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Lucerne 30th July 2019
Australian Fodder Industry Annual Conference29-31 July Crowne Plaza, Hunter Valley NSW
Professor Derrick Moot
This work by Prof. Derrick Moot and the Lincoln University Dryland Pastures Research Team is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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85 post grads + 40 visiting interns/scholars
Introduction• Background
• Drivers of forage production
• Lucerne growth and development
• Quality cutting and grazing
• Genetics - Fall Dormancy - yield
Value of good data
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oot
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CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Data source: Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/) and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). (28/5/2019)
Year1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
CO
2co
ncen
tratio
n (p
pm)
5
320
340
360
380
420
0
300
400
Predicted climate change in New Zealand by 2040
MPI-NIWA-Drought-in-a-Changing-Climate%20.pdfhttp://www.mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/133
New Zealand Median Drought Change between
1980-1999 and 2030-49
An increase of 10% corresponds to 25 more days in drought per year, on average.
Increase in % Time
1211
10
9
8
7
65
4
3
2
1
0
Canterbury = largest flat land area – mixed crop/sheep
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• 2019* 2018* 2017* • 2014# 2013 2012 2011#• 2010 2009# 2008* 2007• 2006* 2005* 2004* 2003#• 2002* 2000* 1999* 1998Crusaders 10 OZ 4
Canterbury final stats
By 2030 - Drier:Drought – increased duration and frequency
“The Canterbury Plains in the South Island of NZ depend almost entirely on nitrogen fixed by clover and are highly productive”
T. M. Addiscott – 2005 Nitrate agriculture and the environment
Abundant aquifer water = 500,000 ha irrigated dairy
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Dairying in Canterbury• 3.5 cows per ha• 780 cows per herd• 1150 herds• Public backlash
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Rep 1Rep 2
Rep 3
Experiment sitePh
oto:
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ills
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6.3 t/ha
Dryland
MonthJ A S O N D J F M A M J J
Grow
th ra
te (k
g/ha
/d)
0
30
60
90
120Just add water
9.8 t/ha
Growth rates (2 year means)
Mills et al. 2006, 2009
6.3 t/ha
Dryland
Water + Nitrogen21.9 t/ha
MonthJ A S O N D J F M A M J J
Grow
th ra
te (k
g/ha
/d)
0
30
60
90
120
Growth rates (2 year means)
Mills et al. 2006, 2009
y = 3.3 kg DM/ha/oCd
I –N
9.8 t/ha
Thermal time (°Cd)0 1000 2000 3000
DM y
ield
(t/h
a)
0
10
20
30I +N
y = 7.0 kg DM/ha/oCd
21.9 t/ha
The Nitrogen gap
Mills et al. 2006; 2009
15.7 t/ha
Just add Nitrogen
6.3 t/ha
Dryland
MonthJ A S O N D J F M A M J J
Grow
th ra
te (k
g/ha
/d)
0
30
60
90
120
Growth rates (2 year means)
Mills et al. 2006, 2009
Summer ⇒ moisture response
Mills 2007
Rain
fall
(mm
)
0
50
100
Thermal time (°Cd)0 1000 2000 3000
Defic
it (m
m)
0
50
100
150
D+ND-N
Total rain = 520 mm
Soil moisture deficit 2003/04
Mills 2007
Water stress effect on yield
D+N
15.7 t/ha
21 Nov 30 Jan
Thermal time0 1000 2000 3000
DM y
ield
(t/h
a)
0
10
20
30I+N
y = 7.0 kg DM/ha/oCd
21.9 t/ha
Mills et al. 2006
Nitrogen fixation25-30 kg N/t DM
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Lucas et al. 2010
• 65 – 437 mm irrigation• 7-10 day measurement interval• 6 years
Experiment 1 – drought tolerant species
Brown et al. 2003, 2005
Annual dry matter yields
Growth season97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02
Yiel
d (t
DM
/ha)
0
10
20
30LSD
Chicory LucerneRed clover
Brown et al. 2005
Growth season97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02
Bot
anic
alco
mpo
sitio
n (%
)
0
25
50
75
100LSD
Persistence
ChicoryLucerne
Red clover
Brown 2004
Lucerne Objectives
• Understand plant responses to the environment
• Use that information to design management practices
• Determine the influence of genotype
• Understand impacts on yield and quality
Development:is the ‘age’ or maturity of the regrowth crop e.g. leaf appearance, flowering
Growth:is dry matter accumulation as a result of light interception and photosynthesis
Growth and development are both influenced by environmental signals
The canopy: the energy capture device
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Spring Feb
Jan
Vegetative growth
Mean temperature (oC)0 8 12 16
Gro
wth
rate
(kg
DM
/ha/
d)
0
40
80
120
AutumnJuly
Moot et al. 2003
Experiment 2flexible grazing
25 days resting
3 days grazing
38 days resting
4 days grazing
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Partitioning to roots
A S O N D J F M A
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Tap
root
dry
wei
ght (
t/ha)
Month
42-day
Moot et al. 2003
28-day
28 kg DM/ha/mm
20 kg DM/ha/mmGrass only
13 kg DM/ha/mm
Lucerne
Spring WUE
Water use (mm)0 100 200 300
Accu
mul
ated
DM
(t/h
a)
0
2
4
6Grass/clover
Moot et al. 2008
Spring
Growing point at the top of the plant
Seasonal grazing management
• 1st rotation aided by root reserves to produce high quality vegetative forage.
• can graze before flowers appear (~1500 kg DM/ha) ideally ewes and lambs but
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Lucerne development
Reproductive (flowering)
• Long day plant - flowers earlier in summer than spring/autumn due to photoperiod
• Time of flowering is also temperature dependent e.g. 380-550 °Cd as photoperiod changes (14.5-16.5 h)
Ther
mal
tim
e (o
Cd)
Photoperiod (h)13 14 15 16 17
400
600
Day-length effect
autumn
spring
summer
Dissecting Alfalfa Dormancy Using Selection MappingCharlie Brummer, Gitanshu Munjal, and Scott NewellUniversity of California, Davis
Supplied by: Charlie Brummer, UC Davis
Dormancy phenotype observed in five of 11 standard check cultivars when in growth chamber under decreasing temp and photoperiod
1 3 6 9 11
Dormancy is measured by height of regrowth in autumn
Supplied by: Charlie Brummer, UC Davis
Autu
mn
Regr
owth
Hei
ght
Shor
tTa
ll
Very Dormant Very Non-dormant1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fall Dormancy Class
New cultivar: 1. Measure height
2. Compute Fall Dormancy Rating
based on standard check regression
Supplied by: Charlie Brummer, UC Davis
Methods
Three genotypes with different FD ratings
FD2, FD5 and FD10
Three defoliation regimes
DF28, DF42 and DF84
Split-plot RCB with 4 replicates.
Exp. duration: October 2014 to January 2017.
Irrigation when need.
FD2
FD10
FD5
FD2
FD5
FD10 FD5
FD10
FD2
Block 1 Block 2
Block 4
Main-plot: DF
Block 3
Sub-plot: FD
Sown 8/10/14
Harvest dateJul14 Jan15 Jul15 Jan16 Jul16 Jan17 Jul17 Jan18 Jul18 Jan19 Jul19 0
5
10
15
20
Shoo
t DM
yie
ld (t
/ha)
FD 2FD 5FD 10
Lucerne shoot yield (42 day regrowth periods)
FD 2FD 5FD 10
Sown 8/10/14
DateJul14 Jan15 Jul15 Jan16 Jul16 Jan17 Jul17 Jan18 Jul18 Jan19 Jul19
Pere
nnia
l bio
mas
s (t
DM
/ha)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Lucerne perennial biomass (42 day rotation)(crown + root to 0.3 m)
Shoot and perennial organ yields of lucerne genotypes of three fall dormancy levels
over five years
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142 plants.m-2 62 plants m-2
(33% of survival)24 plants m-2
(10% of survival)
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Ta 2018
Shoot yield (t DM/ha)0 2 4 6 8U
npal
atab
le p
ropo
rtio
n (t
DM
/ha)
0
1
2
3
4
Leaf:Stemratio
0
1
2
3
4
Graze vs cut
Rotation 1 Pre-grazePlot 1 (21/9/07) 2.3 t DM/ha20-25 cm tall
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Photos: Richard Cookson
System 2 – High SR – housing or partial housingPh
oto:
DJ M
oot
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Crude protein of lucerne
Leaves
Stems
Yield (t DM /ha)0 1 2 3 4 5
% C
rude
pro
tein
0
10
20
30
40
Brown & Moot 2004
Leaves
Stem
0 1 2 3 4 5
ME
(MJ/
kg D
M)
0
4
8
12
16
Yield (t DM /ha)
Metabolisable energy of lucerne
Brown & Moot 2004
Breeding yield and quality?Supplied by: Charlie Brummer, UC Davis
Supplied by: Charlie Brummer, UC Davis
California - average lucerne yield (USDA Ag Statistics)
Year1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Aver
age
yiel
d (t
DM
/ha)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Yield vs. Year of Cultivar Release
Supplied by: Charlie Brummer, UC Davis
04.5
22.426.9
9.0
17.913.4
35.831.4
40.3Yi
eld
(t D
M/h
a)
04.5
22.426.9
9.0
17.913.4
35.831.4
40.3
Yiel
d (t
DM
/ha)
17.9
13.4
9.0
4.5
22.4
Yiel
d (t
DM
/ha)
31.426.9
22.417.913.4
Yiel
d (t
DM
/ha)
9.04.5
Reflects earlier harvesting … and lower yield
Lucerne Hay Quality Has Improved
Avg. all cuttings, data from Petaluma Labs, CA (thousands of samples, mostly from intermountain areas of N.
California)
Supplied by: Charlie Brummer, UC Davis
R2 = 0.76
Year1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
052
53
54
55
56
57
% T
DN
(90%
DM
)
Area of lucerne in U.S.A
Modified from data supplied by: Charlie Brummer, UC Davis
Year1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Tota
l luc
erne
are
a in
U.S
.A(m
illion
s ha
)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
Irrigation
Supplied by: Charlie Brummer, UC Davis
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Fertilizer
• Higher requirement from cutting than grazing–2% K = 20 kg/ha/t DM removed
• 50% K super = 80 kg/ha/t DM removedOr• KCL = 40kg/ha/t DM removed + P and S from
super
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Conclusions
• All plants are N deficient except legumes• Lucerne growth is seasonal• Lucerne yield and quality are linked• Management of lucerne trumps genetics• Cut ~4 tonne (40-45 cm) for yield and quality• Irrigation should be lots and infrequently• Remember K fertilizer!
Website: www.lincoln.ac.nz/drylandBlog: https://blogs.lincoln.ac.nz/drylandFacebook: @DrylandPasturesResearch
ReferencesAddiscott, T.M. 2005. Nitrate, Agriculture and the Environment. CABI International, Wallingford, 279 pp.Brown, H. E. 2004. Understanding yield and water use of dryland forage crops in New Zealand. Ph.D thesis, Lincoln University, Lincoln,
Canterbury. 288 pp.Brown, H.E. and Moot, D.J. 2004. Quality and quantity of chicory, lucerne and red clover production under irrigation. Proceedings of the New
Zealand Grassland Association 66: 257-264.Brown, H.E., Moot, D.J. and Pollock, K.M. 2003. Long term growth rates and water extraction patterns of dryland chicory, lucerne and red clover.
In: D.J. Moot (Editor), D.J. Moot (Ed.). Legumes for Dryland Pastures. Proceedings of a New Zealand Grassland Association Symposium. 18-19 November 2003. New Zealand Grassland Association. Research & Practice Series Lincoln University, New Zealand, pp. 91-99.
Brown, H.E., Moot, D.J. and Pollock, K.M. 2005. Herbage production, persistence, nutritive characteristics and water use of perennial forages grown over 6 years on a Wakanui silt loam. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 48: 423-429.
Lucas, R.J., Smith, M.C., Jarvis, P., Mills, A. and Moot, D.J. 2010. Nitrogen fixation by subterranean and white clovers in dryland cocksfoot pastures. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 72: 141-146.
Mills, A. 2007. Understanding constraints to cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) based pasture production, PhD thesis, Lincoln University, Canterbury. Online access: http://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/dspace/bitstream/10182/32/1/mills_phd.pdf. 202 pp.
Mills, A., Moot, D.J. and Jamieson, P.D. 2009. Quantifying the effect of nitrogen of productivity of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) pastures. European Journal of Agronomy, 30, 63-69.
Mills, A., Moot, D.J. and McKenzie, B.A. 2006. Cocksfoot pasture production in relation to environmental variables. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 68, 89-94.
Moot, D.J., Brown, H.E., Teixeira, E.I. and Pollock, K.M. 2003. Crop growth and development affect seasonal priorities for lucerne management. , D.J Moot (Ed.). Legumes for Dryland Pastures. Proceedings of a New Zealand Grassland Association Symposium. 18-19 November 2003.New Zealand Grassland Association. Research & Practice Series No. 11, Lincoln University, New Zealand, pp. 201-208.
Moot, D.J., Brown, H.E., Pollock, K. and Mills, A. 2008. Yield and water use of temperate pastures in summer dry environments. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 70: 51-57.
Ta, H. T. 2018. Growth and development of lucerne with different fall dormancy ratings. Online: https://hdl.handle.net/10182/10332. Ph.Dthesis, Lincoln University, Lincoln. 160 pp.
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