literature sessions 1 to 3
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What is
and why do we
study it?
by Venjie Oclaret
Answer the questions
1. What is literature?
2. Why do people read
literature?
3. Why is it necessary for you
to study literature?
1. What is literature?
1) The definition of 14th century:
It means polite learning through reading. A
man of literature or a man of letters = a
man of wide reading, “literacy”
2) The definition of 18th century:
practice and profession of writing
3) The definition of 19th century:
the high skills of writing in the special
context of high imagination
4) Robert Frost’s definition:
performance in words
5) Modern definition:
We can define literature as language
artistically used to achieve identifiable
literary qualities and to convey
meaningful messages. Literature is
characterized by beauty of expression
and form and by universality
intellectual and emotional appeal.
• Literature is
– Composition that tells a story, dramatizes a
situation, expresses emotions, analyzes and
advocates ideas
– Helps us grow personally and intellectually
– Provides an objective base for knowledge
and understanding
– Shapes our goals and values by clarifying
our own identities, both positively and
negatively
– Literature makes us human
1) It improves your language
proficiency.
2) It enriches your knowledge
about a culture.
3) It helps you explore the nature
of human beings. It gives you
spiritual and psychological relief.
2. Why is it necessary for you to study literature?
3. Why do people read literature?
1) Reading for Pleasure
Howells think that “the study of literature should begin and end in pleasure”. Apart from its role of protest, education, cognition and aesthetic appreciation, literature primarily gives pleasure.
2) Reading for Relaxation
Get readers away to an imaginary world, thus forget their problems and obligations of everyday life.
3) Reading to Acquire Knowledge
It gives readers an insight into the tradition , custom, belief, attitudes, folklore, values of the age in which it is written.
4) Reading to Confront Experience
Literature is appealing mainly because of its relationship to human experience. It sheds light on the complexity and ambiguity of human experiences and thus broadens readers’ awareness of the possibilities of the experience.
5) Reading for Artistic Appreciation
Good craftsmanship and the beauty of expression and form; It can be analyzed according to literary theories and criteria; literary criticism, to clarify, explain and evaluate literature from an aesthetic point of view.
Buzz Groups
• On a 1/8 sheet of paper, write
your name and the title of a
piece of literature that has
captured you somehow in any
way. Your piece of literature
could be a novel, short story,
poem, drama, teleserye, film, or
even a song (considered a
poem).
Literary Genres
Four genres of
literature:
1. Prose fiction
• Myths, parables,
romances, novels, short
stories
2. Poetry
• Open form and closed
form
• Relies on imagery,
figurative language,
sound
3. Drama
• Made up of dialogue
and set direction
• Designed to be
performed
4. Nonfiction prose
• News reports, feature
articles, essays,
editorials, textbooks,
historical and
biographical works
PROSE
Prose is the ordinary form of written
language.
It imitates the spoken language.
Prose
FICTION NON-FICTION
Short Stories Personal Narrative
Fairy Tales Letters
Folk Tales Memoirs
Novels Short Stories
Poems Reports
Poetry Poetry is language written with
rhythm, figurative language, imagery,
sound devices and emotionally
charged language.
Major Types of Poetry
Lyric Poetry
Narrative Poetry
Concrete Poetry
Lyric Poem
Lyric poem is a highly musical
verse that expresses the
observation and feelings of a
single speaker.
Narrative Poem
Narrative Poem is a story told in
verse. Narrative poems often
have all the elements of short
stories, including characters,
conflict, and plot.
Concrete Poem
Concrete Poem is one with a shape that
suggests its subject. The poet arranges
the letters, punctuation, and lines to
create an image or picture, on the page.
Drama is a story written to be
performed by actors. Although
a drama is meant to be
performed, one can also read
the script, or written version,
and imagine the action.
Review
1. What is Literature?
2. What does genre mean?
3. What are the three main
genre’s of literature? How are
they defined?
Literary
What parts
make up
a story?
PART I
Elements
by Venjie Oclaret
Setting
Details that describe: Furniture
Scenery
Customs
Transportation
Clothing
Dialects
Weather
Time of day
Time of year
Time and place where the action occurs
Elements of a Setting
The Functions of a Setting
To create a mood or atmosphere
To show a reader a different way of life
To make action seem more real
To be the source of conflict or struggle
To symbolize an idea
We left the home place behind, mile by slow mile, heading for the mountains, across the plain where the wind blew forever.
At first there were four of us with one horse wagon and its skimpy load. Pa and I walked, because I was a big boy of eleven. My two little sisters romped and trotted until they got tired and had to be boosted up to the wagon bed.
That was no covered Conestoga, like Pa’s folks came West in, but just an old farm wagon, drawn by one weary horse, creaking and rumbling westward to the mountains, toward the little woods town where Pa thought he had an old uncle who owned a little two-bit sawmill.
Taken from “The Day the Sun Came Out” by D. Johnson
Characters
• Character = representation of a human being
– Rounded = lifelike, full, dynamic, reader can predict
future behavior because of an understanding of the
personality
– Protagonist = the hero or heroine, main person in
the story, person on the quest, etc.
– Antagonist = the person causing the conflict, in
opposition to the protagonist, the obstacle, etc.
– Flat = no growth, static
– Stock = representative of a group or class
(stereotypical)
5 Ways of Revealing Characters
1. Actions
2. How the characters are described
3. What the characters say and think
4. What other characters say about
them
5. Statements by the author speaking
as storyteller, or observer
Characterization A writer reveals what a character is like and
how the character changes throughout the story.
Two primary methods of characterization:
Direct- writer tells what the character is like
Indirect- writer shows what a character is like by describing what the character looks like, by telling what the character says and does, and by what other characters say about and do in response to the character.
Direct Characterization
…And I don’t play the dozens or
believe in standing around with
somebody in my face doing a lot of
talking. I much rather just knock you
down and take my chances even if I’m a
little girl with skinny arms and a squeaky
voice, which is how I got the name
Squeaky.
From “Raymond’s Run” by T. Bambara
Indirect Characterization
The old man bowed to all of us in
the room. Then he removed his hat
and gloves, slowly and carefully.
Chaplin once did that in a picture, in a
bank--he was the janitor.
From “Gentleman of Rio en Medio” by J. Sedillo
Elements of Character
Character
Main
Flat
Minor
Not Fully Developed
FriendsRelativesFully
Developed
Protagonist
AntagonistCo-Main
Enemy
Factors in Analyzing Characters
Physical appearance of character
Personality
Background/personal history
Motivation
Relationships
Conflict
Does character change?
Plot
Plot is the way actions are
arranged in the story. It is what
happens and how it happens in
a narrative. A narrative is any
work that tells a story.
Parts of a Plot
1. Exposition – the start of the story, the situation before the action starts
2. Inciting incident – event that gives rise to conflict
3. Development- events that occur as result of central conflict (rising action)
4. Climax- highest point of interest or suspense of story
5. Falling Action - the events occurring from the time of the climax to the end of the story
6. Denouement- the tying up of loose ends and all of the threads in the story
Diagram of Plot
Inciting incident
Exposition
Climax
Denouement
Special Techniques of Plot
• Suspense- excitement or tension
• Foreshadowing- hint or clue about what will happen in story
• Flashback- interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past
• Surprise Ending- conclusion that reader does not expect
Conflict Conflict is a struggle between opposing
forces
Every plot must contain some kind of
conflict
Stories can have more than one conflict
Conflicts can be external or internal
External conflict- outside force may be person,
group, animal, nature, or a nonhuman obstacle
Internal conflict- takes place in a character’s
mind
Plot: Conflict Conflict is the dramatic struggle
between two forces in a story.
Without conflict, there is no plot.
Plot: Types of Conflict
Character vs Nature
Character vs Society
Character vs Self
Character vs Character
Plot: Character vs. Character Conflict
This type of conflict finds the main character
in conflict with another character, human or
not human.
“The new one is the most beautiful of all; he is so young
and pretty.” And the old swans bowed their heads before
him.
Then he felt quite ashamed, and hid his head under his
wing; for he did not know what to do, he was so happy,
and yet not at all proud. He had been persecuted and
despised for his ugliness, and now he heard them say he
was the most beautiful of all the birds.
The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Anderson
Plot: Character vs. Nature Conflict
This type of conflict finds the main character in conflict
with the forces of nature, which serve as the antagonist.
It´s a Truffula Seed.
It´s the last one of all!
You´re in charge of the last of the Truffula Seeds.
And Truffula Trees are what everyone needs.
Plant a new Truffula. Treat it with care.
Give it clean water. And feed it fresh air.
Grow a forest. Protect it from axes that hack.
Then the Lorax
and all of his friends
may come back.
The Lorax by Dr. Seuss
Plot: Character vs. Society Conflict
This type of conflict has the main character in
conflict with a larger group: a community,
society, culture, etc.
“I’m tired of living in a hole,” said Jenny.
“Let’s fight for freedom!” cried Bouncer. “We’ll be
soldiers! Rough-riding Rowdies! I’ll be the
general and commander-in-chief!”
The Island of the Skog by Steven Kellogg
Plot: Character vs. Self Conflict
In this type of conflict, the main character
experiences some kind of inner conflict.
Finally, Sam’s father said, “Go to bed now. But
before you go to sleep, Sam, tell yourself the
difference between REAL and MOONSHINE.”
Sam, Bangs & Moonshine by Evaline Ness
Buzz Groups
SKIT. Perform a dramatic scene
that exemplifies the four types of
conflict. Every member of the group
should have a part or role in the
performance. Each group will be
rated according to four criteria: (1)
script; (2) overall acting; (3) the
conflict manifested; (4) costume
and props.
Literary
What parts
make up
a story?
PART II
Elements
by Venjie Oclaret
Point of View
• Refers to speaker, narrator, persona or voice
created by the author to tell the story
• Point of view depends on two factors:
– Physical situation of the narrator as an observer
– Speaker’s intellectual and emotional position
• First person = I, we
• Second person = You (uncommon)
• Third person = He, she, they (most common)
• Point of view may be:
– Dramatic/objective = strictly reporting
– Omniscient = all-knowing
– Limited omniscient = some insight
Theme
A central message, concern, or insight into life expressed through a literary work
Can be expressed by one or two sentence statement about human beings or about life
May be stated directly or implied
Interpretation uncovers the theme
Example of Theme
“Every man needs to feel
allegiance to his native country,
whether he always appreciates
that country or not.”
From “A Man Without a Country” by Edward Hale
pg. 185 in Prentice Hall Literature book
What makes a story linger in our hearts and
minds long after we’ve read it? Often it is the idea
on which the story is built—its theme.
What Is Theme?
Theme—the central idea, or insight, about life or human
behavior that a story reveals
Living a simple life leads to
greater personal freedom.
The deepest loneliness is
sometimes felt when we are
among friends.
What Is Theme?
In most stories, the theme is not stated
directly. Instead, it is revealed to us through
the characters’ experiences.
What Is Theme?
• A theme is a
generalization about life
or human nature.
• Certain types of
experiences are
common to all people
everywhere.
Different writers from different cultures often
express similar themes.
Universal Themes
• shine a light on our common experiences
Universal themes
• come up again and again in literature
• can help guide us through our lives
• deal with basic human concerns—good and
evil, life and death, love and loss
Universal Themes
Match these familiar stories
to the appropriate universal
theme.
It pays to work hard and
plan ahead.
Appearances can be
deceiving.
Universal Themes
Quick Check
Stories
The Little Red Hen
Beauty and the Beast
The Three Little Pigs
The Ugly Duckling
The Frog Prince
A
B
Keep the following guidelines in mind when you
want to find and state the theme of a work.
The theme is not the same thing as the
subject.
• The subject is simply the topic. It can be
stated in a single word, such as loyalty.
• The theme makes some revelation about the
subject and should be expressed in a
sentence: “Loyalty to a leader is not always
noble.”
Finding the Theme
Writers often express theme through
what their characters learn.
• Does the main character
change?
• Does a character realize
something he or she did
not know before?
Finding the Theme
Conflict helps reveal theme.
• What is the conflict, or struggle between opposing
forces, that the main character faces?
• How is the conflict resolved?
Two friends find a
wallet. One friend
wants to return it to
the owner; the other
wants to keep it.
People are often
rewarded for
making the right
moral decision.
They return the
wallet and share a
small reward.
Conflict Resolution Theme
Finding the Theme
Sometimes the title gives clues.
• Does the title have a special meaning?
• Does it point to the theme?
The theme applies to the entire work.
• Test your statement of the theme. Does it
apply to the whole work, not just to parts
of it?
Finding the Theme
There is no single way to state the
theme.
• People may express the
same theme in different
words.
• There may be different
opinions about what the main
theme is.
• The most meaningful literary
works often have more than
one theme.
Finding the Theme
What is the conflict
and how is it
resolved?
Finding the Theme
Quick Check
Because of a feud over a piece of land,
Ulrich and Georg are bitter enemies. One night
they encounter each other on the disputed land.
Each thinks of killing the other. Suddenly a huge
tree falls and pins them both under its weight.
At first the men threaten each other. After a
while, however, they notice each other’s
suffering, make a pact of friendship, and look
forward to being rescued and living in peace.
Then they are attacked by wolves.
synopsis of “The Interlopers” by Saki
What do the
characters learn?
What is the theme?
(State it in a
sentence.)
Finding the Theme
Quick Check
Because of a feud over a piece of land,
Ulrich and Georg are bitter enemies. One night
they encounter each other on the disputed land.
Each thinks of killing the other. Suddenly a huge
tree falls and pins them both under its weight.
At first the men threaten each other. After a
while, however, they notice each other’s
suffering, make a pact of friendship, and look
forward to being rescued and living in peace.
Then they are attacked by wolves.
synopsis of “The Interlopers” by Saki
Don’t accept a story’s theme as valid just
because the story is in print. Instead, ask
yourself: • Is this story’s view of life too
simplistic? Too idealistic? Too
cynical?
• Is the writer trying to push an
idea that does not reflect
real life?
Making a Judgment
Classify each
theme as either
valid or not valid.
Explain your
choices.
Making a Judgment
Quick Check
True love solves all of life’s problems.
People who have a lot of money or
power are sometimes greedy for more.
People who do good deeds will be
happy and will not suffer.
Think of a story you’ve read
that had an impact on you.
Then, use a map like the one
here to help you figure out the
story’s theme. Compare your
map with the ones your
classmates made. Did you
and any of your classmates
map stories with similar
themes?
Title:
Topic:
• How the main character
changes:
• How the conflict is
resolved:
• What the title suggests:
Theme:
GET
View the film / read the novel
The Voyage of the Dawn
Treader by C.S. Lewis or
Bridge to Terabithia by
Katherine Paterson. Then, use
a map like the one here to help
you figure out the story’s theme.
Deadline of submission is on
November 21, Monday, only
until 3PM.
Title:
Topic:
• How the main
character/s change/s:
• How the conflict is
resolved:
• What the title suggests:
Theme:
Assignment
Images
Are usually characterized by concrete qualities rather than abstract meanings. These appeal to the sense of taste, smell, feel, sound or sight
Symbols
Stand for something other than themselves. They bring to mind not their own concrete qualities, but the idea or abstraction that is associated with them.
Symbols may be:
– Cultural (universal) = known by most literate people
(e.g., white dove, color black)
– Contextual (authorial) = private, created by the author
• Allegory is a symbol complete and self-sufficient
narrative (e.g., “Young Goodman Brown”)
• Fable = stories about animals that possess human
traits (e.g., Aesop’s Fables)
• Parable = allegory with moral or religious bent
(e.g., Biblical stories)
• Myth = story that embodies and codifies religious,
philosophical and cultural values of the civilization in
which it is composed
• Allusion = the use of other culturally well-known
works from the Bible, Greek and Roman mythology,
famous art, etc.
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