lester salamon - pare pense 2012

Porto Alegre, Brazil | 21 May 2012Stop and Think

Conference

DOES VOLUNTEERING COUNT? CAN WE COUNT VOLUNTEERING?

LESTER M. SALAMONJohns Hopkins University

• An enormous “RENEWABLE RESOURCE” for societal problem-solving.

WHY DOES VOLUNTEERING COUNT?

ECONOMIC CAPITAL: financial resources

PHYSICAL CAPITAL: equipment, services

HUMAN CAPITAL: skills, attitudes

SOCIAL CAPITAL: SOCIAL RESOURCES/TRUST

VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?

CONOMIC GROWTH DEPENDS ON SOCIAL CAPITAL

dam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments:

“Hidden hand” of the market depends on the sentiment of “SYMPATHY”

rancis Fukuyama: “Trust” the key to prosperity

utnam: No contracts without reciprocity/no reciprocity without trust

VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?

Nonprofits foster SOCIAL CAPITAL

“Feelings and opinions are recruited, the heart is enlarged, and the human mind is developed, only by the reciprocal influence of [people] upon one another.... and this can only be accomplished by associations.”

-Alexis de Tocqueville

VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?

VOLUNTEERING Builds TRUST

The ETHOS of Volunteering:

Recognition of a common good

Individual responsibility to common good

Necessity of active personal involvement

Inclusive/trusting world view

Individuals and social context interconnected

VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?

Source: Reed and Selby, 2003

VOLUNTEERING ASSOCIATED WITH TRUSTviews of neighbourhood by whether respondent participated in formal volunteering

VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?

Source: 2005 Citizenship Survey, U.K.

VOLUNTEERING ASSOCIATED WITH TRUSTsocial networks by whether respondent participated in voluntary activities

VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?

Source: 2005 Citizenship Survey, U.K.

• An enormous “renewable resource” for societal problem-solving.

• Gross lack of reliable data.

WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?

Small samples

Impractical “recall period” (1 year)

No info on hours volunteered

Uneven use of prompts

Limited coverage/classification of activities

Divergent definitions

Neglect of direct volunteering

METHODOLOGICAL CHAOS

Competing realities: UK

• Organizational work

National Survey of Volunteering UK, 1997

• Formal volunteering 48%

European Quality of Life Survey, 2007

Gallup Worldview Survey, 2010

• “Organizational volunteering” 29%

Harmonized European Time Use Survey, 2009

2%

• Informal volunteering 74%

• “volunteering and charitable activities” 31%

• “Helping strangers” 52%

• Informal help to others 10%

Survey DefinitionVolunteer

rate

METHODOLOGICAL CHAOS

“What isn’t COUNTED doesn’t COUNT.”

“What can’t be MEASURED can’t be MANAGED.”

WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?

BARRIERSINFRASTRUCTURE

IMPACTS

POLICY

ON SOCIETY

ON VOLUN-TEERS

ON BENEFI-CIARIES

WHO?

WHAT?

HOW

MUCH?

WHERE?VALUE?

SECURING VOLUNTEERING’S FUTURE

Kenya

Israel

Pakistan

Australia

Belgium

Italy

SlovakiaGermany

United Kingdom

Denmark

France

Sweden

Norway

The Netherlands

Finland

Austria

Switzerland Czech Republic

Poland

Romania

Russia

HungaryUnited States

Mexico

Colombia

Brazil

Chile

Canada

UgandaArgentina

South Africa

Peru

Tanzania

Ghana Lebanon India

Thailand

New Zealand

Morocco

Portugal

Spain

Ireland

Egypt

Japan

Korea

The Philippines

Turkey

COMPARATIVE NONPROFIT SECTOR COUNTRIESJOHNS HOPKINS COMPARATIVE NONPROFIT SECTOR PROJECT

NONPROFIT WORKFORCE AS A SHARE OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION, by country

Source: Salamon et.al., Global Civil Society, Kumarian, 2004.

NONPROFIT WORKFORCE AS A SHARE OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION, by country

Source: Salamon et.al., Global Civil Society, Kumarian, 2004.

2.3%Nonprofit sector

2.8%Manufacture & maintenance –

machines & engines

2.6%Transportation

0.5%Manufacture-

cars, trucks, buses

0.4%Textiles

Source: IBGE/National Accounts 2002 (values in basic prices)

% of Value Added

CONTRIBUTION OF NPIs & SELECTED INDUSTRIES TO GDP, Brazil, 2002

1.9%

Brazil2002

2.3%0.4%

1.2%

Czech Republic

2004

1.3% 2.9%

1.3%

France2002

4.2%

2.6%

2.3%

New Zealand 2004

4.9%

4.2%

0.8%

Belgium2001

5.0%

4.2%

1.0%

Japan2004

5.2%

6.1%

Mozambique 2003

6.2%

5.2%

2.0%

United States 2003

7.2%

6.1%

1.2%

Canada 2000

7.3%

1.4%

Australia1999

4.7%

3.3%

10 - country average

4.8%

3.8%

1.0%

Volunteer Contribution

NPIs only

WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?

Source: Nonprofit Organizations in Brazil, Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies 2010

44 percent of nonprofit workforce in CNP countries

WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?

Source: Salamon et.al., Global Civil Society, Kumarian, 2004.

Volunteer Input as a share of total private

philanthropy, 36 countries

Value of volunteering,

68%

Charitable giving,32%

WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?

Source: Salamon et.al., Global Civil Society, Kumarian, 2004.

CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, VOLUNTEERS VS. SELECTED INDUSTRIES, CANADAGD

P Co

ntrib

utio

n Bi

llion

s of

Can

adia

n $

$14.1 billion

Volunteers

$12.8 billion

AgricultureMotor vehicle manufacturing

$6.1 billion

WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?

IF VOLUNTEERS WERE A NATION…

971.0 VOLUNTEERLAND

92.8

101.3

109.4

121.6

127.7

162.4

239.7

756.5

1,023.5

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Japan

Russian Federation

Brazil

Indonesia

United States

India

China

Millions of people 15 years or older

“VOLUNTEERLAND”—THE WORLD’S SECOND MOST POPULOUS NATION

IF VOLUNTEERS WERE A NATION…

1,348 VOLUNTEERLAND

1,097

1,130

1,134

1,457

2,280

2,303

3,329

4,229

12,580

Italy

Spain

Canada

France

United Kingdom

China

Germany

Japan

United States

“VOLUNTEERLAND”—THE WORLD’S 7TH LARGEST ECONOMY

US$ billions, 2005

IF VOLUNTEERS WERE A NATION…

Clarify Scale and role

Benchmark progress

Permit comparisons

Boost visibility and respect

Improve infrastructure / management

Encourage public policies

Stimulate volunteering

A COMMON APPROACH WILL…

“The General Assembly calls on member states to…[establish] the economic value of volunteering….”

UN Resolution on the Year of the Volunteer, 2001

“A major constraint continues to be a limited availability of specific data on volunteer contributions…”

Report of the Secretary General on Implementation of the Year of the Volunteer, July 2005

WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?

THE UN HANDBOOK ON NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

• Satellite account

• Volunteer labor

KEY REFINEMENTS IN HANDBOOK MEASUREMENT OF NPIS

Comparability

Feasibility

Cost-effectiveness

Efficiency

Reliability

DESIGN CRITERIA

• Labor force survey platform

• Broad definition—but no mention of “volunteering”

APPROACH

A BROAD DEFINITION

“Unpaid non-compulsory work; that is, time individuals give

without pay to activities performed either through organizations or directly

for others outside their own household.”

DEFINING VOLUNTEERING

• Labor force survey platform

• Broad definition—but no mention of “volunteering”

• Short survey module

• Four-week reference period

• Activity focus

• Short intro statement – prompts as fall-back

APPROACH

BARRIERSINFRASTRUCTURE

IMPACTS

POLICY

ON SOCIETY

ON VOLUN-TEERS

ON BENEFI-CIARIES

WHO?

WHAT?

HOW

MUCH?

WHERE?VALUE?

SECURING VOLUNTEERING’S FUTURE

email EVMP@CEV.BE

website EVMP.EU

subscribe to our BLOG

IMPLEMENTATION UNDERWAY IN EUROPE

A joint venture of:

+European Volunteering Agencies

andEuropean Statistics Agencies

IMPLEMENTATION

PUBLISHED & DISSEMINATED MANUAL

ILO Publication / notification of stats agencies

Manual posted for download

Translations: Spanish, French, Italian, Montenegrin, & Portuguese (in process)

Fact Sheets & FAQs

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS

MOBILIZED VOLUNTEER COMMUNITY

EVMP website, blog, & email

National Focal Points

Fact Sheets & training materials

10 training events

18 Declarations of Support

Editorials & articles

> 10 events (Hungary, Poland, Spain, Italy, France, Bosnia)

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS

CONNECTED TO STATISTICAL AGENCIES

Contacted 22 statistical agencies

Trained 15 national statistical offices

8 Implementation commitments

3 Completed Volunteering reports(Poland, Hungary, Norway)

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS

OFFICIAL RECOGNITION OF ILO MANUAL FROM:

European Commission Council of the European UnionEuropean ParliamentEuropean Economic and Social CommDG EmploymentEYV Alliance”UN Volunteers “State of the World

Volunteering Report”

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS

NEXT STEPS

IMPLEMENTATION LAGGING IN L. A.

• MOBILIZE volunteer community

• DISSEMINATE Manual, Fact Sheets

• ENGAGE policy circles

• APPROACH statistics agencies

• BUILD ON THE FOUNDATION: broader impacts, strengthened infrastructure, enabling policy

• ASSEMBLE/DISSEMINATE /DISCUSS data

THE WORK HAS JUST BEGUN

“What isn’t COUNTED doesn’t COUNT.”

“What can’t be MEASURED can’t be MANAGED.”

Let’s not lose this OPPORTUNITY

THE WORK HAS JUST BEGUN

email: volunteers@jhu.edu

websites: volunteermeasurement.orgccss.jhu.edu

twitter:

@jhuccss

CONTACT US!