP; etc.
Ditto for DMI kd/(kd+kp) kp assumed; disagreement over use of kp of DM or nutrient and
determination methods for kp (markers or fill/flux)
DMI & diet influence rumen pH and hence kd
Fine grinding of incubation samples 1-2 mm screen for ivNDFD
Results in maximal rates and extents of NDF digestibility 4-6 mm for ivStarchD
Masks particle size effects on starch digestibility
Ignores post-ruminal NDF and starch digestion
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Grant, Proc. 2015 4-State Nutr. & Mgmt. Conf., Dubuque, IA Jim Coors, UW Madison, Ben Justen’s Thesis
A bit more on digestion kinetics
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For the most part, ruminal in vitro and in situ NDF digestibility measurements, should be viewed as relative index values for comparison among feeds/diets or over time within feeds/diets, rather than as predictors of in vivo digestibility
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The Dairy NRC version 8.0
Dr. Rich Erdman, ChairUniversity of Maryland, College Park
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In Vitro
In Vivo
In Situ
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How is TTNDFD determined?
Rate of fiber digestion (kd)
Potentially digestible NDF (pdNDF)
Rate of fiber passage, (kp)
TTNDFD (total tract NDF
Digestibility)
Standardized iv NDFD (24, 30, 48h)and uNDF
Forage sample
PD NDF * kd/(kd +kp)
Rumen and
hindgut digestion
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TTNDFD combines in vitro rate of NDF digestion with
uNDF to improve the prediction of in vivo fiber digestion
Slide adapted from Dave Combs, UW Madison
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Stand-alone in vitro NDFD30 or uNDF values
are poor predictors of in vivo fiber digestion
Slide adapted from Dave Combs, UW Madison
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Typical NDF & TTNDFD values of forages
NDF TTNDFDAverage Good
Alfalfa < 40% 42% > 48%Corn Silage < 40% 42% > 48%Temperate Grasses < 45% 44% > 50%
Dairy quality alfalfa and corn silages will be < 40% NDF with a TTNDFD value of at least 42%
Slide adapted from Dave Combs, UW Madison
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Sample manure for fecal starch
content to better manage starch
digestibility on the farm
Source Image: http://dairyinnovation.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/dsc_0083.jpg
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Fredin et al., 2014, JDS
UW Research Trial Results
31% of samples with > 3% fecal starch
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TTSD % = 100.0% - (1.25 X fecal starch %)
564 samples
P < 0.001
R² = 0.94
Fredin et al., 2014, JDS
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Field Trial Fecal Starch Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Starch in Fecal Samples, %
%
of
Samples 39% of farms with > 3% fecal starch
Huibregtse et al., 2013
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Utility of On-Farm Fecal Starch?
Can be used to predict total tract starch digestibility from available equation or using uNDF Monitor specific group over time
Reflects total diet, not specific feedstuffs!
Gives no indication of site of digestion
If <3% starch in feces no need to investigate feeds to improve starch digestion
If >3% should evaluate specific starchy feedstuffs
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Summary slide from DLL web site
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StarchD & NDFD Field StudyPowel-Smith et al., 2015, JAM abstr.• 32 Upper Midwest dairy herds
• uNDF (240 h) used as internal marker to determine in vivo total-tract starch & NDF digestibility in high pens
• 7-h ivStarchD and 24-h ivNDFD measured on corn silage, corn grain & TMR
• 7-h ivStarchD unrelated (R2=0) to in vivo total-tract starch digestibility
• 24-h ivNDFD poorly related (R2=0.13) to and over-estimated in vivo total-tract NDF digestibility
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High – Low ivNDFD Forage
4%-units 10%-units
- - Response (lb/cow/day) - -
Review Papers DMI FCM DMI FCM
Oba & Allen, JDS, 1999 1.6 2.2 4.0 5.5
Jung et al., MN Nutr. Conf., 2004 1.1 1.2 2.6 3.1
Ferraretto & Shaver, JDS, 2013 0.7 1.2 1.8 3.1
Average 1.1 1.5 2.8 3.9
Tabular data calculated from reported responses per %-unit difference in ivNDFD
Feed efficiency seldom improved statistically
ivNDFD vs. DMI, FCM & FE
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Grant, Proc. 2015 4-State Nutr. & Mgmt. Conf., Dubuque, IA
Response to ivNDFD vs. Level of Production
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Energy content of bm3 corn silageTine et al., 2001, JDS
Item
Lactating
4x Maintenance
Dry
Maintenance
Isogenic bm3 Isogenic bm3
TDN, % --- --- 72.1b 74.8a
DE, Mcal/kg 3.10 3.12 3.20b 3.32a
ME, Mcal/kg 2.58 2.68 2.62b 2.77a
NEL, Mcal/kg 1.43 1.49 1.42 1.54
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• Lignin• Content; Composition?
• Stage of Maturity• Hybrid/Variety
• Type vs. Individual• Environment; G × E
• Grass vs. Alfalfa• Mixtures
• Maturity; Variation
• Crop Fungicides?• Cutting height• Chop length
• Crop Processing?
• Ensiling• Time in storage• Inoculants?; Enzymes?
• TMR• peNDF• Starch
NDFD topics
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Ferraretto et al., JDS, 2013
Meta-Analysis: Diet Starch% vs. NDFD
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Weiss, 2014 Starch Discover Conf. (unpublished)
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Ruminant Starch Digestion
Rumen
Small Intestine
Hind Gut
Microbial Fermentation• VFA
• Propionate• Glucose via liver
• Microbial Protein
Digestion (Enzymatic)• Glucose
Microbial Fermentation• VFA
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Ferraretto et al., 2013, JDS
Meta-Analysis: Site of Starch Digestion
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Ferraretto et al., 2013, JDS
Meta-Analysis: Site of Starch Digestion
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80 to 98% StarchD•Kernel particle size•Duration of silage fermentation•Kernel maturity •Endosperm properties•Additives (exp.)
40 to 70% IVNDFD•Lignin/NDF
Hybrid Type Environment; G × E Maturity
•Cutting height•Additives (exp.)
Grain ~40 -45% of WPDMStover= ~55 -60% of WPDM
•Avg. 42% NDF in WPDM•Variable stover:grain
Whole-Plant Corn Silage
•Avg. 30% starch in WPDM•Variable grain:stover
Variable peNDF as per chop lengthAdapted from Joe Lauer, UW Madison Agronomy Dept.
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Corn Silage Fermentation Increases Starch Digestibility!
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In Press
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• BMR, DP, and LFY-FL
• 2/3 milk line, 7 d later
• 0.65-cm, 1.95-cm
• Protease vs. control
• 0, 30, 60, 120 or 240 d of ensiling
• Objective was to evaluate the effects of ensiling time and protease in WPCS of varied hybrids, maturities and particle size
Treatments and Objectives
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45
50
55
60
65
70
75
30 60 120 240
ivSta
rchD (% s
tarc
h)
Ensiling time (d)
BMR DP LFY
Hybrid type × ensiling time
Time effect (P < 0.001)Hybrid effect (P = 0.02)Hybrid×Time (P > 0.10)
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05
1015202530354045505560657075
0 30 120 240
%
Ensiling time (d)
NH3-N (% N) Sol-CP (%CP) ivStarchD (% Starch)
(P = 0.001)
Ensiling time effect
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40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
0 30 120 240
ivSta
rchD (% s
tarc
h)
Ensiling time (d)
LFY
BMR
Time effect (P < 0.001)Hybrid effect (NS)Hybrid×Time (NS)
2.0 3.0 4.1 4.3
Difference between LFY and BMR (%-units)
Hybrid type × ensiling time
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40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
0 30 120 240
ivNDFD
(% N
DF)
Ensiling time (d)
LFY
BMR
Time effect (NS)Hybrid effect (P < 0.001)Hybrid×Time (NS)
Hybrid type × ensiling time
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Corn Silage Processing ScoreMertens, USDFRC
Ro-Tap Shaker 9 sieves (0.6 thru 19
mm) and pan
Analyze for starch on 4.75 mm & > sieves
% of starch passing4.75 mm sieve
>70%70% to 50%
< 50%
KPS
ExcellentAdequate
Poor
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MN Field
Trial 1
MN Field
Trial 2
WI Field
Trial 1
Lab Survey
WI Field
Trial 2Lab Survey
Testing Lab
Dairyland Rock RiverCumberland
Valley
Year 2005 - 2007 20112011 -2012
2010 -2012
2010 -2011
No. of samples 252 55 29 258 64 311 1,131
CSPS - - - - - - - - - - - -% of Samples by Processing Score- - - - - - -
Excellent 10% 8% 10% 17% 17% 16% 7%
Adequate 48% 76% 55% 68% 61% 62% 51%
Poor 42% 16% 35% 15% 22% 22% 42%
Corn Silage Processing Score
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Industry Makes Advances in Corn Silage Processing
(CVAS Data, 2006 to 2014)
Crop Year Number AveragePercent
ExcellentPercent
Poor
2006 97 52.8 8.2 43.3
2007 272 52.3 9.2 37.9
2008 250 54.6 5.2 34.8
2009 244 51.1 6.1 48.0
2010 373 51.4 5.9 43.4
2011 726 55.5 12.3 33.1
2012 871 60.8 14.8 19.9
2013 2658 64.6 36.0 12.9
2014 322 61.8 24.2 9.0
Adapted from slide provided by Ralph Ward of CVAS
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Corn Silage Processing Improves (RRL Data, 2013 to 2015)
Crop Year Count (n)Average
CSPSNormalRange
Percent Excellent
PercentPoor
2013 725 56 44 - 68 12% 33%
2014 2155 65 54 - 76 33% 8%
2015 847 68 57 - 79 48% 6%
Summarized from data provided by Dr. John Goeser, RRL
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Corn Silage Processing Improves (DLL Data, 2009 to 2014)
Summary slide provided by Kyle & Dave Taysom, DLL
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Corn Silage Processing Score
n Unfermented n Fermented SE P <
% Starch Passing
4.75 mm Sieve
12 50.2% 121 60.1% 3.1 0.01
14 49.4% ± 11.4 282 70.0% ± 5.0 --- ---
10 49.3% ± 15.5 203 67.8% ± 3.3 --- ---
130 days in vacuum sealed experimental mini silos290 to 210 days in farm level silo bags330 to 120 days in farm level silo bags
Ferraretto et al., 2015, JDS Abstr.
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Corn Silage Processing Score
vacuum sealed experimental mini silos
b
ab
a
a
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
0 30 120 240
% s
tarc
h p
assi
ng
thro
ugh
4.7
5 m
m
scre
en
Ensiling time, d
P = 0.08SEM = 2.0n = 3
Ferraretto et al., 2015, JDS Abstr.
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Corn Silage Processing Score
y = 0.8575x + 0.37R² = 0.2737
45.0%
50.0%
55.0%
60.0%
65.0%
70.0%
75.0%
80.0%
85.0%
25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% 45.0% 50.0%
KPS%
DM%
CSPS vs. DM%
Dias Jr. et al., 2015, JDS Abstr.
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DM% & Starch% Influence CSPS (DLL Data, 2009 to 2014)
Summary slides provided by Kyle & Dave Taysom, DLL
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www.uwex.edu/ces/crops/uwforage/KernelProcessing-FOF.pdf
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14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
1500 2000 2500 3000Sta
rch f
erm
ent
ation
rate
(%/h
)
A
54.0
55.0
56.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
60.0
61.0
62.0
63.0
64.0
1500 2000 2500 3000
Rum
inal Sta
rch D
igest
ibility
(% o
f st
arc
h)
B
92.0
93.0
94.0
95.0
96.0
1500 2000 2500 3000
Tot
al Tra
ct S
tarc
h D
igest
ibility
(% o
f st
arc
h)
GMPS, µm
C
GMPS, µm GMPS, µm
Estimates of the effect of kernel-fraction geometric mean particle size
(µm) on starch fermentation rate (%/h; Panel A) and ruminal and total
tract starch digestibilities (% of starch; Panel B and C, respectively).
Dias Jr. et al., unpublished
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DM, NDF, Starch on feed-out samples
Bag 1 Bag 2
MeanNormal Range
MeanNormal Range
DM, % as fed 39 34 - 43 38 34 - 42
NDF, % of DM 44 41 - 47 43 40 - 46
Starch, % of DM 31 27 - 35 32 29 - 35
• 1 Hybrid, 1 Field• Harvested same day • Arlington, WI
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NDF Content of Corn Silages
DM basis Average Normal Range
Dairyland Labs6 years
n=13k/yr.43% 37% - 49%
Example
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Starch Content of Corn Silages
DM basis Average Normal Range
Dairyland Labs6 years
n=13k/yr.30% 23% - 37%
Example
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Example
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How do we determineDry Matter?
Commercial Lab Analysis
Koster Tester
Food Dehydrator
Microwave
On-Farm NIRS
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High-MoistureCorn Grain
Silo Kernel Moisture %Horizontal 27 – 32a
Tower
Concrete stave 27 - 32Oxygen Limiting 25 - 27
Recommended Moisture Contents
aEarlage/Snaplage target at 35%-40% moisture in product
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Example
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Visit UW Extension Dairy Cattle Nutrition Website
http://www.shaverlab.dysci.wisc.edu/
Mention of companies, labs, trade names, products or assays solely for the purpose of providing specific information or examples and does not imply recommendation, endorsement or exclusion.
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