latin america revolutionary movements
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Latin America Revolutionary Movements
Population of Latin America in 1800:
About 30,000 peninsulares who control government (born in Spain)
About 3.5 million creoles with significant wealth (New World whites)
About 10 million slaves, mixed race, and indigenous people Creoles wanted to displace the peninsulares, not share power with the majority From 1810 to 1825 Creole led movements gained independence from Spain and Portugal
By about 1850 most lands in Americas had gained independence from European powers
Smaller Latin American states often under military dictatorship
EconomicThemes
Economy came to be dominated by European capital and labor
Resented by many Latin American natives
Industrialization marginally successful
Control of industry and exports remained in foreign hands
Revolution in Latin America
Events in Europe triggered Latin American Revolutions
Napoleon conquered Spain in 1808 and made his brother, Joseph, king
By 1810, creoles rebelled in several parts of Latin America
Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin led armies against Spanish rule
By 1824,
Bolivar
establishes
Gran
Colombia
Gran Columbia later broke into three independent nations
Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador
This created political instability
Remainder of Spanish South America independent by 1825 Brazil declared independence from Portugal in 1822 • Son of Portuguese king became Pedro I
Central American regions established independence in 1824 and split into independent states in 1838 (from Mexico)
Regimes tended to be more autocratic than in the United States
– Elites prevented mass participation
in the political process – Indigenous people outside political
system
No constitutional methods available to express discontent
– Revolution commonElites also divided
– Liberal vs. conservative – Secular vs. catholic
Conflict with Indigenous Peoples
Land claimed for agriculture and ranching pushed indigenous people out
During mid 1800's Europeans had taken productive land and forced indigenous people into marginal land or forced them to Europeanize
Caudillos (dictators)Heroes of wars of independence were military leaders
Appealed to populist sentiment to maintain political power
Mexico: War and Reform
Mexican revolution against Spain in 1810 initially led by Miguel de Hidalgo
Mexico wins independence in 1821
From 1833 to 1855 Mexico had no fewer than thirty-six changes in presidency
Caudillo Antonio Lopez Santa Anna came to power in 1833
Santa Anna himself directly ruled eleven times!
Turmoil characteristic of Mexican politics
1850’s: Benito Juarez founded a liberal reform movement called La Reforma
1853: Santa Anna once again gains power, exiles liberals
1861: Juarez elected president
1862-67: French rule of Maximilian
1867: Juarez returns to power
La Reforma attempted to establish liberal society in Mexico
• Limited power of military and church • Universal male suffrage • Encouraged land reform through
seizure of church land
Reform opposed by conservative elite Mexican revolution from 1911 to 1920 challenged conservative rule
• Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa led agrarian revolt • Could control countryside, but not cities
Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa
Government forces regained control when Zapata and Villa were killed Constitution of 1917 addressed some lower class concerns• Land reform • Public education • Universal suffrage
The U.S.-Mexico War
Anglo settlers and many Tejanos opposed Santa Anna’s centralist rule
Texas independence declared from Mexico and won in 1836
The Republic of Texas was admitted as a state in 1845…the Mexican government protested.
Mexico never accepted the treaties
signed by Santa Anna permitting
Texan independence
“Manifest Destiny” (U.S. expansion)
Led to war in 1845
American army defeated Mexican
forces in war from 1845 to 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) United States received a large amount of territory in the southwestTexas was confirmed as part of the U.S.Mexico received fifteen million dollar payment
A lasting resentment against the U.S. will tarnish relations for years to come
The Haitian Revolution
Only successful slave revolt in history Hispaniola center for sugar production
Slave revolt
French, British and Spanish troops intervened in 1792 and 1793
Slaves attacked plantations for supplies and recruitsAs planters lost slaves they imported more
Francis-Dominique Toussaint Louverture
Built strong disciplined army Results of victory Controlled most of Saint Domingue by 1799 Promulgated written constitution
Napoleon sent troops to restore French authority in 1802
Toussaint tried to negotiate a peaceful settlement, instead he was arrested
Republic of Haiti declared Jan 1, 1804
Second independent republic in the Americas
Slavery
Beginning in 1780 some European Christians objected to slavery Britain ended slavery in 1807 With British pressure other states ended slave trading The end of slavery resisted due to supply of cheap labor
End of slave trade doomed the institution Slavery in Latin America ended with independence Last western nation to end slavery was Brazil in 1886 Freedom did not result in equality
Latin American Culture
Multicultural society of Spanish and Portuguese at the top and freed slaves and native people at the bottom Significant mixed race populationOther groups:
Immigrants from Europe Indentured laborers from Asia
Male domination even more common in Latin America than in the north Social elites tended to retain even more political power than further north
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