lecture notes 02.ppt
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Chapter 01
Introduction to Instrumentation & Measurements.
Warm-ups (5 min)
Getting-to-know Session:Students are given a list of students
attributes, and they should get initial from the specific students.
Share the experiencesAppointment of a Class Rep and his/her
Assistant.
Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
explain units and quantities in electrical.discuss and calculate various types of
error in measurement.Explain the meaning of some terms in
instrumentation field.
Outlines
The outline of this chapter is as follow:Principles of instrumentation
and measurementsElectrical UnitsError in measurementSome terms +definitions in
instrumentations.
Introduction
Why learning BEE1313?What is the main role/ purpose of
instrumentation?Give Example of applications?
Introduction
Instrumentations serve three (3) basic functions: -
indicating…
recording…
controlling…
Fundamental Quantity…
Quantity Symbol Unit Unit Abbre.
Length l meter m
Mass m kilogram kg
Time t second s
Temperature T Kelvin oK
Electric current I Ampere A
Electrical Units
Derived Quantity…
Quantity Symbol Unit Unit Abbre.
emf/ voltage V volt V
charge Q coulomb C
resistance R Ohm Ω
capacitance C farad F
inductance L hendry H
Electrical Units
Measurement Standards
Standards are defined in 4 categories:international standards.primary standards.secondary standards.working standards.
Measurement Standards
Mass- kg defined the mass of an alloy cyllinder Standards are defined in 4 categories:international standards.primary standards.secondary standards.working standards.
Error in Measurement
There are various types of error in measurement:
absolute errorgross errorsystematic errorrandom errorlimiting error
Error in Measurement
What is the meaning of error?
Please define.
------------------------------------------------------
Error in Measurement
Error - The deviation of a reading or set of readings from the expected value of the measured variable.
Error in Measurement
Absolute error.
Absolute error maybe defined as the difference between the expected value of the variable and the measured value of the variable, or
e = Yn – Xnwhere:
e = absolute error.
Yn = expected value.
Xn = measured value
Error in Measurement
to express error in percentage
% error =
we also derived relative accuracy, A;
)100(nY
e
n
nn
Y
XYA
1
Error in Measurement
Example 1-1.
The expected value of the voltage across a resistor is 5.0 V. However, measurement yields a value of 4.9 V. Calculate:
a) absolute error
b) % error
c) relative accuracy
d) % accuracy
Error in Measurement
Errors are generally categorized under the following three (3) major headings:Gross ErrorsSystematic ErrorsRandom Errors
Error in Measurement
Gross Error generally the fault of the person
using the instrumentssuch as incorrect reading, incorrect
recording, incorrect use etc.
Error in Measurement
Systematic Error due to problems with instruments/
environmental effects/ or observational errors.
Example…??? parallax errorwrong estimation reading scale
Error in Measurement
Random Errors generally the accumulation of a large
number of small effectsmaybe of real concern only in
measurements requiring a high degree of accuracy.
such errors can only be analyzed statistically.
Error in Measurement
Limiting Errors manufacturers of instruments state that
an instrument is accurate within a certain percentage of a full-scale reading.
example is; a voltmeter is accurate within ±2% at full-scale deflection.
this specification is called the limiting errors.
Error in Measurement
Limiting Errors However, with reading less than full-
scale, the limiting error will increase.therefore, it is important to obtain
measurements as close as possible to full scale.
Error in Measurement
Example 1-2A 300-V voltmeter is specified to be accurate within ±2% at full scale. Calculate the limiting error when the instrument is used to measure a 120-V source?
Error in Measurement
Example 1-3A voltmeter and an ammeter are to be used to determine the power dissipated in a resistor. Both instruments are guaranteed to be accurate within ±1% at full scale. If the voltmeter reads 80V on its 150-V range and the ammeter reads 70mA on its 100-mA range, calculate the limiting error for the power calculation.
Summary
Some terms +definitions are as below: Error – ---??? Accuracy – The degree of exactness of a
measurement compared to the expected value
Precision – A measure of consistency, or repeatability of measurements.
Summary
Instrument – a device or mechanism used to determine the present value of a quantity
Measurement – a process of comparing an unknown quantity with an accepted standard quantity.
Standard – an instrument or device having a recognized permanent (stable) value that is used as a reference.
Summary
expected value – the most probable value we should expect to obtain.
deviation – the difference between any piece of data in a set of numbers and the arithmetic mean of the set of numbers.
transducer – a device that converts one form of energy into another form
Electrical Quantity…
Quantity Symbol Unit Unit Abbre.
l meter
Capacitance F
Time second
T Kelvin oK
Charge
Evaluation
Evaluation
Quiz 01
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