louis i kahn(niruti)
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He was an American architect and teacherBorn February 20, 1901, on the Isle of Osel, Estonia
He was taken to the United States as a child.
He got a degree in architecture at the University ofPennsylvania in 1924
He spent the first 20 years of his practice mostly inassociation with other architects, working on a greatvariety of projects, many involving new housing.
He passed away on march 17, 1974.
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He defined space by means of masonry masses and alucid structure laid out in geometric, formal schemesand axial layouts with a strong processional characterof space and images.
He believed that the function of the building was its
intended use or the "human institution" the buildingwas to serve.
These "human institutions" stemmed from theinspiration to live which, according to Kahn, isthreefold; the inspiration to learn, the inspiration to
meet, and the inspiration for well-being.He constantly asked the question "What does thebuilding want to be? thus his creation were ananswering architectural form. Buildings were not inertconfigurations of form and space but living organic
entities.
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He believed in beginnings.
"I think of school as an environment of spaces where
is good to learn. Schools began with a man under a tree,who did not know he was a teacher, discussing hisrealization with a few who did not know they werestudents . . . the existence-will of school was there evenbefore the circumstances of a man under a tree. That iswhy is good for the mind to go back to the beginning,because the beginning of any established activity is itsmost wonderful moment."
to him function had to accommodate itself to the form,but only in so far as the form itself had been inventedfrom a profound understanding of the overall task in thefirst place.
Beauty was not within his immediate concerns.
True expression and appropriateness to use were hisprimary concerns.
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For Kahn it was natural light that brought architectureto life; the artificial light had an unvarying "dead"quality in contrast to the ever-changing daylight.
Light, for him, was not only an instrument of ourperception of things, but the very source of matter itself.
He was especially attracted to the cyclic nature of lightand attributed great psychological and metaphysicalsignificance to its daily and seasonal fluctuations.
Kahn saw architectural elements, such as the column,arch, dome, and vault, in their capacity of molding lightand shadow.
To him spaces were equally important.
He defined his work as the thoughtful making ofspaces and bore this out by making his interiorsgenerally more striking than his exteriors.
His buildings were divided into two main divisions The Served Spaces and The Servant Spaces.
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Location: New Heaven,Connecticut
Date: 1969 to 1974
Building Type: artmuseum with mixed use
retail
Construction System:concrete
Climate: temperate
Main featureExpressed frame and
infill.
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The building has a discreet, grey, monotone exteriorof steel and reflective glass
Its clearly read concrete frame confer a certainnoble, armored mien appropriate to its purpose.
Inside the building the visitor experiences the same
clarity and organization seen on the exterior.
Yale Center for British Art is based on a repetitive20-foot-square grid, was formally conceived as aseries of highly structured 'roomlike' spaces.
The whole ambiance of the building is rich,seductive, and well-scaled.
The exposed concrete structure with oak paneledinserts gives a warmer, more sedate feeling
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Location: Bryn Mawr,
Pennsylvania
Date: 1960 to 1965
Building Type: collegedormitories
Construction System:concrete frame, CMUinfill, slate cladding
Climate: temperate
Context: suburbancampus
Notes: Intersectingdiamond plans withservices at core androoms at periphery.
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The building sits at the end of a suburban campus of acollege for girls.
The dormitory is conceived as a large house forapproximately 150 girls.
The plan is structured by three halls defined by largehoods, which rise above the roof to bring in natural light.
The 'walls' of these halls contain the 'servant' spaces.
The individual rooms for the students make up theperiphery of each of the three squares.
Each central space is formed by four bath units directlyrelated to the served bedrooms. The rectangular areas
defined by the bath units serve as stairwells, balconies,and passageways. These areas are lit by skylights."
Connections are achieved at the corners.
Construction consists of reinforced concrete frame withcinder block walls covered with slate on the exterior and
plaster inside.
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Location: Chestnut Hill,Pennsylvania
Date: 1959 to 1961
Building Type: house
Construction System: woodframe, dark stucco, large
windows
Climate: temperate
Context: suburban
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Kahn built relatively few houses. In each there seemsto be a larger-scale building trying to escape from theconfines of the client's budget.
In the Esherick House, the inherent monumentality ofthe plan is diminished by the fact that the major livingspaces are surrounded by very thick walls.
In the double-height living room, the fireplace wall isliterally deep.
The opposite wall also has a fireplace used in thebathroom, but the wall is thicker containing a zone ofservant spaces, kitchen, bathrooms, closets which arenot part of the axial symmetry of the two major livingspaces.
The two window walls are also thick but these framewalls have niches between the casements.
The most intricate planning occurs on the first floorwhere the sliding doors between the gallery andbedroom, and then between bedroom and bathroom,
suggest a flow of space from void to room to altar.
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Location: Exeter, NewHampshire
Date: 1967 to 1972
Building Type: school library
Construction System:
reinforced concrete
Climate: temperate
Context: school campus
Notes: organized aroundpowerful central space.
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Elemental in its contemporary directness andbuilt also with the sense and durability of thegreat monuments of history is the Library atPhilips Exeter Academy.
In the spirit of the grand, classical tradition of
the focal organizing space, the reading room is acentral hall encircled by balconies containing thestacks and study alcoves.
It is a space diagonally overlooked throughgiant circular openings in the interior screen
walls that define the central area.
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In keeping with the campus tradition, the exteriorof the building is a repetition of brick piers, wider asthey approach the ground where the book loads aregreater, cut back at all four corners to subtlyarticulate the building's exterior square form.
The perimeter study carrels are illuminated fromwindows above the reader's eye level; smallerwindows at eye level afford views to the campus orconversely can be closed by a sliding wooden shutterfor privacy and concentration.
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Location: Fort Worth, texas
Date: 1967 to 1972
Building Type: art museum
Construction System:
reinforced concrete
Climate: temperate
Context: urban park setting
Notes: vaulted ceilings with
integrated daylighting
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The Kimbell Art Museum by Louis Kahn isalso a disciplined, coherent, and visually
clear statement, but here the aestheticsderive from the more classically orientedsensibility of its architect.
It has an austere yet rich simplicity thatcomes from the repetition of a vaultlikeform, given a dull sheen from its lead-covered exterior, and a beautifullyarticulated concrete structural frame withinfill paneled walls of travertine.
Its interior form, bathed in a diffusednatural light that enters the space viacontinuous interior suspended screen andreflected downward off the curve of the
vault.
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Location: Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Date: 1957 to 1961
Building Type: laboratories,offices
Construction System: precastconcrete with trusses, brick
Climate: temperate
Context: urban campus
Notes: University ofPennsylvania. separation ofservice and primary spaces.
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The Medical Research Building at the Universityof Pennsylvania is conceived in recognition of therealization that science laboratories are studios
There are three great stacks of studios andattach to them tall service towers which wouldinclude animal quarters, mains to carry water,gas and vacuum lines, as well as vertical ducts tobreathe
This design, an outcome of the consideration ofthe unique use of its spaces and how they areserved characterizes what it is for."
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Location: Ahmedabad,India
Date: 1963
Building Type: school ofgovernment
Construction System: brickmasonry and concrete
Climate: desert
Context: urban
Notes: Heavy layered wallsmodulate sun and capture
ventilating breezes.
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The organization of the complex, as well as itsarchitecture, reflects the conceptual organization oflearning which is focused on three inevitablecomponents: the school, the students, and the teachers.
The architect chooses and arranges to express inspaces environment and in relationships man'sinstitutions.
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Location: La Jolla, California
Date: 1959 to 1966
Building Type: research laboratories and offices
Construction System: reinforced concrete
Climate: mild
Context: seaside
Notes: stark but elegantly detailed, abstracted modernshapes combined with a formal symmetry
In the laboratories the vertical ducts of the RichardsBuilding have been turned on their sides, housed in thehollows of spanning box girders and vented from huge
hoods at the flanks of the building.The pre-cast units of structure have thus continued tobecome larger as the crane can lift them.
In this building the two spaces- the served space andthe servant space form out to be integrated as a single
unit, first time to appear in Kahns design
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