lyme disease carla booth. outline lyme disease hosts and parasite life cycle of borrelia...
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LYME DISEASE
Carla Booth
Outline
Lyme Disease Hosts and Parasite Life cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi Ticks Where is this Emerging Disease
Recent studies Local responses
History of Lyme Disease
Early 20th century European physicians noticed the slowly growing red rash
1940’s linked rash to multi system illness
1969 successful treatment with penicillin 1970 large number of children with
advanced symptoms (Arthritis) in Lyme Conneticut
1982 Borrelia bacteria identified in association with the rash
1984 conclusive evidence that Borrelia burgdorferi caused LD
1982 started surveillance for LD in North America
Lyme Disease
Infection of human, or animals caused by bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi
Described in Lyme, Conneticut hence it’s name 100, 000 cases since 1982 in North America Some symptoms include:
EM or erythema migrans (bulls eye rash) Fever Fatigue Enlarged lymph nodes Headaches Arthralgia (joint pain) Arthritis Radiculitis (inflammation of spinal nerve root) Cranial nerve palsies
Life Cycle
Note that it can infect multiple hosts (humans, deer, small rodents, birds, ticks, dogs etc)
http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/Lyme_3.html
Ticks
Recall the tick Dermacentor spp. causes Ghost Moose
The tick that serves as a vector for Lyme Disease (LD) is Ixodes spp. (I. scapularis, I. pacificus)
Hard tick, black legged tick
Black legged Tick
Recent Studies
Plethora of websites claiming emergence of ticks carrying LD, symptoms and preventative measures to be followed
Less scholarly papers/data available ... however Study in United States Study in Eastern Canada (Ontario and
Quebec) Alberta?
Where in North America
Canada: southern and southeastern Quebec, southern and eastern Ontario, southeastern Manitoba, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as well as much of southern British Columbia.
United states: multiple eastern states, California, Texas, and Florida
The states were ranked in order of highest to lowest number of reported cases
http://www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/lymedisease.html#rising
United States
Risk Map of US Predicted LD risk in
States 2002 23,763 cases
reported to CDC 95% from Conneticut,
Delaware, Rhode Island, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin http://www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/
lymedisease.html#rising
Eastern Canada
Study: Vets collected ticks from resident dogs for 1997-1998
Map of Southern Ontario
5.8% infected with B. burgdorferi
Possible spread of infection to places where unifected ticks are established
http://0-web.ebscohost.com.darius.uleth.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=dd48976a-126f-4d39-b259-c738004a6c34%40sessionmgr11&vid=14&hid=8
Eastern and Central Canada
The spread of LD also due to the expansion of where the vector species of tick (I. scapularis) found
Up to 1997 only confirmed population in Long Point Ontario
Temperature change with global warming is aiding the spread of the tick
Northward migrating land birds as potential mode of expansion
Eastern and Central Canada
http://0-web.ebscohost.com.darius.uleth.ca/ehost/detail?sid=934c4b99-a958-400a-b3ee-003d5687cfda%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&hid=7&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=a9h&AN=35703445
Projected spread in the International Journal of Health GeographicsUsed temperature predictions from the CGCM2 climate modelDeveloped an algorithm to predict occurrence in Canada
Eastern and Central Canada
http://0-web.ebscohost.com.darius.uleth.ca/ehost/detail?sid=934c4b99-a958-400a-b3ee-003d5687cfda%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&hid=7&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=a9h&AN=35703445 http://0-web.ebscohost.com.darius.uleth.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?
sid=f37296bd-1f1f-4654-87ef-416e0841fb73%40sessionmgr11&vid=2&hid=8
No. of ticks/human population >0 and >6.11*10-4
6.11*10-4 To 1.761*10-3
1.762 *10-3 to 3.300 *10-
3
3.300 *10-3 to 7.463 *10-
3
7.464 *10-3 to 2.584 *10-
2
2008
1990-2003
Closer to home...?
http://www.srd.alberta.ca/RecreationPublicUse/WildlifeViewing/MedicineHatGrasslandWater/CypressHillsProvincialPark/Default.aspx
http://wildobs.com/place/Cypress-Hills-Provincial-Park-SK
http://insciences.org/article.php?article_id=4568
Potential of spreading infection if established in the white tailed deer population of Cypress Hills
Closer to home
Video clip http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Health/
20100521/lyme-ticks-alberta-100521/
Suggestions made that the adult ticks may have been carried in by migrating birds coming not from the east but from BC
Need more research in the West!
References Banerjee, S. N., Banerjee, M., Fernando, K., Scott, J. D., Mann, R., & Morshed, M. G.
(2000). Presence of spirochete causing Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, in southern Ontario. Canadian Medical Association Journal , 162 (11), 1567-1569.
Bankhead, T., & Chaconas, G. (2007). The role of VlsE antigenic variation in Lyme disease spirochete: persistence through a mechanism that differs from other pathogens. Molecular Microbiology , 65 (6), 1547-1558.
Beware of deer ticks. (2009). Retrieved 03 28, 2011, from Daily Herald Tribune: http://www.dailyheraldtribune.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?archive=true&e=1293404
Gilmore Jr., R. D., Mbow, L. M., & Stevenson, B. (2001). Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi gene expression during life cycle phases of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis. Microbes and Infection , 3 (10), 799-808.
Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi, The Lyme disease spirochete, from rabbit ticks, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris — Alberta . (2011). Retrieved 03 28, 2011, from Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation: http://www.canlyme.com/alberta.html
Lyme Disease. (2011). Retrieved 03 28, 2011, from Government of Alberta:Health and Wellness: http://www.health.alberta.ca/health-info/lyme-disease.html
Lyme's Disease. (1996-2011). Retrieved 03 28, 2011, from Menstuff: http://www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/lymedisease.html#rising
Odgen, N. H., Lindsay, L. R., Morshed, M., Sockett, P. N., & Artsob, H. (2009). The emergence of Lyme disease in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal , 180 (12), 1221-1224.
Odgen, N. H., St. Onge, L., Barker, I. K., Brazeau, S., Bigras-Poulin, M., Charron, D., et al. (2008). Risk maps for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes scapularis, in Canada now and with climate change. International Journal of Health Geographics , 7, 1-15.
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