looking back at photosynthesis sugars c 6 h 12 o 6 co 2 atp adp h2oh2o o2o2 sunlight co 2 h2oh2o c 6...

Looking back at photosynthesis

sugarsC6H12O6

CO2

ATP

ADP

H2O

O2

sunlight

CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2light

energy + ++

SugarBuilding

Reactions

Energy Building

Reactions

Plants make both: ATP sugars

ATP

What is energy in biology?

Whoa! Hot stuff!

Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical Energy

CO2 + H2O + heatfuel

(carbohydrates)

O2

“Burn fuels” to make energycombustionmaking heat energy by burning fuels in one step

ATP

CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)

respirationmaking ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps

food(carbohydrates)

O2

Using ATP to do work?

A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

Whoa! Pass me

the glucose& oxygen!

Can’t store ATP too unstableonly used in cell

that produces itonly short term

energy storage carbohydrates & fats

are long term energy storage

ATP

ADP + P

work

A Body’s Energy Budget

eatfood

synthesis

• resting energy• activity• temperature

control{• growth• reproduction{

storage• glycogen• fat{

ATP

Harvesting energy stored in food Cellular respiration

breaking down food to produce ATP in mitochondria using oxygen

formula shows glucose, but that is just an example could be other sugars, fats or proteins

glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide

C6H12O6 6O26CO2 6H2O ATP+ + + + heat

What do we need to make energy? The “Furnace”

mitochondria

Fuel food

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

The Helpers oxygen

“aerobic” enzymes

O2

food

ATP

Make ATP!Make ATP!

All I do all day…And no one

even notices!

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs/Citric acid cycle

3. Electron transport chain

2 32

AerobicAnaerobic

Three Stages

2

Breaking it down… Step 1 = _____________

Anaerobic Occurs in

cytoplasm Glucose in Pyruvate,

2 NADH, and 2 ATP out

glycolysis

Let’s keep on trucking… Step 2 = ____________

aka Krebs cycle – the merry-go-round of energy!

Aerobic Occurs in mitochondria Pyruvate, ATP, and

NADH inin 2 ATP, carbon dioxide,

hydrogens, and energized electrons outout

Citric acid cycle

The big finale! Step 3 = __________________

Aerobic Occurs in mitochondria

Stair step release of energyrelease of energy from

electrons used to makemake 32 ATP and water

Electron transport chain

There are two types of respiration:

What if oxygen is missing? Can’t complete aerobic respiration Occurs in the cytoplasm

alcohol fermentation yeast

glucose ATP + CO2+ alcohol

make beer, wine, bread

lactic acid fermentation bacteria, animals

glucose ATP + lactic acid make yogurt animals feel muscle fatigue

O2

but only makes a net of 2 ATP!

but only makes a net of 2 ATP!

The BIG picture• Oxygen, glucose, and water in

• Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water out

How are they connected?

glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP+ + +

Respiration

+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light

energy + ++

Photosynthesis

H2O

Energy cycle

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

sun

The Great Circleof Life!

Where’s Mufasa?

glucose O2CO2

plants

animals, plants

ATP

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Food synthesized Food broken down

Energy from sun stored in glucose

Energy of glucose released

Carbon dioxide taken in Carbon dioxide given off

Oxygen given off Oxygen taken in

Also produces glucose Also produces H2O + ATP

Requires light Does not require light

Needs chlorophyll Occurs in all cells

Happens in the cytoplasm !!!

2 Pyruvic Acid

Alcohol Fermentation Used to make bread and alcohol products

uses yeast

Produces CO2 and alcohol In making bread alcohol burns off and

CO2 makes bread rise In producing alcohols, the alcohol is used

to produce the beverage, CO2 is released

No oxygen present in some plants or fungi-Anaerobic Fermentation--Alcohol

Fermentation

2 Pyruvic Acid

Lactic Acid Fermentation Used to make yogurt and some cheeses –

the producer of these is bacteria

OR When muscles are overly exerted the

oxygen is depleted in the cells. Lactic acid then builds up in animal cells and causes muscle fatigue and sore muscles the next day.

No oxygen present in animals and some bacteria.

Anaerobic Fermentation--Lactic Acid Fermentation

2 Pyruvic Acid

2 Lactic Acid

We use lactic acid fermentation

When we don’t have enough oxygen for our ATP requirements in our muscles. Short – bursts of energy – anaerobic exercise

The lactic acid is what causes cramps when you don’t stretch (increase blood flow to the muscle)

This lactic acid has to go back to the liver where it is turned back into glucose. Oxygen Debt – You have to continue to breathe hard in order to make more ATP to convert lactic acid back to glucose.

Important in the Fight or Flight mechanism in animals !

Electron Transport Chain

This is our friend NADH

Putting it all together Making a living…

sunlight leaves = solar collectors photosynthesis

gases: CO2 in & O2 out stomates = gases in & out

H2O roots take in water from soil pulled up by leaf evaporation

nutrients roots take in from soil

Leaf Structure

H2O CO2

CO2

O2 H2O

phloem (sugar)xylem (water)

stomate guardcell

palisadeslayer

spongylayer

cuticleepidermis

gases in & out water out

transpiration O2

Stomates Function of stomates

CO2 in

O2 out

H2O out

guard cell

stomate

Xylemcarry water up from roots

Phloem: food-conducting cells

carry sugars down to wherever they are needed Extra stored in roots

Glucose

Pyruvic Acid

Lactic Acid-(Muscle Lab)(animals & bacteria)

Without Oxygen

With Oxygen

Without Oxygen

Ethanol—Yeast & Apple Juice Mini-Lab-(only some fungi and

some plants)

CELLULAR AEROBIC RESPIRATION

CYTOPLASM

(2)

Pyruvic Acid

+2 ATP +2 ATP +about 32 ATP

ABOUT 36 ATP !

Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic = does not require oxygen (Fermentation) – Breaks down glucose only

partially and creates a total of 4 ATP and net of 2 ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation—animals, bacteria Alcoholic Fermentation—fungi like yeast, plants

Occurs in the cytoplasm Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle

Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic = requires oxygen Occurs in the mitochondria Breaks down glucose completely and creates

a total of 38 ATP and a net of 36 ATP Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle