logic, shift and rotate instruction

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•Logic, Shift, and Rotate Instructions

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presented

by kashif shafqat(6905)

and meer jalal khan

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Logic instruction• To manipulate individual bits

• Binary Value 0 treated as false

• Binary Value 1 treated as true

• AND• OR • XOR• NOT• TEST

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TRUTH TABLE

a b a AND b a OR b a XOR b

0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1

1 0 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0

a NOT a

0 1

1 0

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examples

• AND

1010 1010

1111 0000

1010 0000

• OR

1010 1010

1111 0000

1111 10106

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• XOR

1010 1010

1111 0000

0101 1010

• NOT

1010 1010

0101 0101

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SYNTAXAND destination,source

OR destination,source

XOR destination,source

• Destination:• Store result• Can be a Register or Memory Location

• Source:• May be a Constant,Register or Memory Location

• Memory to memory operation not allowed

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Effects on flags

• SF,ZF,PF reflects the result• AF is undefined• CF,OF = 0

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MASK• To modify only selective bits in destination, we construct

a source bit pattern known as MASK• T o choose mask , use following properties:

• b AND 1 = b• b AND 0 = 0• b OR 1 = 1• b OR 0 = b• b XOR 0 = b• b AND 1 = ~b ( complement of b)

• Where b represents a bit (0 or 1)

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Contd…1. The AND Instruction:

– May be used to clear specific destination bits while preventing the others.

– A 0 mask bit clears the corresponding destination bit.

– A 1 mask bit preserves the corresponding destination bit.

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Example:

• Clear the sign bit of AL while leaving the other bits unchanged.

Solution:

AND AL,7Fh

Where 7Fh (0111 1111) is the mask.

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Contd… The OR Instruction:

May be used to SET specific destination bits while preventing the others.

– A 1 mask bit sets the corresponding destination bit.

– A 0 mask bit preserves the corresponding destination bit.

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Example:• Set the MSB and LSB of AL while

preserving the other bits.

• Solution:

OR AL,81h

Where 81h (1000 0001) is the mask.

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Contd… The XOR Instruction:

– May be used to Complement specific destination bits while preventing the others.

– A 1 mask bit complements the corresponding destination bit.

– A 0 mask bit preserves the corresponding destination bit.

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example• Change the sign bit of DX.

• Solution:

XOR DX,8000h

Where 80h ( 1000 0000 ) is the mask.

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Clearing a register: MOV AX,0 ;machine code 3 bytes

OR

SUB AX,AX ;machine code 2 bytes

OR

XOR AX,AX ;machine code 2 bytes

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TESTING A REGISTER FOR ZERO:•

CMP CX,0

Is same like :

OR CX,CX

;Sets ZF=1 if CX is 0

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Not instruction• Performs the one’s complement operation

on the destination.

• Syntax:

• NOT destination

• No effects on flags

• Example: Complement the bit in AX:

NOT AX

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SHIFT AND ROTATE INSTRUCTION:

• Shift the bits in destination operand by one or more positions either to the left or right.

• Shift: Bit shifted out is lost

• ROTATE: Bit shifted out from one end of the destination operand is put back on the other end.

• Syntax:• OPCODE destination,1

• OPCODE destination,CL20Kashifshafqat25@yahoo.com

SHIFT INSTRUCTION:

SHL Instruction (left shift) SHR Instruction (right shift) SAL Instruction (shift Arithmetic left) SAR Instruction (shift Arithmetic right) ROL Instruction (shift left) ROR Instruction (shift right) RCL Instruction (shift Carry left) RCR Instruction (shift Carry Right)

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SHL Instruction (left shift)• The SHL (shift left) instruction performs a

logical left shift on the destination operand, filling the lowest bit with 0.

• Operand types:

SHL reg,imm8SHL mem,imm8SHL reg,CLSHL mem,CL

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SHR Instruction (right shift)

• The SHR (shift right) instruction performs a logical right shift on the destination operand. The highest bit position is filled with a zero.

mov dl,80shr dl,1 ; DL = 40shr dl,2 ; DL = 10

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SAL and SAR Instructions• SAL (shift arithmetic left) is identical to SHL.

• SAR (shift arithmetic right) performs a right arithmetic shift on the destination operand.

mov dl,-80sar dl,1 ; DL = -40sar dl,2 ; DL = -10

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ROL Instruction (shift left)• ROL (rotate) shifts each bit to the left• The highest bit is copied into both the

Carry flag and into the lowest bit• No bits are lost

mov al,11110000brol al,1 ; AL = 11100001b

mov dl,3Fhrol dl,4 ; DL = F3h

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ROR Instruction (shift right)• ROR (rotate right) shifts each bit to the right

• The lowest bit is copied into both the Carry flag and into the highest bit

• No bits are lost

mov al,11110000bror al,1 ; AL = 01111000b

mov dl,3Fhror dl,4 ; DL = F3h

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RCL Instruction (shift Carry left)• RCL (rotate carry left) shifts each bit to the left• Copies the Carry flag to the least significant bit• Copies the most significant bit to the Carry flag

clc ; CF = 0mov bl,88h ; CF,BL = 0 10001000brcl bl,1 ; CF,BL = 1 00010000brcl bl,1 ; CF,BL = 0 00100001b

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RCR Instruction (shift Carry Right)• RCR (rotate carry right) shifts each bit to the right• Copies the Carry flag to the most significant bit• Copies the least significant bit to the Carry flag

stc ; CF = 1mov ah,10h ; CF,AH = 00010000 1rcr ah,1 ; CF,AH = 10001000 0

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