long term complications lauren martin rd, ldn rachel sedgwick intern
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LONG TERM COMPLICATIONSLauren Martin RD, LDNRachel Sedgwick Intern
SKIN COMPLICATIONS
GENERAL SKIN CONDITIONS
1. Bacterial Infections 2. Fungal Infections Styes Boils Folliculitis Carbuncles Infections around
nails
Candida albicans (yeast-like fungus)
Jock itch Athlete’s foot Ringworm
GENERAL SKIN CONDITIONS
3. Itching Localized Caused by dry skin,
yeast infection, poor circulation
Use mild soap with moisturizer & apply skin cream after bathing
SKIN CARE TIPS
Talcum powder for skin-skin contact (armpits, etc.)
Avoid extremely hot baths or showers Use mild shampoos and soaps Moisturize often, especially in cold or windy
weather Treat cuts immediately to prevent further
infection Check feet daily for sores or cuts
FOOT COMPLICATIONS & CARE
DIABETES & YOUR FEET
Decreased circulation causes slow healing of injuries
Peripheral neuropathy: nerve damage in legs & feet Causes little or no feeling in feet – risk for
undetected trauma/injury Untreated problems may lead to infection &
possible amputation very preventable! Examine your feet every day!
PREVENTION OF FOOT PROBLEMS
Wear shoes and socks that fit & allow feet to breathe
Look for areas of redness when taking shoes off – sign of improper fitting shoe
Avoid going barefoot & use hard-soled slippers Get tested for sensation in your feet:
“monofilament” This should be done once every year Tell doctor if any areas of feet are numb
MONOFILAMENT TEST
DAILY FOOT CARE Wash with mild soap & water daily & dry completely Look at tops & bottoms of feet (use mirror as needed)
Fissures, cracks, calluses, red spots, cuts, bruises
Use lotion for dry feet or powder for sweaty feet Remove calluses by gently rubbing with emery board
or pumice stone Do not use chemical removers or sharp instruments
Trim toenails to follow curve of toe & be even with end of toe Nails are softer & easier to cut after bathing
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EYE COMPLICATIONS
THE EYE
When you look at an object… The image is sent from the lens vitreous
(area filled with clear gel-like fluid) retina Retina = thin membrane at back of eye
that receives images Optic nerve = transmits image from
retina to brain Macula = center of vision of retina
Optomap Technology
www.optos.com
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Weak spots develop in walls of smallest blood vessels & balloon-like outpouchings occur – “microaneurysms”
If the outpouchings cause swelling in the retina vision impairment Vision impairment from
retinopathy ≠ blurred vision from high glucose levels
PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY
New, smaller blood vessels form to help blood flow “Neovascularization”
Very fragile & break easily Bleeding can occur
between the retina & vitreous or into vitreous
Visual loss or total blindness if untreated
RETINAL DETACHMENT
Scars may develop & attach the retina & vitreous
If scars contract… Retina torn away
from back surface of eye & cause blank spots in vision
Immediate care is necessary!
PREVENTION & TREATMENT
Dilated eye exam by eye specialist Regular eye exams at diagnosis & yearly thereafter Keep blood pressure within recommended targets
Diabetes is the leading cause of new blindness…
Get checked!
CATARACTSAccumulation of sugars in the lens of the eye causing swelling & clouding
GLAUCOMAIncreased pressure in the eye causing damage to optic nerve in back of eye•Tunnel vision•Diabetics 2x as likely to develop
ORAL & DENTAL HEALTH
Diabetes and Oral healthDiabetes and Oral health
Nearly 26 million Americans who have gum disease have unexpected oral health problems
Oral Health Problems is added to the list of “other complications” associated with diabetes
Blood sugar levels that are poorly controlled may lead to oral health problems
Types of Oral Health ProblemsTypes of Oral Health Problems
Plaque/Tartar – the “bad guy” of gum disease
Gingivitis – early stage of gum disease Periodontitis – severe gum disease Thrush – fungal infection Dry Mouth – increased risk of cavities Poor healing of ulcers
Warning signs Warning signs Bleeding gums – even if there is
no pain Red, swollen, or tender gums Gums that have pulled away from
teeth Puss between teeth and gums Bad breath Loose teeth Changes in bite Ill fitting dentures
Is This A Two Way Street?Is This A Two Way Street?
Yes! The relationship between serious gum
disease & diabetes goes two ways Those with diabetes are more
susceptible to serious gum diseaseAND…
Serious gum disease can affect blood sugar control and contribute to the progression of diabetes
How can I prevent Oral Health How can I prevent Oral Health Problems?Problems?
Good Blood Sugar Control Take good care of your teeth, gums &
tongue Brush and floss
Regular dental check-ups Every 6 months
Avoid smoking Remove and clean dentures regularly
QUESTIONS?
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