life cycle assessment of electric vehicles · journal of life cycle assessment. majeau-bettez, m.,...

Life cycle assessment

of electric vehicles

Linda Ager-Wick Ellingsen

Anders Hammer Strømman

linda.e.llingsen@ntnu.no

2

Energy

Transport

Emissions

Waste products

Life cycle assessment (LCA)

Extraction & processing

Manufacture& assembly

Use

Recycling

Materials

3

The ReCiPe characterization method

4

Life cycle assessment of vehicles

Vehicle production

• Extraction and processing• Component manufacture

and assembly

Vehicle operation

• Energy use• Maintenance

End-of-life vehicle

• Recycling/recovery• Waste management

Vehicle life cycle

Energy extraction

Energy distribution

Energy conversion

Energy value chain

Complete life cycle

5

We have good knowledge of the environmental

impacts of conventional vehicles

6

Example of typical LCA results:

Mercedes A class

DaimlerChrysler AG, Mercedes Car Group

Im

pa

ctp

ote

ntials

S

tre

sso

rs

7

GHGs over the whole life cycle

- high end of the range as of 2010

References: Daimler AG (2009, 2009, 2012), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012)

8

GHGs over the whole life cycle

- low end of the range as of 2010

References: Daimler AG (2009, 2010, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014)

9

GHGs over the whole life cycle

- low end of the range as of 2014

References: Daimler AG (2009, 2010, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014)

10References: Daimler AG (2009, 2010, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014)

Car size, fuel type, model year, and

horsepower matter

3x

11References: Daimler AG (2009, 2009, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014)

Can electric vehicles get us below the

fossil envelope?

12

Zero emission vehicle?

13

BEVs have indirect operational emissions

associated with the energy value chain

14

NTNU’s latest LCA study on battery

electric vehicles published in 2016

Ellingsen et al. (2016)

15

Size selection based on commercially

available BEVs

0

50

100

150

200

250

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

NED

C e

ne

rgy

req

uir

eme

nt

(Wh

/km

)

Vehicle curb weight (kg)

mini car medium car large car luxury car

A - segment B - segment C - segment D - segment E - segment F - segment

16

Electric vehicle parameters

Segment Curb weight

(kg)

Battery size

(kWh)

Driving range

(km)

EV energy consumption

(Wh/km)

A - mini car 1100 17.7 133 146

C - medium car 1500 26.6 171 170

D - large car 1750 42.1 249 185

F - luxury car 2100 59.9 317 207

17

Production inventories

18

Use phase assumptions

• Average European electricity mix (521 g CO2/kWh at plug, 462 g CO2/kWh at plant)

• 12 years and a yearly mileage of 15,000 km, resulting in a total mileage of 180,000 km

19

End-of-life treatment

20

Production and use phase

from LCA reports

End-of-life inventory from

Hawkins et al. 2012

Conventional vehicles

21

Results

22

A

C

D

F

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50Em

issi

on

(to

n C

O2-e

q)

Driving distance (km)

Fossil envelope-average new ICEVs as of 2015

Ellingsen et al. 2016

23

Fossil envelope-average ICEVs

A

C

D

F

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50Em

issi

on

(to

n C

O2-e

q)

Driving distance (km)

A - mini car C - medium car D - large car F - luxury car

Ellingsen et al. 2016

24

Sensitivity analysis

25

Sensitivity analysis - coal

World average coal (1029 g CO2-eq/kWh)

Ellingsen et al. 2016

26

Sensitivity analysis – natural gas

World average natural gas (595 g CO2-eq/kWh)

Ellingsen et al. 2016

27

Sensitivity analysis – wind

Wind (21 g CO2-eq/kWh)

Ellingsen et al. 2016

28

Sensitivity analysis – all wind

Ellingsen et al. 2016

Wind in all value chains (17 g CO2-eq/kWh)

29

Differences in emissions due to size

decrease with lower carbon intensity

Ellingsen et al. 2016

30

Questions?

linda.e.llingsen@ntnu.no

31

NTNU Publications on e-mobility

May 2016

Ellingsen. L. A-W., Hung, R. H., & Strømman, A. H. Identifying key assumptions and differences in life cycle assessment studies of lithium-ion traction batteries (In review 2017). Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.

Ellingsen. L. A-W., Majeau-Bettez, M., & Strømman, A. H. (2015). Comment on “The significance of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle life-cycle energy and emissions and recycling's role in its reduction” in Energy & Environmental Science. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.

Singh, B., Ellingsen. L. A-W., & Strømman, A. H. (2015). Pathways for GHG emission reduction in Norwegian road transport sector: Perspective on consumption of passenger car transport and electricity mix. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.

Singh, B., Guest, G., Bright, R. M., & Strømman, A. H. (2014) Life Cycle Assessment of Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicle Transport Based on Forest Biomass. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.

Singh, B., & Strømman, A. H. (2013). Environmental assessment of electrification of road transport in Norway: Scenarios and impacts. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.

Hawkins, T. R., Gausen, O. M., & Strømman, A. H. (2012). Environmental impacts of hybrid and electric vehicles—a review. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.

Majeau-Bettez, M., Hawkings, T., & Strømman, A. H. (2011) Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Lithium-ion and Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles

October 2012 November 2013

December 2016