liszt's interpretation of schubert's works: the implications and the value of his...
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Liszt's Interpretation of Schubert's Works:
The Implications and the Value of his Transcriptions for Performances
on Modern Pianos
Liszt’s Bösendorfer (1873), Budapest
Beth Chen
What could Schubert’s and Liszt’s notation processes tell us?What is the relation between Liszt’s transcriptions and Schubert’s original works?What is the value and what are the implications of Liszt’s transcriptions?
Schubert (1797-1828) –drafts (mainly notes); details later in fair copies.
Liszt (1811-1886)- notes and a few articulation details; more details later in coloured pen in the same score or in the first edition.
Notation process:
Articulation, dynamic and expression markings.
Schubert Sonata in A, D. 959, first movement, bars 1-6
ed. Walburga Litschauer, 1996
Schubert: Der Leiermann
Autograph is in the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York
ligato
Schubert – Details
Liszt Rhapsody no. 19
Liszt SonnettoNo. 47 first edition first version (1843-46)
Articulation, dynamic and expression markings were important parts of both composers’ musical presentation.
Schubert’s and Liszt’s notation processes:
What could Schubert’s and Liszt’s notation processes tell us?What is the relation between Liszt’s transcriptions and Schubert’s original works?What is the value and what are the implications of Liszt’s transcriptions?
Generally faithful to Schubert's articulation, dynamic markings(apart from his added virtuosic or variation passages)Schubert's details – Liszt further details
Liszt’s transcriptions
Schubert Winterreise (manuscript 1827), Part II, f. 12r (The Morgan Library)
Faithful Transcription Con molto sentimento
1827
1839
Liszt letter to Lebert Oct, 1868
Liszt’s Briefe, II (ed. La Mara, 1894), p. 160* Lebert was an editor for the firm of Cotta, Stuttgart.
My responsibility with regard to Cotta’s edition of Weber and Schubert I hold to be: fully and carefully to retain the original text together with provisory suggestions of my way of rendering it, by means of distinguishing letters, notes, and signs.
Der stürmische Morgen
Schubert-Liszt Die Rose [Schubert, D745] 1833Fantasie sur une valse de F. Schubert 183412 Lieder von Schubert 1837-1838Schwanengesang (14 pieces) 1838-1839Winterreise (10 pieces) 1838-1839Franz Schuberts geistliche Lieder (4 pieces)
1840
Sechs Melodien von Franz Schubert 1844Schuberts Märsche für das Pianoforte solo
1846
Die Forelle 1846Müllerlieder 1846Franz Schuberts Grosse Fantasie op.15
1851 (solo piano and orch.)
Franz Schuberts grosse Fantasie op.15
After 1851 (2 pianos)
Franz Schuberts Märsche: 1 Vivace, b, 2 Trauermarsch, e , 3 Reitermarsch, D, 4 Ungarischer Marsch, d
1859-1860
Generally faithful to Schubert's articulation, dynamic markings(apart from his added virtuosic or variation passages)Schubert's details – Liszt further details
Liszt’s transcriptions
Further details
marcato
Schubert
Liszt
Schubert
SchubertLisz
t
staccato
Schubert Wanderer-Fantasie
Liszt Grosse Fantasie
fz
Der stürmische Morgen, bars 1-3
Schubert
Liszt
Further details
Guidance for both the music and technique
Why did Liszt indicate these signs?
Guidance particularly for technical hints
Notation only when possible - reliance on grammatical rulesOften composers presented only limited details.
18th-century and early 19th –century notation
Dissonances are played stronger
Interrupted cadence
Notes lie outside the key, either consonances or dissonance
C. P. E. Bach: Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen (Part I, Berlin 1753)
Leopold Mozart: Versuch einer Gründlichen Violinschule (1756)
Syncopationf
p
Metrical accent
Long notes
The highest notes
Long notes
Long notes
Quantz: Versuch einer Anweisung die flute traversière (1752/1789)Chapter XVII, section VI Of the Keyboard Player in Particular
Türk: Klavierschule (1789)
Dissonant
Syncopated note
modulation
Longer note; highest or lowest note
Harmony
EMPHASES VI, § 15, p. 337
Prepare for dissonant interval
Liszt AbschiedC
C
Liszt
Schubert
Frederic Chiu
Liszt’s use of these two accent signs in Abschied shows him indicating what Schubert did not or could not indicate.
Different degrees of emphasis
Emphasis on metrical accents
Leopold Mozart: Versuch einer Gründlichen Violinschule (1756)
Syncopationf
p
Metrical emphasis
Long notes
The highest notes
Long notes
Long notes
One has to continue in this way to emphasize the first note, until change becomes apparent. (trans. Andreas Blender)
Türk: Klavierschule (1789)Metrical Emphasis
H. Koch: Musikalisches Lexikon (1802) Der grammatikalische Accent
Hermann Mendel (1870) Musikalisches Conversations-LexikonAccent
August Reissmann (1882) Handlexikon der Tonkunst
Accent
Liszt Abschied
C
C
Liszt
Schubert
Frederic Chiu
the ‘caret’, le petit chapeau, Dachakzent
Schubert did not use He used >, fp, >fp, fzp>, fzp, and fz Liszt: one of his accent/emphasis signs
Liszt Abschied
C
C
Liszt
Schubert >?
Technical emphasis (unindicated accents)
1. Metrical emphasis2. First note in a slur
C. P. E. Bach (1753)
C. P. E. Bach, Versuch, Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen (Part I, Berlin 1753) Part I, III §21, 127
Die Fig V. befindlichen Noten spielt man so, daß der Anfang des Bogens mit dem Finger einen kleinen Druck kriegt. (a small accent)
Slurs and gentle Accents
Durch den längern oder kürzern Bogen bestimmt der Komponist wie viele Töne an einander geschleift werden sollen […] Man merke hierbey noch, daß die Note, über welcher der Bogen anfängt, sehr gelinde (kaum merklich) accentuirt wird. (Türk, VI Part Three § 38, 355)
Türk (1789)Slurs and gentle
Accents
Der stürmische Morgen
Schubert
Liszt
Türk (1789)
C
C
Liszt Abschied
Liszt Abschied
ten ten
Schubert: Mut
Snow falls on my cheekI carelessly brush it awayIf my heart speaks of its troublesI’ll drown it out with a happy songBarry Mitchell
Sing' ich hell und munter
Fliegt der Schnee mir ins Gesicht
Schüttl' ich ihn Wenn mein Herz im Busen
spricht
Schubert Autograph Morgan L.
herunter
What could Schubert’s and Liszt’s notation processes tell us?What is the relation between Liszt’s transcriptions and Schubert’s original works?What is the value and what are the implications of Liszt’s transcriptions?
The Value of Liszt’s Transcriptions
Insight to interpret Schubert’s musical detail Insight for the possibility of further and clearer performing guidance.
The Implications of Liszt’s TranscriptionsThe existence of unindicated
accents in music makingThe limit of past composer’s notations*The possible value of editorial editions
Beethoven Sonata op. 31/1, III
1846
Mozart, K. 330, 1st mvt, bars 1-4
Thank you
Sincere thanks to the National Széchényi Library and the Liszt Ferenc Memorial Museum for the Liszt facsimiles used in this presentation.
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