lars peter riishojgaard, chair cbs opag-ios and
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World Meteorological OrganizationWorking together in weather, climate and water
WMO OMM
WMO Space Programme www.wmo.int
Wind Observations in the Global Observing System – a WMO Perspective
ISS Winds Mission Science Workshop, Miami, Feb 10-11 2011
Lars Peter Riishojgaard, Chair CBS OPAG-IOSand
Jerome Lafeuille, Space-based Observing Systems Division, WMO
WMO OMMOutline
• WMO, WWW and the GOS
• The WMO Rolling Requirements Review– CBS, OPAG-IOS, Expert Teams, Workshops
• The current GOS– Mass and wind
– Data impacts
• WMO Vision for the GOS in 2025
Miami, 2/10/11 2ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
WMO OMM
WMO, WWW and the GOS
• WMO: World Meteorological Organization; a specialized agency of the United Nations; the UN system's authoritative voice on meteorology, climatology, hydrology– WWW, World Weather Watch: Core WMO programme since
1963; observing systems, information systems and telecommunication facilities, and data-processing and forecasting centres; backbone for efficient meteorological and hydrological services, worldwide
– Key WWW components:• GTS (Global Telecommunications System) evolving towards WIS• GOS (Global Observing System)
Miami, 2/10/11 3ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
WMO OMMWMO Global Observing System
• Coordinated system of methods and facilities for making meteorological and other environmental observations on a global scale in support of all WMO Programs
– Surface stations– Upper-air network– Marine observations – Aircraft– Satellite systems
• Owned and operated by WMO member states on behalf of WMO; subject to WMO Regulatory Materials
• WMO vets and documents requirements for the GOS through its Rolling Requirements Review
Miami, 2/10/11 4ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
WMO OMM
The Rolling Requirements Review (RRR) in the WMO structure
• Commission for Basic Systems; one of eight WMO Technical Commissions. President: Fred Branski, NOAA/NWS– …– OPAG for the Integrated Observing System; one of four
OPAGs under CBS. Chair: L. P. Riishojgaard, JCSDA• …• Expert Team on the Evolution of the Global Observing System; one of six Expert
Teams under OPAG-IOS. Chair: John Eyre, Met Office– Requirements database (by application area) for Global NWP, Regional
NWP, Nowcasting, Agrometeorology, etc.– Capabilities database (by observing system), e.g. RAOBS, GEO imagers,
AMDAR, buoys, etc.– Gap analysis, Statements of Guidance– Implementation plan– Vision for the GOS in 2025
Miami, 2/10/11 5ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
WMO OMM
RRR (I)
• ET-EGOS– Meets once a year in Geneva– Oversees all requirements, all application areas through focal points– Interacts with other CBS Expert Teams, teams from other WMO Technical Commissions
and co-sponsored programs (e.g. GCOS)
• WMO Rapporteur on Scientific Evaluation of Impact Studies (formerly “Rapporteur on OSEs and OSSEs”)
– Responsible for gathering community input specifically on NWP
• WMO Workshop on the Impact of Various Observing Systems on NWP– Every four years, by invitation only, organized by Rapporteur on SEIS and OPAG-IOS– All major NWP Centers meet to compare impacts of all major elements of the GOS– OSEs and adjoint sensitivity diagnostics– (Next Workshop: May 29 – June 1, 2012 in the US; venue TBD)
Miami, 2/10/11 6ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
Slide 7
Satellite data now account for most of the skill
Growing importance of research data
Impact of GOS components on 24-h ECMWF Global Forecast skill(courtesy of Erik Andersson, ECMWF)
Impacts of Various Observing Systems in GEOS-5.5.1
24-hr Forecasts from 00z Analyses on 28 Jan – 02 March 2010Adjoint-Based Global Forecast Error Measure
Total Impact Impact Per Observation
Observation Count
Fraction of Beneficial
Observations
Forecast Error Reduction (J/kg) Forecast Error Reduction (1e-6 J/kg)
Improves Forecast Degrades Forecast
Ron Gelaro, GMAO
Miami, 2/10/11 8
RAOBs continue to be important for some systems
ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
Importance of Satellite Data in NWPhttp://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/obsens/
Importance of Satellite Data in NWPhttp://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/obsens/
Satellite Data has become the single most important componentof the global observing network for NWP
Σ Sat Radiances = -143.9 Σ Sat Winds = -198.3
2 16
1
all
Σ Conv = -168.0
Observation Impact
9
Different satellite data important for different systems
Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
w4-9
w10-20w0-3
10
500 hPa anomaly correlation coefficients, NH
Miami, 2/10/11
500 hPa anomaly correlation coefficients, SH
w4-9
w10-20w0-3
11Miami, 2/10/11
WMO OMM
4th WMO Impact Workshop (Geneva, May 2008)
Overall impact (“marginal skill”) on short/medium range global NWP
An additional 2 to 6 hours of useful forecast range is the most any individual component of the GOS can contribute in the NH
This is very significant in terms of socioeconomic impact and is strongly linked to other measures of skill!
Miami, 2/10/11 12ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
WMO OMM
RRR (II)
• ET-EGOS consolidates input on Requirements from all sources into output documents – e.g. Vision, Implementation Plan
• Routing:– ET-EGOS OPAG-IOSCBS WMO EC
• Once adopted by the WMO Executive Council, the material becomes official WMO document
Miami, 2/10/11 13ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
WMO OMM
GOS and Numerical Weather Prediction
• Numerical weather prediction requires independent and global observations of the mass (temperature) and wind fields
• The global three-dimensional mass field is well observed from space
• No existing space-based observing system provides vertically resolved wind information => horizontal coverage of wind profiles is sparse
• The lack of wind measurements is widely believed to be one of the main limiting factors for progress in NWP skill at all temporal ranges– Especially critical as we progress to smaller and smaller scales where
wind/mass balance assumptions break down
Miami, 2/10/11 14ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
WMO OMM
Current Upper Air Mass & Wind Data Coverage
Vertically resolvedMass Observations
Vertically resolvedWind Observations
Miami, 2/10/11 15ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
WMO OMM
Elements of the long-term vision for the Global Observing System
• Vision for the GOS in 2025 endorsed by WMO Executive Council on 11/06/09– Provides high-level guidance for global observation planning – Framework for WMO Members to commit on contributing missions
• Calls for major enhancement of the space component – Geostationary, polar-orbit
and other orbits as appropriate– Transition of several missions from
R&D to operational/sustained status(Altimetry, GPS radio-occultation, scatterometry, chemistry)
– Operational pathfindersMiami, 2/10/11 16ISS Winds Science Mission Science
Workshop
WMO OMM
Vision for the GOS in 2025 (space component)Summary of missions called for on operational basis
Observations performed so far on a R&D basis should be planned on an operational or sustained basis
Integrating new missions
Core operational GEO missions All with IR hyperspectral sounding, lightning detection
Core operational LEO Imagery and IR-MW sounding All with hyperspectral IR, on 3 sun-synchronous orbital planes
Ocean surface topography Radio-Occultation Sounding Ocean Surface Wind Global Precipitation Earth Radiation Budget Atmospheric Composition Special imaging for ocean colour, vegetation Dual-angle view IR imagery
Land Surface Imaging Synthetic Aperture Radar Space Weather instruments
Miami, 2/10/11 17ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
WMO OMM
Vision for the space-based GOS in 2025Operational pathfinders and demonstrators
Doppler wind lidar on LEO Winds; aerosol; cloud-top height [and base]
Low-frequency MW radiometer on LEO Ocean surface salinity; soil moisture
MW imager/sounder on GEO Precipitation; cloud water/ice; atmospheric humidity and temperature
High-resolution, multi-spectral narrow-band Vis/NIR and CCD imagers on GEOs
Ocean colour, cloud studies and disaster monitoring
Vis/IR imagers on satellites in high inclination, Highly Elliptical Orbits HEO)
Winds and clouds at high latitudes; sea ice; high latitude volcanic ash plumes; snow cover; vegetation fires
Gravimetric sensors Water volume in lakes, rivers, ground,
Miami, 2/10/11 18ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
WMO OMM
Summary• As of June 2009, space-based wind lidars are part of the
official WMO Vision for the Global Observing System 2025– This means that the National Meteorogical and Hydrological
Services of the WMO member states have signed off on this as something that can and should be done!
• WMO does not own or implement satellite systems– However, WMO does set standards for taking, processing,
disseminating and exchanging observations– WMO also captures and documents requirements and
capabilities, performs gap analysis, and develops Vision and Implementation Plans for the GOS of the future
Miami, 2/10/11 19ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop
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