lecture 4 bba8 (1)
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The State
through the Ages of History
Bba 8 PS
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Historical Evolution of the State
The degree of evolution may vary from state to state
due to difference in developmental patterns of
society, economy and politics
Major stages of evolution are almost sameFirst Stage- The Stateless societies of Primitive times
-No written record available regarding these stateless societies
-Anthropologists and Archeologists believe in the Primitive states, study
reveal that society transformed from matriarchal to Patriarchal-growth of Society from Family- clan Tribe transformed into a TRIBAL
STATE where central authority is rested with Tribal Chief
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Tribal State
Existed near rivers of Nile, Euphrates and
Tigris in ancient Iraq
The tribal kingdoms appeared in 5000BC
Belonged to Mesopotamian Civilization, Indus
valley civilization, Egyptian civilization and
Confucius civilization
King or tribal chief had to be a skilled soldier
and was bound to follow the council of elders
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Oriental Empire
The growth of politics and economy(economicsystem)resulted in transformation from tribal tooriental empire- Nile, Tigris, Indus, yangtse.
Rule of despotic Kings- total submission of thepeople- Pay Tax to the king- No Liberty
Weak Political structures- Unstable form of State
Didnt transformed into Institutions
Kept a large region & Primitive man in order anddiscipline for considerable time period
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The Greek City State
Division into valleys and islands in Ancient Greece ledto the system City States
System evolved from Monarchy Aristocracy-Democracy
Population had developed sense of politicalconsciousness and interest in public affairs
Political system lacked unity among the city states.
Concept of politics developed for welfare society Inter state rivalry led to the fall of city state to
Macedonia and later to Rome
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The Roman Empire
Rome was just a city state in ancient Italy. Unitedwith other states formed A republican system.
Conquered territories, engulfed Spain, Germany,
France, England and Greece. Roman domination in all spheres of life. Denial of
Individual rights and liberty
GREECE GAVE TO HER CITIZENS DEMOCRACY ANDFREEDOM BUT COULDNT GIVE THEM UNITY.ROME GAVE THEM UNITY BUT FAILED TO GIVETHEM DEMOCRACY AND FREEDOM
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The Feudal State
Roman fell to Teutonic tribes(Germany)
They believed in the ideals of Individualism, liberty andlocal self government
The system was a compromise of Roman ideas and teutonic
ideals of politics. Feudal System emerged-kingdoms, principalities and
estates. Land mostly divided among Feudal nobles
Individuals owed direct allegiance to the landlords and tothe king through him
No central law- NO Liberty- no common citizenship orcommon law
Feudal lords exercised power and maintained order
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Modern Nation State
Feudal structures started getting weak at the beginning of16th century
Power began to concentrate in the hands of absolutemonarch over a fixed territory
Wars in Europe led to this transformation Officially first national state was created in England
followed by France, Germany, Italy, Spain ETC
Same territory, language and tradition led to formation ofnation states
Territorial States- Nationalism- Sovereignty- Democracy Freedom-liberty- Unity
Evolution from state to Global political system.
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Platonic Conception of Ideal State
Wrote The Republic
Presented the idea of an Ideal State on the basis offundamental human needs-food-shelter and clothes
Moreover for other needs individual cooperate with other
individuals in the society that breeds interdependencewhich led to state formation on the basis ofcollectivism(state superior over citizens)
Plato was inspired by Pythagorean theory of human nature-classify human nature
i- Reasonii-Courage
iii-Appetite
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Ideal state of Plato
Based of three classes
i-Ruling class (equipped with knowledge and Philosophy)
ii- Military class (Courage and military strength for defence)
iii- Professional class (to be ruled and carry out ordinary functions of the state
His class system is based on his idea of Educational system-he said body
needs food and soul need education Justice in the society is pre- requisite for an ideal state which is possible in
small administrative units in any federation
King must be a philosopher in an ideal state who can use reason andintelligence for the statecraft management
The best system is Absolute monarchy for an ideal state
Communist form of state which is sacred and supreme
No Arts and literature to sustain purity of the state
Gender Equality
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Aristotles Idea of a State
Wrote the influential book Politics
Opened an academy called Lyceum for the
study of philosophy
Believed in concept of Society where human
beings live as a community- Social Animal
Origins of state lies in the formation and
development of Society.
Individual- Family- Tribes(Villages)- States
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Idea of State
Political Animal- signifies two aspects
Natural growth or evolution
Organic Theory- State is like and individual- As
his body works with performance of differentorgans Similarly state consists of differentorgans
Aristotle first time characterized differentorgans of the Govt in a State i.e Executive,Legislature and Judiciary
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Conti
Family is the starting point of human
civilization and State is the Last
Progress from family to state is evolutionary,
natural and needed for human progress- it isnt
imposed
An individual out of the state is nothing
Collectivism Should be balanced. Individual
rights should be recognized in a State
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Classifications in a State
Rule of one- Pure Form ( Monarchy) Corrupt
Form Tyranny
Rule of Few- Aristocracy- Oligarchy
Rule of Many- Polity- democracy
Philosopher King
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Machiavellian Concept of State
Wrote famous Book THE PRINCE
Ethics and religion are subordinate to Politics in a state
Morality in invalid in Politics
Evil cannot be resisted by doing good, it can be resisted through a greater evilforce
Goodness and gentleness encourages the evil
Similarly war can be resisted by WAR and stronger agression
He says Arm yourself to disarm your enemy
The ruler should be as cunning as Fox and as brave as a Lion
it is wrong for the ruler to tell a lie but some times it is necessary for the bestinterest of state
Ends justify the means Seize all the territory you can
Maintain friendly relations with minor powers but keep greater powers down
Self-help is preferable to alliances
Traditional morality can be abandoned for the state
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Thomas Hobbes Concept of State
British Philosopher who wrote the Famous
Book Leviathan(Huge sea mammal)
Presented Social Contract Theory of Origin of
State
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Hobbes Idea of a state
Wrote Leviathan in 1651
Gave theory of Social Contract
Pre-Social human beings were brutal, selfish, anti
social( Pre- State era) State of NatureIn continuous state of war
Rule-Might is right
In a state man did an acceptable contract(self for
liberty) Surrender individual powers to state and
government inside
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Features
Nature of Govt-absolute power
Government and State both are ONEindividual to obey both(Collectively and
Separately) Freedom-Given up by the individual- level of
freedom, liberty rights would be decided by
the Ruler Sovereignty-Ruler is sovereign, his words are
laws, he exercise absolute power
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Al Mawardis idea of a State
Died in 1058 AC
Professor at Basra University Baghdad
Universal principle for the establishment of state
by Prophet Muhammad PBUH Further strengthened by Caliphs particularly
Hazrat Umer
Ensure equality, assure reformation, distributionof Wealth and citizen rights
Welfare State
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Caliphate
Concept of Imam
Representative of Allah
Appointment byMajority( Qualified) orNominated by Predecessor
Imam should by male, adult, fit, scholarly,
practicing Muslim, foresighted, brave, man of
justice, character, charismatic, neutral
Concept of Wazarat
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Wazarat
Political Executive to assist the Sultan
Two types
-Wazarat e Tafweez
Have same powers as Imam but imam is superior in threeways
Imam can depose the Caliph, appoint his successor andcancel appointee of Wazire Tafweez
-Wazarat e Tanfeez
He has to implement the orders of ImamWith his removal his team of Ministers will resign
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QAZA
Office of Qazi
Who can test all the officials of the state
Office of DIWAN-department of defence
-Provincial Boundaries
-TreasurySIPA SALAR
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Ibne Khaldun
Studied history of human civilization in ascientific way
Famous for Tahreeke Ibnekahldun
Gave theory of Asabiya-socialcohesion(nationalism)- natural humantendency-love for blood relatives-for related
entities This concept lead to the idea of sovereignty,
which characterized the entity of State
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Asabiya
Asabiya is source of honor and dignity whichtranslates into social cohesion-powerful state
Asabiya is related to the concept of nationalism
Stages of State developmentState came into being on the basis of threeorientations
-solidarity
-religious force
-satisfaction of natural desires
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Three stages
Growth
Maturity
Decline40 years for each stage-so a states cycle is 120
years
5 stepsFirst-formative phase-developmental stage-
leaders work hard
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stages
Second-absolute kingship-voluntary armychange into paid army-bureaucracy formed
Third-leader decorate cities, luxury and
leisure starts-enhances political authority,specific laws are made
Fourth-feeling of comfort dominates people
and leaders are carless and ignore struggle Fifth-moral degradation, weak difference,
Decline
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Shah wali-ullah
Four stages of development
Social life
State (Madina) Government (shura)
Politics
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