lecure 1 & 2 intro and model comunication

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WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

Definition ±

the act, by one or more persons, of sending

and receiving messages that are distorted by

noise, occur within a context, have some

effect (and some ethical dimensions), and

provide some opportunity for feedback

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Importance of Communication

To increase job chances

To improve social relationships To improve physical and mental health

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OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION

We communicate for a purpose, and our basic objectives in communication are

generally these:

To be understood exactly as we intended.

To secure the desired response to our 

message. To maintain favorable relations with those

with whom we communicate.

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WHY STUDY COMMUNICATION?

To understand human communication we must firstexamine its uses. There are at least seven uses for communication.

We use communication to inf orm

We use communication to persuade

We use communication to motivate

We use communication to amuse

We use communication to control

We use communication to cr eate

We use communication to destroy

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COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS REGARDING

COMMUNICATION

Communication is interpreted by meanings of words

Communication is a verbal process You communicate when you say something

Communication could solve all problems

Communication is a good thing

The more you communicate, the better 

Communication could be stopped

Communication is a natural skill

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TYPES OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

1. Intrapersonal Communication learn, evaluate about ourselves

talk, persuade, think, reason about what we doand why we do it

rehearse about messages to say to others

2. Interpersonal Communication interaction with other people

used to establish, develop, maintain, destroy,repair personal relationships with others

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Contd.

3. Small Group Communication� - interaction with others (3 ± 12 people)

- used to solve problems, develop new ideas, shareknowledge and experiences

4. Public Communication- inform and persuade others

- selling your ideas / transmitting knowledge

- used by politicians, sales people, etc.

5. Mass Communication- communication by media (tv, radio, movies,

newspapers, books, internet, etc.)

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Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008

Linear Model of 

Communication

Speaker Listener  

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Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008

Intera ctional V iew  of   

Communi cation 

Speaker 

Listener 

Listener 

Speaker 

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Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008

Transactional View of 

Communication

Speaker/

Listener 

Speaker/

Listener 

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Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008

Essentials ModelContext

Messages/Channels

Feedback

Feedf orward

Messages/Channels

Source/

Receiver 

Source/

Receiver 

 Noise

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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Source

2. Receiver 

3. Message

4. Encoder 5. Channel

6. Noise

7. Decoder 

8. Context

9. Feedback

10.Feedforward

11.Effects

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Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008

S our ces-Re ceivers 

� E ncoding-Decoding 

simultaneously 

� Ideas and messages are coded 

according to a shared meaning 

the source and receiver 

 possess.

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Encoder  and Decoder 

Encoding ± the act of producing messages.Putting ideas into sound waves or on paper means that you putting these ideas into a

code Decoding ± the act of receiving messages.

Translating sound waves or words on paper into ideas means taking these ideas out of the code

Speakers and listeners change their roles allthe time

They are encoders and decoders

simultaneously

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Sour ce

Speakers who have opinions, information, feelings,messages, etc. and want to transmit these messages

to others.

Effectiveness of message transmission depends on

the source¶s credibility, personality, communication

style, listeners¶ perceptions towards the source, etc.

Receiver 

Audience of a message.

Eg. Individual person, small group, organization, public, etc.

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Message

 Any information / opinion / feelings etc. that a

speaker wants to convey

Messages are both verbal and nonverbal

�� Feedforward MessagesFeedforward Messages�� Feedback MessagesFeedback Messages

�� MetamessagesMetamessages

�� Message Overload Message Overload 

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Context

The surroundings in which communicationtakes place

4 dimensions of context:

 ± i. Physical (eg.room, park, court, etc.)

 ± ii. Cultural (communicators¶ rules and norms,beliefs and attitudes) (eg. talk politely to eldersand strangers)

 ± iii. Socio-psychological (status differences,appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in certainsituations, etc.)

 ± iv. Temporal / Time (time of day and time inhistory in which communication takes place)

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Channels

Channel± the medium through which amessage passes

Eg. of channels:i. Vocal channel (face-to-face comm.),

ii. Visual channel (gestures, signals),iii. Olfactory channel (smell, odours),

iv. Tactile channel (touching)

Other types of channels: letters, tv, radio,email, telephone, newspapers, friends, etc.

Every channel has its pros and cons

Choosing the correct communicationchannel is important for an effectivecommunication

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Feedback

Feedback ± reactions to what being said

In face-to-face communication feedback is

more spontaneous than other types of communication

Feedback lets speakers know whether tocontinue or stop the communication

Dimensions of feedback: positive-negative,person focused ± message focused,immediate-delayed, supportive-critical

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Noise Prevents a receiver from getting the message a

source is sending / anything that distorts themessage

4 types of noise:

i. Physical (eg. cars, telephone ringing, radio,etc.)

ii. Psychological (physical barriers within thespeaker and listener) (eg. Visual impairments,hearing loss, articulation problems, memoryloss, etc.)

iii. Physiological (cognitive or mentalinterference) (eg. Biases, prejudices, anger,love, grief, etc.)

iv. Semantic (speaker and listener assigningdifferent meanings) (eg. Use of jargons,

complex words, dialectical language)

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Effects

Consequences of a communication

3 types:

 ± Cognitive

� Eg. Knowledge on how to fix up a flat

tyre. ± Affective

� Eg. Feel happy after knowing that youwould get a salary increment.

� Eg. Think that smoking is a bad habitafter reading about its dangers in anewspaper.

 ± Psychomotor 

� Eg. Know how to play tennis.