literature searching and literature reviewing€¦ · literature searching and literature reviewing...
Post on 11-Jul-2018
236 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Society for Research
into Higher Education
16th June 2011
Chris Hart
University of Chester, England
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingThe agenda :
Searching for Relevant Stuff
Literature Reviewing : The prelude :
understanding your topic
Chris Hart
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingSearching for Relevant Stuff
Chris Hart
State of confusion and bewilderment
(and despair ?)
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingSearching for Relevant Stuff
Chris Hart
State of confusion and bewilderment
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingSearching for Relevant Stuff
Overcoming confusion and
bewilderment
Chris Hart
Help is close at hand
Ch 1
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingSearching for Relevant Stuff
Brief recommendations
Chris Hart
Have a plan
Get to know the sources
and resources
Keep on top of the housekeeping
Always cite fully the source
Questions :
Do you use search engines or
subject directories ? Do you
know the difference ?
Do you know how to use
‘operators’ to focus your
searches ?
Chs 2 & 3
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingSearching for Relevant Stuff
Brief recommendations
Chris Hart
Do you use search engines or
subject directories ? Do you
know the difference ?
HISTORY: On Line
INFORMINE
Eldis
Voice of the Shuttle
The Scout Archives
Open Project Directory
Librarians Internet Index
Your librarian will tell you about
subject directories.
Chs 10 & 11
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingSearching for Relevant Stuff
Brief recommendations
Chris Hart
Do you know how to use ‘operators’ to focus your searches ?
Use this format to search +title: topic* +topic +topic
When did Marx die and where is he buried ?
Eg +title: Karl Marx* +died +buriedTo find when Karl Marx died and where he is buried.
+title: Karl Marx* +died +buried
Chs 10 & 11
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingSearching for Relevant Stuff
Brief recommendations
Chris Hart
Athens : databases and
directories
PDF search tools
Egs. Pdfqueen
Chs 4 & 9
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Chris Hart
Literature Reviewing :
The prelude : understanding your topic
Two Analogies Ponds and Buildings
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingPonds and Buildings
Chris Hart
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example : Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
What does the pond look like?
Who has been throwing pebbles and who the rocks?
What reasons do the rock throwers give for throwing their rocks?
What are the consequences of the rocks?
Chs 1 & 2
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
What does the pond look like?
Who has been throwing pebbles and
who the rocks?
What reasons do the rock throwers
give for throwing their rocks?
What are the consequences of the
rocks?
The phenomenon –
What does it look like
(examples) ?
What is its history ?
Where do you find it ?
Why is it done ?
How is it done ?
What are the consequences ?
Initial questions which set the
historical, economic, social and
technological contexts.
Chs 1 & 2
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
What does the pond look like?
Who has been throwing pebbles and
who the rocks?
What reasons do the rock throwers
give for throwing their rocks?
What are the consequences of the
rocks?
Rock throwers have more impact :
positive and negative. Seminal
publications / authors / positions
that have had an influence on the
pebble throwers.
How do we identify them ?
Reading and analysis.
Note taking.
Chs 3 & 6
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
What does the pond look like?
Who has been throwing pebbles and
who the rocks?
What reasons do the rock throwers
give for throwing their rocks?
What are the consequences of the
rocks?
Key texts : how to isolate them
Bibliographical analysis
Citation analysis
Ch 6
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
Key texts : how to
isolate them
Bibliographical analysis
Citation analysis
1. Construct bibliographies
2. Reference management software
3. Organise your bibliographies
according to sub-topic and/or
method
Ch 6
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
Key texts : how to
isolate them
Bibliographical analysis
Citation analysis
Ch 6
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
Key texts : how to
isolate them
Citation maps
Concept maps
Time Lines
Ch 5
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
Key texts : how to
isolate them
Citation maps
Concept maps
Time Lines
Maps : your map of your literature will have
common points of reference (nodes) with other
maps but will be YOUR UNIQUE MAP
Ch 5
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
Key texts : how to
isolate them
But what are key texts ?
An item published or unpublished that has had
a measurable impact and positive influence on
establishing or/and developing a topic.
Eg Advertising : the magic system (1980)
Raymond Williams.
The application of a technique or methodology
that has has been used across several
disciplines – to become ‘generic’.
Eg Semiology – Roland Bathes (1967)
Elements of semiology.
A work that is seen to have synthesised
different theories and/or techniques to provide
a new perspective.
Eg. Decoding advertisements (1979) Judith
Williamson.
All subjects (topics) have a
core set of key texts.
This is essential
knowledge.
Important to read the
primary works.
Then the applications and
critiques of them.
Ch 2
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
What does the pond look like?
Who has been throwing pebbles and
who the rocks?
What reasons do the rock throwers
give for throwing their rocks?
What are the consequences of the
rocks?
Advertising : the magic system (1980)
Raymond Williams.
Semiology – Roland Bathes (1967)
Elements of semiology.
Decoding advertisements (1979)
Judith Williamson.
Ch 2
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
What does the pond look like?
Who has been throwing pebbles and
who the rocks?
What reasons do the rock throwers
give for throwing their rocks?
What are the consequences of the
rocks?
Argumentation Analysis
Ch 4 Ch 1
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
What does the pond look like?
Who has been throwing pebbles and
who the rocks?
What reasons do the rock throwers
give for throwing their rocks?
What are the consequences of the
rocks?
Argumentation Analysis
Evidence Claim
Warrant
Backing
Toulmin, S. (1958) The uses of
argument
Ch 4 Chs 7 & 8
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
Argumentation Analysis
Evidence
Look at how people
are obsessed with
consumerism
Claim
Advertising is
dysfunctional for
individuals and society
Warrant
Consumerism distracts us
from the real problems of
society
Backing
The irrational society and
individual will result
Ch 4
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
What does the pond look like?
Who has been throwing pebbles and
who the rocks?
What reasons do the rock throwers
give for throwing their rocks?
What are the consequences of the
rocks?
Descriptive analytical maps
of the literature (discourse)
about advertising
Linear relationship maps: the
logic of assumptions about
advertising
Maps & Diagrams are the
building blocks for the
review(s)
Ch 6
Chris Hart
Reinforcement of
stereotypes Trivialization of
language
Social relations
based on goods
Crime &
violence
Anxieties &
worries
What are the effects of advertising?
Marginalization
of the poor
Alienation from
the self
Creation of
false problems
Solution to
false wants
Distortion of
priorities
Notes and Quotes
Article A
Notes and Quotes
Article B
Notes and Quotes
Article C
Claims
about the
phenomena
And so on …
Language / discourse
used to make the
claims
Other authors /
evidence cited in
support of the claims
Rhetoric &
Evidence
Ch 6
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Chris Hart
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
A quote from
Raymond Williams
It seems to me that... our society is quite evidently not materialist enough... If it were sensibly materialist, in the part of our living in which we use things, we should find most advertising to be of an insane irrelevance…The short description of the pattern we have is magic: a highly organised and professional system of magical inducements and satisfactions, functionally very similar to magical systems in simpler societies, but rather strangely coexisted with highly developed scientific technologies.
It must not be assumed that magicians - in this case, advertising agents -disbelieve their own magic. They may have a limited professional cynicism about it, from knowing how some of the tricks are done. But fundamentally they are involved, with the rest of society, in the confusion to which the magical gestures are a response.(Williams, 1980:185)
Chs 6 & 7
Chris Hart
Capitalism as a form of social organizationBased on the principles of profit, surplus value and production of many useless,
non-utilitarian goods
Problem for capitalism
How to sell goods
Solution and responseInstitutionalized mass advertising to create false demand by
creating false wants by persuading people that personal and social life demands
conspicuous consumption for success
Use of modern social sciencePsychology (psychographics); connotation; subliminal messages; hidden codes
so people are not fully aware of being manipulated into buying useless goods to
remedy falsely created anxieties and fill false needs
Maintenance of capitalist consumer societyA form of society which thereby makes and consumes goods that are
not needed and which does not produce those things in sufficient quantity that
are needed. Hence an irrational society and creation of irrational people.
Chs 6 & 7 Chs 7 & 8
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
Questions :
Do we accept the reasons given by
the rock throwers and chuck in some
of our own pebbles, in the same part
of the pond ?
Seminal texts are the foundations for the
building. We can add to what is already in
existence.
Work within the existing paradigm of
assumptions and methods.
Chs 5 & 7
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
Questions :
Or
Critically evaluate their reasons, the
evidence they give and take up a
position in another part of the pond ?
Create a new kind of building –
position – that challenges the
orthodoxy in terms of its
methodological assumptions, political
bias, data collection, evidence,
argument and consequences.
Ch 6 & 7
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Chris Hart
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Back to the quote by
Raymond WilliamsIs this evidence of
magic?
We can therefore critically evaluate Williams’
assertions by examining his analogy,
evidence, language and so on.
The short description of the pattern we have is magic: a highly organised and professional system of magical inducements and satisfactions, functionally very similar to magical systems in simpler societies, but rather strangely coexisted with highly developed scientific technologies.
Ch 6 & 7 Chs 7 & 8
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Example :
Social Science and Advertising
Chris Hart
What this example demonstrates :
A search and review are an iterative
processes.
Through investigation you -
Answer a number of questions and
gain breadth and depth of
understanding
What are the origins of the problem /
topic ? How is has been defined ?
Who defined this as a problem and
why ? What are the key sources ?
What kinds of questions has the
literature addressed and why ?
How, using which theories and
political standpoints, have the
questions been addressed ?
What kinds of evidence have authors
used, how was it collected ? Is it
reliable and valid ? What counter
evidence exists ?
Ch 2 & 3 Chs 7 & 8
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingWhat does the review contribute to
the research ?
Chris Hart
The ability to map the literature
Familiarity with the subject area
Acquisition of a knowledge base
from which previous research
can be critically evaluated
Acquisition of skills in searching
and information management
The ability to shift from one
perspective to another – see
how others have made connections – how you can
undue those connections and
make new connections
of your own
RESEARCH IMAGINATION
Ch 1 & 2
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingCommon mistakes in a review
Chris Hart
The review is a list : a
bibliography
Covers only outdated materials.
Is uncritical and accepts
everything at face value.
Has inaccuracies.
Fails to identify the Key Texts.
Is too descriptive and not
analytical.
Appendix 5
Recommendation : obtain a
collection of Masters and
Doctorate theses.
Look at their literature
reviews.
Critique them.
Look to see how you could
do better.
Literature Searching and
Literature ReviewingSummary of Key Points
Chris Hart
A literature review is the selection of available documents
on your topic, both published and unpublished, that contain information, ideas, data and evidence, that have
been written from a particular standpoint to fulfill certain
aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic
and how it is to be investigated, and the effective
evaluation of these documents in relation to the research being proposed.
Ch 1
Literature Searching and
Literature Reviewing
Thank You for Listening
Chris Hart
References
top related