levels of biological organization and unicellular...
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Levels of biological
organization and unicellular
organisms
8th grade science
Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Cell
Organism
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a living cell.”
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a living cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a living cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“Specialized tissues can form organs.”
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a living cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“Specialized tissues can form organs.”
“Many organs can form an organ system.”
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a living cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“Specialized tissues can form organs.”
“Many organs can form an organ system.”
“Many organ systems working together can form
organisms.”
Cell Theory
Well researched ideas that all scientists believe to be true about cells:
1. Cells are the basic unit of life.
2. All living things are made of cells.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
beforenucleus
truenucleus
Eukaryotes
1. Ex: animals, plants, fungi
2. Has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope
3. Have membrane bound Organelles
(golgi, ER, lysosomes…etc)
4. Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes
5. Can be unicellular OR multicellular
organisms
Multicellular eukaryotes
• Whole cells can be specialized for one job
• Cells can work together as tissues
• Tissues can work together as organs
Examples of specialized euk.
cells
• liver cell:
specialized to
detoxify blood and
store glucose as
glycogen.
• Mesophyll cell– inside leaves
– specialized to
capture as much
light as possible
Eukaryotes are bigger and more
complex
• Have organelles
• Have multiple strands of DNA
• can be multicellular
• Includes all animal and plant cells
Prokaryotes
1. Ex: bacteria and archaea
2. NO nucleus
3. NO membrane bound organelles
4. ALL are unicellular
5. Much smaller than eukaryotic cells
6. Predate eukaryotic cells (were around long before)
Prokaryote cells are simply built
Three layers on the
outside
• capsule: slimy outer
coating to protect the
cell
• cell wall: tougher
middle layer
• cell membrane: delicate
inner skin
Prokaryote cells are simply built
• Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton,
ribosomes
• One strand of DNA
arranged in a big loop
• pilli: fibers made by the
cell, used for sticking to
things
• flagella: whip-like tail used
for swimming
E. coli bacteria
on the head of
a steel pin.
Prokaryote food sources
• Photosynthetic: get their energy from
sunlight
• Heterotrophic: feed on living things
• Decomposers: feed on dead things
Prokaryote lifestyle
• unicellular: all alone
• colony: forms a thin film of
cells that help protect one
another, kind of like a
community.
• Filamentous/clusters: forms
chains/small groups of cells
that help each other out.
Prokaryote vs
eukaryote size
White blood cell
Red blood cell
Bacteria Cell
Not Living
Prokaryote levels of Biological Organization.
Atom MoleculeCell
Multicellular organisms Organism is made up of many cells
Cells are specialized to perform different functions
Individual cells don’t have to perform every life function
Death or injury of some cells won’t doom the organism as a whole
The organism can attain a large size by increasing the number of cells
Generally long lifespan and slower reproduction
Only outer cells are exposed to the environment
Unicellular organisms
Organism is made up of one cell
A single cell carries out all functions
Injuries to the cell are serious and often deadly
Very limited on organism size due to the limitations of diffusion
The entire organism is exposed to the environment
Short lifespan and fast reproduction
Which cell has a nucleus (Eukaryotic), and
which is a bacteria (Prokaryotic)?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Cell with a nucleus,
Eukaryotic
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Cell without nucleus
Prokaryotic (Bacteria)
• Which is prokaryotic?
• Which is prokaryotic?
• Which is prokaryotic?
BacteriaArchaea
Protists
Major groups
of unicellular
organisms
• Archaea are inhabitants of some of the most
extreme environments on the planet.
Like these deep-sea
geothermal vents
• An acidic mine drain filled with Archaea.
• Archaea also thrive in mud, they are one
reason swamps are usually smelly.
• Archaea are prokaryotes, meaning….
• Archaea are prokaryotes, meaning….No
nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
• Types of Archaea
– Methanogens: Produce methane gas as a waste
product of their digestion.
– Halophiles: Live in extremely salty environments.
– Thermophiles: Live in extremely hot temperatures.
– Psychrophiles: Live in unusually cold
temperatures.
Archaea are rather pretty in large numbers
• Bacteria are single celled organisms that are
much more common than archaea and live
almost everywhere.
• Bacteria are prokaryotic no nucleus and
no membrane bound organelles.
• Bacterial shapes
– Sphere (Round) Shaped: Cocci
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• Rod shaped: Bacillus
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• Spiral shaped: Spirilla
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• Mycoplasma bacteria: Smallest known life form
(jagged and random).
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• Mycoplasma are oddly shaped because
they don’t have a cell wall.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Many bacteria grow as colonies of millions,
billions, or even trillions of individual cells
living next to one another.
Bacterial reproduction
– Bacteria under the right conditions (enough food
and water, the correct temperature, and absence
of inhibiting chemicals) can reproduce very
quickly.
Bacterial reproduction
– Bacterial cells reproduce by a process called
binary fission where one bacterial cell will divide to
form two identical offspring.
Bacterial reproduction
–
Bacterial reproduction
– Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction.
Meaning that there is only one parent and the
offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
• Cyanobacteria.
– They’re photosynthetic bacteria (get energy from
sun).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Heterotrophic bacteria
– Bacteria that get their energy from other living
things.
• Currently living things
• Dead things
• Materials produced by other living things (ex:
milk)
• Many species of bacteria live in or on our body.
– Mutualistic: We provide a place to live and food,
while the bacteria attack harmful microbes and
digest food.
– Commensalistic: Most bacteria in our body, they
benefit but don’t cause us harm.
– Parasitic: Harmful bacteria that eat tissue and
release toxins.
• A few positives of bacteria.
– They are used in many food products.
– Symbiotic relationships with plants.
– They decompose wastes and dead things.
– Help us digest food and absorb nutrients.
– They recycle nutrients in
the environment.
– They destroy pollution.
• A few negatives of bacteria
– They can kill us by the millions.
– They can destroy food and property.
– They can make life generally unpleasant: bad
breath, odors, acne, etc.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
\
• The name Protista means "the very first",
and there are thousands and thousands of
different species of the most basic
eukaryotes.
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• Animals, Plants, and Fungi are all
descended from primitive Protists.
• Protists are like the junk drawer of
eukaryotes.
– If it’s a eukaryote and not a plant, animal,
fungus, or bacteria it just goes in the kingdom
Protista.
• Protists are very diverse and can use
sunlight, eats things, or decompose things to
get nutrients.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Protists are mostly single celled organisms,
some are very simple multicellular
organisms. Protists are thought to be the link
between the two groups.
• Protists do not form tissues.
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• Remember, Protists lack tissues.
– Which specimen below is a protist, and which
is an animal?
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Answer! Protists do not have eyes because
they are unicellular organisms.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Which specimen below is a protist, and
which is an animal?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Answer A. Protists are unicellular so
they don’t have tissues and organs.
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• Is this a protist? Why or why not?
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• Answer! No, because the specimen has
tissues such as eyes, and some sort of
digestive tract.
• Algae (Autrophs)
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• Algae can be found as bacteria, protists,
and plants.
• Algae produce the majority of the oxygen
on Earth.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Diatoms
– Organisms that make glass shells to protect
themselves.
• Diatoms produce more oxygen for the
planet than all of the forests combined.
– About ¼ of all the oxygen on Earth comes
from diatoms.
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• Diatoms use silicon to make their glass
shells using a process called
biomineralization.
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• Dinoflagellates (Flagella)
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• Euglena
• Ciliates
–Cilia
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• Cilia: Hairlike projections from the surface
of a cell and used to move the cell.
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• Paramecium are ciliates.
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• Amoebas
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• The slime molds and water molds of protists
used to be in the Kingdom Fungi but have
been switched to the protists.
• Brown Algae
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• Red Algae
Bacterial spores
– Sometimes conditions in a
bacteria’s environment
would be deadly to the
organism.
– Some bacteria can combat
this by forming endospores;
small, round, tough, mostly
dormant, cells that preserve
the bacteria’s DNA.
Bacterial spores
– Endospores can resist heating, freezing, harsh
chemicals, and drying for many, many years.
Waiting until conditions are right for the cell to
start growing again.
• Cyanobacteria are thought to have led to
the plants.
– The chloroplasts that help plants make food
using sunlight is thought to be an ancient
cyanobacterium living within plant cells.
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