macrofungi of british columbia: requirements for inventory
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W O R K I N G P A P E R
Macrofungi of British Columbia:Requirements for Inventory
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Ministry of Forests Research Program
Macrofungi of British Columbia:Requirements for Inventory
S. Redhead
Ministry of Forests Research Program
The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for theinformation and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute anofficial endorsement or approval by the Government of British Columbia of anyproduct or service to the exclusion of any others that may also be suitable.Contents of this report are presented for discussion purposes only. Fundingassistance does not imply endorsement of any statements or informationcontained herein by the Government of British Columbia.
Citation:Redhead, S. Macrofungi of British Columbia; requirements for inventory. Res. Br., B.C.Min. For., and Wildl. Br., B.C. Min. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, B.C. Work.Pap. /.
Prepared byScott RedheadAgriculture and Agri-food CanadaEastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre () Carling AvenueOttawa, Ontario, Canada forB.C. Ministry of ForestsResearch Branch31 Bastion SquareVictoria, B.C. v8w 3e7andB.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and ParksWildlife Branch Blanshard StreetVictoria, BC
Province of British Columbia
Copies of this report may be obtained, depending upon supply, from:B.C. Ministry of ForestsForestry Division Services BranchProduction Resources Pandora Avenue, st FloorVictoria, BC
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PREFACE
In recent years, global changes in the environment (e.g., acid rain, deple-tion of the ozone layer, global warming) and increasing rates of resourceextraction (e.g., forest harvesting, conversion of wildlands to agricultureand residential development) have raised serious ethical and utilitarianconcerns over the disappearance of entire ecosystems, species, and thegenetic diversity of animal and plant populations. Numerous articles,focusing on the maintenance of biodiversity at the ecosystem, species, andgenetic levels, are prevalent in both the scientific and popular literature(e.g., Harris 1984; Westman 1990; Hansen et al. 1991; Chaplin et al. 1992;Kimmens 1992; Pielou 1992; Pimental et al. 1992; Wilson 1992; Fenger etal. 1993). Yet, despite the documentation of the flora and fauna for manyparts of the world, particularly temperate regions, large gaps exist in ourknowledge. Of particular concern is the lack of basic information, such asregional species checklists, for many groups of organisms, including bryo-phytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), lichens, and fungi. Unfor-tunately, these organisms are more at risk than their larger counterparts,the vascular plants, because they are not maintained in botanical gardensand, once their habitat disappears, these organisms become extinct.
Fortunately, many areas of British Columbia have not been altered tothe same extent as other regions in North America, such as California,where almost half of the crustose lichens collected in the early part of thecentury have not been found since that time because so much of the landhas been irrevocably changed by residential and agricultural developmentand air pollution (Hale and Cole 1988). Alternatively, there has been solittle adequate documentation of the bryophytes, lichens, and macrofungiof British Columbia that we have little notion of the extent to which thesegroups have been affected by human activities.
This is one of three reports that outline what is known about bryo-phytes (Ryan 1996), lichens (Goward 1995), and macrofungi (this report)in British Columbia. They provide a preliminary list of species that arerare or endangered, and provide a set of recommendations regardingfuture inventory requirements for each of these groups.
Our knowledge is the most incomplete for macrofungi: less than 1% ofthe macrofungi flora of British Columbia have been examined in systema-tic studies; hence, it is not possible to provide more than a rudimentarylist of rare species for British Columbia. Obviously, there is a need forbasic field work, including general floristic studies identifying and describ-ing undocumented species in all regions of the province.
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FOREWORD
British Columbia, Canada’s most westerly province, has a bounty of bio-logical diversity. Its mountains, lakes and rivers, rainforests, wetlands andarid grasslands, and long, rugged coast provide habitats for more speciesof living organisms than are found anywhere else in Canada. However,this very diversity means that there is much to be discovered about theseorganisms—their distribution, abundance, habitat requirements, andinterrelationships with their environments. Increasing our knowledge ofthis biodiversity will help us with the complex task of sustainably manag-ing our land and waters.
In the Provincial Government initiated a co-operative biodiversityresearch program with funding from the Corporate Resource InventoryInitiative; the British Columbia Ministries of Forests (Research Branch);Environment, Lands and Parks (Wildlife and Habitat Protectionbranches); and Tourism and Culture, (Royal British Columbia Museum);and the Forest Resource Development Agreement ( ). One goal ofthis research program is to extend information to scientists, resourcemanagers, and the public through biodiversity publications. These publica-tions are intended to increase awareness and understanding of biodiversity,promote the concepts and importance of conserving biodiversity, andcommunicate provincial government initiatives related to biodiversity. Wehope that they will be used as tools for the conservation of BritishColumbia’s rich, living legacy.
For more information contact:
B.C. Ministry of ForestsResearch Branch Bastion SquareVictoria, BC
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and ParksWildlife Branch Blanshard StreetVictoria, BC
Royal British Columbia Museum Belleville StreetVictoria, BC
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was initiated and planned by Andrew Harcombe on behalf ofthe Wildlife Branch of the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks.Trudy Chatwin co-ordinated the early stages of the project and Gail Harc-ombe oversaw the publication production process.
Funding for the production of this report was provided by the Canada-British Columbia Forest Research Development Agreement (), anddelivered through the Corporate Resource Inventory Initiative () andthe Ministry of Forests Research Branch. Funding for the pre-press workand printing costs was provided by Forest Renewal B.C.’s BiodiversityResearch Program.
Special thanks are extended to Mike Ryan and Dave Fraser of ArenariaResearch and Interpretation for their assistance in contract managementand preparation of this report. James Ginns and Louise Lefebvre alloweduse of their unpublished manuscript on aphyllophorales of North Amer-ica. Lorelei Norvell sent data from her master index for Pacific Northwestfungi. Data on agarics were extracted from an unpublished compilationby Scott Redhead and Elizabeth Fox. Technical reviews were done byShannon Berch, Ministry of Forests Research Branch and George Douglasof the Conservation Data Centre.
Thanks are extended to Ministry of Forests staff Evelyn Hamilton, PaulNystedt, Susanne Barker, Heather Strongitharm, and Jill Peterson for theirhelp in the production of this report.
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CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Status of Knowledge in British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Status of Individual Species in British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Rare or Notable Species of Macrofungi of BritishColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Possibly Rare Macrofungi from British Columbia byEcoregions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ranking of Ecoregions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surveys and Survey Techniques Used to Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Future Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potential Threats to Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
British Columbia polypores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aphyllophorales from British Columbia, exceptingpolypores and chanterelles, and terrestrial clavaroidfungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Revised and annotated list of agarics, boletes, andcantharelloid genera reported from British Columbiaup to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous basidiomycetes reported from BritishColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ascomycetes reported from British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conservation Data Centre Ranking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Major collections of British Columbia macrofungi . . . . . . . .
Mycological taxonomists in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evaluation of mycological studies by zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1 INTRODUCTION
Macrofungi are those fungi that form large fructifications visible withoutthe aid of a microscope. This artificial but convenient grouping is heredefined to include fungal families or genera where the majority ofincluded species produce fruit bodies greater than cm in diameter.Unlike microfungi, which are made conspicuous by the diseases, decay,and moulding they cause, macrofungi are the ones most likely to bedirectly observed unaided and by the untrained eye. They are also themost likely either to be indicator or threatened beneficial species. Thenumber of species of macrofungi of British Columbia may well exceed thenumber of species of vascular plants, but, with a few spectacular excep-tions, they are largely inconspicuous or are lumped together in the pub-lic’s mind as mushrooms, toadstools, conks, puffballs, etc., if differentiatedeven this far. The loss of any one, again with a few exceptions (e.g.,chanterelles or pine mushrooms), would not be viewed with alarm by thepopulace. In fact, a few are either aggressive plant pathogens or agents ofdestruction of wood structures, and their eradication or control, like thatof weeds, may well be a legitimate goal.
However, macrofungi are extremely important beneficial organisms inBritish Columbia for several reasons. Excepting tree species in theCupressaceae (Chamaecyparis, Calocedrus, Thuja ) and Aceraceae (Acer )families, all major timber trees and many ornamentals are symbioticallydependent on ectomycorrhizal fungi, most of which are macrofungi. Elim-ination of these fungi or a substantial drop in their numbers will lead toloss or deterioration of the trees, have a serious effect on the timberindustry, and lead to loss of innumerable wilderness habitats.
Macrofungi, such as morels (Morchella ), false morels (Gyromitraesculenta ), pine mushrooms (Tricholoma magnivelare ), chanterelles (Can-tharellus spp.), and king boletes (Boletus edulis ) are now commerciallyharvested directly from natural habitats, supporting a multimillion-dollarindustry.
Aside from the financial benefits of human consumption, mushroomsform a part of the diet for native animals, such as squirrels, voles, anddeer. Truffle-like fungi, although very poorly documented from BritishColumbia, are obligately dependent on animal ingestion and dispersal;even as some of these animals are largely dependent on the fungi as food.Others, through causing wood decay, create essential habitats for a varietyof animals either by causing cavitation of trees or logs, or preparing thewood for colonization by insects and, indirectly, by larger animals.
Macrofungi, although by definition visible to the naked eye, are, like allfungi, microorganisms. They interact and compete with all manner ofother microorganisms and predators or browsers. Genetically, they gener-ate masses of pharmaceutically active chemicals, such as antibiotics, anti-carcinogens, hormones, pheromones, toxins, carcinogens, enzymes, andpigments. Each species presents a unique combination of these featuresand therefore represents potential benefits.
Fungi (mostly macrofungi) decompose plant matter, particularly woody
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tissues. They are necessary for the recycling of both natural and industrialforest waste and dead wood. As a by-product of this ability to degradecomplex polymers (lignin and cellulose), some fungi are capable of beingused to decontaminate soil or groundwater of some types of pollutants.
Aesthetically, some macrofungi are among the most picturesque, colour-ful, and delicate formations in nature. A profusion of large mushrooms,coral fungi, and bracket fungi along a woodland trail can turn an areainto a wilderness wonderland, worth preserving for the sake of its beauty.
2 STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Unfortunately, the present state of knowledge of the macrofungal flora, ormacromycota, does not easily lend itself to the detailed analysis needed orenvisaged for biodiversity preservation legislation. Current data are insuffi-cient for a comparison among most ecoregions or with other regions inCanada or North America. This is not to say that there is a paucity ofinformation; rather, that it is too fragmented and incomplete. For morethan % of the province, there has been documentation of less than %of the macrofungal flora in any systematic study. There are no publishedmonographs, keys, or lists for the bulk of British Columbian macrofungi.Most in the province await documentation, a costly and time-consumingtask even without comparing regions. For this report, an effort has beenmade to bring together published information on several of the majortaxa comprising the British Columbia macromycota.
Polypores comprise basidiomycetes, which form a multiporoid fruitbodythat is not putrescent (i.e., not a bolete). Although there are additionalsources for some species, the recent monograph of the polypores by Gilb-ertson and Ryvarden (–) offers a standard for the group. Theyreport species from British Columbia (see Appendix ), but with fewexceptions do not give precise distributional information. Their mapsmerely indicate the presence within broad political boundaries. Moredetailed information is available in the form of decay studies, which tookplace in the s and s, published mainly in the Canadian ResearchJournal series (Botany) (see Table ). Polypores constitute the majorcausal agents of decay and, as such, represent the most documented mac-romycota under consideration.
Other major taxonomic groups that decay wood are the nonpolyporeaphyllophorales. This is a heterogeneous assemblage of species, the dataon which are scattered in hundreds of publications. A compilation of per-tinent data on distribution and hosts of all recognized North Americantaxa has been prepared by Ginns and Lefebvre () for Agriculture Can-ada. With their permission, all British Columbia species were tabu-lated from their draft (see Appendix ). They surveyed referencescontinent-wide to come up with this information. Again, detailed infor-mation on occurrence within the province is largely lacking.
There is no accurate listing of mushrooms or agaricales and boletes forCanada. The most comprehensive treatment in Canada is the one for
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1 Evaluation of mycological studies by zones
CommentsBiogeographic Major or critical Topics on degreezones macrofungal studies of note of study
General Redhead Biogeographic patterns n/aThomas EchinodontiumOgawa , TricholomaBandoni and Szczawinski , MushroomsSchalkwijk-Barendsen a,b Mushrooms
Alpine Tundra none < %
Spruce-Willow-Birch none < %
Boreal White and BlackSpruce none < %
Sub-boreal Pine-Spruce none < %
Sub-boreal Spruce Thomas and Podmore Decay of black cottonwood ca. <%Bier et al. Decay of fir
Mountain Hemlock none < %
Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir none < %
Montane Spruce none < %
Bunchgrass Schalkwijk-Barendsen a,b Battarrea stevenii, < %Podaxis pistillaris
Ponderosa Pine none < %
Interior Douglas-fir none < %
Coastal Douglas-fir Hardy Mushrooms ca. %
Interior Cedar-Hemlock Foster et al. Decay of western hemlock ca. %(upper Columbia region)
Foster et al. Decay of western hemlockand amabilis fir (Kitimatregion)
Buckland Decay of cedarRedhead Mycena tubarioidesBerthier and Redhead Typhula mycophaga
Coastal Western Hemlock Foster and Foster Decay of western hemlock <%(Queen Charlotte Islands) Bier et al. Decay of Sitka spruce
Buckland Decay of cedarRedhead and Reid Stereopsis humphreyi
Coastal Western Hemlock Buckland et al. Decay of western hemlockand fir ca. %(Vancouver Island)
Buckland Decay of cedarHardy MushroomsRedhead and Norvell Phaeocollybia carmanahensisRedhead Xeromphalina campanelloidesGilbertson and Ryvarden – Polyporoletus sublividus
Coastal Western Hemlock(Mainland)
Buckland Decay of cedar ca. %Davidson AgaricalesUnpublished information in Mainly agarics and other
newsletters of Vancouver macrofungi in south-Mycological Society western B.C. mainland
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Quebec by Pomerleau (). In Pomerleau’s publication, species of Cor-tinarius are documented. Cortinarius is the largest genus of agarics, withwell over species anticipated in North America. Pomerleau’s treatmentis very incomplete, however. In the s, Dr. J. Ammirati (University ofWashington), the North American expert on Cortinarius, was a member ofa field expedition to boreal Quebec; he collected more than 100 species in a-week period in one forest zone. A similar number could be expected inthe northeastern boreal corner of British Columbia alone. Yet for the entireprovince of British Columbia, only species have been documented.
Agriculture Canada has been developing a comprehensive database onall published reports of agarics, boletes, and chanterelles in Canada. Fromthis database, species were listed for British Columbia (see Appendix) from references (see References). As noted for Cortinarius above,this is a very incomplete inventory. A reasonable estimate of the numberof species in this group would be between and .
Additionally, there are less numerous groups of macrofungi, such as gas-teromycetes (puffballs, birdsnest fungi, false truffles, stinkhorns), hydnoidfungi (e.g., Hydnum, Sarcodon, Hydnellum ), and terrestrial coral fungi.Fleshy and stromatic ascomycetes comprise another group of macrofungi.References to these groups have been compiled by Lorelei L. Norvell (Uni-versity of Washington and Oregon Mycological Society) in a master index tothe macrofungi of the Pacific Northwest (including British Columbia). Morethan 180 ascomycetes (see Appendix ) are cited, along with more than
miscellaneous basidiomycetes (see Appendix ) in the groups listed above.Two other sources for documentation of British Columbia macrofungi
are Canada’s two host indices (Conners ; Ginns ) and listings ofholdings in herbaria (e.g., Lowe ). Most of these data refer to parasi-tic microfungi. Nonetheless, some ‘‘microfungi,’’ such as the rusts and gallproducers, form rather large, conspicuous fructifications. Publications suchas Funk’s ‘‘Foliar fungi of western trees’’ () and Ziller’s ‘‘The tree rustsof western Canada’’ () contain descriptions of such fungi from BritishColumbia.
The figures discussed above and their sources represent the bulk of thepublished records of macrofungi for British Columbia. In total, more than individual species are documented from the province. This figurecovers only a fraction of the species actually present, as even some com-mon species have not been documented in the literature.
3 STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Given the incompleteness of the study of British Columbia macrofungi(with the possible exception of those in old-growth coastal forests) it isnot possible to designate any particular region as critical using speciesinventories as indicators. Macrofungi are known to occupy distinct ranges(Redhead ) associated with a variety of vegetation types, so theassumption can be made that total loss, modification, or destruction of avegetation zone would eliminate fungal species. Hence, by preservingselected habitats, entire fungal communities will be preserved.
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Documentation of the status of individual species is usually not possibleon a large scale. Exceptions have been made for economically importantspecies that are particularly distinctive; for example, ‘‘Indian PaintFungus’’ (Echinodontium tinctorium ) (Thomas ). For most macro-fungi, reliance must be made on field observations by knowledgeable biol-ogists. It is significant that only a single fungus, namely the ‘‘FuzzySandozi’’ (Oxyporus nobilissimus ) (Christy ), occurs on any endan-gered species list (Oregon Natural Heritage Program List) in North Amer-ica. This is a very large, conspicuous polypore known to be associatedwith old-growth noble fir (Abies procera ) in Washington and Oregon. Ithas not been found in British Columbia. Both the Forest ProductsLaboratory, Wisconsin, and the Department of Botany, University ofWashington, are involved in documenting this species in the PacificNorthwest (Coombs ). There are no other North American fungi onendangered lists.
However, in Europe, a series of ‘‘Red Lists’’ has been developed(Arnolds , ) that lists rare or endangered species. Europe has amuch more completely known mycota and a longer history to draw upon.From these data, trends in fungal population fluctuations can be plotted.Arnolds () enumerated species for the ‘‘Red List’’ for the Nether-lands, of which were threatened with extirpation and had alreadybeen eliminated.
For British Columbia — and for that matter, virtually all of Canada —reliance must be made on field observations by trained observers. Hence,among the larger polypores in British Columbia, Polyporoletus sublividusmay be designated rare, and perhaps endangered. It appears to have beencollected only twice in British Columbia, both on Vancouver Island; oncein the vicinity of Lake Cowichan in , and once near Courtenay in ( records). Unfortunately, one cannot point to an existingCanadian population with any certainty ( years have lapsed since it waslast sighted); once located, the species should be well plotted by the nextresearcher. The species was recently rediscovered in the Cascade Range inWashington State (specimens at University of Washington herbarium[] and the National Mycological Herbarium, Ottawa []).Albatrellus caeruleoporus, although not reported by Gilbertson andRyvarden (–) from western North America, is a rare fungus inthe U.S. Pacific Northwest and has been found in British Columbia(Spahats Creek Provincial Park) by T. Goward (Ginns, unpubl. informa-tion). It is a distinctive species, having an overall blue colouration.
Among the non-poroid aphyllophorales, Stereopsis humphreyi is conspic-uous, unusual, and rare, so that it too might be considered endangered.Only two localities are known with certainty: one on the Olympic Peninsulaof Washington and one on the Queen Charlotte Islands, in Naikoon Provin-cial Park near Tow Hill Ecological Reserve (Redhead and Reid ).Typhula mycophaga, a clavaroid parasite of puffballs, is known only fromthe type locality in the Beaver River Valley of Glacier National Park(Berthier and Redhead ). It may be rare, because nothing like it hasbeen seen on other expeditions in western North America. Another easilycharacterized species, Mycena tubarioides, an agaric found in the same valley
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and the nearby extensive Moberly Marsh in the Columbia River valley(Rocky Mountain Trench), is known only from these sites and fromWhidbey Island, Washington (specimen in the University of Washington[]) in North America. Its restricted habitat on bases of decaying cattails(Typha sp.) no doubt obscures it from ready detection (Redhead ).
Xeromphalina campanelloides occurs in two locations on VancouverIsland: at Lake Cowichan in Gordon Bay Provincial Park, and in Gold-stream Provincial Park. It has also been collected on the Olympic Peninsulaand in restricted sites in eastern North America in disjunct populations(Redhead ). Unfortunately X. campanelloides resembles X. campanella,an exceedingly common species; hence it is only recognized in the fieldwith difficulty.
Among the agaric species more conspicuous to the trained eye are thosein the genus Phaeocollybia. This genus reaches its northernmost limit inwestern North America on Vancouver Island in the Carmanah Valley. Onenew species, P. carmanahensis, was discovered in old growth in the upperCarmanah Valley (Redhead and Norvell ). Six species in total areknown from the valley, the only sites in western Canada for the genus(specimens in ). The other five species occur in greater abundancein the Pacific Northwest of the United States. It should be noted, however,that adjacent valleys (with the exception of a -day trip to the Walbran)have not been searched.
Rare or rarely seen species in genera that form inconspicuous or non-descript fructifications abound in the province even within populated areas.Some examples are: Tetragoniomyces uliginosus, known worldwide fromthree sites, one in Finland, one in Germany, and one on the University ofBritish Columbia Endowment Lands (Oberwinkler and Bandoni );Dacrymyces aquaticus, known only from the University of British Columbiaendowment lands (Bandoni and Hughes ); Hypochnopsis mustaliensis, inBritish Columbia known only from one collection from the Lake Cowichanarea (Ginns ); and Syzygospora subsolida, known to science from onlyone collection in the Beaver River Valley, Glacier National Park (Ginns). Many other aphyllophorales fall into this category.
4 LIST OF RARE OR NOTABLE SPECIES OF MACROFUNGIOF BRITISH COLUMBIA
The following is a list of rare or notable macrofungi that have been foundin British Columbia. Preliminary status designations follow the names andauthorities of many species. These designations are the same as those usedby the Conservation Data Centre, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Landsand Parks (see Appendix ).
Albatrellus caeruleoporus (Peck) Pouz. ()Arrhenia retiruga (Bull.:Fr.) RedheadBoletus barrowsii Thiers ()Callistosporium luteo-olivaceum (Berk. & Curt.) Singer ()Clavulina ornatipes (Peck) Corner
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Clitlopius hobsonii (Berk.) OrtonCollybia bakerensis A.H. Smith ()Coprinus kubickae Pil. & Svr.Coprinus phaeosporus Karst. ()Dacrymyces aquaticus Bandoni & HughesGammundia leucophylla (Gillet) Raithl. ()Gymnopilus punctifolius (Peck) SingerHemimycena albicolor (A.H. Smith) c.p.Hemimycena cyphelloides (Orton) Maas G.Hemimycena hirsuta (Tode) SingerHemimycena ignobilis (Joss.) c.p. ()Hemimycena nebulophila (Redhead) c.p. ()Hemimycena substellata (Kuhner) c.p. ()Hydnellum geogenium (Fr.) Karst. ()Hypholoma tuberosum Redhead & Kroeger ()Hypochnopsis mustaliensis (Karst.) Karst. ()Lepiota flammeatincta KauffmanMarasmius caricis Karst.Marasmius epidryas Kuhner ()Marasmius tremulae Vel. ()Mycena bulbosa (Cejip) Kuhner ()Mycena lilacifolia (Peck) A.H. SmithMycena longiseta von HohnelMycena paucilamellata A.H. SmithMycena tubarioides (R. Maire) Kuhner ()Mycenella nodulosa (A.H. Smith) VellingaMythicomyces corneipes (Fr.) Redhead & SmithOmphalina marchantiae (Singer & Clem.) Norvell et al. ()Ossicaulis lignatilis (Pers.) Redhead & Ginns ()Pachylepyrium carbonicola (A.H. Smith) SingerPhaeocollybia attenuata (A.H. Smith) Singer ()Phaeocollybia carmanahensis Redhead & Norvell ()Phaeocollybia fallax A.H. Smith ()Phaeocollybia kauffmanii (A.H. Smith) Singer ()Phaeocollybia piceae A.H. Smith ()Phaeocollybia pseudofestiva A.H. Smith ()Phaeogalera stagnina (Fr.) KuhnerPholiota brunnescens Smith & HeslerPholiota carbonaria A.H. SmithPholiota fulvozonata Smith & HeslerPholiota molesta HeslerPolyporoletus sublividus Snell ()Psathyrella ammophila (Dur. & Lev.) Orton ()Pseudobaeospora pillodii (Quel.) Wasser ()Psilocybe rhombispora (Britz.) Sacc.Psilocybe sabulosa PeckRhodocybe trachyspora var. vinacea (R. & B.) B. & L.Rhodocybe hirneola (Fr.) OrtonRimbachia arachnoidea (Peck) Redhead
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Rimbachia bryophila (Pers.) RedheadRimbachia neckerae (Fr.) RedheadStereopsis humphreyi (Burt) Redhead & Reid ()Suillus pseudobrevipes Smith & Thiers Syzygospora subsolida Ginns ()Tetragoniomyces uliginosus (Karst.) Oberw. & Bandoni ()Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora (Redhead) Horak ()Tricholoma cingulatum (Fr.) Jacobasch ()Typhula mycophaga Berthier & Redhead ()Xeromphalina campanelloides Redhead ()Xeromphalina cirris Redhead
5 LIST OF POSSIBLY RARE MACROFUNGI FROMBRITISH COLUMBIA BY ECOREGIONS1
Based on limited information, potentially rare species are listed for eachecoregion in British Columbia. All unmarked species should be listed as‘‘,’’ because insufficient data are available for several reasons: crypticnature of species, difficulty in identification, or lack of field collectors. Alllisted species are known from five or fewer sites in British Columbia, andthose are marked ‘‘’’ from five or fewer sites globally. Some are knownonly from the type site in B.C. Vouchers for all species, except forDacrymyces aquaticus and Tetragoniomyces uliginosus at the University ofBritish Columbia, are deposited in the national mycological herbarium inOttawa ().
Ecoprovince:Coast and Mountains
. Ecoregion: Cascade RangeGammundia leucophylla (Gillet) Raithl. ()Omphalina marchantiae (Singer & Clem.) Norvell et al. ()Xeromphalina cirris RedheadArea minimally sampled.
. Ecoregion: Coastal GapMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Northern Coastal MountainsMarasmius epidryas Kuhner ()M. tremulae Vel. ()Tricholoma cingulatum (Fr.) Jacobasch ()Area minimally sampled.
. Ecoregion: Pacific RangesHemimycena ignobilis (Joss.) c.p. ()Omphalina marchantiae (Singer & Clem.) Norvell et al. ()Area minimally sampled.
Ecoregion designation based on Demarchi, D. . Ecoregions of British Columbia.
9
. Ecoregion: Nass BasinMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Nass RangesMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Queen Charlotte LowlandCoprinus phaeosporus Karst. ()Hydnellum geogenium (Fr.) Karst. ()Mycena paucilamellata A.H. SmithPhaeogalera stagnina (Fr.) KuhnerPsathyrella ammophila (Dur. & Lev.) Orton ()Rhodocybe trachyspora var. vinacea (Redhead & Baroni) Baroni &
LargentStereopsis humphreyi (Burt) Redhead & Reid ()Area intensively sampled once only during a dry fall season.
. Ecoregion: Queen Charlotte RangesMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Western Vancouver IslandClavulina ornatipes (Peck) CornerGymnopilus punctifolius (Peck) SingerHemimycena hirsuta (Tode) SingerLepiota flammeatincta KauffmanMycena longiseta von HohnelPhaeocollybia attenuata (A.H. Smith) Singer ()P. carmanahensis Redhead & Norvell ()P. fallax A.H. Smith ()P. kauffmanii (A.H. Smith) Singer ()P. piceae A.H. Smith ()P. pseudofestiva A.H. Smith ()Sampled in several brief -day visits.
Ecoprovince:Georgia Depression
. Ecoregion: Eastern Vancouver IslandArrhenia retiruga (Bull.:Fr.) RedheadBoletus barrowsii Thiers ()Callistosporium luteo-olivaceum (Berk. & Curt.) Singer ()Hypochnopsis mustaliensis (Karst.) Karst. ()Micromphale sp. nov.Mycena bulbosa (Cejip) Kuhner ()Polyporoletus sublividus Snell ()Rhodocybe hirneola (Fr.) OrtonXeromphalina campanelloides Redhead ()Xeromphalina cirris RedheadRelatively intensively explored but in a mostly unorganized fashion.
However, most species still undocumented.
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. Ecoregion: Lower MainlandDacrymyces aquaticus Bandoni & HughesHypholoma tuberosum Redhead & Kroeger ()Mycena paucilamellata A.H. SmithRimbachia arachnoidea (Peck) RedheadR. bryophila (Pers.) RedheadTetragoniomyces uliginosus (Karst.) Oberw. & Bandoni ()Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora (Redhead) Horak ()Area of most intensive exploration but in a mostly unorganized
fashion. Most of species still undocumented.
. Ecoregion: Strait of GeorgiaPsilocybe rhombispora (Britz.) Sacc.Area minimally sampled.
Ecoprovince:Central Interior
. Ecoregion: Chilcotin RangesMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Fraser PlateauMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
Ecoprovince:Sub-Boreal Interior
. Ecoregion: Fraser BasinOssicaulis lignatilis (Pers.) Redhead & Ginns ()Area minimally sampled.
Ecoprovince:Southern Interior
Mountains
. Ecoregion: Columbia Mountains and HighlandsAlbatrellus caeruleoporus (Peck) Pouz. ()Clitopilus hobsonii (Berk.) OrtonCollybia bakerensis A.H. Smith ()Hemimycena cyphelloides (Orton) Maas G.H. ignobilis (Joss.) c.p.H. nebulophila (Redhead) c.p. ()H. substellata (Kuhner) c.p. ()Marasmius epidryas KuhnerM. tremulae Vel. ()Mycena lilacifolia (Peck) A.H. SmithM. longiseta von HohnelM. tubarioides (R. Maire) Kuhner ()Mycenella nodulosa (A.H. Smith) VellingaMythicomyces corneipes (Fr.) Redhead & SmithPachylepyrium carbonicola (A.H. Smith) SingerPholiota brunnescens Smith & HeslerP. carbonaria A.H. SmithP. fulvozonata Smith & HeslerP. molesta HeslerPseudobaeospora pillodii (Quel.) Wasser ()Rimbachia neckerae (Fr.) RedheadSyzygospora subsolida Ginns ()Typhula mycophaga Berthier & Redhead ()Area intensively sampled by Redhead in one late fall season only
(Sept. ).
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. Ecoregion: Southern Canadian Rocky MountainsMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Southern Rocky Mountain TrenchHemimycena albicolor (A.H. Smith) c.p.H. cyphelloides (Orton) Maas G.Marasmius caricis Karst.Mycena tubarioides (R. Maire) Kuhner ()Area minimally sampled.
Ecoprovince:Southern Interior
. Ecoregion: Okanagan HighlandCoprinus kubickae Pil. & Svr.Area generally unexplored.
. Ecoregion: Okanagan RangeMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Thompson-Okanagan PlateauPsilocybe sabulosa PeckSuillus pseudobrevipes Smith & ThiersArea generally unexplored.
Ecoprovince:Boreal Plains
. Ecoregion: Alberta PlateauMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
Ecoprovince:Taiga Plains
. Ecoregion: Fort Nelson LowlandMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
Ecoprovince:Northern Boreal
Mountains
. Ecoregion: Liard BasinMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Northern Canadian Rocky MountainsMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Northern Mountains and PlateausMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Tatshenshini BasinMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
. Ecoregion: Yukon–Stikine HighlandsMycologically unexplored or data minimal.
6 RANKING OF ECOREGIONS
Based upon the data available for macrofungi from British Columbia, it isnot reasonable to rank the various ecoregions solely on the number ofreports. Some species that have only been reported once or twice are
12
undoubtedly common, as are species not yet recorded in the literature.However, within a Canadian perspective, there are certain regions in Brit-ish Columbia unique to Canada and they will harbour species unlikely tobe found elsewhere in the country. In particular, the wet coastal forestscomposed of tree species restricted to British Columbia in Canada, andalpine and subalpine regions not available elsewhere, will host species notfound in other parts of Canada.
Ecoregion:Western Vancouver
Island
This region has scarcely been sampled but has yielded several species notfound elsewhere in Canada. In particular, the genus Phaeocollybia is repre-sented by six species: P. attenuata, P. carmanahensis, P. fallax, P. kauff-manii, P. pseudofestiva, and P. piceae from Vancouver Island. All werediscovered in or ; the most recently discovered species, P. car-manahensis, is not documented anywhere else. This genus is being consid-ered as an indicator either of old-growth wet western coniferous forests or(at least indicative) of the presence of old-growth elements in the states ofWashington and Oregon for the purposes of helping to define NorthernSpotted Owl habitats. All six species were found in the Carmanah Valleybut may also be present elsewhere in British Columbia. Five of the sixoccur in greater abundance along the coast of the United States down tonorthern California.
Exploration of western valleys is expected to reveal many more coast-hugging species. An interesting feature just discovered in was theexistence of mushrooms (agaricales), including mycorrhizal ones, onmossy branches in forest canopies.
Ecoregion:Columbia Mountains
and Highlands
This region proved to be fairly rich in rare or unusual fungi not yetreported from elsewhere in Canada or North America. The only knownlocations for Typhula mycophaga, Hemimycena nebulophila, and Syz-ygospora subsolida are in this region, all within Glacier National Park. Allthree are small species that could have been overlooked in other locations,however. Nonetheless, no other locations are known.
Other relatively rare species are Albatrellus caeruleoporus, Hemimycenasubstellata, Marasmius tremulae, Mycena tubarioides, Mycenella nodulosa(specimens in ), Pseudobaeospora pillodii, and Rimbachia neckerae.
Ecoregion:Queen Charlotte
Lowland
This ecoregion and the Queen Charlotte Ranges Ecoregion are expected toharbour many unusual species, only a few of which have been docu-mented. One of the most unusual is Stereopsis humphreyi, known withcertainty from only two other adjacent sites in coastal Washington. Thisspecies was collected from one population in Naikoon Provincial Park.Coprinus phaeosporus, although collected only once in North Americafrom the Queen Charlotte Islands, was found in a pasture and is anexceedingly obscure fungus. Its importance as a site indicator is thereforeless obvious. Both Mycena paucilamellata (specimens in ) and Rho-docybe trachyspora var. vinacea are restricted to coastal North America,while Phaeogalera stagnina (specimens in ) and Psathyrellaammophila have restricted habitat requirements (bogs for the former,dunes for the latter), but are more widespread in North America,although rarely reported.
13
Ecoregion:Northern Coastal
Mountains
This region was visited during days and revealed three species rarelyrecorded from North America, two being probably more widespread innorthern regions (i.e., Marasmius epidryas and Tricholoma cingulatum[specimens in ]) while the third, M. tremulae, evidently represents apost-glacial migrant into North America. Further mycological investigationof the area should prove to be very productive.
Ecoregion:Southern Rocky
Mountain Trench
Out of the four species flagged as rarely recorded, three are from theextensive Moberly Marsh adjacent to the Trans-Canada Highway: Hemi-mycena cyphelloides, Marasmius caricis, and Mycena tubarioides. The last isknown only from this area and adjoining valleys in Glacier National Park.
Ecoregion:Thompson–
Okanagan Plateau
Relatively little is known about this drier region but, apparently, it sup-ports species such as the two flagged ones not found elsewhere in Canada.Psilocybe sabulosa (specimens in ) is very rarely collected, probablybecause it fruits in dry habitats not frequented by collectors of fleshyfungi. The second, Suillus pseudobrevipes (specimens in ), is mycor-rhizal and occurs further south in greater abundance.
Ecoregion:Cascade Range
This region has not been examined in detail. A new species of Pseu-doomphalina (specimens in ) was discovered during a spring visit toManning Provincial Park near Lightning Lake, but has not yet beendescribed. The other unusual species listed, Gammundia leucophylla,Omphalina marchantiae (both unpublished records), and Xeromphalinacirris, are uncommon to rare but not restricted to the province.
Ecoregion:Eastern Vancouver
Island
Species of particular interest are: Boletus barrowsii (possibly introducedaround Victoria); a possibly new species of Micromphale (specimens in) found once in Goldstream Provincial Park; Polyporoletus sublividus(discussed in text); and Xeromphalina campanelloides (a rare disjunct toeastern North American populations).
Ecoregion:Lower Mainland
The area around Vancouver has yielded exceedingly rare species, which, insome cases, appear to have been introduced from unknown locations in theworld. One species, Hypholoma tuberosum, found to be locally abundant oncompost piles, has been discovered to be native to Australia. Another spe-cies, Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora, colonizes grasses in disturbed sites. A newspecies in the latter genus has been discovered also on grasses, near theUniversity of British Columbia experimental forest in Haney.
7 SURVEYS AND SURVEY TECHNIQUES USED TO DATE
There has been no systematic study of the macrofungi of British Colum-bia. As mentioned above, systematic surveys were carried out in selectedforest districts by the federal government in the s–s for tree-decaying fungi. These include many macrofungi. These surveys were oftencarried out by district rangers who sent materials to the Pacific Forestry
14
Centre in Victoria. Cultures and fruitbodies were sent to AgricultureCanada in Ottawa for verification. In the late s, a student at the Uni-versity of British Columbia, J. Davidson, undertook a study of the agaricsof the ‘‘Vancouver district.’’ Only a part of her thesis was published(Davidson ). Given the state of knowledge in agaric taxonomy in thatera, the information given is scant and largely suspect.
The provincial handbook series (Hardy ; Bandoni and Szczawinski, ) covers less than % of the species in British Columbia but rep-resents more complete coverage than most other provinces offer.
Several field trips have been conducted specifically to accumulate dataon macrofungi in the province by this author. Southern Vancouver Islandwas sampled in the fall of and in . Glacier National Park and Mt.Revelstoke National Park were sampled late in . The Queen CharlotteIslands (Graham Island lower elevations) were sampled in the dry autumnof , and brief excursions were made to Stewart, Prince Rupert,Kelowna, Manning Park, Meager Mountain, and southern VancouverIsland in the fall of , and Mt. Seymour and Manning Provincial Parksin the spring seasons of and . In all cases, random sampling hasbeen done to accommodate the largest number of species that could besampled in a set period of time. Species new to science were discovered inall areas intensively sampled (e.g., Graham Island, Glacier National Park,and southern Vancouver Island), and (as in one case where new recordsof a specific genus, Phaeocollybia, were made) specifically sought (Redheadand Norvell ).
Three amateur collectors have made substantial and valuable contribu-tions to the province’s inventories. Mrs. M.C. Melburn (Victoria) collectedon southern Vancouver Island in the s and s, depositing collec-tions in herbaria with Agriculture Canada in Ottawa () and thePacific Forestry Centre in Victoria (). Trevor Goward, has sampledWells Gray Provincial Park and maintains collections in his herbariumand in Ottawa. Finally, Paul Kroeger, president of the VancouverMycological Society, has searched for and discovered rare or undescribedspecies in Vancouver and Meager Mountain (Redhead and Kroeger ,; Kroeger b).
A more systematic study has been initiated by Gamiet and Berch ()using defined plots in old-growth forest in the University of BritishColumbia research forest near Haney. This study, still in the preliminaryphases of development, has generated published records of moreagarics for the province.
8 FUTURE STUDIES
It is obvious that an immense amount of work is required to properlyinventory the macrofungal population in British Columbia. For most ofthe ecoregions of the province, less than % of the macromycota has beensystematically surveyed. Even if funds were available, there would be ashortage of trained researchers in Canada. Therefore, several differenttypes of approaches could be employed.
15
One tactic is to develop a grid of comparable permanent plots for long-term study in selected habitats. One site has already been established byGamiet and Berch (). A series of such sites would allow for com-parison between different vegetation zones. In particular, such plotsshould be initiated in undisturbed areas, including old growth of each for-est type, as well as bunchgrass and alpine and tundra regions. However,data from such plots need to be compared to those from second growthor disturbed areas also. Such studies need to be funded on a long-termbasis. They could be combined with studies on the effects of harvestingcommercial species, because the biodiversity within a picking area maywell be affected by the impact on the commercial species. Studies similarto those recommended here have been initiated in Washington, Oregon,and California by Dr. J. Ammirati (University of Washington), by L.L.Norvell, along with the Oregon Mycological Society (Portland), and byDr. David Largent (Humboldt State University). It should be noted, how-ever, that there are definite limitations on the sampling methods usingplots, and that rare fungi are likely to be overlooked. De Vries (1990)demonstrated that the number of species of wood-inhabiting macrofungiincreased continually with increasing plot sizes in temperate forests, aresult of high fungal biodiversity.
A second approach is to promote general ‘‘floristic’’ studies within theprovince. The large number of species that require rudimentary documen-tation and the existence of many undescribed species, as demonstrated bythe random sampling to date, are major hurdles to a more detailed inven-tory. Promotion of such floristic studies can be accomplished in severalways, which must take into account the shortage of trained individuals. Ageneral position could be created at the provincial level for fungi (e.g., amuseum biologist); a joint university–provincial position could be created;linkages could be made with established national research centres toensure expertise is directed towards British Columbia; funds could beestablished to support student research at a university; funds or supportin kind could be used to tap expertise among advanced amateurs (e.g.,Vancouver Mycological Society); and funds could be established for BritishColumbia field work by North American experts on different groups offungi.
A third option would be to concentrate on suspected rare fungi and totry to document their occurrence in greater detail, such as is being donefor the ‘‘Fuzzy Sandozi’’ (Coombs ). This may prove to be futileunless the fungus is large, easily characterized, and produces long-livedfructifications (increasing the likelihood of discovery). Oxyporusnobilissimus fulfils these requirements.
The compilation of the reported macrofungi from British Columbiathat is part of this report establishes a basis for further studies. Manymore species need to be annotated. To be effective, reference materialshould be maintained in the province. Currently, there are majormycological collections (see Appendix ) at the University of BritishColumbia (Vancouver) and at the Pacific Forestry Centre (Victoria). Mea-sures should be taken to ensure both remain in British Columbia and thateach is actively curated and funded.
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9 POTENTIAL THREATS TO FUNGI
The greatest threat to the native mycota, macrofungi in particular, is habi-tat destruction. Destruction of any one type of habitat, usually climax veg-etation, will inevitably lead to the creation of secondary habitats. As such,some fungal species will actually increase in numbers, especially oppor-tunistic species, decayers of slash, parasites of weedy species, many sap-rophytic moulds, and pioneering mycorrhizal species. Competition bythese other fungi may secondarily be the cause for decline of species thatdirectly survived the habitat destruction. Interestingly enough, some habi-tats maintained by humankind in some countries now harbour rare spe-cies, and these habitats (such as mowed meadows in Poland) must becontinually mowed to ‘‘preserve’’ the habitat (Guminska ). Such habi-tats were probably rejuvenated by natural disturbances (e.g., fire, grazingby wild animals) historically, but now require human intervention.
Aside from obvious habitat ‘‘destruction,’’ the activities of humans havenegative impacts on mycota in several additional ways. Air pollution,which has frequently been linked to damage to trees, has been shown toaffect mycorrhizal fungi and, as a consequence, the fungal biodiversity inEurope. Usually this is the result of acidification of sensitive soils. Somegenera and families of ectomycorrhizal macromycetes are more sensitive topollution than others and disappear first (Arnolds , , , ).In severely affected areas the mycorrhizae are so ‘‘sick’’ that it is the healthof the symbiotic fungi that is leading to unhealthy trees. Ground orgroundwater pollution may also come in the form of enrichment, partic-ularly by nitrogenous sources (e.g., farm runoff, fertilization of forestsusing sewage). Symbiotic relationships are often finely balanced and if agroup of plants can grow prolifically in the absence of their mycorrhizalpartners, they may well shuck them off. Ultimately, the source of enrich-ment may eliminate some mycorrhizal species that are unable to regener-ate when the ecosystem reverts back to its unenriched status (Arnolds). Runoff water contaminated by fungicides may have similar effectsin eliminating mycorrhizal species.
Theoretically, overharvesting of the commercial species could lead todecimation of the population. However, ‘‘overharvesting’’ is a comparativeterm and nobody knows how much harvesting a mycelium, a forest, or aregion can sustain. Planned, long-term studies have not been in place forlong enough periods to show significant trends. Studies on the effects ofharvesting edible mushrooms are being conducted in Oregon (Can-tharellus cibarius [Norvell ]) and in California (Boletus edulis, Can-tharellus cibarius, Tricholoma magnivelare [D.L. Largent, , pers.comm.]). Commercial harvesting of fungi in British Columbia was thetopic of discussion in March in Victoria (de Geus et al. ).
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APPENDIX 1 British Columbia polypores
Abortiporus biennisAlbatrellus caeruleoporus 2
Albatrellus confluensAlbatrellus flettiiAlbatrellus ovinusAmylocystis lapponicaAnomoporia albolutescensAnomoporia bombycinaAnomoporia myceliosaAntrodia albidaAntrodia albobrunneaAntrodia carbonicaAntrodia heteromorphaAntrodia serialisAntrodia sinuosaAntrodia sitchensisAntrodia vaillantiiAntrodia variiformisAntrodia xanthaAntrodiella romelliiAntrodiella semisupinaAporpium caryaeBjerkandera adustaBjerkandera fumosaBoletopsis subsquamosaBondarzewia montanaByssoporia terrestreCeriporia excelsaCeriporia purpureaCeriporia reticulataCeriporia tardaCeriporia viridansCeriporiopsis aneirinusCeriporiopsis mucidusCeriporiopsis pannocinctusCeriporiopsis rivulosusCerrena unicolorClimacocystis borealisColtricia cinnamomeaColtricia perennisCoriolopsis gallicaCryptoporus volvatus
Rare: addition to Gilbertson and Ryvarden (–).
Daedaleopsis confragosaDatronia mollisDatronia scutellataDatronia stereoidesDichomitus squalensDiplomitoporus crustulinusDiplomitoporus lenisDiplomitoporus lindbladiiEchinodontium tinctoriumFomes fomentariusFomitopsis cajanderiFomitopsis officinalisFomitopsis pinicolaFomitopsis roseaGanoderma applanatumGanoderma oregonenseGloeophyllum carbonariumGloeophyllum odoratumGloeophyllum protractumGloeophyllum sepiariumGloeoporus dichrousGloeoporus taxicolaHapalopilus nidulansHapalopilus salmonicolorHapaloporus odorusHeterobasidion annosumInonotus circinatusInonotus cuticularisInonotus dryadeusInonotus glomeratusInonotus obliquusInonotus radiatusInonotus rheadesInonotus subiculosusInonotus tomentosusIrpex lacteusIschnoderma resinosumJahnoporus hirtusJunghuhnia collabensJunghuhnia luteoalbaJunghuhnia nitidaJunghuhnia separabilima
18
Junghuhnia zonataLaetiporus sulphureusLenzites betulinaLeptoporus mollisMeruliporia incrassataOligoporia anguloporusOligoporia balsameusOligoporia caesiusOligoporia fragilisOligoporia guttulatusOligoporia leucospongiaOligoporia mappusOligoporia obductaOligoporia perdelicatusOligoporia placentusOligoporia sericeomollisOligoporia stipticusOligoporia tephroleucusOligoporia undosusOxyporus corticolaOxyporus cuneatusOxyporus latemarginatusOxyporus populinusOxyporus similisPerenniporia medulla-panisPerenniporia subacidaPerenniporia tenuis var. pulchellaPhaeollus schweinitziiPhellinus chrysolomaPhellinus conchatusPhellinus ferreusPhellinus ferrugineofuscusPhellinus ferruginosusPhellinus hartigiiPhellinus igniariusPhellinus laevigatusPhellinus nigrolimitatusPhellinus piniPhellinus punctatusPhellinus repandus
Rare: not seen for years.
Phellinus tremulaePhellinus viticolaPhellinus weiriiPhysisporinus sanguinolentusPhysisporinus vitreusPiptoporus betulinusPolyporoletus sublividus 3
Polyporus alveolarisPolyporus arcularisPolyporus badiusPolyporus brumalisPolyporus elegansPolyporus melanopusPolyporus squamosusPolyporus variusPycnoporellus alboluteusPycnoporellus fulgensPycnoporus cinnabarinusRigidoporus crocatusSkeletocutis alutaceaSkeletocutis amorphaSkeletocutis niveaSkeletocutis stellaeSpongipellis delectansSpongipellis spumeusTrametes cervinaTrametes hirsutaTrametes ochraceaTrametes pubescensTrametes versicolorTrechispora molluscaTrichaptum abietinumTrichaptum biformeTrichaptum laricinumTrichaptum subchartaceumTyromyces chioneusTyromyces galactinusWolfiporia cocosWrightoporia lenta
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APPENDIX 2 Aphyllophorales from British Columbia, excepting polyporesand chanterelles, and terrestrial clavaroid fungi
Acanthophysium abietis (Jackson & Lemke) Ginns & Lefebvre
Acanthophysium cerussatum (Bres.) Boidin
Acanthophysium farlowii (Burt) Ginns & Lefebvre
Acanthophysium lividocoeruleum (Karsten) Boidin
Acanthophysium macrocystidiatum (Lemke) Boidin
Acanthophysium weirii (Burt) Nakasone
Aleurocystidiellum subcruentatum (Berk. & Curtis) Lemke
Aleurodiscus amorphus (Pers.:Fr.) Schroter
Aleurodiscus aurantius (Pers.:Fr.) Schroter
Aleurodiscus grantii Lloyd
Aleurodiscus occidentalis Ginns
Aleurodiscus penicillatus Burt
Aleurodiscus spiniger D.P. Rogers & Lemke
Amphinema byssoides (Pers.:Fr.) Eriksson
Amyloathelia amylaceus (Bourd. & Galzin) Hjort. & Ryv.
Amylobasidium tsugae Ginns
Amylocorticium cebennense (Bourd.) Pouzar
Amylocorticium subincarnatum (Peck) Pouzar
Amylocorticium subsulphureum (Karsten) Pouzar
Amylostereum chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Boidin
Asterodon ferruginosus Pat.
Asterostroma andinum Pat.
Athelia cystidiolophora Parm.
Athelia decipiens (Hohnel & Litsch.) Eriksson
Athelia epiphylla Pers.:Fr.
Athelia laxa (Burt) Julich
Athelia munda (Jackson & Dearden) M. Christiansen
Athelia salicum Pers.
Athelia scutellare (Berk. & Curtis) Gilbn.
Athelopsis subinconspicua (Litsch.) Julich
Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.:Fr.) Wettst.
Auriscalpium vulgare S.F. Gray
Basidiodendron caesiocinerea (Hohnel & Litsch.) Luck-Allen
Basidiodendron cinerea (Bres.) Luck-Allen
Basidiodendron eyrei (Wakef.) Luck-Allen
Basidiodendron fulvum (Massee) Ginns
Basidioradulum radula (Fr.:Fr.) Nobles
Boidinia furfuraceum (Bres.) Stalpers & Hjort.
Boidinia propinqua (Jackson & Dearden) Hjort. & Ryv.
Boreostereum radiatum (Peck) Parm.
Botryobasidium ansosum (Jackson & D.P. Rogers) Parm.
Botryobasidium danicum Eriksson & Hjort.
Botryobasidium pruinatum (Bres.) Eriksson
Botryobasidium subcoronatum (Hohnel & Litsch.) Donk
Botryobasidium vagum (Berk. & Curtis) D.P. Rogers
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Botryohypochnus isabellinus (Fr.) Eriksson
Butlerelfia eustacei Weresub & Illman
Calathella eruciformis var. eruciformis (Batsch:Fr.) D. Reid
Calocera cornea (Batsch:Fr.) Fr.
Calocera viscosa (Pers.:Fr.) Fr.
Calyptella capula (Holmsk.:Fr.) Quel.
Ceraceomyces borealis (Romell) Eriksson & Ryv.
Ceraceomyces serpens (Tode:Fr.) Ginns
Ceraceomyces sublaevis (Bres.) Julich
Ceraceomyces sulphurinus (Karsten) Eriksson & Ryv.
Ceraceomyces tessulatus (Cooke) Julich
Cerinomyces crustulinus (Bourd. & Galzin) G.W. Martin
Chaetodermella luna (D.P. Rogers & Jackson) Rauschert
Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.:Fr.) Pouzar
Clavicorona piperata (Kauffm.) Leathers & A.H. Sm.
Clavicorona taxophila (Thom) Doty
Clavulicium macounii (Burt) Eriksson & Boidin
Coniophora arida var. arida (Fr.) Karsten
Coniophora fusispora (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc.
Coniophora olivacea (Fr.:Fr.) Karsten
Coniophora puteana (Schum.:Fr.) Karsten
Corticium boreoroseum Boidin & Lanquetin
Corticium minnsiae (Jackson) Boidin & Lanquetin
Corticium roseum Pers.:Fr.
Cristinia helvetica (Pers.) Parm.
Cristinia mucida (Bourd. & Galzin) Eriksson & Ryv.
Crustoderma dryinum (Berk. & Curtis) Parm.
Crustoderma longicystidia (Litsch.) Nakasone
Crustoderma resinosum (Jackson & Dearden) Gilbn.
Crustoderma testatum (Jackson & Dearden) Nakasone
Crustomyces expallens (Bres.) Hjort.
Crustomyces pini-canadensis ssp. pini-canadensis (Schw.) Julich
Crustomyces pini-canadensis ssp. subabruptus (Bourd. & Galzin) Ginns &Lefebvre
Cylindrobasidium corrugum (Burt) Ginns
Cylindrobasidium laeve (Pers.:Fr.) Chamuris
Cyphellopsis anomala (Pers.:Fr.) Donk
Cyphellopsis confusa (Bres.) D. Reid
Cyphellopsis subglobispora D. Reid
Cyphellostereum laeve (Fr.) D. Reid
Cystostereum murraii (Berk. & Curtis) Pouzar
Cytidia salicina (Fr.) Burt
Dacrymyces aquaticus Bandoni & G.C. Hughes
Dacrymyces capitatus Schw.
Dacrymyces chrysocomus (Bull.:Fr.) Tul.
Dacrymyces chrysospermus Berk. & Curtis
Dacrymyces dictyosporus G.W. Martin
Dacrymyces minutus (Olive) McNabb
Dacrymyces ovisporus Bref.
21
Dacryobolus karstenii (Bres.) Parm.
Dacryobolus sudans (Alb. & Schw.:Fr.) Fr.
Dacryonaema rufum (Fr.:Fr.) Nannf.
Dendrothele candida var. candida (Schw.:Fr.) Lemke
Dendrothele incrustans (Lemke) Lemke
Dichostereum boreale (Pouzar) Ginns & Lefebvre*Dichostereum effuscatum (Cooke & Ellis) Boidin & Lanquetin
Dichostereum pallescens (Schw.) Boidin & Lanquetin
Ditiola radicata var. radicata (Alb. & Schw.):Fr.
Echinodontium tinctorium (Ellis & Ev.) Ellis & Ev.
Eichleriella deglubens (Berk. & Br.) D. Reid
Entomocorticium dendroctoni H.S. Whitney
Exidia candida Lloyd
Exidia crenata (Schw.) Fr.
Exidia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr.
Exidia glandulosa forma populi Neuhoff
Exidia saccharina (Alb. & Schw.):Fr.
Exidiopsis diversa Wells
Exidiopsis fuliginea Rick
Exidiopsis macrospora (Ellis & Ev.) Wells
Exidiopsis paniculata Wells & Bandoni
Exidiopsis plumbescens (Burt) Wells
Femsjonia peziziformis (Lev.) Karsten
Fibricium lapponicum Eriksson
Fibricium rude (Karsten) Julich
Fibulomyces mutabilis (Bres.) Julich
Fibulomyces septentrionalis (Eriksson) Julich
Flagelloscypha minutissima (Burt) Donk
Flavophlebia sulfureo-isabellina (Litsch.) Larsson & Hjort.
Galzinia incrustans (Hohnel & Litsch.) Parm.
Gloeocystidiellum clavuligerum (Hohnel & Litsch.) Nakasone
Gloeocystidiellum karstenii (Bourd. & Galzin) Donk
Gloeocystidiellum lactescens (Berk.) Boidin
Gloeocystidiellum leucoxanthum (Bres.) Boidin
Gloeocystidiellum ochraceum (Fr.) Donk
Gloeocystidiellum porosum (Berk. & Curtis) Donk
Gloeodontia columbiensis Burdsall & Lombard
Gloiodon occidentale Ginns
Guepiniopsis buccina (Pers.:Fr.) Kennedy
Helicobasidium brebissonii (Desm.) Donk
Helicogloea lagerheimii Pat.
Henningsomyces candidus (Pers.:Fr.) Kuntze
Henningsomyces pubera (W.B. Cooke) D. Reid
Hericium abietis (Hubert) Harrison
Hericium americanum Ginns
Hericium coralloides (Scop.:Fr.) S.F. Gray
Heterotextus alpinus (Tracy & Earle) G.W. Martin
Heterotextus luteus (Bres.) McNabb
Hymenochaete badio-ferruginea (Mont.) Lev.
22
Hymenochaete cinnamomea (Pers.:Fr.) Bres.
Hymenochaete fuliginosa (Pers.) Lev. sensu Burt
Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Dickson:Fr.) Lev.
Hymenochaete spreta Peck
Hymenochaete tabacina (Sowerby:Fr.) Lev.
Hymenochaete tenuis Peck
Hyphoderma amoenum (Burt) Donk
Hyphoderma deviatum (Lundell) Eriksson & Ryv.
Hyphoderma guttuliferum (Karsten) Donk
Hyphoderma inusitata (Jackson & Dearden) Ginns
Hyphoderma medioburiense (Burt) Donk
Hyphoderma mutatum (Peck) Donk
Hyphoderma pallidum (Bres.) Donk
Hyphoderma praetermissum (Karsten) Eriksson & Strid
Hyphoderma puberum (Fr.) Wallr.
Hyphoderma roseocremeum (Bres.) Donk
Hyphoderma sambuci (Pers.) Julich
Hyphoderma setigerum (Fr.) Donk
Hyphodermella corrugata (Fr.) Eriksson & Ryv.
Hyphodontia abieticola (Bourd. & Galzin) Eriksson
Hyphodontia alutacea (Fr.) Eriksson
Hyphodontia arguta (Fr.) Eriksson
Hyphodontia barba-jovis (Bull.) Eriksson
Hyphodontia breviseta (Karsten) Eriksson
Hyphodontia crustosa (Pers.:Fr.) Eriksson
Hyphodontia floccosa (Bourd. & Galzin) Eriksson
Hyphodontia granulosa (Pers.:Fr.) Ginns & Lefebvre
Hyphodontia hastata (Litsch.) Eriksson
Hyphodontia pallidula (Bres.) Eriksson
Hyphodontia quercina (Pers.:Fr.) Eriksson
Hyphodontia spathulata (Schrader:Fr.) Parm.
Hyphodontia subalutacea (Karsten) Eriksson
Hypochnicium analogum (Bourd. & Galzin) Eriksson
Hypochnicium vellereum (Ellis & Cragin) Parm.
Hypochnopsis mustialaensis (Karsten) Karsten
Intextomyces contiguus (Karsten) Eriksson & Ryv.
Irpex lacteus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr.
Jaapia argillacea Bres.
Kavinia alboviridis (Morgan) Gilbn. & Budington
Kavinia himantia (Schw.) Eriksson
Lachnella alboviolascens (Alb. & Schw.:Fr.) Fr.
Lachnella villosa (Pers.:Fr.) Gill.
Laurilia sulcata (Burt) Pouzar
Laxitextum bicolor (Pers.:Fr.) Lentz
Leptosporomyces fuscostratus (Burt) Hjort.
Leptosporomyces galzinii (Bourd.) Julich
Leucogyrophana mollusca (Fr.) Pouzar
Leucogyrophana pinastri (Fr.:Fr.) Ginns & Weresub
Leucogyrophana pulverulenta (Sowerby:Fr.) Ginns
23
Leucogyrophana romellii Ginns
Limonomyces culmigenus (J. Webster & D. Reid) Stalpers & Loerakker
Lindtneria leucobryophila (Henn.) Julich
Melzericium udicolum (Bourd.) Hauerslev
Merismodes fasciculatus var. fasciculatus (Schw.) Earle
Merismodes ochraceus (Hoffm.:Fr.) D. Reid
Meruliopsis albostramineus (Torr.) Julich & Stalpers
Meruliopsis ambiguus (Berk.) Ginns
Meruliopsis corium (Pers.:Fr.) Ginns
Meruliopsis taxicola (Pers.:Fr.) Bondartsev
Metulodontia nivea (Karsten) Parm.
Mucronella aggregata Fr.
Mucronella bresadolae (Quel.) Corner
Mucronella calva (Alb. & Schw.:Fr.)Fr.
Mycoacia aurea (Fr.) Eriksson & Ryv.
Mycoacia uda (Fr.) Donk
Myxarium atratum (Peck) Ginns & Lefebvre
Odonticium romellii (Lundell) Parm.
Pellidiscus pallidus (Berk. & Br.) Donk
Peniophora aurantiaca (Bres.) Hohnel & Litsch.
Peniophora cinerea (Pers.:Fr.) Cooke
Peniophora decorticans Burt
Peniophora incarnata (Pers.:Fr.) Karsten
Peniophora piceae (Pers.) Eriksson
Peniophora pithya (Pers.) Eriksson
Peniophora polygonia (Pers.:Fr.) Bourd. & Galzin
Peniophora pseudopini Weresub & S. Gibson
Peniophora rufa (Fr.) Boidin
Peniophora septentrionalis Laurila
Peniophora unica Jackson & Dearden
Phanerochaete affinis (Burt) Parm.
Phanerochaete carnosa (Burt) Parm.
Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burdsall
Phanerochaete sanguinea (Fr.) Pouzar
Phanerochaete sordida (Karsten) Eriksson & Ryv.
Phanerochaete tuberculata (Karsten) Parm.
Phanerochaete velutina (DC.:Fr.) Karsten
Phlebia albida Post
Phlebia centrifuga Karsten
Phlebia coccineofulva Schw.
Phlebia cretacea (Bourd. & Galzin) Eriksson & Hjort.
Phlebia deflectens (Karsten) Ryv.
Phlebia livida (Pers.:Fr.) Bres.
Phlebia radiata FrPhlebia rufa (Pers.:Fr.) M. Christiansen
Phlebia segregata (Bourd. & Galzin) Parm.
Phlebia separata (Jackson & Dearden) Parm.
Phlebia serialis (Fr.) Donk
Phlebia subserialis (Bourd. & Galzin) Donk
24
Phlebia tremellosus (Schrader:Fr.) Nakasone & Burdsall
Phlebiella filicina (Bourd.) Larsson & Hjort.
Phlebiella inopinata (Jackson) Larsson & Hjort.
Phlebiella pseudotsugae (Burt) Larsson & Hjort.
Phlebiella ralla (Jackson) Larsson & Hjort.
Phlebiella sulphurea (Pers.:Fr.) Ginns & Lefebvre
Phlebiella tulasnelloideum (Hohnel & Litsch.) Ginns & Lefebvre
Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Julich
Phlebiopsis ravenelii (Cooke) Hjort.
Piloderma byssinum var. byssinum (Karsten) Julich
Piloderma fallax (Libert) Stalpers
Piloderma olivaceum (Parm.) Hjort.
Pirex concentricus (Cooke & Ellis) Hjort. & Ryv.
Platygloea fimetaria (Schum.) Hohnel
Platygloea peniophorae var. peniophorae Bourd. & Galzin
Platygloea pustulata G.W. Martin & Cain
Platygloea sebacea (Berk. & Br.) McNabb
Platygloea vestita Bourd. & Galzin
Plicatura crispa (Pers.:Fr.) Rea
Plicatura nivea (Fr.) Karsten
Protodontia oligacantha G.W. Martin
Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.:Fr.) Karsten
Pseudomerulius aureus (Fr.) Julich
Pseudotomentella atrofusca Larsen
Pseudotomentella humicola Larsen
Pseudotomentella mucidula (Karsten) Svrcek
Pseudotomentella nigra (Hohnel & Litsch.) Svrcek
Pseudotomentella tristis (Karsten) Larsen
Pseudotomentella vepallidospora Larsen
Punctularia strigoso-zonata (Schw.) Talbot
Radulodon americanus Ryv.
Radulomyces cremoricolour (Berk. & Curtis) Ginns & Lefebvre
Radulomyces notabilis (Jackson) Parm.
Ramaricium albo-ochraceum (Bres.) Julich
Ramaricium flavomarginatum (Burt) Ginns
Repetobasidium canadense Eriksson & Hjort.
Repetobasidium conicum (Oberw.) Eriksson & Hjort.
Repetobasidium macrosporum (Oberw.) Eriksson & Hjort.
Repetobasidium mirificum Eriksson
Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schw.:Fr.) Parm.
Resinicium furfuraceum (Bres.) Parm.
Resinicium praeteritum (Jackson & Dearden) Ginns & Lefebvre
Schizophyllum commune Fr.:Fr.
Scopuloides rimosa (Cooke) Julich
Scytinostroma arachnoideum (Peck) Gilbn.
Scytinostroma galactinum (Fr.) Donk
Scytinostroma jacksonii Boidin
Scytinostroma ochroleucum (Bres. & Torrend) Donk
Scytinostroma portentosum (Berk. & Curtis) Donk
25
Scytinostromella heterogenea (Bourd. & Galzin) Parm.
Scytinostromella humifaciens (Burt) Freeman & Petersen
Serpula himantioides (Fr.:Fr.) Karsten
Serpula incrassata (Berk. & Curtis) Donk
Serpula lacrimans var. lacrimans (Jacq.:Fr.) Schroter
Sistotrema adnatum Hallenb.
Sistotrema athelioides Hallenb.
Sistotrema binucleosporum Hallenb.
Sistotrema brinkmannii (Bres.) Eriksson
Sistotrema farinaceum Hallenb.
Sistotrema oblongisporum M. Christiansen & Hauerslev
Sistotrema porulosum Hallenb.
Sistotrema raduloides (Karsten) Donk
Sistotrema resinicystidium Hallenb.
Sistotremastrum niveocremeum (Hohnel & Litsch.) Eriksson
Sparassis crispa Wulfen:Fr.
Steccherinum ciliolatum (Berk. & Curtis) Gilbn. & Budington
Steccherinum fimbriatum (Pers.:Fr.) Eriksson
Steccherinum ochraceum (Pers.:Fr.) S.F. Gray
Stereopsis humphreyi (Burt) Redhead & D. Reid
Stereum atrorubrum Ellis & Ev.
Stereum complicatum (Fr.) Fr.
Stereum gausapatum (Fr.) Fr.
Stereum hirsutum (Willd.:Fr.) S.F. Gray
Stereum ochraceoflavum (Schw.) Peck
Stereum ostrea (Blume & Nees:Fr.) Fr.
Stereum rugosum Pers.:Fr.
Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schw.:Fr.) Fr.
Stigmatolemma poriaeforme (Pers.:Fr.) Singer
Stromatocyphella conglobata (Burt) W.B. Cooke
Subulicystidium longisporum (Pat.) Parm.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk
Thujacorticium mirabile Ginns
Tomentella avellanea (Burt) Bourd. & Galzin
Tomentella bryophila (Pers.) Larsen
Tomentella caerulea (Bres.) Hohnel & Litsch.
Tomentella calcicola (Bourd. & Galzin) Larsen
Tomentella chlorina (Massee) G.H. Cunn.
Tomentella cinerascens (Karsten) Hohnel & Litsch.
Tomentella ellisii (Sacc.) Julich & Stalpers
Tomentella ferruginea (Pers.) Pat.
Tomentella kootenaiensis Larsen
Tomentella neobourdotii Larsen
Tomentella nitellina Bourd. & Galzin
Tomentella ramosissima (Berk. & Curtis) Wakef.
Tomentella sublilacina (Ellis & Holway) Wakef.
Tomentella terrestris (Berk. & Br.) Larsen
Tomentellina fibrosa (Berk. & Curtis) Larsen
Trechispora microspora (Karsten) Liberta
26
Trechispora mollusca (Pers.:Fr.) Liberta
Tremella aurantia Schw.:Fr.
Tremella encephala Pers.:Fr.
Tremella foliacea Pers.:Fr.
Tremella globospora D. Reid
Tremella mesenterica Retz.:Fr.
Tremella polyporina D. Reid
Tremiscus helvelloides (DC.:Fr.) Donk
Tubulicium vermiferum (Bourd.) Julich
Tubulicrinis accedens (Bourd. & Galzin) Donk
Tubulicrinis angustus (D.P. Rogers & Weresub) Donk
Tubulicrinis borealis Eriksson
Tubulicrinis calothrix (Pat.) Donk
Tubulicrinis chaetophorus (Hohnel) Donk
Tubulicrinis globisporus Larsson & Hjort.
Tubulicrinis gracillimus (D.P. Rogers & Jackson) G.H. Cunn.
Tubulicrinis juniperinus (Bourd. & Galzin) Donk
Tubulicrinis subulatus (Bourd. & Galzin) Donk
Tulasnella violea (Quel.) Bourd. & Galzin
Uthatobasidium fusisporum (Schroter) Donk
Uthatobasidium ochraceum (Massee) Donk
Vararia racemosa (Burt) D.P. Rogers & Jackson
Veluticeps abietina (Pers.:Fr.) Hjort. & Tellerıa
Veluticeps fimbriata (Ellis & Ev.) Nakasone
Vesiculomyces citrinum (Pers.) Hagstrom
Xenasma rimicola (Karsten) Donk
27
APPENDIX 3 Revised and annotated list of agarics, boletes, and cantharelloidgenera reported from British Columbia up to 1993.
Agaricus No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian speciesis available. Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Agaricus abruptibulbusas Psalliota abruptibulba
Davidson
Agaricus arvensisHardy
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Ammirati et al.
Agaricus augustusSmith
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lincoff
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Agaricus bisporusLowe
Kerrigan & Ross
Kerrigan
also as Agaricus brunnescensSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Agaricus campestrisHardy
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
also as Psalliota campestrisHardy
Agaricus haemorrhoidariusHotson & Stuntz
Lowe
also as Psalliota haemorrhodariaDavidson
Agaricus hondensisSmith
28
Smith
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Smith et al.
Lincoff
Ammirati et al.
Cochran
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aalso as Agaricus hillii
Murrill cHotson & Stuntz
Lowe
Agaricus praeclaresquamosusThis species, per se, has not been reported from British Columbia butmost western North American reports of A. meleagris and A. placomycesrefer to this species. The following references to these species probablyrefer to A. praeclaresquamosus
as Agaricus meleagrisAmmirati et al.
as Agaricus placomycesHardy
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
as Psalliota placomycesDavidson
Hardy
Agaricus silvaticusMelburn
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
also as Psalliota silvaticaLowe
Agaricus silvicolaMelburn aBandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Ammirati et al.
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Psalliota silvicolaHardy aHardy
29
Agaricus smithiiThis species, per se, has not been reported from British Columbia, butwestern authors had previously been using the name Agaricus perrarus forthe species. The following reports possibly refer to A. smithii
as Agaricus perrarusLowe
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Agaricus subrufescensLowe
also as Psalliota subrufescensDavidson
Agaricus xanthodermusLowe
Agrocybe No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Agrocybe acericolaas Pholiota acericola
Lowe
Agrocybe arvalisRedhead & Kroeger
Agrocybe molestaas Agrocybe dura
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Agrocybe praecoxBandoni & Szczawinski
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Agrocybe semiorbicularisas Naucoria semiorbicularis
Davidson
Lowe
Amanita No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Amanita calyptrataMcKnight & McKnight
also as Amanita calyptroderma
30
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Amanita gemmataBandoni & Szczawinski
Jenkins
Bandoni & McLennan
Ammirati et al.
also as Amanita junquilleaBandoni & Szczawinski
Amanita muscariaDavidson
Hardy
Hardy aHardy bLowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Ammirati et al.
Redhead bGoward & Hickson
also as Amanita muscaria var. muscariaJenkins
Amanita pantherinaGroves
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Hunt & Funk
Bandoni & McLennan
Ammirati et al.
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Amanita pantherina var. pantherinaJenkins
Amanita porphyriaBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Goward & Hickson
Gamiet & Berch
31
Amanita silvicolaBandoni & Szczawinski
Bas
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Amanita smithianaLampe
Tulloss & Lindgren
Amanita solitariaLowe
Amanita strobiliformisLowe
Amanita vernaBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & McLennan
Turner & Szczawinski
Amanita vaginataas Amanitopsis vaginata
Hardy
Melburn
Lowe
Anellaria This is a segregate of Panaeolus. A. semiovata has been confirmed fromBritish Columbia but A. sepulchralis requires rediscovery.
Anellaria sepulchralisas Panaeolus solidipes
Davidson
Anellaria semiovataas Anellaria separata
Cheesman
Armillaria The genus Armillaria has been interpreted in many ways, but is hererestricted to species allied to A. mellea, formerly called Armillariella spe-cies, and does not cover species such as the pine mushroom, Tricholomamagnivelare (also known as Armillaria ponderosa ). The name Armillariamellea was until this decade applied in a generic fashion and most earlyreports cannot be attributed to any of the recently split species in thecomplex. These have been either named or assigned intersterility numbers(Roman numerals or other designations); for example, A. mellea ().Armillaria mellea sensu stricto has not been recorded from BritishColumbia.
32
Armillaria bulbosaMorrison et al. aMorrison et al. b
Armillaria mellea sensu lato (see A. mellea segregates below)Davidson
Jones
Bier et al.
Buckland
Hardy
Bier et al.
Nobles
Bier
Buckland et al.
Hardy bFoster & Foster
Hardy aHardy bThomas & Podmore
Foster et al.
Hardy
Thomas & Thomas
Melburn
Foster et al.
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Pilley & Trieselmann
Smith, R.B. et al.
Lawrence & Hiratsuka dBandoni & Szczawinski
Turner
Martin & Gilbertson
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bGamiet & Berch
also as Armillariella melleaBandoni & McLennan
Ammirati et al.
Goward & Hickson
Armillaria mellea ()Morrison et al. b
Armillaria mellea ()Anderson & Ullrich
Armillaria mellea ()Anderson & Ullrich
33
Armillaria mellea ()Morrison et al. bAnderson et al.
Armillaria mellea ()Anderson & Ullrich
Morrison et al. bAnderson
Anderson et al.
Armillaria mellea ()Morrison et al. bAnderson et al.
Armillaria ostoyaeHood & Morrison
Morrison et al.
Morrison et al. bBerube & Dessureault
Morrison et al.
Morrison et al.
Wood & Van Sickle
Morrison
originally as Armillaria mellea fideMorrison
Morrison
Morrison
Armillaria sinapinaBerube & Dessureault
Arrhenia A Canadian monograph exists, but additional species are to be expectedin British Columbia.
Arrhenia acerosaRedhead a
Arrhenia retirugaRedhead a
Baeospora This is a small genus with one other species, B. myriadophylla, knownfrom British Columbia.
Baeospora myosuraRedhead
Rogers
34
Boletellus No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Additional species may exist in British Columbia.
Boletellus chrysenteroidesSchisler & Volkoff
Boletinus A single species is known from Canada.
Boletinus cavipesBandoni & Szczawinski
also as Suillus cavipesSchisler & Volkoff
Boletus No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Boletus barrowsiiKroeger b
Boletus chrysenteronHardy bHardy aLowe
Schisler & Volkoff
Boletus edulisBandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Schisler & Volkoff
Kroeger b
Boletus mirabilisBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Schisler & Volkoff
Redhead
Rogers
also as Boletellus mirabilisLowe
Boletus piperatusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Boletus pulcherrimusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
35
Boletus subtomentosusas Xerocomus subtomentosus
Lowe
Boletus zelleriBandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn aMelburn bMelburn
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Schisler & Volkoff
Bandoni & McLennan
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Boletellus zelleriSnell et al.
Lowe
Callistosporium A small genus with only one or two species in Canada.
Callistosporium luteo-olivaceumRedhead e
Camarophyllus A North American monograph by Hesler and Smith () is available.However, no complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbianspecies is available. Additional species exist in British Columbia andremain to be reported.
Camarophyllus borealisas Hygrophorus borealis
Melburn
Camarophyllus pratensisas Hygrophorus pratensis
Hardy
Cantharellula A single species occcurs in Canada.
Cantharellula umbonataRedhead & Malloch bRedhead b
Cantharellus A relatively small genus but no critical treatment of Canadian speciesexists. Debate exists over species concepts.
Cantharellus cibariusCheesman
Hardy
36
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Turner
Bandoni & McLennan
Leichter & Bandoni
Goward & Hickson
Kroeger bKroeger bSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Cantharellus cinereusMelburn
Cantharellus cinnabarinusLowe
Cantharellus formosusCorner
Thiers
Cantharellus infundibuliformisLowe
Cantharellus subalbidusBandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Cantharellus tubaeformisLowe
Cheimonophyllum A single species occurs in Canada.
Cheimonophyllum candidissimumas Pleurotus candidissimus
Davidson
Lowe
Chroogomphus This is a segregate of Gomphidius. A North American monograph byMiller () treats most Canadian species but contains few references toCanadian material.
Chroogomphus leptocystisMiller
also as Gomphidius leptocystisSinger
Lowe
37
Chroogomphus rutilusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Gomphidius rutilusBandoni & Szczawinski
Chroogomphus tomentosusRedhead
also as Gomphidius tomentosusBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Gamiet & Berch
Chroogomphus vinicolorSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Gomphidius vinicolorSinger
Lowe
Chrysomphalina A segregate of Omphalina only recently recognized. Two out of threeNorth American species are known in British Columbia, and a third is tobe expected. Species have been treated in the North American Omphalinamonograph by Bigelow ().
Chrysomphalina aurantiacaRedhead bRedhead
also as Omphalina luteicolorBigelow
Chrysomphalina chrysophyllaRedhead bSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Clitocybe No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Clitocybe avellaneialbaBandoni & Szczawinski
Clitocybe candidaDavidson
Lowe
Clitocybe dealbataBandoni & Szczawinski
38
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Clitocybe dilatataBigelow
Bigelow
Ammirati et al.
also as Clitocybe cerussata var. difformisBigelow
Lowe
Clitocybe gibbaBigelow
Lowe
also as Clitocybe gibba var. gibbaLowe
Bigelow
also as Clitocybe infundibuliformisHardy
Hardy
Hardy
Lowe
Clitocybe gilvaoidesLowe
Clitocybe incomisRedhead c
Clitocybe nebularisDavidson
Hardy
Hardy
Bigelow
Lowe
Bigelow
McKnight & McKnight
Clitocybe odoraMelburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Schalkwijk-Barendsen a
Clitocybe sinopicaSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
as Clitocybe sinopica var. sinopicaBigelow
39
Clitocybe trullaeformisBigelow
Clitocybe truncicolaLowe
Clitocybula A North American monograph exists (Bigelow & Smith ), but nowestern Canadian records were included. Additional species are to beexpected.
Clitocybula atrialbaas Clitocybe atrialba
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Clitopilus No North American monograph exists and no complete treatment ofeither Canadian or British Columbian species is available. Additional spe-cies exist in British Columbia and remain to be reported.
Clitopilus hobsoniiKroeger b
Collybia No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Collybia acervataMelburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Martin & Gilbertson
Collybia bakerensisDesjardin & Halling
Redhead
Collybia confluensLowe
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bGamiet & Berch
Collybia contrariaHalling
Collybia dryophilaDavidson
Hardy
Lowe
40
Lowe
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Ammirati et al.
Ginns
Collybia oregonensisGamiet & Berch
Conocybe No North American monograph exists and no complete treatment ofeither Canadian or British Columbian species is available. Many other spe-cies exist in British Columbia and remain to be reported.
Conocybe cyanopusStamets
Conocybe filarisAmmirati et al.
Conocybe teneraLowe
also as Galera teneraDavidson
Melburn
Coprinus No North American monograph exists and no complete treatment ofeither Canadian or British Columbian species is available. Many other spe-cies exist in British Columbia and remain to be reported. Records of sev-eral species require confirmation.
Coprinus atramentariusCheesman
Hardy
Melburn
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
McClaren
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Bandoni & McLennan
Ammirati et al.
Coprinus congregatusas Coprinus alkalinus
Anastasiou
Lowe
Coprinus cinereus var. cinereusVan De Bogart
41
Coprinus comatusDavidson
Hardy
Hardy aHardy bMelburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & McLennan
Turner
Morrison & Morrison
Goward & Hickson
Coprinus ephemerusCheesman
Coprinus kubickaeRedhead & Traquair
also as Coprinus amphibiusAnastasiou
Lowe
Coprinus lagopusHanna
Coprinus micaceusDavidson
Hardy
Hardy
Lowe
Melburn
Lowe
Perrin & Koske
Turner
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Coprinus phaeosporusRedhead b
Coprinus psychromorbidusRedhead & Traquair
Traquair
Traquair
Gaudet et al.
Cortinarius This is the largest genus of agarics in the world and it is a particularlyimportant mycorrhizal in Canada. However, no recent North American
42
monograph exists and no complete treatment of either Canadian or Brit-ish Columbian species is available. Most of the British Columbian speciesremain to be reported. Records of most of the few species reportedrequire confirmation.The genus Dermocybe is included here forconvenience.
Cortinarius alboviolaceusDavidson
Lowe
Cortinarius brunneofulvusLowe
Cortinarius calochrousSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Cortinarius cinnabarinusBandoni & Szczawinski
Cortinarius cinnamomeusBandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn
Lowe
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Cortinarius iliopodiusLowe
Cortinarius iodeoidesSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Cortinarius mucifluusMelburn
Cortinarius mucosusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Cortinarius mutabilisLowe
Cortinarius oregonensisLowe
Cortinarius phoeniceus ssp. occidentalisBandoni & Szczawinski
43
Cortinarius plumigerLowe
Cortinarius rigidusDavidson
Lowe
Cortinarius sanguineusBandoni & Szczawinski
Schalkwijk-Barendsen a
Cortinarius semisanguineusBandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Cortinarius squarrosusDavidson
Lowe
Cortinarius subbalteatusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Cortinarius trivialisSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Cortinarius vanduzerensisSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Cortinarius violaceusBandoni & Szczawinski
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Schalkwijk-Barendsen a
Craterellus This is a segregate of Cantharellus. Debate exists over species concepts.Possibly more than one species exists in British Columbia.
Craterellus cornucopioidesMelburn
44
Crepidotus A North American monograph exists, but it contains few references toCanada. No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbianspecies is available. Additional species exist in British Columbia andremain to be reported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Crepidotus applanatusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Crepidotus herbarumBuckland
Melburn
Lowe
Redhead c
Crepidotus mollisDavidson
Lowe
also as Crepidotus fulvotomentosusLowe
also as Crepidotus haerensLowe
Crepidotus occidentalisGamiet & Berch
Crepidotus submollisLowe
Crepidotus versutusDavidson
Lowe
Crinipellis A Canadian monograph exists (Redhead a). Only a single species isknown with certainty in western Canada.
Crinipellis piceaeRedhead aRedhead
Cyphellostereum A small genus with a single Canadian species.
Cyphellostereum laeveRedhead
Redhead aRedhead
Cystoderma A North American monograph exists (Smith & Singer ), with addi-tional species reported. No complete treatment of either Canadian or
45
British Columbian species is available. Additional species exist in BritishColumbia and remain to be reported. Records of several species requireconfirmation.
Cystoderma amianthinumHardy
Hardy
Lowe
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Cystoderma fallaxLowe
Cystoderma granulosumBandoni & Szczawinski
Entoloma Entoloma is a large and complex genus for which there is no NorthAmerican monograph. No complete treatment of either Canadian or Brit-ish Columbian species is available. Additional species exist in BritishColumbia and remain to be reported. Records of several species requireconfirmation.
Entoloma rhodopoliumPerrin & Koske
Entoloma sericeumDavidson
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Entoloma speculumDavidson
Lowe
Entoloma strictusHardy
Lowe
Flammulina This is a small genus until recently believed to have a single species inNorth America. However, additional species exist in Canada and BritishColumbia.
Flammulina velutipesBandoni
Kroeger
also as Collybia velutipesHardy
Bandoni & Szczawinski
46
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Floccularia Species in this genus are sometimes treated under the generic name Arm-illaria. One or more additional western species may occur in BritishColumbia.
Floccularia albolanaripesSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Armillaria albolanaripesKroeger b
Fuscoboletinus This is a segregate of Suillus. A North American monograph exists(Pomerleau & Smith ), but contains limited reference to westernCanadian materials.
Fuscoboletinus grevilleialso as Suillus grevillei
Lowe
Schisler & Volkoff
also as Boletus grevilleiBandoni & Szczawinski
Fuscoboletinus ochraceoroseusSchisler & Volkoff
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Fuscoboletinus sinuspaulianusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Galerina This is a large genus monographed worldwide by Smith & Singer ().However, a detailed treatment of Canadian materials is lacking and mostspecies remain to be documented from British Columbia.
Galerina autumnalisBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & McLennan
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Galerina marginataLowe
Kroeger b
Galerina vittaeformis var. vittaeformis f. tetrasporaParmelee
47
Gomphidius A North American monograph exists (Miller ), but virtually no west-ern Canadian material was cited. The genus is well represented in BritishColumbia, although documentation is lacking and species circumscriptionsrequire clarification.
Gomphidius glutinosusHardy
Hardy aHardy
Lowe
Melburn
Melburn
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn aMelburn
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Rogers
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Gomphidius maculatusDavidson
Lowe
Gomphidius subroseusSinger
Melburn aMelburn
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Goward & Hickson
also as Gomphidius septentrionalisLowe
Gomphus A North American monograph exists (Petersen ) and the species arefairly well known.
Gomphus bonarii f. bonariiPetersen
Gomphus clavatusPetersen
also as Cantharellus clavatusBandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
48
Gomphus floccosusPetersen
Rogers
also as Cantharellus floccosusMelburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Gomphus floccosus f. floccosusPetersen
Gomphus floccosus ssp. rainieriensisPetersen
Gomphus kauffmaniiPetersen
also as Cantharellus kauffmaniiLowe
Gymnopilus This is a fairly important wood decay genus with relatively few species,but they have been poorly differentiated and need to be reworked. Nocomplete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Gymnopilus bellulusGamiet & Berch
Gymnopilus echinulisporaas Flammula echinulisporus
Davidson
Lowe
Gymnopilus geminellusas Naucoria geminella
Lowe
Gymnopilus junoniusMelburn
also as Pholiota spectabilisHardy
Hardy
Hardy bHardy aThomas & Podmore
Hardy
Melburn
Lowe
49
Gymnopilus liquiritaeas Flammula liquiritiae
Buckland
Lowe
Gymnopilus magnusHesler
Gymnopilus pallidusMurrill bMurrill
Lowe
Gymnopilus penetransSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Gyroporus A small genus with one western Canadian species known.
Gyroporus castaneusLowe
Hebeloma A moderately large important mycorrhizal genus, but very poorly known.Species are difficult to differentiate and no North American monographexists. No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbianspecies is available. Additional species exist in British Columbia andremain to be reported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Hebeloma albidulumDavidson
Hebeloma colviniDavidson
Hebeloma crustuliniformeBandoni & Szczawinski
Hebeloma sordidulumLowe
Hebeloma strophosumSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Heliocybe A monotypic segregate of Lentinus related to Neolentinus.
Heliocybe sulcataSchalkwijk-Barendsen a
50
Hemimycena A relatively small segregate genus of Mycena, which is perhaps polyphy-letic. Although the genus was treated in the North American monographof Mycena by Smith (), no western Canadian material was included.No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Hemimycena albicolor c.n.as Helotium albicolor
Redhead a
Hemimycena albidulaas Omphalia albidula
Lowe
Hemimycena cyphelloidesas Helotium cyphelloides
Redhead a
Hemimycena delectabilisGamiet & Berch
Hemimycena hirsutaas Helotium hirsutum
Redhead a
Hemimycena leucophaea c.n.as Helotium leucophaeum
Redhead a
Hemimycena nebulophila c.n.as Helotium nebulophilum
Redhead a
Hemimycena substellata c.n.as Helotium substellatum
Redhead a
Hemimycena tortuosaRedhead aRedhead
Hohenbuehelia A relatively small and distinctive genus only recently critically examined inNorth America (Thorn), largely based upon eastern Canadian material.No critical study of western species exists and additional species areexpected to be found.
Hohenbuehelia angustataas Panus angustatus
Davidson
Lowe
51
Hohenbuehelia petaloidesThorn & Barron
also as Pleurotus petaloidesFoster & Foster
Lowe
also as Pleurotus spathulatusLowe
Hygrocybe A segregate of Hygrophorus treated with that genus in a North Americanmonograph by Hesler & Smith (). However, little western Canadianmaterial was studied. No complete treatment of either Canadian orBritish Columbian species is available. Additional species exist in BritishColumbia and remain to be reported. Records of several species requireconfirmation.
Hygrocybe ceraceusas Hygrophorus ceraceus
Davidson
Lowe
Hygrocybe conicaGoward & Hickson
also as Hydrocybe conicaMurrill a
also as Hygrophorus conicusHardy
Lowe
Melburn aBandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn aMelburn
Lowe
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Hygrocybe laetaGamiet & Berch
Hygrocybe miniataSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Hygrophorus miniatusDavidson
Hardy aLowe
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Hygrocybe minutulaas Hygrophorus minutulus
Lowe
52
Hygrocybe psittacinaas Hygrophorus psittacinus
Davidson
Smith & Hesler
Lowe
as Hygrophorus psittacinus var. psittacinusHesler & Smith
Hygrophoropsis A small genus with either one variable North American species or severalpoorly differentiated species.
Hygrophoropsis aurantiacaBigelow
Watling & Gregory
also as Cantharellus aurantiacusCheesman
Davidson
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy bHardy aHardy
also as Chanterel alectorolophoidesMurrill a
also as Clitocybe aurantiacaBandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Hygrophorus This is here accepted in a more restricted sense than in the NorthAmerican monograph by Hesler & Smith (). Relatively little westernCanadian material was studied in that monograph. No complete treatmentof either Canadian or British Columbian species is available. Additionalspecies exist in British Columbia and remain to be reported. Records ofseveral species require confirmation.
Hygrophorus aureusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Hygrophorus camarophyllusHesler & Smith
Hygrophorus capreolariusLowe
Hygrophorus eburneusDavidson
Hesler & Smith
53
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Goward & Hickson
Gamiet & Berch
Hygrophorus hypothejusBandoni & Szczawinski
Hygrophorus piceaeSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Hygrophorus saxatilisSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Hypholoma A relatively small genus, moderately well known but several species remainto be documented in British Columbia and elsewhere in Canada.
Hypholoma capnoidesDavidson
Buckland
Gamiet & Berch
also as Naematoloma capnoidesSmith
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Martin & Gilbertson
Hypholoma dispersumRedhead
also as Naematoloma dispersumLowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Hypholoma epixanthumDavidson
also as Naematoloma epixanthumLowe
Hypholoma fasciculareDavidson
Buckland
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy bHardy a
54
Hardy
Lowe
also as Naematoloma fasciculareSmith
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Bandoni & McLennan
Ammirati et al.
Hypholoma sublateritiumDavidson
Hardy
also as Naematoloma sublateritiumLowe
Hypholoma tuberosaRedhead & Kroeger
Hypsizygus A genus segregated from Pleurotus but more closely allied to Lyophyllum.Two species are known from Canada, with one from the west.
Hypsizygus tessullatusas Hypsizygus marmoreus
Redhead dalso as Pleurotus ulmarius as misapplied by both
Thomas & Podmore
Lowe
Inocybe A large genus of important mycorrhizal species in Canada. However, norecent North American monograph exists and no complete treatment ofeither Canadian or British Columbian species is available. Most of theBritish Columbian species remain to be reported. Records of most of thefew species reported require confirmation.
Inocybe calamistrataGamiet & Berch
Inocybe fuscodiscaGamiet & Berch
Inocybe geophyllaBandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn aLowe
Melburn
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
55
Ammirati et al.
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bGamiet & Berch
Inocybe godeyiLowe
Inocybe lanuginosaBandoni & Szczawinski
Inocybe napipesPerrin & Koske
Ammirati et al.
Inocybe radiataGamiet & Berch
Inocybe rimosaas Inocybe fastigiata
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Inocybe subdestrictaAmmirati et al.
Inocybe whiteias Inocybe pudica
Bandoni
Kuehneromyces A relatively small segregate genus differentiated from Pholiota andPsilocybe. Species have been treated the monograph of Pholiota (Smith &Hesler ). No complete treatment of either Canadian or BritishColumbian species is available and additional species are known.
Kuehneromyces lignicolaRedhead c
also as Kuehneromyces vernalisLowe
also as Gymnopilus hilliiMurrill bLowe
also as Naucoria lignicolaDavidson
Lowe
Kuehneromyces mutabilisLowe
also as Pholiota mutabilisThomas & Podmore
Smith & Hesler
56
Laccaria This genus was just treated in a North American monograph (Mueller), but critical collecting in British Columbia has not been carried out.Additional species are to be expected.
Laccaria amethysteo-occidentalisMueller
Mueller
Laccaria amethystinaLowe
Perrin & Koske
also as Clitocybe laccata var. amethystinaDavidson
also as Laccaria laccata var. amethystinaHardy
Lowe
Melburn aMelburn
Laccaria bicolorMueller
Laccaria laccataMurrill aHardy
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Goward & Hickson
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Laccaria laccata var. pallidifoliaMueller
Laccaria montanaMueller
Laccaria proximaMueller
Lacrymaria A relatively small genus segregated from Psathyrella. The species have notbeen critically studied from British Columbia. In North America theywere treated as Psathyrellas by Smith ().
57
Lacrymaria lacrymabundaas Hypholoma velutinum
Davidson
also as Psathyrella velutinaLowe
Lacrymaria rigidipesWatling
also as Psathyrella rigidipesSmith
Lactarius A North American monograph by Hesler & Smith () treats virtuallyall species expected in British Columbia, although some northern taxamay not be included. However, only a single specimen from BritishColumbia was cited. No other complete treatment of either Canadian orBritish Columbian species is available. This is a large and showy genus, inwhich many additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Lactarius aurantiacusBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Lactarius camphoratusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Lactarius chrysorrheusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Lactarius circellatusLowe
Lactarius deliciosusMelburn
Melburn aBandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn
Lowe
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Goward & Hickson
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Lactaria deliciosaLowe
58
Lactarius glyciosmusGoward & Hickson
Lactarius kauffmanii var. kauffmaniiHesler & Smith
Lactarius luculentusGamiet & Berch
Lactarius piperatusHardy a
Lactarius representaneusBandoni & Szczawinski
Lactarius resimusGoward & Hickson
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Lactarius rufusBandoni & Szczawinski
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Goward & Hickson
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Lactarius sanguifluusBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lactarius scrobiculatusMcKnight & McKnight
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Lactarius torminosusBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lactarius trivialisLowe
Lactarius volemusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
59
Leccinum A moderately sized genus with some poorly differentiated species. Prelimi-nary monographic treatments for North America are incomplete. Nocomplete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Leccinum aurantiacumLowe
Schisler & Volkoff
Goward & Hickson
also as Boletus aurantiacusBandoni & Szczawinski
Leccinum borealeSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Leccinum holopus var. americanumSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Leccinum scabrumLowe
Schisler & Volkoff
also as Boletus scaberBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lentinellus A small genus monographed in North America by Miller (). No com-plete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species is avail-able. Additional species may exist in British Columbia. Records of severalspecies require confirmation.
Lentinellus cochleatusas Lentinus cochleatus
Lowe
Lentinellus flabelliformisas Lentinus bisus
Lowe
Lentinellus michenerias Lentinellus omphalodes
Miller & Stewart
Lentinellus ursinusas Lentinus ursinus
Davidson
Lowe
60
Lentinellus vulpinusas Lentinus vulpinus
Lowe
Lepiota A moderately large genus for which there is no North American treat-ment. No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbianspecies is available. Additional species exist in British Columbia andremain to be reported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Lepiota acutesquamosaSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
probably as Lepiota friesiiDavidson
Lowe
Lepiota albaSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Lepiota cristataHardy
Hardy
Hardy aHardy
Lowe
Melburn
Melburn
Melburn
Melburn
Melburn
Lowe
Lepiota helveolaSchalkwijk-Barendsen a
Lepiota rubrotinctaDavidson
Lowe
Lepiota subincarnataLampe
Lepista A moderately large segregate genus differentiated from Clitocybe. No com-plete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species is avail-able, but all species ae described in the North American monograph ofClitocybe by Bigelow (, ). Additional species exist in BritishColumbia and remain to be reported. Records of several species requireconfirmation.
61
Lepista caespitosaas Tricholoma panaeolum var. caespitosum
Davidson
Lepista inversaas Clitocybe inversa
Davidson
Bigelow & Smith
Lowe
Lepista nudaLowe
also as Tricholoma nudumDavidson
Bandoni
Lepista personataLowe
also as Tricholoma personatumHardy
Hardy
Melburn
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lepista sordidaLowe
also as Tricholoma sordidumDavidson
Leptonia Many western species are treated by Largent () and a new monographis expected, but virtually no British Columbian material is included. Nocomplete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Many more species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Leptonia lampropodaLowe
Leptonia serrulataLowe
Leucoagaricus A segregate genus from Lepiota. No complete treatment of either Cana-dian or British Columbian species is available. Additional species exist inBritish Columbia and remain to be reported.
Leucoagaricus naucinusas Lepiota naucina
Hardy
62
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Ammirati et al.
Leucocoprinus A segregate genus from Lepiota. No complete treatment of either Cana-dian or British Columbian species is available. Additional species exist inBritish Columbia and remain to be reported.
Leucocoprinus caespitosaas Lepista caespitosa
Lowe
Leucopaxillus An early monograph of all known Leucopaxillus species (Singer & Smith) covers most Canadian species, but does not give detailed informa-tion on distribution. No complete treatment of either Canadian or BritishColumbian species is available. Additional species exist in British Colum-bia and remain to be reported. Records of several species requireconfirmation.
Leucopaxillus albissimus var. paradoxus f. albiformisLowe
Leucopaxillus giganteusas Clitocybe gigantea
Hardy
Hardy aLowe
Melburn
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Leucopaxillus laterariusLowe
also as Tricholoma laterariumDavidson
Leucopaxillus piceinusas Clitocybe piceina
Hardy
Lyophyllum No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Many more species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Lyophyllum decastes s.l. as Clitocybe multiceps
Lowe
Lowe
63
Lyophyllum loricatumSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Lyophyllum tylicolorRedhead c
Macrolepiota A segregate genus from Lepiota. No complete treatment of either Cana-dian or British Columbian species is available. Additional species exist inBritish Columbia and remain to be reported.
Macrolepiota rachodesas Lepiota rachodes
Hardy
Hardy bMelburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Weresub
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Marasmiellus A large mostly tropical genus with few temperate species. Additional spe-cies may exist in British Columbia and no complete treatment of eitherCanadian or British Columbian species is available; however, most Cana-dian species have been described in recent literature.
Marasmiellus candidusRedhead
as Marasmius candidusHardy
Hardy
Lowe
Melburn
Lowe
also as Marasmius magnisporusBandoni
Marasmiellus filopesRedhead dRedhead
also as Marasmius thujinusGilliam
Marasmiellus papillatusRedhead & Halling
Redhead
Marasmiellus pluviusRedhead c
64
Redhead
Gamiet & Berch
Marasmiellus vaillantiiRedhead
Marasmius A large genus well represented in both tropical and temperate regions.Additional species may exist in British Columbia and no complete treat-ment of either Canadian or British Columbian species is available; how-ever, most Canadian species have been described in recent literature.
Marasmius androsaceusRedhead cRedhead
Gamiet & Berch
Marasmius caricisRedhead
Marasmius epidryasRedhead et al.
Redhead
Marasmius epiphyllusMelburn
Redhead
Marasmius limosusRedhead
Marasmius oreadesHardy
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Leichter & Bandoni
Marasmius pallidocephalusRedhead cGinns
Redhead
Marasmius plicatulusRedhead
as Marasmius bellipesHardy
Hardy
Hardy
Melburn
65
Melburn
Melburn
Lowe
Marasmius salalisDesjardin & Redhead
Redhead
as Marasmius copelandiRedhead b
Marasmius scorodoniusBuckland
Lowe
Gilliam aGoward & Hickson
Marasmius tremulaeRedhead
Megacollybia A small genus segregated from Tricholomopsis but not closely allied to it.A single Canadian species is known.
Megacollybia platyphyllaSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Collybia platyphyllaLowe
Melanotus A small, mostly tropical genus allied to Psilocybe. All known Canadianspecies have been treated in recent literature, but additional species maybe discovered.
Melanotus caricicolaRedhead bKroeger a
Melanotus textilisRedhead & Kroeger
Redhead
Kroeger a
Micromphale A small genus segregated from Marasmius and Collybia. Additional spe-cies, such as M. perforans, occur in British Columbia.
Micromphale foetidumas Marasmius foetidus
Lowe
Micromphale perforansGamiet & Berch
66
Mycena No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Many more species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation. The genus, in abroad sense, was monographed for North America by Smith (). Inrecent years, Maas Geesteranus has been revising the genus on a globalbasis. This is a large genus well represented in British Columbia.
Mycena aciculaDavidson
Lowe
Mycena adonisMelburn bMelburn
Mycena alcalinaCheesman
Davidson
Lowe
Goward & Hickson
Mycena alnicolaGamiet & Berch
Mycena amabilissimaGamiet & Berch
Mycena amictaSmith
Gamiet & Berch
probably as Mycena cyaneobasisDavidson
Lowe
Mycena atroalboidesSmith
Mycena aurantiomarginataGamiet & Berch
Mycena bulbosaRedhead
Mycena citrinomarginataSmith
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Mycena clavicularisLowe
67
Mycena culmigenaRedhead
as Mycena juncicolaRedhead
Redhead b
Mycena elegantulaGamiet & Berch
Mycena epipterygiaGamiet & Berch
probably as Mycena clavicularis var. luteipesDavidson
Mycena fagetorumGamiet & Berch
Mycena flavoalbaMelburn
Lowe
Mycena galericulataDavidson
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy aHardy
Lowe
Melburn
Lowe
Mycena griseiconicaBuckland
Lowe
Gamiet & Berch
Mycena haematopusSmith
Hardy
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Gamiet & Berch
also as Mycena haematopaDavidson
Melburn
Melburn
also as Mycena haematopodaHardy
68
Mycena inclinataDavidson
Lowe
Mycena laevigataGamiet & Berch
Mycena leptocephalaDavidson
Lowe
Gamiet & Berch
also as Mycena ammoniacaDavidson
Lowe
Mycena lohwagiiRedhead eRedhead
Mycena longisetaGamiet & Berch
Mycena occidentalisSmith
Mycena osmundicolaSmith
Mycena parabolicaDavidson
Lowe
Mycena pterigenaRedhead eGamiet & Berch
Mycena puraDavidson
Smith
Hardy
Melburn
Lowe
Gamiet & Berch
Mycena roridaGamiet & Berch
Mycena rosellaDavidson
Lowe
69
Mycena rubromarginataSmith
Mycena rugulosicepsGamiet & Berch
Mycena sanguinolentaDavidson
Smith
Lowe
Mycena strobilinoidesSmith
Mycena stylobatesRedhead
Mycena subsanguinolentaGamiet & Berch
Mycena tubarioidesRedhead b
Mycena vulgarisSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Mythicomyces A monotypic genus recently segregated from Psilocybe.
Mythicomyces corneipesRedhead & Smith
Huhtinen & Vauras
Naucoria A moderately sized genus often treated as Alnicola. There is no modernNorth American treatment. No complete treatment of either Canadian orBritish Columbian species is available. Many more species exist in BritishColumbia and remain to be reported.
Naucoria melinoidesas Alnicola melinoides
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bGamiet & Berch
Neolentinus A small genus segregated from Lentinus. Additional species may exist inBritish Columbia. All are described as Lentinus species in the worldmonograph by Pegler (), but a detailed treatment of the species inBritish Columbia is lacking.
70
Neolentinus kauffmaniiRedhead
also as Lentinus kauffmaniiBier & Nobles
Bier et al.
Nobles
Lowe
Martin & Gilbertson
Gilbertson
Pegler
Neolentinus lepideusas Lentinus lepideus
Lowe
Omphalina A moderately small genus variously circumscribed and as such sometimescombined with Gerronema which is unrelated or combined with Clitocybewith which it is closely allied. Many species are treated as Clitocybe inBigelow’s North American monograph of Clitocybe (Bigelow , ).No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Many more species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported.
Omphalina hohensisas Clitocybe hohensis
Bigelow
Omphalina marchantiaeas Gerronema marchantiae
Kroeger b
Omphalina viridisRedhead bRedhead
also as Clitocybe atroviridisBigelow
Bigelow
also as Clitocybe smaragdinaBigelow & Smith
Lowe
Ossicaulis A monotypic genus recently segregated from both Pleurotus and Clitocybe.
Ossicaulis lignatilisRedhead & Ginns
also as Pleurotus lignatilisThomas & Podmore
Lowe
71
Panaeolina A small genus segregated from both Panaeolus and Psathyrella. Species aredescribed as Psathyrellas by Smith ().
Panaeolina foeniseciias Panaeolus foenisecii
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Ammirati et al.
Panaeolus A relatively small genus of mainly cosmopolitan species on dung. Manyspecies were described by Ola’h (), but no detailed treatment of west-ern species exists.
Panaeolus acuminatusLowe
Panaeolus campanulatusDavidson
Melburn
Lowe
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Panaeolus phalaenarumStamets
Panaeolus retirugisDavidson
Lowe
Panaeolus subbalteatusAmmirati et al.
Panellus A relatively small genus segregated from Pleurotus. Miller () mono-graphed the North American species but did not examine very muchwestern Canadian material. Subsequently a common British Columbianspecies was discovered.
Panellus longinquus ssp. pacificusLibonati-Barnes & Redhead
Kroeger
Redhead
Panellus mitisMiller
also as Pleurotus mitisLowe
Panellus ringensLowe
72
also as Panus salicinusLowe
Panellus serotinusBandoni
Martin & Gilbertson
Kroeger
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Crepidopus serotinusMurrill aMurrill
also as Pleurotus serotinusDavidson
Hardy
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Panellus stypticusas Panus stipticus
Davidson
Lowe
Panus This mainly tropical genus is sometimes included with Lentinus (see Peg-ler’s world monograph). The few Canadian species have not beendocumented in detail, but no new species are expected.
Panus rudisLowe
Panus torulosusCheesman
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Paxillus A relatively small but important pioneering mycorrhizal genus. Themost common species, P. involutus, is probably a species complex muchlike Armillaria mellea s.l. Paxillus vernalis probably occurs in BritishColumbia, too.
Paxillus atrotomentosusLowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Paxillus involutusDavidson
Hardy
73
Hardy
Hardy
Melburn
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & McLennan
Ammirati et al.
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bGamiet & Berch
Phaeocollybia A relatively small distinctive genus characteristic of the Pacific Northwest,but only recently discovered in British Columbia. Several additional spe-cies are known and are currently being studied by Norvell (pers. comm.,). Two North American monographs (Smith ; Smith & Trappe) exist, but require major revision.
Phaeocollybia carmanahensisRedhead & Norvell
Phaeocollybia kauffmaniiNorvell aRedhead & Norvell
Phaeolepiota A showy and charcteristic monotypic genus first documented in NorthAmerica from British Columbia.
Phaeolepiota aureaBandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Turner
Ammirati et al.
Redhead
Rogers
also as Pholiota aureaSmith cBach
Smith & Hesler
Phaeomarasmius A small genus segregated from Pholiota, where it was treated by Smith &Hesler (). Possibly additional species exist in British Columbia, butthis is unlikely.
Phaeomarasmius erinaceusRedhead bRedhead
74
Pholiota A large important genus of wood-decaying species. A North Americanmonograph exists (Smith & Hesler ), but is now outdated. No com-plete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species is avail-able. Many more species exist in British Columbia and remain to bereported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Pholiota adiposaDavidson
Bier et al.
Nobles
Foster & Foster
Foster et al.
Foster et al.
Smith & Hesler
Martin & Gilbertson
Pholiota alnicolaMartin & Gilbertson
also as Flammula alnicolaDenyer
Lowe
Pholiota astragalinaGamiet & Berch
Pholiota aurivellaSmith & Hesler
Lowe
Martin & Gilbertson
Pholiota aurivelloidesLowe
Pholiota decorataSmith & Hesler
also as Flammula decorataBuckland
Lowe
Pholiota flammansLowe
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bGamiet & Berch
Pholiota jahnii?Jacobsson
75
Pholiota limonellaMartin & Gilbertson
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Pholiota squarroso-adiposaSmith
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Pholiota lubricaas Flammula lubrica
Lowe
Pholiota malicolaLowe
Bandoni & McLennan
probably also as Flammula connissansFoster et al.
Foster et al.
Pholiota polychroaas Flammula polychroa
Hardy a
Pholiota populneaas Pholiota destruens
Davidson
Thomas & Podmore
Lowe
Pholiota scambaKroeger
Gamiet & Berch
Pholiota squarrosaHardy
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Ammirati et al.
Pholiota squarrosoidesLowe
Jacobsson
Pholiota terrestrisSmith & Hesler
Lowe
76
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Bandoni & McLennan
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Phyllotopsis A small genus represented by a single species in Canada.
Phyllotopsis nidulansLowe
Phytoconis A small lichenized genus segregated from Omphalina. Species have beentreated as Omphalinas by Bigelow () and as Botrydina by Redhead &Kuyper (). Several other species are expected to be discovered inBritish Columbia.
Phytoconis ericetorumRedhead
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bGamiet & Berch
also as Botrydina botryoidesRedhead & Kuyper
also as Omphalia umbelliferaDavidson
Lowe
also as Omphalina ericetorumBigelow
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
also as Omphalina umbelliferaMurrill
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn a
Pleurocybella A small genus represented by a single common species in Canada.
Pleurocybella porrigensSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bGamiet & Berch
also as Pleurotus porrigensBandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Pleurotus This genus is largely restricted to species allied to P. ostreatus, whichincludes P. sapidus. In North America, several criteria have been used todistinguish species (e.g., spore print colour), but these have proved to be
77
unreliable. In more recent years the complex has been shown to encom-pass several intersterile populations. For the most part, the biological spe-cies have not been accurately determined in Canada or more specificallyin British Columbia.
Pleurotus ostreatusHardy
Hardy
Thomas & Podmore
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & McLennan
Leichter & Bandoni
Martin & Gilbertson
Turner et al.
also as Pleurotus sapidusDavidson
Hardy aBandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Pleurotus subareolatusThomas & Podmore
Lowe
Pluteus There is no North American monograph. No complete treatment of eitherCanadian or British Columbian species is available. Additional speciesexist in British Columbia and remain to be reported. Records of severalspecies require confirmation.
Pluteus atricapillisas Pluteus cervinus
Davidson
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Melburn aBandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Gamiet & Berch
Pluteus flavofuligineusLowe
Pluteus granularisLowe
78
Pluteus leoninusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Polyozellus A monotypic genus.
Polyozellus multiplexImazeki
Bigelow
also as Cantharellus multiplexSmith & Morse
Smith
Lowe
Psathyrella This genus was monographed for North America by Smith (), but lit-tle Canadian material, especially western Canadian material, was exam-ined. No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbianspecies is available. Additional species exist in British Columbia andremain to be reported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Psathyrella ammophilaAgriculture Canada
Psathyrella candolleanaLowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Psathyrella columbianaSmith
Psathyrella hydrophilaLowe
Smith
also as Hypholoma hydrophilumDavidson
Psathyrella incertaalso as Hypholoma incertum
Hardy
Psathyrella longistriataBandoni & Szczawinski
Psathyrella madeodiscaSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Psathyrella spadiceaSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
79
Pseudoarmillariella A monotypic genus.
Pseudoarmillariella ectypoidesGamiet & Berch
Pseudobaeospora A small genus segregated from Lepiota. A single Canadian species isknown.
Pseudobaeospora pillodiiRedhead d
Pseudoclitocybe A small genus segregated from Clitocybe. Species are treated in the NorthAmerican monograph of Clitocybe by Bigelow (, ). No completetreatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species is available.Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to be reported.
Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformisas Clitocybe cyathiformis
Lowe
Psilocybe This genus was monographed worldwide by Guzman () and includeswestern Canadian materials from around Vancouver, but little else fromthe west. No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbianspecies is available. Additional species exist in British Columbia andremain to be reported. Records of several species require confirmation.
Psilocybe baeocystisRobinson
Guzman et al.
Guzman
Ammirati et al.
Psilocybe cyanescensRobinson
Guzman
Stamets
Lincoff
Guzman
Ammirati et al.
Psilocybe fimetariaGuzman
Psilocybe inquilinaKroeger b
Psilocybe pelliculosaRobinson
Guzman et al.
Lincoff
80
Guzman
Ammirati et al.
Psilocybe pratense?Kroeger b
Psilocybe semilanceataRobinson
Guzman et al.
Weil
Stamets
Z
Guzman
Redhead bSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bTurner & Szczawinski
Psilocybe strictipesRobinson
Guzman et al.
Ammirati et al.
Psilocybe stuntziiGuzman & Ott
Guzman et al.
Guzman
Ammirati et al.
Psilocybe subfimetariaGuzman & Smith
Guzman
Psilocybe subviscidaDavidson
Lowe
Pulveroboletus A small segregate genus differentiated from Boletus.
Pulveroboletus retipesLowe
Resinomycena A small recently described genus segregated from Mycena. Western Cana-dian material was included and additional species are not expected, butthe ranges require documentation.
Resinomycena montanaRedhead & Singer
Redhead
81
Resinomycena saccharifera ssp. kalalochensisRedhead bRedhead
also as Resinomycena kalalochensisRedhead & Singer
Resupinatus A small genus allied to Hohenbuehelia. Possibly more than one speciesexists in British Columbia.
Resupinatus striatulusThorn & Barron
also as Pleurotus striatulusCoker
Rhodocybe This genus was monographed worldwide by Baroni () concentratingon North American materials. No complete treatment of either Canadianor British Columbian species is available. Additional species probably existin British Columbia and remain to be reported.
Rhodocybe hirneolaBaroni
Rhodocybe trachyspora var. trachysporaBaroni & Largent
also as Rhodocybe carlottae var. carlottaeRedhead & Baroni
Rhodocybe trachyspora var. vinaceaBaroni & Largent
also as Rhodocybe carlottae var. vinaceaRedhead & Baroni
Rickenella A small genus with other species in British Columbia.
Rickenella fibulaGamiet & Berch
Rimbachia A small cyphelloid genus easily overlooked. Existing Canadian collectionswere revised by Redhead ().
Rimbachia arachnoideaRedhead a
Rimbachia bryophilaRedhead a
Rimbachia neckerae ssp. neckeraeRedhead a
82
Rozites A small genus allied to Cortinarius represented by a single Canadianspecies.
Rozites caperataLowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Rogers
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Russula A large important mycorrhizal genus presenting many taxonomic prob-lems. There is no North American monograph. No complete treatment ofeither Canadian or British Columbian species is available. Many additionalspecies exist in British Columbia and remain to be reported. Records ofmost species require confirmation.
Russula abietinaLowe
Russula alutaceaHardy
Lowe
Melburn
Hardy
Gamiet & Berch
Russula atropurpureaLowe
Russula brevipesGoward & Hickson
Gamiet & Berch
Russula cascadensisBandoni & Szczawinski
Schalkwijk-Barendsen
Schalkwijk-Barendsen b
Russula delicaBandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Melburn
Russula densifoliaBandoni & Szczawinski
Russula emeticaDavidson
Bandoni & Szczawinski
83
Lowe
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Goward & Hickson
Russula foetensMelburn
Russula foetidusLowe
Russula fragilisLowe
Russula fragrantissimaSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Russula furcataLowe
Russula luteaLowe
Russula mariaeHardy
Russula nigricansBandoni & Szczawinski
Gamiet & Berch
Russula olivaceaSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Russula vescaGamiet & Berch
Russula veternosaDavidson
Lowe
Russula xerampelinaBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni
Morrison & Morrison
84
Schizophyllum A small genus represented by a single cosmopolitan Canadian species.
Schizophyllum communeDavidson
Buckland
Cooke
Lowe
Stagnicola A recently described monotypic genus segregated from Tubaria.
Stagnicola perplexaRedhead & Smith
Strobilurus A small genus segregated from Collybia, but not closely allied to it. Cana-dian material has been revised by Redhead(, ). Additional speciesare not expected in British Columbia.
Strobilurus albipilatusRedhead dRedhead
Gamiet & Berch
Strobilurus occidentalisRedhead dRedhead
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Strobilurus trullisatusRedhead dRedhead
Rogers
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bGamiet & Berch
Stropharia A relatively small genus for which no North American monograph exists.No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Additional species probably exist in British Columbia andremain to be reported. Records of some species require confirmation.
Stropharia aeruginosaHardy bLowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Stropharia albonitensDavidson
Lowe
85
Stropharia ambiguaHardy
Hardy
Hardy
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
also as Hypholoma ambiguaHardy b
Stropharia coronillaAmmirati et al.
Stropharia pseudocyaneaRedhead bKroeger b
possibly as Pholiota aeruginosaLowe
Stropharia ripariaKroeger b
Stropharia semiglobataHardy
Stropharia stercorariaDavidson
Lowe
Suillus This moderately sized, important mycorrhizal genus was monographed forNorth America by Smith & Thiers (), but little Canadian material wascited. No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbianspecies is available. Additional species probably exist in British Columbiaand remain to be reported. Records of some species require confirmation.
Suillus albidipesPantidou & Groves
Lowe
Suillus brevipesPantidou & Groves
Lowe
Schisler & Volkoff
also as Boletus brevipesBandoni & Szczawinski
Suillus caerulescensPantidou & Groves
Lowe
86
Suillus granulatusLowe
Schisler & Volkoff
also as Boletus granulatusBandoni & Szczawinski
Suillus lakeiPantidou & Groves
Lowe
Bandoni
Schisler & Volkoff
Goward & Hickson
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Boletinus amabilisLowe
The application of the name B. amabilis is in dispute, but it seems tohave been generally applied to S. lakei in western North America
also as Boletinus lakeiBandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
also as Boletus lakeiMelburn
possibly as Boletinus pictus (see excluded species)Hardy
Melburn
Melburn apossibly as Boletus pictus (see excluded species)
Hardy b
Suillus luteusSchisler & Volkoff
Bandoni & McLennan
also as Boletus luteusHardy
Lowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Suillus placidusPantidou & Groves
Lowe
Suillus ponderosusSchisler & Volkoff
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Suillus punctipesLowe
Schisler & Volkoff
87
Suillus subaureusas Boletus subaureus
Hardy
Hardy bHardy bHardy
Lowe
Suillus subluteusLeichter & Bandoni
Suillus subolivaceusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Suillus subvariegatusSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Suillus tomentosusPantidou & Groves
Lowe
Schisler & Volkoff
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Boletus tomentosusBandoni & Szczawinski
Suillus umbonatusPantidou & Groves
Lowe
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Tapinella A monotypic genus.
Tapinella panuoidesas Paxillus panuoides
Lowe
Tetrapyrgos A small, mainly tropical genus recently segregated from Marasmiellus, itselfa segregate of both Marasmius and Collybia. At least one other species isknown from British Columbia, but requires research beforedocumentation.
Tetrapyrgos subdendrophoraRedhead
also as Campanella subdendrophoraRedhead
88
Tricholoma A large, important mycorrhizal genus presenting many taxonomic prob-lems. Tricholoma magnivelare, the Pine Mushroom, is commercially har-vested in British Columbia. There is no North American monograph. Nocomplete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species isavailable. Many additional species exist in British Columbia and remain tobe reported. Records of most species require confirmation.
Tricholoma caligataas Armillaria calligata
Kinugawa & Goto
Tricholoma flavovirensSchalkwijk-Barendsen a
also as Tricholoma equestreBandoni & Szczawinski
Tricholoma focaleas Armillaria zelleri
Bandoni & Szczawinski
also as Tricholoma zelleriOgawa
Tricholoma graveDavidson
Tricholoma inamoenumSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Tricholoma magnivelareRedhead dTurner et al.
Kroeger
Redhead
Kroeger bSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Armillaria ponderosaLowe
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Kinugawa & Goto
Turner
Kroeger bSaenger
also as Tricholoma ponderosumYokoyama & Kobayashi
Ogawa
Tricholoma populinumTurner et al.
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Tricholoma terreumHardy
Lowe
Schalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Tricholomopsis A moderately small genus monographed in North America by Smith(), but without examining western Canadian material. No completetreatment of either Canadian or British Columbian species is available.Additional species exist in British Columbia and remain to be reported.
Tricholomopsis decoraMartin & Gilbertson
also as Clitocybe decoraLowe
also as Tricholoma decorumBandoni & Szczawinski
Tricholomopsis rutilansSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
also as Tricholoma rutilansBandoni & Szczawinski
Tubaria A small, often overlooked genus for which no North American mono-graph exists. No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Colum-bian species is available. Additional species exist in British Columbia andremain to be reported.
Tubaria furfuraceaSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen b
Tylopilus A moderately sized genus segregated from Boletus. No complete treatmentof either Canadian or British Columbian species is available. Additionalspecies possibly exist in British Columbia and remain to be reported.
Tylopilus alboaterSchisler & Volkoff
Tylopilus pseudoscaberas Boletus olivaceobrunneus
Lowe
Volvariella Shaffer () monographed the genus, which is widespread but rarelycollected. No complete treatment of either Canadian or British Columbianspecies is available. Additional species possibly exist in British Columbiaand remain to be reported.
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Volvariella speciosa var. speciosaShaffer
Lowe
Volvariella stercorariaas Locellina stercoraria
Murrill b
Xeromphalina This genus was monographed in Canada by Redhead (), who revisedall western Canadian specimens. Additional species are not expected, butranges require further documentation.
Xeromphalina campanellaBandoni & Szczawinski
Melburn
Lowe
Smith et al.
Perrin & Koske
Bandoni & Szczawinski
Martin & Gilbertson
Redhead
also as Omphalia campanellaDavidson
Bier et al.
Buckland
Hardy
Hardy
Bier et al.
Nobles
Foster & Foster
Foster et al.
Hardy
Lowe
Thomas & Thomas
Foster et al.
Xeromphalina campanelloidesRedhead
Xeromphalina cauticinalis ssp. cauticinalisRedhead
Xeromphalina cirrisRedhead
Xeromphalina cornuiRedhead
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Xeromphalina fulvipesLowe
Redhead
Redhead
Gamiet & Berch
Excluded orDoubtful Species
Amanita phalloidesHardy
Early reports of this species from North America refer to the Amanitavirosa complex, a group of white toxic species. Amanita phalloides isgenerally agreed to be an introduced species in North America andis found in California, Oregon, and Washington, but has never beenreliably recorded from British Columbia to date. Hardy’s report isundoubtedly erroneous.
Amanita rubescensLowe
This is an eastern North American species. Until verified, this reportshould be treated as suspect.
Clitocybe catinaDavidson
Lowe
This species was not recognized from western North America by Big-elow (, ). The name has probably been misapplied to anotherClitocybe.
Clitocybe cerussatapossibly as Clitocybe pithyophila
Davidson
Lowe
This application of the name C. pithophylla possibly refers to C.dilatata.
Crepidotus latifoliusLowe
This is an eastern North American species not reliably documentedfrom the west.
Crepidotus sphaerosporusLowe
This species is only known from Europe and is not reliably knownfrom North America.
Lactarius subdulcisDavidson
Hardy
Hardy
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Melburn
Melburn
Lowe
Melburn
as Lactaria subdulcisLowe
This species is not known for certain from North America. A complexof species has been referred to this name in older literature.
Leccinumas Boletus versipellis
Lowe
This species name has been variously applied to different species and itsapplication in this report is unclear.
Lyophyllum ambustumas Collybia ambusta
Melburn bThis name has been variously applied and its application here isambiguous.
Lyophyllum sp.possibly as Clitocybe cartilaginea
Lowe
This species of Clitocybe is not recognized from North America. Vari-eties of C. cartilaginea reported from North America have been referredto Lyophyllum.
Marasmius felixLowe
This is an eastern North American species. Western material representsdifferent species.
Marasmius rotulaHardy aHardy
Lowe
Melburn
Melburn
This is an eastern North American species not reliably documentedfrom western North America.
Mycena atroalbaDavidson
Lowe
Smith () was uncertain about the use of this name in North Amer-ica. Its application remains doubtful in older records.
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Mycena excisaDavidson
Lowe
An eastern species probably not found in western North America.
Mycena leaianaSchalkwijk-Barendsen aSchalkwijk-Barendsen bA doubtful report from British Columbia, as the species appears toextend no further west than Manitoba.
Mycena minutulaDavidson
Lowe
A species described from the east and not fully characterized.
Mycena niveipesas Mycena polygramma var. albida
Davidson
An eastern North American species not reliably documented from west-ern North America.
Mycena polygrammaLowe
A species known for certain only from eastern North America.
Oudemansiella mucidaas Armillaria mucida
Cheesman
This species is European and has never been reliably documented fromNorth America. It is possible that it could be introduced with colonizedtrees but in this case is probably erroneously reported.
Pholiota marginataMelburn
This species was poorly known and early applications refer to a numberof species.
Pholiota subsquarrosaLowe
This species was not recognized from North America by Smith &Hesler (). It was said to possibly be = P. subvelatipes, which is nowconsidered to be synonymous with P. limonella.
Pholiota tuberculosaLowe
This species was not recognized from North America by Smith &Hesler ().
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Pleurotus albolanatusThomas & Podmore
Lowe
This species is possibly synonymous with Pleurocybella porrigens. Olderapplications of the name are ambiguous.
Psathyrella crenataDavidson
Lowe
A poorly known species of European origin interpreted as Coprinus hia-scens by some Europeans.
Psilocybe callosaGuzman
A misapplied name, in this case possibly referring to P. strictipes.
Strobilurus sp.as Collybia albipilata
Hardy
Hardy bMelburn
Melburn
Melburn
Melburn aMelburn
Melburn
Lowe
as Collybia conigenaDavidson
as Collybia conigenoidesDavidson
Lowe
Strobilurus species have been variously reported as Collybia albipilataand C. conigenoides. Unless examined microscopically none can be relia-bly assigned (see Redhead d). Collybia albipilata s.s. = Strobilurusalbipilatus.
Stropharia appendiculataHardy
An untraceable name possibly referring to a Psathyrella or Strophariaambigua.
Suillus spragueias Boletinus pictus
Hardy
Melburn
Melburn aas Boletus pictus
Hardy b
95
This is an eastern North American species found under eastern whitepine. Early western reports are probably based upon S. lakei (q.v.), aDouglas-fir associate.
Xerula radicataas Collybia radicata
Lowe
This species is rare in North America and is only known from the east-ern United States. The British Columbia record appears to have beenbased on Collybia maculata.
96
APPENDIX 4 Miscellaneous basidiomycetes reported from British Columbia
Gasteromycetes and False TrufflesAstraeus hygrometricusBattarrea stevensiiBovista pilaBovista pusillaCalvatia elataCalvatia giganteaCalvatia lepidophorumCalvobovista subsculptaClathrus ruberCrucibulum laeveCyathus striatusGeastrum minusGeastrum triplexLycoperdon curtisiiLycoperdon perlatumLycoperdon pyriformeLycoperdon subincarnatumLysurus cruciatusMycenastrum coriumMycoacia denudataMycoacia udaMutinus caninusNidula candidaNidula niveotomentosaNidularia pulvinatusPhallus impudicusPisolithus tinctoriusPodaxis pistillarisRhizopogon canadensisRhizopogon cinnamomeusRhizopogon columbianusRhizopogon defectusRhizopogon diabolicusRhizopogon evadensRhizopogon florencianusRhizopogon hawkeraeRhizopogon idahoensisRhizopogon molallaensisRhizopogon occidentalisRhizopogon ochraceorubensRhizopogon olivaceofuscusRhizopogon pseudoroseolusRhizopogon pseudovillosusRhizopogon roseolusRhizopogon rubescens
Rhizopogon subcaerulescensRhizopogon subsalmoneusRhizopogon vinicolorScleroderma aerolatumScleroderma aurantiaScleroderma cepaScleroderma lycoperdoidesSimblum sphaerocephalumTruncocolumella citrinaTruncocolumella rubraTulostoma campestreTulostoma tuberculatum
Hydnoid and Thelephoroid FungiHydnellum aurantiacumHydnellum caeruleumHydnellum peckiiHydnellum pineticolaHydenellum scrobiculatumHydnellum suaveolensHydnum repandumHydnum umbilicatumPhellodon tomentosusSarcodon calvatumSarcodon fuscoindicumSarcodon imbricatumSarcodon stereosarcinonThelephora caryophylleaThelephora palmataThelephora regularis
Coral FungiClavaria vermicularisClavariadelphus ligulaClavariadelphus occidentalisClavariadelphus sachalinensisClavariadelphus truncatusClavicorona taxophilaClavulina cinereaClavulina cristataClavulinopsis aurantio-cinnabarinusMacrotyphula fistulosaRamaria apiculataRamaria botrytisRamaria concolorRamaria distinctissimaRamaria flava
97
Ramaria flavo-brunnescensRamaria formosaRamaria mutabilisRamaria rubellaRamaria strictaRamaria subbotrytisRamaria sueciaSparassis crispa
Typhula abietinaTyphula erythropusTyphula incarnataTyphula mycophagaTyphula setipesTyphula thaxteriTyphula umbrina
98
APPENDIX 5 Ascomycetes reported from British Columbia
Aleuria aurantiaAnthracobia macrocystisAnthracobia melalomaApiosporina morbosaAscobolus carbonariusAscobolus epimycesAscobolus furfuraceusAscobolus immersusAscobolus michaudiiAscobolus sacchariferusAscobolus tenuisporusAscocoryne sarcoidesBisporella citrinaBryoglossum gracileCaloscypha fulgensCenangium acuumCenangium ferruginosumCenagium singulareCheilymenia ciliataCheilymenia coprinataChlorencoella versiformisChlorociboria aeruginascensCiboria gordoniiCiboria rufo-fuscaCiborina foliicolaCiborina whetzeliiCordyceps militarisCordyceps myrmecophilaDaldinia concentricaDaldinia occidentalisDasyscyphus bicolorDasyscyphus ellisianusDasyscyphus sulphureusDasyscyphus turbinulatusDasyscyphus virginellusDematioscypha dematiicolaDermea balsameaDermea cerasiDermea prunastriDermea pseudotsugaeDermea rhytidiformansDermea tetraspermaDiscina macrosporaDiscina perlataDiscinella schimperiElaphomyces granulatus
Elaphomyces muricatusEncoelia fascicularisEncoelia furfuraceaGelatinodiscus flavidusGeopyxis carbonariaGeopyxis vulcanalisGodronia cassandraeGodronia confertusGodronia fuliginosaGodronia spiraeaeGodronia zelleriGyromitra ambiguaGyromitra californicaGyromitra carolinianaGyromitra columbianaGyromitra esculentaGyromitra infulaGyromitra melaleucoidesHelvella acetabulumHelvella corlumHelvella crispaHelvella elasticaHelvella lacunosaHelvella macropusHelvella solitariaHerpotrichia juniperinaHumaria hemisphaericaHypomyces aurantiusHypomyces cervinigenusHypomyces lactifluorumHypomyces rosellusHypoxylon cerebrinumHypoxylon cinereo-lilacinumHypoxylon diathraustonHypoxylon fragiformeHypoxylon fuscumHypoxylon howeianumHypoxylon mammatumHypoxylon mediterraneumHypoxylon multiformeHypoxylon nummulariumHypoxylon rubiginosumHypoxylon serpensHypoxylon vogesiacumLachnellula agassiziiLachnellula arida
99
Lachnellula calyciformisLachnellula ciliataLachnellula flavovirensLachnellula fuscosanguineaLachnellula occidentalisLachnellula piniLeucoscypha hetleriMitrula elegansMorchella angusticepsMorchella elataMorchella esculentaMonilinia corniMonilinia demissaMonilinia oxycocciMonilinia padiMonilinia vaccinii-corymbosiNeournula pouchetiiOnygena equinaOtidea kauffmaniiOtidea leporinaOtidea onoticaOtidea smithiiPaxina barlaePaxina recurvumPeziza badiaPeziza brunneoatraPeziza domicilianaPeziza emileiaPeziza melaleucaPeziza petersiiPeziza phyllogenaPeziza praetervisaPeziza repandaPeziza succosaPeziza sylvestrisPeziza vesciculosaPeziza violaceaPithya cupressinaPithya vulgarisPlectania melastomaPlectania nannfeldtiiPlicaria endocarpoidesPlicaria trachycarpaPseudoplectania melaenaPseudoplectania nigrellaPseudoplectania vogesiaca
Pulvinula archeriRoesleria subterraneaRoeslerina microsporaRoeslerina radicellaPyronema omphalodesRhizina undulataRutstroemia sydowianaSarcoscypha coccineaSacrosphaera coronariaSarcosoma mexicanaSclerotinia borealisSclerotinia bulborumSclerotinia fructicolaSclerotinia gladioliSclerotinia homeocarpaSclerotinia laxaSclerotinia minorSclerotinia narcissicolaSclerotinia polyblastisSclerotinia sclerotiorumSclerotinia trifoliorumScutellinia scutellataScutellinia setosaScutellinia umbrarumSpathularia flavidaSpathularia velutipesTarzetta cupularisTarzetta roseaThelebolus stercoreusThelebolus zukaliiTricharina praecoxTrichoglossum hirsutumTricophaea contradictaTuber gibbosumTympanis alneaTympanis confusaTympanis conspersaTympanis hypopodiaTympanis hysterioidesTympanis laricinaTympanis spermatiosporaTympanis truncatulaUstulina deustaVerpa bohemicaVerpa conicaXylaria hypoxylon
100
APPENDIX 6 Conservation Data Centre Ranking
Each ‘‘element’’ (e.g., a species) on the Conservation Data Centre’s list isranked using the system developed over the last years by the NatureConservancy. This system is now in use in six Canadian provinces, all U.S.states, and a number of Latin American countries. Most government agen-cies within these jurisdictions have also adopted this ranking system.
Each element is ranked at two levels: global () and provincial, or‘‘subnational’’ (). The global rank is based on the status of the elementthroughout its entire range, whereas the provincial rank is based solely onits status within British Columbia. The global rank is established by abiologist assigned to that element by The Nature Conservancy; the provin-cial rank cannot exceed the global rank.
The status of an element is indicated on a scale of one to five; the scoreis based primarily on the number of extant occurrences of the element,but other factors such as abundance, range, protection, and threats arealso considered if the information is available. Generally, the ConservationData Centre will track only those species with ranks of –. In addition tothe ranks –, there are several letter ranks; all are defined below.
= Critically imperiled because of extreme rarity ( or fewer extantoccurrences or very few remaining individuals) or because of somefactor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extirpation or extinction.
= Imperiled because of rarity (typically – extant occurrences orfew remaining individuals) or because of some factor(s) making itvulnerable to extirpation or extinction.
= Rare or uncommon (typically – occurrences); may be suscept-able to large-scale disturbances (e.g., may have lost extensiveperipheral populations).
= Frequent to common (greater than occurrences); apparentlysecure but may have a restricted distribution; or there may be per-ceived future threats.
= Common to very common; demonstrably secure and essentiallyineradicable under present conditions.
H = Historial occurrence; usually not verified in the last years, butwith the expectation that it may someday be rediscovered.
X = Apparently extinct or extirpated, without the expectation that it willbe rediscovered.
U = Status uncertain, often because of low search or cryptic nature ofthe element; uncertainty spans a range of or ranks.
R = Reported from the province, but without persuasive documentationfor either accepting or rejecting the report.
RE = Reported in error, but this error has persisted in the literature.? = No information is available or the number of extant occurrences is
estimated.A = An element (usually an animal) that is considered accidental or
casual in province; a species that does not appear on an annualbasis.
101
E = An exotic or introduced species to the province.Z = Occurs in the province but as a diffuse, usually moving, population;
difficult or impossible to map static occurrences.
In addition to the above ranks, there are four letter qualifiers sometimesused on conjunction with them:
T = Designates a rank associated with a subspecies.B = Breeding; the associated rank refers to breeding occurrences of
mobile animals.N = Non-breeding; the associated rank refers to non-breeding occur-
rences of mobile animals.Q = Taxonomic validity of the element is not clear or is in question.
102
APPENDIX 7 Major collections of British Columbia macrofungi
Mycological Herbarium — Curator Dr. R. BandoniDepartment of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia
Herbarium — Curator Dr. B. CallanPacific Forestry Centre West Burnside RoadVictoria, British Columbia
National Mycological Herbarium — Curator Dr. S. RedheadCentre for Land & Biological Resources ResearchResearch Branch, Agriculture CanadaOttawa, Ontario
Mycological Herbarium — Curator Dr. R. FogelUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan
Mycological Herbarium — Curator Dr. J. AmmiratiDepartment of BotanyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington
103
APPENDIX 8 Mycological taxonomists in North America
Taxonomist Address Area of expertise
Dr. Joseph F. Ammirati Dept. Botany, Agarics and other macrofungi,University of Washington, especially Cortinariaceae andSeattle, WA Amanita; secondary and old-phone: - growth forestry plots infax: - Washington.
Dr. Robert J. Bandoni Dept. Botany, University Jelly fungi (esp. Tremellales),(retired) of British Columbia, general mycology.
Vancouver, B.C.
Dr. Timothy J. Baroni P.O. Box , Dept. Biol. Rhodocybe, Clitopilus, otherSci., Cortland College, pink-spored mushrooms., Cortland, NY phone: -fax: -
Dr. Shannon Berch B.C. Ministry of Forests fungi, but also generalResearch Branch mycology.Glyn Road Research Station, Glyn Road,Victoria, B.C. phone: -fax: -
Dr. Brenda Callan Pacific Forest Centre, Forest pathogens, Xylariaceae,Forestry Canada, general fungi incl. polypores, West Burnside Road, common agarics and ascomycetes.Victoria, B.C. phone: -fax: -
Dr. Dennis E. Desjardin Department of Biology, Marasmius, Collybia, Mycena.San Francisco State Univ.,San Francisco, CA phone: -
Dr. Keith N. Egger Faculty of Natural Resources and Cup fungi, especially ascomycetesEnvironmental Studies, on burned sites.
University of Northern B.C. University Way,Prince George, B.C. phone: -
Ms. Sharmin Gamiet Defehr Road, Generalist.Abbotsford, B.C. phone: -fax: -
104
Dr. James Ginns , Research Branch Polypores, other aphyllophorales,Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada miscellaneous wood decay fungi.Ottawa, Ont. phone: -
Mr. Paul Kroeger East th, Contact for Vancouver MycologicalVancouver, B.C. Society, experienced amateurphone: - mushroom collector.
Dr. David L. Largent Dept. Biol., Humboldt State Leptonia, Nolanea, Entoloma,University, Arcata, CA other pink-spored mushrooms/phone: - contact for mushroom harvesting
plots in California.
Dr. Roy E. Halling New York Botanical Garden, Collybia, boletes.Bronx, NY -phone: -fax: -
Dr. Andrew S. Methven Botany Dept., Eastern Illinois Clavariadelphus.Univ., Charleston, IL phone: -
Dr. Duncan Morrison Pacific Forest Centre, Armillaria.Forestry Canada, West Burnside Road,Victoria, B.C. phone: -fax: -
Dr. Gregory M. Mueller Dept. Botany, Laccaria.Field Museum Natural History,Chicago, IL -phone: -fax: -
Mrs. Lorelei L. Norvell Pacific Northwest Mycology Service LLC Phaeocollybia, chanterelles/contact NW Skyline, for Oregon Mycological Society —Portland, OR chanterelle harvesting plots inphone: - Oregon.
Dr. Clark Ovrebo Dept. Biol., Tricholoma.Univ. Central Oklahoma,Edmond, OK phone: -fax: -
Dr. Ronald H. Petersen Dept. Botany, Coral fungi, Gomphus,Univ. Tennessee, chanterelles.Knoxville, TN -phone: -fax: -
105
Dr. Scott A. Redhead , Research Branch Agarics, boletes, other fleshy fungi,Agriculture Canada, especially saprophytes.Ottawa, Ont. phone: -fax: -
Mr. Rodham E. Tulloss P.O. Box , Roosevelt, Amanita.NJ -phone: -fax: -
106
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