lecture 12

Lecture 12Perissodactyla (odd-toed) &

Artiodactyla (even-toed)

Perissodactyla & Artiodactyla

3 Families3 Families 10 Families10 Families

Shared Characteristics

• Relatively large, hoofed, terrestrial herbivores• Ungulates – Walk on the tips of their toes on

keratinized hoofs.• Cursorial movement• Mostly hypsodont teeth, with complex

occlusal surfaces.

Plantigrade

Digitigrade

Unguligrade

SHARED CHARACTERISTICS

Mesaxonic

Paraxonic

tapir

rhino

horse

pig deer camel

pronghorn

“double-pulley”astragalus in artioslimits distal limbmotion to single plane

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtnLNmB3ZNE

Major CRANIODENTAL trends in ungulate evolution:

Omnivore/carnivore•pointy incisors & canines

•large temporalis, coronoid process; small angular pr. of dentary

•cheekteeth tritubercular or bunodont, Often brachyodont

Herbivore•flat incisors, small or no canines; diastema•small temporalis, coronoid process; large angular pr.

•cheekteeth flat for grinding; lophodont, selenodont, bilophodont.Often hypsodont

SHARED CHARACTERISTICS

Masticators

Croppers

Rumination(foregutfermentation)

Hindgutfermentation

DIFFERING CHARACTERISTICS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWg1u1bUKNc (Ruminant)

Cellose digested:

60%

40-45%

Adaptation differences

• Quantity vs. Quality– Perissodactyla – high passage rate, low digestion– Artiodactyla – slower passage rate, more digestion

• http://www.newsminer.com/view/full_story/5784999/article-Alaska-biologists-try-to-ward-off-feeding-of-moose?

Perissodactyla “odd-toed”

Order Perissodactyla: 3 families, 6 genera,ca 17 species Family Equidae (horses, asses, zebras)

1 genus, ca. 8 species

Family Tapiridae (tapirs)1 genus, 4 species

Family Rhinocerotidae (rhinos)4 genera, 5 species.

-MESAXONIC

Mesaxonic

Paraxonic

tapir

rhino

horse

pig deer camel

pronghorn

“double-pulley”astragalus in artioslimits distal limbmotion to single plane

Family Tapiridae

• Relatively primitive living mammal

Perissodactyla

Family Tapiridae• Originated in North America and spread to

Asia and South America• Extirpated from NA in Pleistocene

Perissodactyla

Family Tapiridae• Nose and upper lip form a pronounced, flexible

proboscis (like an elephant)• Assists with feeding• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szcRMFzV8uE (7th min)

Perissodactyla

Family Rhinocerotidae• Large and heavyset with a prehensile upper lip• Family name refers to horn

– Agglutinated keratinized horn• Neither horn attached to bone

Perissodactyla

glutenized, keratinized fibers

Family Rhinocerotidae• Geographic extant limited to tropical and

subtropical habitat because of poaching and habitat destruction

Perissodactyla

Family Rhinocerotidae• All species considered endangered or critically

endangered

Perissodactyla

Family Equidae• Relatively long, slender limbs, and only the 3rd

digit remains functional

Perissodactyla

Family Equidae Perissodactyla

Family Equidae• Literally shaped the formation, economics,

and culture of human societies over the last 5000 years: see book “Guns, germs, and steel”

Perissodactyla

62 Spanish soldiers on horses took down an Inca empire.

Family Equidae• Different than other families of

Perissodactyla , Equids exhibit group living.

Perissodactyla

Artiodactyla (even-toed)

Order Artiodactyla: 10 families, 80 genera, >220 species! Suborder Suiformes

Family Suidae -pigsFamily Tayassuidae -peccariesFamily Hippopotamidae -hippos

Suborder TylopodaFamily Camelidae-camels, guanaco, llama, alpaca

Suborder Ruminantia Infraorder Tragulina

Family Tragulidae-chevrotain, mouse deer Infraorder Pecora Superfamily Giraffoidea

Family Giraffidae -giraffes Superfamily Cervoidea

Family Moschidae-musk deerFamily Cervidae -deer, elk, caribou, moose, reindeerFamily Antilocapridae -pronghorn

Superfamily BovoideaFamily Bovidae -bison, muskox, goats, sheep, antelope, cows

Mesaxonic

Paraxonic

tapir

rhino

horse

pig deer camel

pronghorn

“double-pulley”astragalus in artioslimits distal limbmotion to single plane

Funcions:-enable males to carry out combat in competition for mates-secondarily used for display, indicators of social status, antipredator defense, secretion delivery

Cranial appendages

bovid

True “horns” only found in bovids (Bovidae).-unbranched and permanent-Inner bony core, extension of frontal bone-no parts are shed

Cranial appendages

antilocaprid

Cranial appendages

Pronghorns (found only in Antilocapridae)-Similar bony core to bovids-horny sheath shed annually

cervid

Cranial appendages

True antlers only in Cervidae-entirely bony when fully developed-extension of frontal bone-shed periodically (usually annually in temperate zones)-during growth, covered with velvet (highly vascularized)

giraffe

Cranial appendages

Giraffe “horns”-bony processes, but not outgrowths of the frontal bone-situated over sutures b/w frontal and parietal bones-permanently covered with skin and hair-present from birth in both sexes

rhino

Cranial appendages

Rhinoceros “horns”-non-bony-solid mass of hardened epidermal cells formed from cluster of long dermal papillae-resulting fibers hair-like, but grow differently from true hairs-not attached to underlying nasal bones

Extensive diversity

Suborder Suiformes• Family Suidae -pigs• Family Tayassuidae -peccaries• Family Hippopotamidae -hippos

• Quite different compared to the rest of artiodactyla– Simple stomach – don’t ruminate (no cud)– Less complex bunodont cheek teeth– Canines are present and tusk like– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1xbGw-MG7I

Suborder Suiformes

Suborder TylopodaFamily Camelidae -camels, guanaco, llama, alpaca

Only plantigrade or fully digitgrade ungulates (I know, how can you be a plantigrade ungulate?)

Lack horns or antlers. (they bite for dominance)

Remarkable ability to conserve water (loose up to 40% of water weight).

• Infraorder TragulinaFamily Tragulidae -chevrotain, mouse deer

• Infraorder Pecora

Superfamily GiraffoideaFamily Giraffidae -giraffes

Superfamily Cervoidea

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7HCIGFdBt8&feature=related

• Family Moschidae -musk deer

• Family Cervidae -deer, elk, caribou, moose, reindeer

• Family Antilocapridae -pronghorn

• Superfamily BovoideaFamily Bovidae -bison, muskox, goats, sheep, antelope, cows

Suborder Ruminantia

Grauer and Higgins 1994, Thewissen et al. 2001 (Nature) Agnarsson and May-Collado 2008

Cetartiodactyla?

Hunting• 10.7 million people hunt Artiodactylas each year in the US.• Millions of WTD harvested each year.• In Alaska, around 71,000 people hunt each year.• 22,000 Caribou are harvested each year• 1,000 Dall sheep• 300 Muskox• 13,000 Sitka black-tailed deer• 500 Mountain goat• 10,000 Moose• 100 Bison• 50 Elk

USFWS = Hunting statistics,