lymphatic system tissues organs, vessels and a fluid called lymph similar to interstitial fluid...
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Lymphatic System
Tissues organs, vessels and a fluid called lymph similar to interstitial fluid
Diffuse lymphatic tissue Tonsils, mucosa associated lymph
tissue and red bone marrow Lymph Organs
thymus spleen lymph nodes
Lymphocytes for Immunity
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Draining excess interstitial fluid & plasma proteins from tissue spaces
Transport of some nutrients and hormones
Immunity –specific defense recognize microbes or abnormal cells &
responding by killing them directly or secreting antibodies that cause their destruction
Formation & Flow of Lymph
Some fluid & proteins Filtered from blood capillaries are collected by lymphatic capillaries & returned to the blood
Muscle contraction and breathing promote flow of lymph
Lymphatic vessels empty into subclavian veins in shoulders
Lymph Circulation
Lymph capillariesCapillaries are closed-ended tubes in
tissuesHave one-way minivalvesPickup fluid (lymph) from Tissues
(interstitial fluid)
Lymph Capillaries
Comparison of Lymph and Blood Capillaries
Minivalve
Lymph Circulation
Lymphatic Vessels (lymphatics) Lymph passes from capillaries
into lymph vessels Resemble veins with thin walls
& valves Afferent lymphatics carry lymph
to nodes Efferent lymphatics carry lymph
from nodes
Lymph Circulation
Afferent, Efferent Lymphatics and Valves
Lymph Circulation
Lymph trunks drain lymph into ductsLymph ducts - largest lymph channels
Two ducts drain lymph into subclavian veins
Larger thoracic duct drains most of bodySmaller right duct drains right side head, right
shoulder and right arm into right subclavian vein
Lymph Ducts
Right Lymphatic Duct
Thoracic Duct
Lymph circulation
Drainage Pattern of Lymphatic Ducts
Summary of Lymphatic Flow
Interstitial fluid Lymph Capillaries
Afferent Lymphatics Lymph Nodes
Efferent Lymphatic Lymphatic Trunks
Lymphatic Ducts Subclavian Veins of cardiovascular system (CVS)
Which are the larger lymphatic structures?
(A) lymphatics
(B) trunks
(C) capillaries
(D) ducts
Question
Lymph Tissues
Lymphatic nodules – MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymph Tissues) lymphatic nodules within the digestive and
respiratory systems Small intestine Appendix Bronchi of respiratory tract
Lymph Tissues
Tonsils Located in and around throat Tonsilar crypts
Functions Crypts Trap microbes such as bacteria Mount immune response against inhaled and ingested
microbes
Lymph Organs
Lymph nodes Structure Location
Throughout body but concentrated in groin, neck, armpit
Functions Filter lymph Provide immunity
Lymph Node Distribution
Cervical Nodes
Inguinal Nodes
Axillary Nodes
Vessels that enter lymph nodes are called ______ lymphatics.
(A) efferent
(B) afferent
(C) enter
(D) endo
Question
Lymph OrgansThymus
Located in mediastinum above heart
Large in infants atrophying with age
FunctionThymosin hormones for
T-cell lymphocyte maturation
Spleen
Located in upper left quadrant to left of stomach
Functions Filters blood Provides
immunity Stores iron and
platelets
Question
(A) tonsils
(B) lymph nodes
(C) thymus glands
(D) MALT
Which of the following are located within the intestinal lining?
What lymphatic structure contains hormones for T-cell lymphocyte maturation?
(A) Tonsils
(B) Thymus gland
(C) Spleen
(D) MALT
Question
Defense
Non-specific DefenseFirst Line Defense: External
SkinMucous MembranesTearsSaliva Stomach acid
Non-specific Defense
Second Line Defense: InternalAntimicrobial proteins
Interferons – antiviral Complement – immunity and inflammation
Natural killer (NK) cells Lymphocytes Kill microbes and tumor cells
Phagocytes Wandering phagocytes Fixed phagocytes
Internal Defense
InflammationMast cells and basophils release chemicals
including histamineArterioles vasodilate – more blood to site Increased capillary permeability – more fluid
into tissues
Internal Defense
Results inRednessHeatSwelling (edema)PainHealing
Question
Which of the following is a first-line of non-specific defense?
(A) Interferons
(B) mucous membranes
(C) NK cells
(D) Inflammation
(E) none of the above
Specific Defense: Immunity
Study of immunity is immunologyImmunity versus non-specific defense
Specificity: responds to specific invadersDestroys invaders by various means such
as: ___________________________Memory: Second exposure to antigen
causes a stronger response
AntigensForeign (non-self) cells or chemicals that
produce an immune response (stimulate antibody production)
Are microbes, parts of microbes, blood cells, transplant tissues, and a variety of chemicals
Immunity
B-cell and T-cell lymphocytes responsible for immunity
Two types of immune responsesCell mediated immunity: T-cells respond
to intracellular antigens such as virus infected cells and tumor cells
Antibody mediated immunity: B-cells respond to extracellular antigens
Antibodies combat the antigen
Cell Mediated Immunity T-cells originate in the red bone marrow and
are processed (undergo maturation) in the thymus gland
Matured T-cells then pass into other lymph tissues where they are ready to respond to antigens
Immunity
Two types of T-cell lymphocytes CD8 cells
Activated by contact with virus infected body cell Onr type develops into killer T-cells and memory cells
CD4 cells Activated when antigen presented by antigen presenting
cell (APC) cell Develops into helper T-cells and memory cells Helper T-cells must activate CD8 cells before they can
become fully activated killer T’s
Cell Mediated Immunity continued
Killer T’s leave lymphatic tissue to search for and destroy virus infected cells, tumor cells and tissue transplant cells on contact
Cell Mediated Immunity Diagram
Question
Which of the following activate Killer T-cells?(A) B-cells(B) plasma cells(C) Helper T-cells(D) antibodies(E) none of the above
Antibody Mediated Immunity
Antigen causes production of antibodies B-cell lymphocytes stay in lymph tissues Antigen enters lymph tissue and binds to B-
cell receptors B-cells become activated
B-cells divide (clone) to form identical plasma cells and memory cells
Helper T-cells bind to antigen on compatible B-cells and “help” stimulate plasma cell and memory cell formation
Antibody Mediated Immunity
Plasma cells secrete various types of antibodies
Antibodies then bind to the specific antigen that activated its parent B-cells
Antibodies then cause the destruction of the antigen in several ways
Antibody Mediate Immunity Diagram
Question
Which cells secrete most of theantibodies?(A) Plasma cells(B) T-cells(C) B-cells(D) NK cells(E) none of the above
Antibody Mediated Immunity
Antibodies destroy antigens byNeutralizing antigens such as toxinsAgglutinating (clumping) and precipitating
(removing from solution) antigen bearing cells
Activating the complement proteins that destroy the antigen by various means
Enhancing phagocytosis by covering a microbe with antibodies
Antibody Mediated Immunity
There are five classes of antibodies IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgDThe IgG antibody is most commonStudy Table 22-1, page 807 in text and earn
some extra credit on exam by learning the functions for each type.
What does the Ig stand for?
Summary of Immunity
Immunological Memory
What is meant by the terms primary response and secondary response?
What causes the secondary response?
Question
What does the Ig in the antibody symbolstand for?(A) Interferon globulin(B) Immunoglobin(C) Immunogenic(D) Immunoglobulin(E) none of the above
Disorders of the Immune System
To earn extra credit on your exam, study “Immune Disorders” on pages 815-817 in your text.
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