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Financing Residential Real Estate
Lesson 8:
Qualifying the Buyer
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Introduction
In this lesson we will cover:
the underwriting process,
automated underwriting,
credit reports and credit scores,
income analysis,
net worth,
other factors in underwriting,
subprime lending, and
risk-based loan pricing.
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Introduction
Loan underwriting involves evaluation of:
1. Loan applicants overall financial situation.
Is buyer likely to make the payments on time?
2. Value of the property (collateral).
If buyer did default, would foreclosure sale proceeds cover the debt?
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The Underwriting Process
Underwriting involves:
reviewing loan application;
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The Underwriting Process
Underwriting involves:
reviewing loan application;
obtaining additional information about applicant from other sources;
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The Underwriting Process
Underwriting involves:
reviewing loan application;
obtaining additional information about applicant from other sources;
verifying information applicant provided;
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The Underwriting Process
Underwriting involves:
reviewing loan application;
obtaining additional information about applicant from other sources;
verifying information applicant provided;
applying lenders qualifying standards;
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The Underwriting Process
Underwriting involves:
reviewing loan application;
obtaining additional information about applicant from other sources;
verifying information applicant provided;
applying lenders qualifying standards;
evaluating property appraisal; and
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The Underwriting Process
Underwriting involves:
reviewing loan application;
obtaining additional information about applicant from other sources;
verifying information applicant provided;
applying lenders qualifying standards;
evaluating property appraisal; and
making recommendation.
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The Underwriting Process
Qualifying standards: minimum standards used in underwriting.
Draw line between acceptable and unacceptable risks.
Qualifying standards
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The Underwriting Process
Although lenders can set their own standards, most use Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac standards for conventional loans.
FHA and VA standards must beused for FHA and VA loans.
Qualifying standards
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The Underwriting Process
Automated underwriting system (AUS): computer program that analyzes loan applications.
Used in conjunction with traditionalunderwriting.
Traditional underwriting now called manual underwriting.
Automated underwriting
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Automated Underwriting
Most widely used AU systems:
Desktop Underwriter (Fannie Mae)
Loan Prospector (Freddie Mac)
Either may be used to underwrite conventional, FHA, or VA loans.
AU and secondary market
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Automated Underwriting
Most widely used AU systems:
Desktop Underwriter (Fannie Mae)
Loan Prospector (Freddie Mac)
Either may be used to underwrite conventional, FHA, or VA loans.
Although Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac encourage lenders to use AU, they will still buy manually underwritten loans.
AU and secondary market
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The Underwriting Process
Programming of secondary market agency AU systems based on performance of millions of loans.
Loan performance: whether payments are made as agreed.
Analysis of performance statistics highlights factors that make default either more likely or less likely.
AU programming
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The Underwriting Process
Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac computer analysis of loan performance is ongoing.
Both agencies use latest information to adjust their AU systems and underwriting standards.
Adjustments have nationwide impact on underwriting practices.
AU programming
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The Underwriting Process
Information from loan application entered into AU system.
AUS obtains applicants credit information from credit reporting agencies.
AUS issues report with recommendations.
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Three main categories of recommendations in AU report:
Risk classification
Level of documentation
Property appraisal or inspection
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Risk classification
AU report indicates level of scrutiny application should receive.
Approve/Accept = meets all qualifying standards.
Approve/Ineligible = meets credit risk standards, but other aspects of loan makeit ineligible for purchase by agency.
Refer/Caution = doesnt meet all standards, should be reviewed.
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Risk classification
If application requires further review, underwriter looks at application in traditional way (manual underwriting).
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Risk classification
If application requires further review, underwriter looks at application in traditional way (manual underwriting).
Some lenders reject Refer/Caution loans without further review.
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Risk classification
If application requires further review, underwriter looks at application in traditional way (manual underwriting).
Some lenders reject Refer/Caution loans without further review.
Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac may buy manually underwritten Refer/Caution loan, but it will be treated as A-minus loan.
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Level of documentation
AU report indicates how much documentation is needed to verify information on application.
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Level of documentation
AU report indicates how much documentation is needed to verify information on application.
Before mortgage crisis, three basic levels:
standard
streamlined (low-doc)
minimal (no doc )
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Level of documentation
AU report indicates how much documentation is needed to verify information on application.
Before mortgage crisis, three basic levels:
standard
streamlined (low-doc)
minimal (no doc )
Now just standard or streamlined; no doc loans no longer widely available.
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Level of documentation
Refer/Caution loans:
Standard documentation (and manual underwriting) generally required.
Approve/Accept loans:
Streamlined documentation permitted.
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Appraisal recommendation
AU report also indicates which of these is appropriate:
full appraisal
drive-by inspection
report on propertys likely value (with no inspection)
How AU works
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The Underwriting Process
Advantages of automated underwriting over manual underwriting:
streamlines process;
Advantages of AU
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The Underwriting Process
Advantages of automated underwriting over manual underwriting:
streamlines process;
increases objectivity; and
Advantages of AU
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The Underwriting Process
Advantages of automated underwriting over manual underwriting:
streamlines process;
increases objectivity; and
improves underwriting accuracy.
Advantages of AU
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Summary
The Underwriting Process
Underwriting standards
Automated underwriting
Manual underwriting
Loan performance
Risk classification
Standard documentation
Streamlined documentation (low-doc)
Minimal documentation (no doc)
Drive-by inspection
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Evaluating Creditworthiness
Buyer considered creditworthy if overall financial situation indicates she can be expected to make payments on time.
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Evaluating Creditworthiness
Buyer considered creditworthy if overall financial situation indicates she can be expected to make payments on time.
Qualification of buyer involves evaluation of three main components of creditworthiness:
Credit reputation
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Evaluating Creditworthiness
Buyer considered creditworthy if overall financial situation indicates she can be expected to make payments on time.
Qualification of buyer involves evaluation of three main components of creditworthiness:
Credit reputation
Income
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Evaluating Creditworthiness
Buyer considered creditworthy if overall financial situation indicates she can be expected to make payments on time.
Qualification of buyer involves evaluation of three main components of creditworthiness:
Credit reputation
Income
Net worth (assets)
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Evaluating Creditworthiness
Of the three main components of creditworthiness, many consider credit reputation most important.
To evaluate loan applicants credit reputation, lender relies on credit reports prepared by national credit rating agencies.
Credit reputation
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Credit Reputation
A personal credit report covers 7 years of information about an individuals:
revolving credit accounts,
installment debts, and
previous mortgages.
Utility bills, medical bills, etc., arent listed unless turned over to collection agency.
Credit reports
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Credit Reputation
Credit reporting agencies are private companies.
Three major credit agencies in U.S.:
Equifax
Experian (formerly TRW)
TransUnion
Credit reports
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Credit Reputation
Reports prepared by the three agencies dont always match.
Lender may use reports from all three, ortri-merge report that combines them.
Credit reports
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Credit Reputation
Credit information important in underwriting:
length of credit history
payment record
derogatory credit incidents
credit scores
Credit reports
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Credit Reputation
Credit history widely used as synonym for credit reputation. Narrower definition used in underwriting.
Credit history = duration of applicants experience with credit.
Length of credit history
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Credit Reputation
General requirements:
credit history at least one year in duration
with three or more active accounts
Alternative for applicant without established credit history: provide records of utility bill payments, rent payments.
Length of credit history
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Credit Reputation
For each account listed, credit report gives detailed payment record showing whether payments have been made on time.
Late payments shown as 30 days, 60 days, or 90 days overdue.
Payment record
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Credit Reputation
Underwriters view chronic late payments as sign applicant is financially overextended and/or irresponsible.
But spotless payment record not essential.
Payment record
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Credit Reputation
Negative information on credit report may include:
charge-offs
collections
repossessions
judgments
foreclosures
bankruptcies
Major derogatory incidents
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Credit Reputation
Charge-off: Uncollected debt treated as loss for tax purposes.
Tax code allows creditor to write off debt after no payment in 6 months.
Doesnt relieve debtor of liability.
Major derogatory incidents
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Credit Reputation
Collections
Creditor may turn delinquent bill over to collection agency that presses debtor for payment.
Debt held by collection agency appears on credit report, even if original bill did not.
Major derogatory incidents
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Credit Reputation
Repossessions
If someone buys personal property on credit and fails to make the payments, creditor may have right to repossess the collateral property.
Major derogatory incidents
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Credit Reputation
Judgments
When someone loses a lawsuit, court may order her to pay money (damages) to the person who sued.
Major derogatory incidents
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Credit Reputation
Foreclosures
Not surprisingly, foreclosure on applicants credit report is a matter of special concern to mortgage lender.
Major derogatory incidents
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Credit Reputation
Bankruptcy
Bankruptcy on applicants credit report also taken very seriously.
Major derogatory incidents
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Credit Reputation
Under Fair Credit Reporting Act, derogatory incidents can remain on individuals credit report for no more than seven years.
Exception: Bankruptcy ten years.
Mortgage loan underwriters focus mainly on previous two years.
Foreclosures and bankruptcies areserious concerns for longer.
Major derogatory incidents
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Credit Reputation
Credit score: Figure calculated by credit reporting agency using established scoring model.
Takes into account all information on credit report.
Indicates individuals likelihood of default.
Three main credit reporting agencies may calculate different scores for same person.
Credit scores
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Credit Reputation
Scoring models are based on statistical analysis of large numbers of mortgages.
Most widely used: FICO scores.
Range from under 400 to over 800.
High FICO score = unlikely to default
Credit scores
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Credit Reputation
Underwriters use credit scores to determine level of review applied to applicants credit history.
Good scores: basic review
Mediocre or poor scores: in-depth review
Credit scores
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Credit Reputation
Aside from major derogatory incidents, other factors that have negative impact on credit scores:
Chronic late payments
Maintaining high balance on credit card, even if payments on time
Applying for too much credit
Credit scores
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Credit Reputation
Prospective buyers should look at their credit reports and scores before applying for mortgage.
Some information may be incorrect.
Fair Credit Reporting Act requires credit reporting agencies to investigate in response to complaint and correct errors.
Obtaining credit information
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Credit Reputation
If underwriter is convinced that past problems dont reflect applicants attitude towards credit, loan may be approved.
Explaining credit problems
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Credit Reputation
Letter to lender explaining negative credit report should:
state reason for problem;
point out that it occurred during specific period;
show problem no longer exists;
highlight good credit before and since;
provide documentation from third parties; and
not blame creditors.
Explaining credit problems
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Summary
Credit Reputation
Creditworthiness
Credit report
Credit history
Charge-offs
Collections
Foreclosure
Bankruptcy
Credit scores (FICO scores)
Fair Credit Reporting Act
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Evaluating Creditworthiness
Second main component of creditworthiness: income.
Even if buyer has excellent credit reputation, loan wont be approved unless buyer can afford payments.
Buyers income is starting point in determining:
maximum loan amount
price range for houses
Income analysis
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Income Analysis
Income has three dimensions:
Quantity
Enough monthly income to affordmonthly mortgage payment
Quality
From dependable sources
Durability
Likely to continue for at leastthree years
Characteristics of income
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Income Analysis
wages or salary
bonuses
commissions
overtime
part-time earnings
self-employment income
retirement income
alimony
child support
public assistance
investment income
Stable monthly income
Income that meets tests of quality and durability is
stable monthly income. May include:
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Stable Monthly Income
Permanent employment is major income source for most home buyers.
Positive employment history:
consistency (usually 2 years in samejob or field)
opportunities for advancement
special training or education
Employment income
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Stable Monthly Income
Commissions, overtime and bonuses
Considered stable if consistent part of applicants overall earnings pattern.
Employment income
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Stable Monthly Income
Part-time work
Considered stable if applicant has held job for at least two years.
Seasonal work
Considered stable if established earnings pattern exists.
Employment income
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Stable Monthly Income
Self-employment income
Includes income from personal business, freelance work, or consulting work.
Underwriters consider earnings trend, training and experience, and nature of business.
Generally regarded as risky income source:
amount of income unpredictable
small businesses often fail
Employment income
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Stable Monthly Income
Employment verification:
Verification form sent to employer, or
W-2 forms for 2 years plus pay stubs for 30 days, with phone call to employer.
Lender may also request income tax returns for previous two years to verify earnings.
Employment income
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Stable Monthly Income
Pension and social security payments are usually dependable and durable.
Lenders cant discriminate on basis of age.
Life expectancy can be considered.
Retirement income
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Stable Monthly Income
Dividends or interest may be counted as part of stable monthly income.
Underwriter calculates average investment income for previous two years.
Investment income
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Stable Monthly Income
If a stable pattern can be verified, rental income is considered stable monthly income.
Applicant may have to show gross earnings and operating expenses for previous two years.
Rental income
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Stable Monthly Income
Many unpredictable factors affect rental income:
Emergency repairs
Vacancies
Tenants who dont pay
Underwriter includes only a percentage of verified income to leave a margin for error.
Negative rental income treated as liability.
Rental income
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Stable Monthly Income
Considered stable income sources if it appears payments will be made reliably.
Depends on:
whether payments required by court decree
how long payments have been made
financial/credit status of ex-spouse
ability to compel payment
Maintenance, alimony, child support
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Stable Monthly Income
Lenders usually require:
copy of court decree
proof of receipt of payments
Child support no longer counts when child reaches mid-teens.
Maintenance, alimony, child support
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Stable Monthly Income
Applicants may not want to list these as sources of income if ex-spouse is hostile or uncooperative.
Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits lenders from asking if applicants are divorced or requiring them to disclose alimony or child support.
Income wont be counted if not listed, of course.
Maintenance, alimony, child support
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Stable Monthly Income
Equal Credit Opportunity Act also prohibits lenders from discriminating against an applicant because part or all of his income is from a public assistance program.
But public assistance wont count if eligibility will terminate in near future.
Public assistance
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Stable Monthly Income
These usually dont count as stable monthly income:
Wages from temporary job
Unemployment compensation
Contributions from family members
Unacceptable types of income
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Stable Monthly Income
Income from temporary work not durable by definition.
But steady series of temporary jobs may be treated as freelance work (self-employment income).
Temporary employment
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Stable Monthly Income
Unemployment benefits end after a specified number of weeks (ordinarily 26 weeks).
But unemployment benefits paid to seasonal worker for a certain number of weeks everyyear could be considered stable monthly income.
Unemployment compensation
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Stable Monthly Income
Usually only earnings of head of household are counted in underwriting.
But if borrowers family member is listed as a co-borrower, that persons income is also considered.
Income from family members
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Calculating Stable Monthly Income
All income payments must be converted into monthly figures.
Example:
Gwen is paid $14.50/hour. She works 40 hours per week.
$14.50 40 = $580
$580 52 = $30,160
$30,160 12 = $2,513
Monthly figures
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Calculating Stable Monthly Income
Gross income figures are used when calculating stable monthly income.
Payroll taxes arent subtracted.
Gross income
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Calculating Stable Monthly Income
Gross income figures are used when calculating stable monthly income.
Payroll taxes arent subtracted.
Qualifying standards take into account that:
buyer will have to pay taxes, and
only after-tax amount will be availablefor expenses.
Gross income
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Calculating Stable Monthly Income
Certain types of income are exempt from taxation:
Child support
Disability payments
Some public assistance
Full amount of payments available for expenses.
Nontaxable income
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Calculating Stable Monthly Income
Certain types of income are exempt from taxation:
Child support
Disability payments
Some public assistance
Full amount of payments available for expenses.
Underwriter may gross up nontaxable income.
For example, might add 25% to child support payments received.
Nontaxable income
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Income Analysis
To measure adequacy of applicants monthly income, underwriters use income ratios.
Rationale:
Borrower may have difficulty making payments if:
Monthly Expenses > X% of Monthly Income
Income ratios
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Income Analysis
Two types of income ratios:
Debt to income ratio
Measures proposed monthly mortgage payment and any other regular debt payments against monthly income.
Income ratios
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Income Ratios
Two types of income ratios:
Debt to income ratio
Measures proposed monthly mortgage payment and any other regular debt payments against monthly income.
Housing expense to income ratio
Measures monthly mortgage payment alone against monthly income.
Two types of ratios
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Income Ratios
Proposed monthly mortgage payment used in calculating income ratios is PITI payment.
Includes impounds for property taxes and hazard insurance.
Also mortgage insurance and/or homeowners association dues, if applicable.
PITI
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Income Ratios
Qualifying standards set maximum income ratios.
Example: Borrowers monthly housing expense should not exceed 31% of stable monthly income.
Maximum ratios
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Income Ratios
Qualifying standards set maximum income ratios.
Example: Borrowers monthly housing expense should not exceed 31% of stable monthly income.
Maximum ratios are generally treated as guidelines, not hard-and-fast limits.
Lender may approve loan if sufficient compensating factors make up forweakness in income.
Maximum ratios
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Income Analysis
Cosigner helps borrower qualify by sharing responsibility for loan.
Primary borrower and cosigner have joint and several liability for loan.
Court can order either one of them to payloan balance.
Cosigners
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Income Analysis
Cosigner must have acceptable income, assets, and credit reputation.
Cosigners
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Income Analysis
Cosigner must have acceptable income, assets, and credit reputation.
Cosigners stable monthly income added to applicants.
Cosigners monthly debts and housing expense combined with applicants.
Then income ratios are calculated.
Cosigners
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Income Analysis
Cosigner must have acceptable income, assets, and credit reputation.
Cosigners stable monthly income added to applicants.
Cosigners monthly debts and housing expense combined with applicants.
Then income ratios are calculated.
Applicants separate income ratios are also calculated; shouldnt be too far over limits.
Cosigners
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Summary
Income Analysis
Quantity, quality, and durability of income
Stable monthly income
Income ratios
Debt to income ratio
Housing expense to income ratio
Cosigner
Joint and several liability
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Evaluating Creditworthiness
Net Worth = Assets Liabilities
Net worth
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Evaluating Creditworthiness
Net Worth = Assets Liabilities
Significance of net worth in underwriting:
Substantial net worth indicates ability to manage financial affairs.
Net worth
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Evaluating Creditworthiness
Net Worth = Assets Liabilities
Significance of net worth in underwriting:
Substantial net worth indicates abilityto manage financial affairs.
Also, buyer must have enough liquid assets to close transaction.
Net worth
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Net Worth
Liquid assets: cash and assets that can be easily converted into cash.
Applicant must have enough to cover:
downpayment
closing costs
Funds for closing
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Net Worth
Also, desirable for buyer to have reserves left over after closing.
In case of financial emergency, can draw on reserves to keep paying mortgage.
Reserves
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Net Worth
Also, desirable for buyer to have reserves left over after closing.
In case of financial emergency, can draw on reserves to keep paying mortgage.
In some cases, lender may require applicant to have enough reserves to cover a certain number of mortgage payments.
Reserves
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Net Worth
Also, desirable for buyer to have reserves left over after closing.
In case of financial emergency, can draw on reserves to keep paying mortgage.
In some cases, lender may require applicant to have enough reserves to cover a certain number of mortgage payments.
Even if not required, reserves strengthen application.
Reserves
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Net Worth
Almost any assets may help a loan applicant:
real estate
automobiles
furniture
jewelry
stocks/bonds
life insurance policy
Assets
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Assets
To verify funds applicant has in bank accounts:
verification of deposit form sent to bank(s), or
applicant provides bank statements for 2 or 3 months.
Bank accounts
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Assets
Reviewing verification information:
Does it match statements in loan application?
Does applicant have enough cash for closing?
Has bank account been opened only recently (last 3 months)?
Is present balance much higher than average balance?
If account is supposed to be source of good faith deposit, is balance high enough?
Bank accounts
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Assets
Underwriters concern: Did applicant borrow funds?
Lenders generally want borrower to use own funds for downpayment and reserves.
Bank accounts
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Assets
Underwriters concern: Did applicant borrow funds?
Lenders generally want borrower to use own funds for downpayment and reserves.
Borrowed funds would defeat purpose of lenders requirements.
Bank accounts
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Assets
Underwriters concern: Did applicant borrow funds?
Lenders generally want borrower to use own funds for downpayment and reserves.
Borrowed funds would defeat purpose of lenders requirements.
Exception: loan secured by asset (other than home being purchased)
Bank accounts
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Assets
Underwriters concern: Did applicant borrow funds?
Lenders generally want borrower to use own funds for downpayment and reserves.
Borrowed funds would defeat purpose of lenders requirements.
Exception: loan secured by asset (other than home being purchased)
Affordable housing programs more flexible about borrowed funds.
Bank accounts
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Assets
If applicant selling another property to raise cash, net equity in property can count as liquid asset.
Net Equity =
Market Value (Liens + Selling Expenses)
Real estate for sale
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Assets
If equity is main source of money for purchase of new home, lender wont fund loan until old home sold.
Copy of settlement statement usually required as verification.
Real estate for sale
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Assets
If equity is main source of money for purchase of new home, lender wont fund loan until old home sold.
Copy of settlement statement usually required as verification.
If new home ready to close before old home sold, buyers may apply for swing loan.
Real estate for sale
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Assets
Some applicants own real estate they arent planning on selling.
Should be listed as asset in loan application.
But only equity contributes to net worth.
Other real estate
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Net Worth
Applicants personal liabilities are subtracted from total value of assets to calculate net worth.
Liabilities include:
credit card and charge account balances
installment debts
taxes owed
liens against real estate owned
Liabilities
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Net Worth
Rules regarding gift funds usually limit how much of downpayment and closing costs may be covered by gift funds.
Borrower must invest some of her own funds.
Gift funds
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Net Worth
Rules regarding gift funds usually limit how much of downpayment and closing costs may be covered by gift funds.
Borrower must invest some of her own funds.
Donor must sign letter stating that the gift funds dont have to be repaid.
Funds must be deposited into applicants bank account for verification.
Gift funds
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Other Factors in Underwriting
Type of loan (fixed-rate, adjustable-rate, partially amortized, etc.) affects underwriting.
Borrowers default more on ARMs and other loans that involve changes in payment amount.
Loan type
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Other Factors in Underwriting
Length of repayment period affects size of monthly payment.
Shorter repayment period, larger payment.
More difficult to qualify for larger payment.
Repayment period
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Other Factors in Underwriting
Length of repayment period affects size of monthly payment.
Shorter repayment period, larger payment.
More difficult to qualify for larger payment.
But lender may be slightly more inclined to approve loan with shorter repayment period.
Lenders funds are tied up for less time.
Repayment period
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Other Factors in Underwriting
Investor loans have much higher default rate than loans to owner-occupants.
Because of additional risk, investor loans are subject to stricter LTV requirements, additional fees, and higher interest rates.
Owner-occupancy
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Other Factors in Underwriting
Regular single-family homes appreciate much more, and more reliably, than:
manufactured homes
condominium units
some other types of residential property
Nontraditional property type is treated as additional risk factor in underwriting.
Property type
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Summary
Net Worth and Other Factors
Liquid assets
Reserves
Assets
Liabilities
Net equity
Swing loan
Gift funds
Owner-occupant
Investor loan
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