living on the land
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LIVING ON THE LAND
CHAPTER 2
HARVESTING RESOURCES• wide variety of technologies
developed and used• high degree of skill to effectively use
natural resources at hand• plants
o important for daily, ceremonial and spiritual life
o provided food, medicine, tools, dyes, containers, fuel and fibre
o most easily harvestedo some plants tended for better
crop – farmingo group activity if picked during
short seasono usually involved spiritual element
First Fruit ceremony first berry welcomed and
thanked for giving its bounty
•fishingo usually cooperative effort involving family groupo needed understanding of the water – tides, winds, currentso ocean
trolling hooks and nets beach seines reef net
o river stone traps weirs – fence structures basket traps dip nets and spears
•huntingo required highly developed tracking skill and intimate knowledge of territoryo needed to understand animal behavior o individual or hunting teamso some fencing and corralso deadfalls and dug pits
PRESERVING AND USING RESOURCES
• much labour in stores of food for winter
• tasks requiring time done in winter months
• preserving foodo most common
preservation was drying – wind, sun, heat and smoke
o structures built for drying/smoking
o storage in bentwood boxes, raised caches or underground pits
•hideso raw hide for cord and drumso valuable for clothing, footwear, shelterso tanning a complex technology needing skill and knowledge
•textiles and basketso plant fibres used for clothing, mats, baskets, rope and twineo women usually had role of gathering and processing plants
specialized knowledge of where and how to gather and skills to process
o weaving and basket making developed into complex art almost always done by women
robes signifying power, social status, spiritual Coast Salish highly regarded
raised dog for soft hair collected mountain goat wool
northern coast ceremonial robes called Raven’s tail blanket and Chilkat blanket
• making tools and household goodso winter replenished tools neededo most knew how to make tools requiredo some experts in to make sophisticated toolso nothing wasted of resources – all parts usedo hunter’s most important tool – bow and arrows
skill determined success of hunt great expertise needed to grind, pierce, and smooth material for utility and beauty
o woodworking required great skill larger items specialized by men
•creating sheltero different architecture for summer and winter shelters
light and portable in summero southern interior
winter pit house excavated into ground with conical roof up to 30 people in a structure
ocoastal used cedar trees for large plank houses known as longhouses or big houses distinct architectural styles planks could be removed and transported important cultural entity and part of social organization
• transportationo interior – usually walked until arrival of horse in 1700s
developed and maintained network of trails built bridges
o coast – mainly canoe (cedar) canoe size to 18m streamlined to travel great distance and carry large cargo
MANAGING THE RESOURCES• traditional way of life
integrated social, economic, spiritual elements, natural world, and human world
The 1996 Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples defined spirituality in terms of First Nations people in their relationship to the land and resource management:
Spirituality, in Aboriginal discourse, is not a system of beliefs that can be defined like a religion; it is a way of life in which people acknowledge that every element of the material world is in some sense infused with spirit, and all human behaviour is affected by, and in turn has an effect in, a non-material, spiritual realm.
• spiritual as significant to relationship with land and resource management (45)
o way of lifeo every element of material world is infused with spirito human behaviour affected by and effects non-material, spiritual realmo example: celebration of earth’s annual rebirth
respect and appreciations for new season thanked resources for sharing themselves and explained how they would be used
o months named after the seasonal activity or resource gatheredo special spiritual ceremonies celebrated arrival of key resources
First Salmon, First Fruit, First Root
• administering resources variedo band would hold territorial rights, but share with other bands
example: St’at’mic family hold rights to specific fishing spots, but once caught all fish needed, others could use the place
o hereditary chiefs responsible for prosperity and safety of group
organized economic activities, maintained prestige and social position, lead spiritual pursuits decisions made consensus Elders and chiefs all members gave labour and goods to common good of group
A concept map is a diagram showing the relationships among concepts. They are graphical tools for organizing and representing knowledge.Concepts, usually represented as boxes or circles, are connected with labeled arrows in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. The relationship between concepts can be articulated in linking phrases such as "gives rise to", "results in", "is required by," or "contributes to".[1]
The technique for visualizing these relationships among different concepts is called "Concept mapping".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_map
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