logic 102 lesson 08

LOGIC 102lesson 08

Sh. Safdar Razi

Other Types of Munfasilla:

• With respect to the meeting and elevation of the two parts of the syllogism (maqadimma and taalie) or lack thereof.

• Three Types:1. True (haqeeqiyya)

2. Prevents Meeting (maani’at al-jame’)

3. Prevents Emptiness (maani’at al-khulluw)

1. True

• Arabic: haqeeqiyya

• Definition:– Two types:

a) + ve:Do not meet and do not elevate.

b) - ve: Do meet and do elevate.

Continued…

• Example:– +ve:

• A number is either even or odd.

– -ve: • An animal is not either intelligent or capable of

learning. (meets in ma and elevates in other than him)

• A man is either a father or a son.

2. Prevents Meeting• Arabic: maani’at al-jame’• Definition:

– Wrt jame’Here the two sides do not meet and elevate at the same time.

– Two types:a)+ ve:Do not meet and do elevate.b)- ve: Do meet and do not elevate.

Continued…

• Example:– +ve:

• A body is either black or white. (elevate wrt red)• A body is either stationary or moving.

– -ve: • A body is not either other than white or other

than black. (eg., meet in red)

3. Prevents Emptiness• Arabic: maani’at al-khulluw• Definition:

– Wrt khulluw– Two types:

a)+ ve:Do meet but do not elevate.b)- ve: Do not meet and do elevate.

Examples:

– +ve: • A body is either other than black or other than white.• A body is either in water or not drowning.• An immediate uncle is either your mother’s brother or

your father’s brother.

– -ve: A body does not have to be either other than white, or other than black.

Important Notes:

• The exceptional syllogism can be composed of several syllogisms which could be predicative and conditional (connected or disconnecte or )

EXAMPLES

1. If knowledge is a reason for happiness then if a man is a scholar then he is happy.

FLOW: connected-predicative-connected

Continued…

2. If a word is singular then it is either a noun, or a verb, or a particle.

FLOW: connected-predicative-disconnect with 3 sides

Continued…

3. Either the state of the earth causes an eclipse of the moon or if the earth comes between the moon and the sun then the moon is eclipsed.

– FLOW: disconnected-predicative connected.

The Deviated Syllogism

• This type of syllogism, is not stated in a clear fashion.

• This type of syllogism must be restated by the logician for it to:

a) Make sense

b) Be easy to follow

c) Be fixed before deduction

Examples:

1. The Predicative Syllogism:a) Humans are some of animals.

Restated:Some animals are humans.

Continued…

1. The Conditional Syllogism:b) DISCONNECTED:

Either the sun is out and either daylight exists. Restated:If it is a day, either the sun is out or it is not.