los elementos y moléculas de la vida losada, vargas, florencio y de la rosa (1998-9)

MO

NO

NU

CL

EÓ

TID

OS

Base

Pentosa

F osfato

P irim íd ica

Pú rica

Tim ina(U rac ilo )

C itos ina

Adenina

G uaninaG

A

C

UT

D esoxirribosa

R ibosa

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model they built of the structure of DNA in 1953

ÁCIDO DESOXIRRIBONUCLEICO

..\..\PcMolecule Lite (Demo)\Mols\DNA.mcm

..\..\PcMolecule Lite (Demo)\Mols\DNA.mcm

..\..\..\Mis documentos\webdpto\biomoleculas\biomodel\model1\INICIO.HTM

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

BIO SÍN TESIS D E ÁC ID O S NU CLEIC O S Y PRO TEÍN AS

D NA D NA

m R NA

Prote ína

t

R ep licación

Transcripción

Traducción 30 R N A

20 am inoácidos

ribosom as

4 nucleótidos4 nucleótidos

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

International Human Genome Sequencing ConsortiumNature 409, 860 - 921 (2001)

International Human Genome Sequencing ConsortiumNature 409, 860 - 921 (2001)

The automated production line for sample preparation at the Whitehead Institute, Center for Genome Research

International Human Genome Sequencing ConsortiumNature 409, 860 - 921 (2001)

Conserved segments in the human and mouse genome

Human chromosomes, with segments containing at least two genes whose order is conserved in the mouse genome as colour blocks. Each colour corresponds to a particular mouse chromosome.

Distribution of the molecular functions of 26,383 human genes

The sequence of Human GenomeVenter et al. (2001) Science 291, 1304-1351

International Human Genome Sequencing ConsortiumNature 409, 860 - 921 (2001)

Conservation of architectures between animal species

The Helicobacter pylori chromosome

Each color represents a different functional group of genes

Tomb et al. (1997) Nature 388, 539

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The first tree genome (Populus) will be sequenced by 2003

News in Nature (2002) 415, 724 - 725

8.2 Example mutants in Drosophila

Figure 8-8

Mutations may cause only subtle changes or may produce significant changes in development, cellular function, appearance and/or behavior

Genes y Proteínas

InteraccionesÁc. nucleicos - Proteínas

Fuertes (t = s, min) Nucleosoma (DNA)

Ribosoma (RNA)

Débiles (t = s, ms)Polimerasas

..\..\..\Mis documentos\webdpto\biomoleculas\biomodel\model1\INICIO.HTM

9.5 Nucleosomes are complexes of histones

Figure 9-30

9.5 The solenoid model of condensed chromatin

Figure 9-31

9.6 A model for chromatin packing in metaphase chromosomes

Figure 9-35

9.6 Chromosome number, size and shape at metaphase are species

specific

Figure 9-33

10.5 Transcriptional activators are modular proteins composed of distinct functional

domains

Figure 10-39

DNA-binding domains can be classified into numerous structural types

Homeodomain proteins

Zinc-finger proteins

Winged-helix (forkhead) proteins

Leucine-zipper proteins

Helix-loop-helix proteins

Interaction between a zinc-finger protein and DNA

Interaction of a homodimeric leucine-zipper protein and DNA

Interaction of a helix-loop-helix in a homodimeric protein and DNA

A new family of plant transcription factorsdisplays a novel ssDNA-binding surface

Desveaux et al. (2002) Nature Struct Biol 9, 512

Whirligig tetrameric structure of p24 The p24 protomer

A new family of plant transcription factorsdisplays a novel ssDNA-binding surface

Desveaux et al. (2002) Nature Struct Biol 9, 512

Putative ssDNA-binding residues of a p24 protomer, corresponding to the subunit shown in the lower left hand corner of the left picture

Binding of p24 to melted dsDNA

D.J. Patel (2002) Nature 417, 807

Basics of the quadruplex topology of human telomeric repeat sequences

Telomeres are protein–DNA structures protecting the ends of chromosomes

G.N. Parkinson et al. (2002) Nature 417, 876

Structure of the quadruplex formed by the four-repeat TTAGGG human telomere DNA sequence.

The central potassium counter ion is coordinated in a bipyramidyl antiprismatic arrangement by the electronegative carbonyl groups of guanine O6

D.J. Patel (2002) Nature 417, 807

a) The K+-stabilized crystal structure b) The Na+-stabilized solution structure

The folding and appearance of the telomeric DNA sequence is fundamentally different in K+- and Na+-containing quadruplex structures

Clinical implications.

The enzyme telomerase is highly expressed only in tumour cells, enabling them to carry on replicating their chromosomes almost indefinitely. (In non-tumour cells, by contrast, telomerase is not expressed and telomeres gradually erode to the point at which cells cannot duplicate their DNA safely, and so no longer divide.) So telomerase is a promising drug target. It binds to single-stranded telomere ends, and could potentially be inhibited by drugs that compete for these ends (in their quadruplex form).

D.J. Patel (2002) Nature 417, 807

N

N

H N

H N

N H

N H

H N

OO

N

N

N

N

N N

N N

2

2

2

O

O

O

O

O

O

O H

O H

O H

O H

O H

O H

O H

O H

- -

P O H C2

O

O

OO-

- P O H C2

O

O

OO-

-

P O H C2

O

O

OO-

- P O H C2

O

O

OO-

-

U r i d í n - 5 ' - f o s f a t o

A d e n o s í n - 5 ' - f o s f a t o

C i t i d í n - 5 ' - f o s f a t o

G u a n o s í n - 5 ' - f o s f a t o

( r id i l a t o )U

( d e n i l a t o )A

( i t i d i l a t o )C

( u a n i la t o )G

( M P )U

( M P )A

( M P )C

( M P )G

U r i d i n a

A d e n o s in a

C i t i d i n a

G u a n o s in a

R IBO N U C LEÓ S ID O S Y R IBO N U C LEÓ TID O S

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

H

1 '

1 '

1 '

1 '

2 '

2 '

2 '

2 '

3 '

3 '

3 '

3 '

4 '

4 '

4 '

4 '

P

C H5 '

5 '

3 '

2

O

O

O O-

P

C H5 ' 2

O

O O-

P

C H5 ' 2

O

O O-

P

C H5 ' 2

O

O O-

-

A

A

T

C

G

===

===

===

===

===

===

T

A

G

C

C

T

G

fosfato - 5' - p

entosa

- 3' - fo

sfato

- 5' - p

ento

sa - 3' - fosfato - 5

' - pe

ntosa - 3' - fo

sfato

- 5' - pen

tosa

- 3'

fosf

ato

- 5

' - p

ent

osa

- 3

' - fo

sfa

to -

5' -

pen

tosa

- 3

' - f

osf

ato

- 5

' - p

en

tosa

- 3

' - f

osfa

to -

5' -

pe

nto

sa -

3'

2 nm

0,3

4 n

m

- P

- O

- C

- C

- C

- O

- P

- O

- C

- C

- C

- O

- P

- O

- C

- C

- C

- O

- P

- O

- C

- C

- C

- O

-

E STR U C T U R A Q U ÍM IC A D E L D N A

T U ( ) = = = A

C = = = G= = =

A P A R E A M I E N T O D E B A S E S

N N

N

N

NN

N

C H 3

O

O

H

H H

T i m i n a d e n i n aA= = =

O

N N

N

H

N

O

NN

H

N

N

C i t o s i n a = = = G u a n i n a

H

H

H

= = =

N

N

H N

H NH N

N H

N H

C H

N H

O OO

N

NH

N

NH

NH

NH

NH

N N

i m in a ( ) T T r a c i l o ( )U U

d e n i n a ( )A A u a n i n a ( )G G

i t o s i n a ( )C C

2

2

3

2

O

OO

B A S E S P I R I M Í D I C A S

B A S E S P Ú R I C A S

A

G

G

G

G

A

A

T

C

C

C

C

T

T

3´

3´

5´

5´

ESTRUCTURA DEL DNA

T

T A

A

2 n m

R E P L I C A C I Ó N D E L D N A

Tam año de los genom as de d istin tos organ ism os

O rganism o

Virus ~ ~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

10 10

1

1

1

1

m m

cm

dm

m

1000

10000

100000

1000000

100 100 ma a

Bacterias

Eucariotas

Levadura

D rosophila

H om bre

Pares de bases(en kb)

Long itud