lecture 8 bearings

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Bearings for Bridges

Dr. Shahzad RahmanNWFP University of Engg & Technology, Peshawar

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Bridge Bearings

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Bridge Bearings

Function Of Bearings Bridge bearings are used to transfer forces

from the superstructure to the substructure, allowing the following types of movements of the superstructure:

Translational movements; and Rotational movements

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Bridge Bearings

Until the middle of this century, the bearings used consisted of following types:

Pin Roller Rocker Metal sliding bearings

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Pin Bearing

A pin bearing is a type of fixed bearings that accommodates rotations through the use of a steel

Translational movements are not allowed. The pin at the top is composed of upper and lower

semicircularly recessed surfaces with a solid circular pin placed between.

Usually, there are caps at both ends of the pin to keep the pin from sliding off the seats and to resist uplift loads if required.

The upper plate is connected to the sole plate by either bolting or welding. The lower curved plate sits on the masonry plate.

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Pin Bearing

Steel Pin

• Rotational Movement is allowed • Lateral and Translational Movements are Restricted

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Roller Type Bearings

Multiple Roller BearingSingle Roller Bearing

• AASHTO requires that expansion rollers be equipped with “substantial side bars” and be guided by gearing or other means to prevent lateral movement, skewing, and creeping (AASHTO 10.29.3).

• A general drawback to this type of bearing is its tendency to collect dust and debris.

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Roller Type Bearings

Roller Type Bearing with Gear Arrangement

• Longitudinal movements are allowed• Lateral Movements and Rotations are Restricted

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Rocker Type Bearing

• A rocker bearing is a type of expansion bearing that comes in a great variety.

• It typically consists of a pin at the top that facilitates rotations, and a curved surface at the bottom that accommodates the translational movements

• Rocker and pin bearings are primarily used in steel bridges.

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Sliding Bearings

• A sliding bearing utilizes one plane metal plate sliding against another to accommodate translations.

• The sliding bearing surface produces a frictional force that is applied to the superstructure, substructure, and the bearing itself.

• To reduce this friction force, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) is often used as a sliding lubricating material. PTFE is sometimes referred to as Teflon, named after a widely used brand of PTFE

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Sliding Bearings

• Sliding Bearings be used alone or more often used as a component in other types of bearings

• Pure sliding bearings can only be used when the rotations caused by the deflection at the supports are negligible. They are therefore limited to a span length of 15 m or less by ASHTTO [10.29.1.1]

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Knuckle Pinned Bearing

• It is special form of Roller Bearing in which the Knuckle pin is provided for easy rocking. A knuckle pin is inserted between the top and bottom casting. The top casting is attached to the Bridge superstructure, while the bottom casting rests on a series of rollers

• Knuckle pin bearing can accommodate large movements and can accommodate sliding as well as rotational movement

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Pot Bearings

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Pot bearing

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Pot Bearings

A POT BEARING consists of a shallow steel cylinder, or pot, on a vertical axis with a neoprene disk which is slightly thinner than the cylinder and fitted tightly inside.

A steel piston fits inside the cylinder and bears on the neoprene.

Flat brass rings are used to seal the rubber between the piston and the pot.

The rubber behaves like a viscous fluid flowing as rotation may occur.

Since the bearing will not resist bending moments, it must be provided with an even bridge seat.

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Plain Elastomeric Bearings

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Laminated Elastomeric Bearings

Elastomeric material interspersed with steel plates

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Laminated Elastomeric Bearings

• consist of a laminated elastomeric bearing equipped with a lead cylinder at thecenter of the bearing.

• The function of the rubber-steel laminated portion of the bearing is to carry the weight of the structure and provide post-yield elasticity.

• The lead core is designed to deform plastically, thereby providing damping energy dissipation.

• Lead rubber bearings are used in seismically active areas because of their performance under earthquake loads.

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Other Types of Bearings

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Selection of Bearing Type

AASHTO LRFD provides guidelines for selection of suitable bearings for bridges as per requirements in Table 14.6.2-1

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Selection of Bearing Type

Long Trans Long Trans Vert Long Trans Vert S L R U

L L S S L L L L 2 6 0 0 18

S S S S L L L L 4 4 0 0 20

U U U U U L L S 1 2 0 5 7

S S S S L L L S 5 3 0 0 21S S U U S R R S 4 0 2 2 14

R R S S S R R S 4 0 4 0 16

R R U S U R R S 2 0 4 2 10

R R S S L S R S 4 1 3 0 17

R R S S U R R S 3 0 4 1 13R R S S L S S S 5 1 2 0 19

S U U S U U R S 3 0 1 4 10

U U U S U S R S 3 0 1 4 10

S U U S U U R S 3 0 1 4 10

S U U U U U U S 2 0 0 6 6

Score RankType of Bearing

S = suitable, U = unsuitable, L = suitable for limited applications, R = may be suitable, but requires special considerations or additional elements such as slider or guideways.

Bearing Suitability:

Disk bearing

Pot bearing

Rocker bearing

AASHTO Table 14.6.2-1

Axis indicated

Single roller bearing

Multiple roller bearing

Rotation about bridge

Resistance to Loads

Curved sliding spherical bearing Curved sliding cylindrical bearing

Double cylindrical bearing

Knuckle pinned bearing

Fiberglass reinforced pad

Cotton duck reinforced pad Steel-reinforced elastomeric bearing Plane sliding bearing

Movement

Plain elastomeric pad

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

Loading Data

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

Corrected for skew

mgr = rskew x mgWhere, rskew = Correction Factor for Skewmg = Uncorrected Distribution Factor neglecting skew

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

826.0MIVmgUncorrected Distribution Factor =

For Shear, Interior Beams

762.0SEVmgUncorrected Distribution Factor =

For Shear, Exterior Beams

746.0MIMmgUncorrected Distribution Factor =

For Moment, Interior Beams

762.0SEMmgUncorrected Distribution Factor =

For Moment, Exterior Beams

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -ExampleCorrection Factor for Skew

For skewed bridges the Distribution Factor for Shear may be modified byMultiplying it with a Modification Factor given as: [A4.6.2.2.3 c-1]

tan2.00.13.03

Kg

Ltsrskew

o30

0.13

Kg

Lts

115.1)577.0(0.12.00.1 3.0 skewr

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -ExampleCorrection Factor for Moment

For skewed bridges the Distribution Factor for Moment may be modified byMultiplying it with a Modification Factor given as: [A4.6.2.2.2 e]

5.025.0

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5.11

25.0

)(tan0.1

L

S

Lts

Kgc

crskew

o30

mmSmmLLts

Kg2440,670,10,0.1

3

948.0)30(tan0.1 5.11 crskew

12.010670

2400125.0

5.025.0

1

xxc

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

Modified Distribution Factors for Shear and Moment

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -ExampleBearing Load Calculation

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -ExampleBearing Load Calculation

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

Maximum Longitudinal Movement at the Abutment

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -ExamplePreliminary Thickness of Bearing

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -ExamplePreliminary Thickness of Bearing

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -ExamplePreliminary Thickness of Bearing

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

Check Stresses in Trial Bearing Size

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

0.033

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

15mm

7mm

0.6mm

L = 240 mm

62.4mm

W =

350

mm

FINAL DESIGN