latchment part 5

AND WHAT ABOUT MOTHER FREE BABY CARE?

Hands free and mother free infant care(maternal nipple deprivation)

Hands free and mother free infant care(maternal nipple deprivation)

http://hubpages.com/hub/Pacimals-vs-Wubbanub-Pacifiers

Very young babies often loose suction on their pacifier and let it slip out. Since they do not yet have the skills to catch it the baby looses the pacifier and begins to cry. If you are tired of searching for your baby's lost soother at night, in the car, or even on the grocery store floor, then a Pacimal or Wubbanub could brighten your day.Pacimals and Wubbanubs are both soft plush toy animals, with medical grade silicone pacifiers attached.They are designed for very young babies (0-6 months) who do not yet have the co-ordination to find their pacifier and put it in their mouth. The plush toy makes is easy for little hands to cling on to and hold close, and while they are hugging the toy, it keeps the soother in their mouth and off the floor.

“most children like to hug their plush toys tummy to tummy, with the head facing them”

“most children like to hug their plush toys

tummy to tummy, with the head facing them”

The face is only a static lookalike of a human face but it is inanimate – it is the face of a flat, expressionless, depressed mother.

There is no possibility of synchrony or reflection of emotional expression between baby and this static face.

Maternal nipple deprivation

• Given the commercial pressures exerted on young mothers , the family breakdown, the increasing lack of cohesion in our society, the lack of role models to breastfeed, the unpreparedness of many young women to be around the clock mothers, is it any wonder that human babies exhibit stereotypical behaviours just like other mammals when there is full or partial maternal nipple deprivation.

The effect of breastfeeding mothers’ groups established in the 1960s

onwards

Oral Tactile Imprinting is a

genetically determined by evolution survival strategy to

latch the infant to the source of nutrition and protection -

it precedes visual attachment

The take home message

The take home message

LATCHMENT before

ATTACHMENT

http://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/every-picture-of-humans-breastfeeding-animals-on-t

Max was confiscated in Faranah. … Once we got him, he was in such bad physical condition, that we didn’t think we’d be able to save him… For the first 2 weeks at the center he was under 24 hour care – he even slept in the director’s bed.

He’s now come around and each new laugh is a small victory.Accessed 8/7/2010 http://www.projectprimate.org/chimps/whoswho.shtml#Mama

Proximity - Sleeping with baby

http://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/every-picture-of-humans-breastfeeding-animals-on-t

http://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/every-picture-of-humans-breastfeeding-animals-on-t

Inanimate Pacifiers for furry animals = dummy

Maternal Nipple Deprivation

Kitten nurses on dogWatch this animal blooper! Kitten has a serious craving for fresh milk, however, a spayed 5 year old dog probably isn't the best source.Views: 11,660Read more: http://lanclip.com/watch-Z1g1ZULYe9c/boxer-dog-nursing-kitten.html#ixzz0seO5FJ4s

Nonpuerperal lactationFeedback inhibition of lactation

Kittens don't seem to only suckle when theres milk, Bam is an unneutered male, and he adopted two baby girl kittens, slept in a tiny basket with them and let them suckle him til his poor lil man boobies were red! He looked after them when their mum rejected them way too early. Accessed 8/7/2010 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006041615365

Early Human DevelopmentVolume 12, Issue 3, December 1985, Pages 279-284  doi:10.1016/0378-3782(85)90149-5 | How to Cite or Link Using DOICopyright © 1985 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.  Cited By in Scopus (2)  Permissions & Reprints  Spontaneous non-nutritive sucking in continuously fed infantsJean-Claude Lepecqa, Marie-Thérése Rigoardb and Piero Salzarulo, b

 aLaboratoire de Psycho-biologie de I'Enfant, UA 315 CNRS, EPHE Séme Section, Paris, FrancebINSERM U3, Paris, FranceAccepted 9 July 1985.  Available online 17 March 2004.  AbstractIn order to investigate the effects of a deprivation of the nutritive sucking (NS) on the activity of non-nutritive sucking (NNS), we examined 8 infants (ages 1–13 months) continuously fed by intracaval catheter. They had no NS experience at all from birth. Eight age-matched normally fed infants served as controls. The infants were examined for a full 24-h period by polygraphic recordings and behavioural observation. The amount of NNS was computed for the whole 24-h period and separately for each behavioural state (waking, quiet sleep, paradoxical sleep and ambiguous sleep). All the continuously fed infants showed a typical pattern of NNS. There were no differences in amount of NNS between continuously fed and control infants in any behavioural state. These results suggest that NS does not contribute to the long term maintenance of the NNS activity.Keywords: oral behaviour, feeding; sleep; infants; total parenteral nutrition Address all correspondence to: Dr. P. Salzarulo, INSERM U3, 47, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.

Public Health Nutrition: page 1 of 11 doi:10.1017/S1368980010001953 Chronic disease and infant nutrition: is it significant to public health? Julie P Smith* and Peta J Harvey Australian Centre for Economic Research on Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia

RESULTS ASSOCIATED WITH BREASTFEEDING FAILURE

http://www.reavesmd.com/blog/ accessed 11/3/2010

Mammals can only survive a fixation on the thumb after parturition if there is human intervention as is given to the human baby.

Ultrasound last week. At 12 weeks’ gestational age and a little over 6cm in length, Baby is growing well. His/her favorite pastimes are thumbsucking (As depicted in this picture).

A study published in the January 2010 issue of Molecular Psychiatry:

Behaviourists at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University collected blood samples from Dobermans that exhibited compulsive behaviour, like blanket-sucking, as well as from unaffected, healthy Dobermans.. they teamed up with the Medical Genetics Program at University of Massachusetts Medical School for a widespread “genome association” study.

• The team found that dogs exhibiting more compulsive behaviours like sucking their own body parts, were more likely to express a CDH2 gene. That gene, located on chromosome 7, mediates communication between neurons in the brain.

• And what we now know about dogs might help explain certain human disorders, like OCD and autism spectrum disorder, by examining whether the same CDH2 gene is also implicated. Dr Nicholas Dodman, a professor at Cummings and the study’s lead author, said the CDH2 gene is located in the same area – the brain’s hippocampus –in humans and dogs.

• http://www.aolnews.com/science/article/obsessive-compulsive-gene-in-dogs-could-help-explain-human-disorders/19343100

REFERENCE:Molecular Psychiatry (2010) 15, 8–10; doi:10.1038/mp.2009. 111A Canine chromosome 7 locus confers compulsive disorder susceptibilityN H Dodman1, E K Karlsson2,3,7, A Moon-Fanelli1,7, M Galdzicka4, M Perloski2, L Shuster5, K Lindblad-Toh2,6 and E I Ginns41Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA2Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA3FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA4University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA5Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA6Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenCorrespondence: NH Dodman, E-mail: nicholas.dodman@tufts.edu

Baby Giraffe uses Kate's arm as a pacifierBoatubia's Profile About this blog Read Entry Picture 5 of 10Read more: http://blog.travelpod.com/travel-photo/boatubia/world_tour/1207244760/baby-giraffe-uses-katexs-arm-as-a-pacifier.jpg/tpod.html

OXYTOCIN

• The effects of oxytoxin ..

OXYTOCIN: role in breastfeeding

• Controls the expulsion of milk• Stimulates milk production• Redistributes heat in the mother’s body to

warm the breastfeeding baby• Helps the body release stored nutrients• Increases the mother’s ability to extract

nutrition in the digestive process

Oxytocin continued

• Reduces blood pressure and stress hormones in the mother

• Creates calm in most breastfeeding women in proportion to the oxytocin levels in blood

• Makes the mother more interested in close relationships .The more spikes in oxytocin content in her blood the more open to relationship development she becomes

• Induces social memory and calmness in baby

BREASTFEEDING

• Breastfeeding,mediated in part by oxytocin, provides not only nutrition for the baby, but also allows a new mother to manage stress more effectively including the stress of birth and infant care

• Breastfeeding women are less reactive to physical stressors. There are hormonal differences between breast and bottle-feeding mothers. The stress hormone cortisol is lower in breastfeeding mothers. (Altemus. Et al.,JCEM 1995)

• Bottle-feeding mothers have higher systolic blood pressure.

• Bottle-feeding mothers have higher basal heart rate. (Altemus,et al.,Psychosom.Med. 2001)

Oxytocin in the body

• Oxytocin is a peptide found practically unchanged in all mammal species

• Oxytocin is produced in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

• Oxytocin is both a hormone which acts in the body through the bloodstream and a signaling substance in the nervous system.

• The female sex hormone oestrogen can increase the number of oxytocin receptors and stimulate oxytocin production

Oxytocin and relationships

• Touch releases oxytocin in animals and probably in humans

• The release of oxytocin creates emotional bonds between people such as mother and child

• Good relationships are important for health especially with respect to diseases of the cardiovascular system. Breast cancer survival has also shown to be longer in women with close relationships

Effects of oxytocin injections on behaviour

• The following changes in behaviour have been observed in animals (especially rats) after oxytocin injections:

• A rapid development of maternal behaviour(even in females who have never had babies)

• Stimulated and facilitated mating• More social contact between individuals• A calming,even sleep-inducing effect (with high

doses of oxytocin)

Effects on behavior continued

• Less anxiety, (increased boldness and curiosity(with low doses of oxytocin)

• A diminished sensation of pain• Facilitated learning,even in individuals with learning

difficulties• Frightful faces trigger activity in the amygdala. In

subjects who have sniffed oxytocin there was a dramatic reduction suggesting that oxytocin mediates trust. Kirsch P et al. J Neurosci 25(49): 11489-93 2005

DEPRESSION

• Dorheim et al (2009)”Sleep and depression in postpartum women. A population based study.” Sleep 32(7) 847-845.

• Their study of 2830 women at 7 weeks postpartum found that not exclusively breastfeeding is a major risk factor for depression.

Depression

• People suffering from depression had uncommonly low levels of oxytocin

• Rats treated with oxytocin become calmer and less fearful and also increase their social contacts

• Women who before pregnancy had symptoms of anxiety and OCD often experience a reduction during nursing presumably due to oxytocin secretion

Depression

• Breastfeeding women have high oxytocin levels in their blood during the entire nursing period display calmer behaviour and greater interest in social interchange with family and friends than women who do not nurse

Depression

• Monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine and noradrenalin act as signalling substances

• Neurons that contain serotonin stimulate the release of oxytocin

• This may explain why selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) like Prozac increase the serotonin level and indirectly increase the oxytocin level

• Doan et al (2007) “J Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing” 21(3) 200-206, study compared sleep of exclusively breastfed infants versus those supplemented with formula. Mothers who exclusively breastfed slept an average of forty minutes longer. Parents of formula fed infants had more sleep disturbance.

Oxytocin

• Found entirely unchanged in virtually all species of mammals

• An ancient evolutionary substance composed of nine amino acids

• Traditionally regarded as a female hormone associated with birth and breastfeeding however released to a similar extent in both sexes through pleasant warm and rhythmic touch

Oxytocin and maternal caregiving“Does Breastfeeding Protect Against Substantial Child Abuse and Neglect? A 15-year cohort Study” Strathearn L. et al, Pediatrics 2009; 123;483

• Oxytocin is a hormone important in childbirth and breastfeeding

• Sucking on the mother’s nipples stimulates the release of oxytocin

• Oxytocin has important effects in the brain to help with long-term child rearing

• Oxytocin brings about a “calm and connected” effect

Maternal-perpetrated child maltreatment

• 15 year-7,223 Australian mother infant pair cohort study (Strathearn et al 2009)

• 512 substantiated reports of child maltreatment which was 4.3% of cohort

• Mothers were almost three times more likely to abuse their children if they had been fed on artificially manufactured milk

• Breastfeeding decreased the risk of maternal-perpetrated child maltreatment.`

MATERNAL-PERPETRATED CHILD MALTREATMENT CONTINUED

• If mothers breastfeed for less than 4 months they were more than twice as likely to neglect their child compared with mothers who breastfed for more than 4 months

• The authors speculated that the abuse lowering effects of breastfeeding may be due to oxytocin, which reduces anxiety, elevates mood, increases maternal responsiveness, lowers maternal stress, and increases relationship development

Breastfeeding and longterm positive effects on children

• 14 year longditudinal study from Western Australia. (Oddy et al 2009)

• Longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with better child mental health assessed by Child Behavior Check List at every point up to 14 years. The longer the duration of breastfeeding the better the child mental health.

• The first emotional relationship is formed through the infant’s behaviour of sucking and this occurs before the predominantly and visually dependent period named by J. Bowlby as “Attachment”.

• John Bowlby states “Because the human infant is born so very immature and is so slow to develop, there is no species in which attachment behaviour takes so long to appear” page 228. “Attachment is altogether absent at (human) birth and is not strongly in evidence until after an infant is past six months” Page 279 “During the first two or three months of life the young gorilla lacks the strength to clasp its mother’s hair securely and receives support from its mothers arms” Page 237 Ref. Attachment, Penguin, 1978,

SIGMUND FREUD

• Referred to the autoerotic tactile sucking “latchment” of very early infancy preceding visual “attachment” by the term cathexis.

Take Home Message• The connection between the latchment and attachment of the mother

and the child is crucial to ensure the formation of a secure and lifelong bond between them.

• There are numerous beneficial factors associated with the release of oxytoxin in both the mother and child.

• The the standard of caregiving is improved significantly, and there is a sense of increased closeness within their relationship.

• Such a bond is crucial to to ensure optimal maternal caregiving an increased emotional bond, effective nourishment, and an overall sense of security and safety within their relationship.