main messages december 2011
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Main MessagesDecember 2011
EQUAL?
In the last 20 years, university enrollments for women grew 7-fold … and in 2009 women are 51% of college students…
Equal?
…. and yet challenges remain:
• 35 million girls are still out of school todaymany of them in Sub-Saharan Africa or among minority populations
• Large gender differences in field of study (education streaming)
In low & middle income countries life expectancy among women has increased by 20 years since 1960
…. And yet, relative to boys and men, almost 4 million women die too early each year in the developing world compared with rich countries
Equal?
Excess female mortality in the developing world
1990
2008
29.7%
36.8%
24.7%
15.9%
31.5%
34.7%
1990: 4.082 million2008: 3.882 million
In the last 30 years, 552 million joined the labor force and today, 4 out of 10 workers globally are women
Equal?
In the last 30 years, 552 million women joined the labor force
+ 7%+ 16%+ 5%+ 2%+ 4%+ 2%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
High income
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
female labor force participation rate
- 7%- 3%
In the last 30 years, 552 million joined the labor force and today, 4 out of 10 workers globally are women
Equal?
... And yet, on average, for every dollar a man makes, a woman earns 80 cents
Mexico 80¢ Germany 62¢
Bangladesh 12¢
Nigeria 60¢
For every dollar a man makes, a woman earns…
Malawi 90¢
Sri Lanka 50¢
All but 6 countries have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
Equal?
… and yet 510 million women will be abused by their partner in their lifetime
Japan (Yokohama)
Brazil (Sao Paulo)
Bangladesh (Matlab)
Ethiopia (Butajira)
percentage women abusedDomestic violence: percentage women abused
13%
27%
42%
49%
246,000 women
All but 6 countries have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
Equal?
… and only 19% of parliamentarians in the world are women
What does the WDR do?
The Report asks 3 questions:
(1) Do these inequalities matter?
(2) Why do they persist?
(3) What do we do to eliminate them?
(1) Do these inequalities matter?
Is the right thing to do…
... is the smart thing to do
• economic costs
… equalizing access to inputs such as land and fertilizers would increase agricultural output by
… eliminating employment segregation would increase labor productivity by as much as
Inequality has a cost
2-4%
3-25%
• shortchanges the next generation
… women’s control of household earnings changes spending in favor of children
… educated women invest more in children
… witnesses of violence tend to become abusers
Inequality has a cost
• and leads to suboptimal institutions and policies
… In India, women in political office increased public investments in water
… In the US, voting rights from women reduced infant mortality by
Inequality has a cost
8-15%
… these problems do not go away with growth
… and costs will grow bigger in a globalized world
…and the cost is growing
(2) Why do gaps persist?Underlying causes of gender inequality
HOUSEHOLDS
FORMAL INSTITUTIONS
MARKETS ENDOWMENTS
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
AGENCY
INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS
policies
Growth
Gend
er E
qual
ity
No Progress: Economic Opportunities
HOUSEHOLDSMARKETSAGENCY
INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS
ENDOWMENTS
FORMAL INSTITUTIONS
FORMAL INSTITUTIONS
Biased law/regulations,
and limited infrastructure
MARKETSDifferential access to
labor/credit/land markets, and
networks
INFORMAL INSTITUTIONSSocial norms on
care/market work ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
HOUSEHOLDSDifferential allocation
time/resources
GrowthGe
nder
Equ
ality
… gaps persist in the distribution of care tasks independent of market work and earning
Household maintenanceCare of members of the household
Persistent gender differences in houseand care responsibilities
(3) What do we do to eliminate these gaps?
Focus on gaps that: do not disappear with growth and matter most for development Gender gaps in human endowments
Earnings and productivity gaps
Gender differences in voice and agency The reproduction of gender inequality
over time
Target determinants of gender inequality
Expanding access to economic opportunities (I)
Alleviating time constraints requires:• Infrastructure improvements (water, electricity,
transport) and new (ICT) technology• Affordable child care (subsidies, public
provision, rural and informal women)• Institutional and other changes aimed at
shifting norms/responsibilities around housework
Increasing access to land and credit requires:• Legal reforms where women’s property rights
are restricted• Expansion of access to formal credit (beyond
microfinance), combined with training
Expanding access to economic opportunities (II)
Reduce discrimination in labor markets
• Increase women’s participation in male occupations/sectors• Subsidies + training• Affirmative action
• Strengthen women’s networks
Eliminate institutional barriers• Correcting gender biases in service
delivery• Reforming labor laws that treat
men/women differently
New trendsTrade, FDI and Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) Expanded access to economic
opportunities (jobs and access to markets) Stronger incentives for gender reform Faster shifts in gender norms
Harnessing new trends requires:Removing existing constraints (time,
productive inputs, market and institutional failures)
Stronger partnerships with private sector
Access to finance and ICT Access to international markets
Expanding access to economic opportunities (III)
Enhancing women’s voice in fertility decisions requires:
• Increasing women’s decision-making power• Improving provision and quality of
reproductive health services• Using media to increase awareness
and shift norms
Shrinking gender gaps in voice and agency (I)
Increasing social and political participation requires:• Increasing education, training
and skill development• Changing beliefs about
leadership– Quotas– Role models
• Strengthening social movements – and other ways of exercising (social) voice
Shrinking gender gaps in voice and agency (II)
• Building human and social capital for girls• Supporting school to work
transition• Building aspirations and
agency for girls and boys• Preventing risky behavior
Limiting the reproduction of gender inequalities across generations
Fighting resistance/building momentum:• Build coalitions (women’s groups can be powerful
part but also need to include men)• Leverage private sector to build the ‘business case’
for gender equality• Take advantage of “windows of opportunity”
Multiple paths to reform:• Balance “incremental” and “transformative” reforms
How to effectively enable sustainable gender reform?
Global action complementary to national action and policies• Focus on four priority areas plus one cross-cutting aspect --
supporting evidence-based public action through better data and improved knowledge
Three types of activities:• Providing financial support
Clean water and sanitation, maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS treatment• Fostering innovation and learning
Providing child care, investing in rural women, leveraging technology to access markets, improving access to justice
• Leveraging effective partnershipsBilateral and multilateral donors, private sector, UN Women
Global agenda for greater gender equality
EQUAL!www.worldbank.org/wdr2012
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