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Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and events.
Learning scale:
1 2 3 4
Relate thermal energy to the formation of weather.
Identify weather systemsbased on data including temperature, pressure
and moisture.
Explain the causation of weathersystems and terms of energy and
Earth’s rotations. Make immediate predictions based on
present data.
Apply past and present data to predict and future weather
patterns and events and justify the predictions in terms of energy transfer between various systems.
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
1. What is a meteorologist?
2. What are weather maps?
3. What does a weather map
show?
4. Rules for drawing isolines:
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
5. How is air pressure measured?
6. What does it mean if isobars are
closer?
Weather observations
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Weather observations
How to draw isotherms (use highlighter method)
How to draw isobars
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Weather observations
How to draw isotherms (use highlighter method)
How to draw isobars
Example:40 degrees F
30 degrees F
20 degrees F
1. Average air pressure is between 1012-1014 mb. Find highest and lowest pressure(s), put an H and an L. **there may be more than 1
2. Go by intervals of 4 mb3. Start with Lowest pressure, color all numbers
within an interval of 4 of that number. (Example 989 is in the interval 988-921).
4. Move to next interval of 4, and repeat. Circle everything that is in-between that interval
5. Repeat for the next interval until you reach 1012.
6. Repeat for High pressure, this time go down by intervals of 4.
7. Do not put circles around 1012-1014 mb
1. Use 10 degree intervals “Highlight” temperatures using colored pencils
2. Draw Isotherms (lines) separating each color
3. Color the map4. Higher temps should be in
lighter colors, lower temps use darker colors.
5. Create a key
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
How are the global winds created?To understand how global winds form and drive the major ocean currents, you need to know that wind is the basically the movement of air from an area of cold high pressure to an area of hot low pressure.
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
How are the global winds created? Large global wind systems are created by the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface creating “Zones” of different air pressure.
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
What direction does the air move? Because of the Coriolis effect, the Earth’s rotation causes the air to be deflected. Air is deflected to the right in the northern Hemisphere, to the left in the Southern.
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
What direction does the air move? 1. Always draw arrows from high to low.
** Draw this..
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
What direction does the air move? 1. Draw arrows from high to low.2. In Northern Hemisphere, deflect to the right, Southern Hemisphere, they defect to the left. ** This gets confusing! They look like they are deflected to the left?!
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
What direction does the air move? 1. Draw arrows from high to low.2. In Northern Hemisphere, deflect to the right, Southern Hemisphere, they defect to the left. ** This gets confusing! Turn your globe so it is facing high to low..
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
What direction does the air move? 1. Draw arrows from high to low.2. In Northern Hemisphere, deflect to the right, Southern Hemisphere, they defect to the left.
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
What direction does the air move? 1. Draw arrows from high to low.2. In Northern Hemisphere, deflect to the right, Southern Hemisphere, they defect to the left. ** This gets confusing! Then turn it back..
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
What direction does the air move? 1. Draw arrows from high to low.2. In Northern Hemisphere, deflect to the right, Southern Hemisphere, they defect to the left. ** This gets confusing! Then turn it back..
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
What direction does the air move? 1. Draw arrows from high to low.2. In Northern Hemisphere, deflect to the right, Southern Hemisphere, they defect to the left.
Now do the southern Hemispherewhere the winds deflect to the left..
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
What direction does the air move? 1. Draw arrows from high to low.2. In Northern Hemisphere, deflect to the right, Southern Hemisphere, they defect to the left.
Done!
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
As a result four major wind systems are created.• Polar Easterlies, • Prevailing Westerlies, • Easterly Trade winds • Intertropical Convergence Zone
** Zones are named from where they originate
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Polar Easterlies (From 90O to 60 O
North/South) - Polar Easterlies can be found at the north and south poles and they are cold and dry because of where it is located, which is at high latitudes. This type of wind system forms when cool air, at the poles, and then transfers to the equator.
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Prevailing Westerlies (From 30O to 60 O North/South) located in the 30-60 degrees latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres. They blow from South West in the Northern hemisphere and South East in the Southern. Sometimes called the "Roaring Forties" because the particularly strong westerly winds in the band between 40 and 50 degrees southern latitude. European ships making their return trip from North and South America would use the prevailing westerlies to put the wind at their back as they sailed back to Europe.
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Horse Latitudes (From 30O to 35 O
North/South) - Horse latitudes are a region where there is weak winds because of high pressure and decreasing dry air. The origin of the name Horse latitudes is that ships that needed wind power couldn't move on the calm water and the sailors threw the horses and cattle over the ship to save on provisions.
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Horse Latitudes: Location of the Bermuda triangle
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Easterly Trade winds (From 5O to 30 O North/South) - Easterly Trade winds move from North East in the Northern hemisphere and South East in the Southern. These form as air from the equator rises, it gets warmer and when it cools down, it comes back down to the equator. Trade winds get its name from its capability of blowing trade ships across the ocean, very quickly. By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led to the name 'trade' or "(foreign) commerce".
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Intertropical Convergence Zone (From 5O
north to 5 O South) - The IntertropicalConvergence Zone is also known as Equatorial Convergence Zone or the Intertropical Front. It forms when southeast and northeast trade winds converge in a low pressure zone, near the equator. It usually appears as a band of clouds and comes with thunderstorms, which are short but produce extreme amounts of rain.
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Doldrums (5O north and south of the equator) -Doldrums are just outside of the IntertropicalConvergence Zone. The name “Doldrums” originated from some sailor who noticed the stillness in the rising air and called it the "doldrums", which means depression or
despondency.
Effect of Air pressure on Global winds
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Using global wind patterns for sailing routes
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Using global wind patters for sailing routes
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Weather Observations
• A meteorologist (mee tee uh RAH luh jist) is a person who studies the weather.
• Meteorologists take measurements of temperature, air pressure, winds, humidity, and precipitation. Meteorologists study today's weather and use it to predict what will happen in the future.
• Meteorologists use the information provided by weather instruments to make weather maps.
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Weather Maps are used to show the current state of the atmosphere and to forecast future conditions.
Weather maps describes day-to-day conditions in the atmosphere. Temperatures climb and drop, winds blow, rain and snow fall, and the sky is gray and cloudy or clear and blue. Meteorologists study today's weather and use it to predict what will happen tomorrow. Detailed weather maps display surface weather conditions over a wide area, providing a variety of information meteorologists use for their predictions.
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Isolines connect points of equal value. Isomeans “same”
Two examples:• Isotherms connects points of equal
TEMPERATURE. ‘therm” means “temperature”
• Isobars connect points of equal PRESSURE:‘bar” means “pressure”
What Does a Weather Map Show?
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
IsothermsIsobars
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Combine isotherms and isobars to predict the movement of fronts to predict weather!
What can we tell from the map?
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Rules for Drawing Isolines:
• 1. Isolines connect points of equal value.
15
55
1510
10
10
10
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
• 2. Isolines are gentle, curving lines- no sharp corners.
15
55
1510
10
10
10
Rules for Drawing Isolines:
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
• 3. Isolines NEVER cross- this would mean that one point has two different values. Ex: one spot has two temperatures?
20°
30 °
40 ° 50 ° 60 °
X
Y
Z
Rules for Drawing Isolines:
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
• 4. Isolines are ALWAYS drawn in pencil. It’s easy to make mistakes, so you might have to do some heavy duty erasing.
Rules for Drawing Isolines:
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
• Weather maps have lines called isotherms (I suh thurmz) that connect locations of equal temperature
• Iso means “same” and therm means “temperature.”
• The closer the lines, the faster the temperature change
Isotherms: Temperature
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
• Isotherms, temperature contour lines, are usually drawn at 10 F intervals.
• They do two things:
• (1) connect points on the map that all have the same temperature, and
• (2) separate regions that are warmer than a particular temperature from regions that are colder.
Isotherms: Temperature
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Differences in air pressure causes wind:
Air pressure
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
There is HIGH pressure inside the tank with several
molecules in a small space.
There is LOW pressure outside the tank with few
molecules in a large space.
Air pressure
Low
pressure
Differences in air pressure causes wind:
Air leaves a tank rapidly when is under pressure
How doesA vacuum work?
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
1. Pressure in the atmosphere is measured with a barometer.
2. Atmospheric pressure is measured in millibars(mb).
Isobars: Air pressure
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Isobar• An isobar is a line drawn to connect points of equal
atmospheric pressure.
• The closer the isobars, the faster the wind speed.
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Weather observations
How to draw isotherms (use highlighter method)
How to draw isobars
1. Use 10 degree intervals “Highlight” temperatures using colored pencils
2. Draw Isotherms (lines) separating each color
3. Color the map4. Higher temps should be in
lighter colors, lower temps use darker colors.
5. Create a key
Example:40 degrees F
30 degrees F
20 degrees F
Learning goal: How the transfer of energy through the Earth’s atmosphere, the
Earth’s rotation, absorption and radiation of energy create weather patterns and
events.
4Justify long
term prediction
using past and present data
on energy transfer
3Explain
weather in terms of energy
transfer and rotation
2Identify weather based on
current data
1Relate
thermal energy to weather
Weather observationsHow to draw isobars
1. Average air pressure is between 1012-1014 mb. Find highest and lowest pressure(s), put an H and an L. **there may be more than 1
2. Go by intervals of 4 mb3. Start with Lowest pressure, color all numbers
within an interval of 4 of that number. (Example 989 is in the interval 988-991).
4. Move to next interval of 4, and repeat. Circle everything that is in-between that interval
5. Repeat for the next interval until you reach 1012.
6. Repeat for High pressure, this time go down by intervals of 4.
7. Do not put circles around 1012-1014 mb
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