life is like playing a violin in a concert while learning

"Life is like playing a violin in a concert while learning to play and creating the

score as you are playing." Rabinovic et al, (2012, p. 2)

IMPORTANT FACTS

1- Approx. 80% of Neurons are Excitatory & 20% are Inhibitory

4- Neurons are Connected in Loops and are Self-Organizing & Stable because

of Refractoriness of Excitatory Neurons

3- The EEG is the Summation of Synaptic Potentials and Changes in the

Frequency Spectrum Occur by Changes in Synaptic Potentials

6- EEG Biofeedback is Operant Learning in which a EEG event is followed

by a signal that predicts a future reward. This results in the release of Dopamine that alters synapses related to a ‘trace’ of the EEG event that occurred in the past.

Eric Kandel “In Search of Memory” Norton & Co., 2006 – Nobel Prize 2000Gyorgy Buzsaki “Rhythms of the Brain”, Oxford Univ. Press, 2006

2- Pyramidal neurons have resonant oscillations controlled by the membrane

potential, ionic conductances and feedback loops

5- Neurons operate in large Modules that are Cross-Frequency Sycnhronized

with Phase Shift and Phase Lock as Basic Mechanisms

Reinforced with In-Phase

Suppressed if Out-of-phase

In-Phase isReinforced

Out-of-Phase isSuppressed

Thalamic Gating to the Neurocortex

In-Phase isReinforced

Out-of-Phase isSuppressed

Frontal LobeThinking, Planning,Motor execution,Executive Functions,Mood Control

Occipital LobeVisual perception &Spatial processing

Parietal Lobesomatosensory perception integrationof visual & somatospatial information

Temporal Lobelanguage function andauditory perception

involved in long term memory and emotion

Brodmann Areas

Parahippocampal GyrusShort-term memory, attention

Anterior Cingulate GyrusVolitional movement, attention, long term memory

Posterior Cingulateattention, long-term memory

ϕϕϕϕ

Phase difference att1, t2, t3, t4 = 450

Phase difference att5, t6, t7, t8 = 100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

+

-

0

Time

1stD

eri

va

tive

of

Ph

ase

-Dif

fere

nce

EEG Phase Reset as a Phase Transition in the Time Domain

00

900

ϕϕϕϕ

Phase difference at

t1, t2, t3, t4 = 450

Phase difference at

t5, t6, t7, t8 = 1350

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

+

-

0

Time

r2

r1

r1r2

1s

t D

eri

va

tive

of

Ph

ase

-Dif

fere

nce

Negative 1st

Derivative

Positive 1st

Derivative

1st Derivative deg/100 msec

Phase D

iffe

rence -

deg

Phase Synchrony Interval

Phase Shift

Phase Shift Duration

Fp1-Fp1

Fp1-F3

Fp1-C3

Fp1-P3

Fp1-O1

Fp1-Fp1

Fp1-F3

Fp1-C3

Fp1-P3

Fp1-O1

Phase Difference in Degrees

1st Derivative deg/100 msec

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)

mill

iseconds

0.44

1.61

2.59

3.49

4.45

5.50

6.49

7.52

8.40

9.56

10.4

411

.46

12.5

213

.51

14.4

515

.45

16.2

2

LEFT Anterior - Posterior

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)

mill

iseconds

0.44

1.61

2.59

3.49

4.45

5.50

6.49

7.52

8.40

9.56

10.4

411

.46

12.5

213

.51

14.4

515

.45

16.2

2

RIGHT Anterior - Posterior

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)

mill

iseconds

0.44

1.61

2.59

3.49

4.45

5.50

6.49

7.52

8.40

9.56

10.4

411

.46

12.5

213

.51

14.4

515

.45

16.2

2

LEFT Posterior - Anterior

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)

mill

iseconds

0.44

1.61

2.59

3.49

4.45

5.50

6.49

7.52

8.40

9.56

10.4

411

.46

12.5

213

.51

14.4

515

.45

16.2

2

RIGHT Posterior - Anterior

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

6 cm 12 cm 18 cm 24 cm

Development of Phase Shift Duration

24 cm

6 cm

24 cm

6 cm

24 cm

6 cm

24 cm

6 cm

6 cm 12 cm 18 cm 24 cm

Development of Phase Synchrony Interval

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)

mill

iseconds

0.44

1.61

2.59

3.49

4.45

5.50

6.49

7.52

8.40

9.56

10.4

411

.46

12.5

213

.51

14.4

515

.45

16.2

2

LEFT Anterior - Posterior

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)

mill

iseconds

0.44

1.61

2.59

3.49

4.45

5.50

6.49

7.52

8.40

9.56

10.4

411

.46

12.5

213

.51

14.4

515

.45

16.2

2

RIGHT Anterior - Posterior

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)

mill

iseconds

0.44

1.61

2.59

3.49

4.45

5.50

6.49

7.52

8.40

9.56

10.4

411

.46

12.5

213

.51

14.4

515

.45

16.2

2

LEFT Posterior - Anterior

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)

mill

iseconds

0.44

1.61

2.59

3.49

4.45

5.50

6.49

7.52

8.40

9.56

10.4

411

.46

12.5

213

.51

14.4

515

.45

16.2

2

RIGHT Posterior - Anterior

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

6 cm

24 cm 24 cm

6 cm

6 cm

24 cm

6 cm

24 cm

Published in NeuroImage – NeuroImage, 42(4): 1639-1653, 2008.

INTELLIGENCE AND EEG PHASE RESET:

A TWO COMPARTMENTAL MODEL OF PHASE SHIFT AND LOCK

Thatcher, R. W. 1,2, North, D. M.1, and Biver, C. J.1

EEG and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Applied Neuroscience Research Institute. St. Petersburg, Fl1 and Department of Neurology, University of South Florida

College of Medicine, Tampa, Fl.2

Regressions & Correlations of Phase Shift Duration Short Distances (6 cm)

Regressions & Correlations of Phase Locking Interval Short Distances (6 cm)

r = .876 @ p< .01 r = .954 @ p< .0001 r = .868 @ p< .01 r = .874 @ p< .01

r = -.875 @ p< .01 r = -.930 @ p< .001 r = -.895 @ p< .01 r = -.985 @ p< .0001

IQ = 78 + 13.78 x (msec) IQ = 70 +11.85 x (msec) IQ = 75 + 24.45 x (msec) IQ = 68 + 34.40 x (msec)

IQ = 143 - 3.11 x (msec) IQ = 142 - 3.36 x (msec) IQ = 132 - 4.57 x (msec) IQ = 140 - 20.08 x (msec)

Phase Shift Duration (SD)

Phase Lock Duration (LD)

150 350

Full

Scale

I.Q

.

Time (msec)

40 60

Full

Scale

I.Q

.

Time (msec)

50

250

EPSPDuration

AverageSD

LD

Average

Pyramidal Cell Model of EEG Phase Reset and Full Scale I.Q.

High

Low

High

Low

Distant EPSPLoop Connections LD

Local IPSPConnections

SD

efLFP PrΘ−Θ=∆Φ

LFP

AUTISM AND EEG PHASE RESET: A UNIFIED THEORY OF DEFICIENT GABA MEDIATED INHIBITION IN

THALAMO-CORTICAL CONNECTIONS

Thatcher, R. W. 1,2, Phillip DeFina2, James Neurbrander2, North, D. M.1, and Biver, C. J.1

EEG and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Applied Neuroscience Research Institute., St. Petersburg, Fl1 and the International Brain Research

Foundation, Menlo Park, NJ2

Shift Duration Short Distances Lock Duration Short Distances

Lock Duration Long DistancesShift Duration Long Distances

Msec

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

62

DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA

Autism

Normals

NS =.0308 <.0001 =.0299 NS =.0060 NST-Tests (p):

Msec

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA

Autism

Normals

<.0001 <.0048 NS <.0001 <.0001 NS =.0002T-Tests (p):

Msec

52

54

56

58

60

62

64

66

DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA

Autism

Normals

=.0487 =.0120 <.0001 =.0053 <.0001 <.0001 =.0360T-Tests (p):

Msec

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA

Autism

Normals

<.0001 NS NS <.0001 <.0001 NS <.0001T-Tests (p):

C. Alpha2 Lock Duration Short Distances

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Autism

Normals

msecmsec

A. Alpha1 Shift Duration Short Distances

Autism

Normals

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

msec

D. Alpha2 Lock Duration Long Distances

Autism

Normals

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

msec

B. Alpha1 Shift Duration Long Distances

Autism

Normals

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300MSEC

TO

TA

L C

OU

NT Central

Frontal

Occipital

AUTISM - ALPHA2 – PHASE LOCK DURATION 6cm INTER-ELECTRODE DISTANCES

TEMPORAL QUANTA AND EEG LORETA PHASE RESET

Thatcher, R.W. North, D.M. and Biver, C. J.EEG and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Applied Neuroscience, Inc., St. Petersburg, Fl

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

msec

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

msec

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

msec

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

msec

X-Shift

Z-Shift

Y-Shift

R-Shift

Phase Reset Shift Duration LORETA Default Brain Brodmann Area Pairs

Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Left

Brodmann Areas (30 & 31) Left

Brodmann Areas (36 & 39) LeftEyes Closed

Eyes Opened

Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Left

Brodmann Areas (23 & 30) Left

Brodmann Areas (9 & 39) Left

Brodmann Areas (28 & 36) Left

Brodmann Areas (30 & 31) Left

Brodmann Areas (24 & 29) Left

Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Right

Brodmann Areas (23 & 39) Right

Brodmann Areas (31 & 32) Right

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9000%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9000%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Y-Lock

Eyes Closed

Eyes Opened

Brodmann Areas (8 & 10) Right

Brodmann Areas (21 & 36) Right

X-Lock

Brodmann Areas (8 & 40) Right

Brodmann Areas (21 & 36) Right

msec msec

Z-Lock

Brodmann Areas (28 & 32) Right

Brodmann Areas (28 & 30) Right

msec

R-Lock

Brodmann Areas (9 & 30) Right

Brodmann Areas (24 & 32) Right

msec

Phase Reset Lock Duration LORETA Default Brain Brodmann Area Pairs

Relations Between Phase Reset Shift & Lock Means and the

Euclidean Distance Between Voxels

Distance (mm)

Sh

ift

Gro

up

Mean

s (

mse

c)

Distance (mm)

R = .633; p <= .0001

Left Phase Shift

Distance (mm)

Lo

ck G

rou

p M

ea

ns (

mse

c)

Distance (mm)

R = -.505; p <= .0001

Left Phase Lock

Sh

ift

Gro

up

Mean

s (

mse

c)

Distance (mm)

R = .491; p = .0027

Right Phase Shift

Lo

ck G

rou

p M

ea

ns (

mse

c)

Distance (mm)

R = -.379; p = .0249

Right Phase Lock

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

msec

Quanta Phase Shift Durations: N = 140 Under Each Quanta Duration

Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Left

Brodmann Areas (30 & 31) Left

Brodmann Areas (36 & 39) LeftEyes Closed

Eyes Opened

A

1 2 3TemporalQuanta

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

200

400

600

800

1000

25

35

45

55

65

Euclidean Distance Between Brodmann Areas (mm)

mse

c

Phase Lock Duration

Phase Shift Duration

Gap = 135 msec

B Non-Linear Exponential Brodmann Area Distances: Shift vs Lock

Published as a chapter in “Introduction to QEEG and Neurofeedback: Advanced Theory and Applications” Thomas Budzinsky, H. Budzinski, J. Evans and A. Abarbanel editors, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, 2008.

NormativeEEG Amplifiers

Patient EEGAmplifiers

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4 .5 5 5 .5 6 6. 5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13 .5 14 14. 5 15 15. 5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5 21 2 1.5 2 2 22 .5 2 3 23 .5 24 24. 5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29 2 9.5 30 3 0.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

0. 5 1 1.5 2 2. 5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5. 5 6 6.5 7 7. 5 8 8.5 9 9. 5 10 10. 5 11 11.5 12 12. 5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15. 5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18. 5 19 19.5 20 20.5 21 21.5 22 22.5 23 23. 5 24 24.5 25 25. 5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28. 5 29 29.5 30 30. 5

Frequency 0 – 40 Hz

uV

Frequency 0 – 40 Hz

Equ

ilib

ration

Ra

tio

Normative Database Amplifier Matching – Microvolt Sine Waves 0 to 40 Hz

Equilibration Ratios to Match Frequency Responses

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

0.900

1.000

Delta Theta Alpha Beta

Corr

ela

tion C

oeff

icie

nt

Absolute Power

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

0.900

1.000

Delta Theta Alpha Beta

Corr

ela

tion C

oeff

icie

nt

Relative Power

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

0.900

1.000

Delta Theta Alpha Beta

Corr

ela

tion C

oeff

icie

nt

Coherence

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

0.900

1.000

Delta Theta Alpha Beta

Corr

ela

tion C

oeff

icie

nt

Amplitude Asymmetry

Cross-Validation of NeuroGuide vs NxLink

Anterior Posterior

Correlations between DSCOREs with FULL IQ, VERB IQ, & PERF IQ

r = .829

p < .0001

PERF IQ Discriminant Scores with PERF IQ

PE

RF

IQ

DSCOREs

r = -.815

p < .0001

VERB IQ Discriminant Scores with VERB IQ

VE

RB

IQ

DSCOREs

FULL IQ Discriminant Scores with FULL IQ

r = -.800

p < .0001

FU

LL

IQ

DSCOREs

Histograms of Discriminant Functions using IQ Score Measures

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

-5 -3 -1 1 3 5

VERB IQ <= 90VERB IQ >= 120

90 < VERB IQ < 120

EEG Discriminant Scores

N = 95

N = 270

N = 77

VERBAL IQ

PR

OP

OR

TIO

N P

ER

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-5 -3 -1 1 3 5

PERF IQ <= 90

PERF IQ >= 120

90 < PERF IQ < 120

EEG Discriminant Scores

N = 67

N = 302

N = 73

PERFORMANCE IQ

PR

OP

OR

TIO

N P

ER

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

-5 -3 -1 1 3 5PR

OP

OR

TIO

N P

ER

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

EEG Discriminant Scores

FULL IQ <= 90

FULL IQ >= 120

90 < FULL IQ < 120

N = 97

N = 267

N = 70

FULL IQ

Multiple Regressions of QEEG with FULL IQ

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

0.900

1.000

Phase

Difference

Coherence Phase Reset

per Second

Phase Reset

Locking

Interval

Means

Amplitude

Asymmetry

Phase Reset

Duration

Means

Burst

Amplitude

Means

abs(OUT-

PHASE)

Cross

Spectral

Power

abs(IN-

PHASE)

Absolute

Power

Phase Reset

Amplitude

Means

Peak

Frequency

QEEG MEASURE

MU

LT

IPL

E R

Essentials of Operant Conditioning

1- Specificity – Reinforce EEG events in hubs/modules in networks related

to the patient’s symptoms. Minimize compensatory hubs/modules.

4- The interval of time between the spontaneous ‘emitted EEG event’ & the

‘feedback signal’ can not be too short, approx. < 250 msec? or too long approx. 20 sec?

2- The ‘Feedback Signal’ must predict a large & significant future reward

3- Discrete and novel feedback signals increase the probability of linking

the signal and a future reward, i.e., “contingency”

Principles1- Specificity of EEG Event (E) = Neural State Interval (I)

2- Contiguity Window ( C) = Time period preceding and following a E

3- Contingency of Reward Signal (S) = Feedback signal time locked to E

4- Reward Strength ( R) = Value of the reward if N successes occur in an interval of time, e.g., toys, candy,

cookies, money, etc.

Ordinal or Nominal measureReward Strength (R)

Feedback signal time locked to E

(msec)

Contingency of Reward Signal (S)

Time preceding/following E (msec –

sec)

Contiguity Window (C)

Z Scores and Brodmann areas linked

to symptomsSpecificity of EEG Event (E)

A General Theory of EEG Operant Conditioning and Z Score Biofeedback

Category Measurement

Example of Bursts of Theta Rhythms (4 – 8 Hz) in the Human EEG

Burst Duration approx. 200 msec to 600 msec

Moving Window of Operant Learning Quanta

Preconscious

Phase Shift

Neural

Recruitment

0 250-250-500-750-1,000 500

Phase

Lock

Time (msec)

Operant Association

Window

Spontaneous Neural State

1- “Behavioral approaches

emphasize compensation” (p. 21)

2- “Restorative approaches

emphasize improving weak or

lost function” (p. 21)

“A compensation occurs when a

Noninjured brain region takes over

The function of the injured region.

True recovery involves improvement

In function in an injured area.” (p. 22)