laporan unit ii(connective tissue)asisten k' anna
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RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of general biology with title ”CONNECTIVE TISSUE,
CARTILAGE, AND BONE” which created by :
Name : Rezky Mardiyani
Reg. Number : 081404161
Group/Class : II/D
After checked by assistant and coordinator assistant,so this report accepted.
Makassar,April 16 th 2009
Coordinator Assistant Assistant
( Djumarirmanto,S,Pd) ( A. Anna Aryana) NIM.051404029
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. Background
Human body composed by various kinds of tissues. All tissues have self
function.There are many kinds of tissue that to composed human body.one of them is
connective tissue. Connective tissue is very important for our body. Without
connective tissue, we can’t become ferpect human.
Connective tissue except neuroglia only comefrom mesoderm.Different with
epithelium tissue,which have few extracellular matrix. But in Connective
tissue,except adipose tissue, they have more extracellular matrix and also more than
its cells.
There are three general types of connective tissue. This case happen because
different of big concistention between many kind of connective tissues. the general
types of connective tissue that is True Connective Tissue, Supportive connective
tissue and liquid connective tissue. True connective tissue divided to loose connective
tissue and dence connective tissue and supportive connective tissue also divided to
cartilage and bone.
Because there are many kinds of connective tissue that composed human
body, so this case to proved that the structure human body and animal’s body is very
difficult.therefore, we must do observation about connective tissue which there are in
our body and become one of all of the most important part. As we know that, without
connective tissue that support our body and to connect between one part to other part
in our body, so that our body can’t see as know and ferpect,and also of course we
never live in the world.
B. Purpose
1. University student can observed and knew about the types of connective
tissues,such as loose connective and also knew about its shape.
2. University student can differ about cartilage,bone and other connective tissue and
knew its function and its location.
C. Advantages
1. University student knew about types of connective tissue that arrange organisms
Body,especially the animal and human and also knew about its shape and its
location and also can understand about its function to organisms body.
2. University student can gave explaination to other people about it,so that many
people also knew about that. And therefore university student knew about that so
will easily the process of study in the classroom.
CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Connective tissue is one of the four traditionally classified types of biological
tissue. There are many different kinds of connective tissue. In general, they serve
functions of structure and support, often connecting two other types of tissue to each
other.Connective tissue usually derives from the mesoderm, the middle of three
layers in an animal embryo. The characteristics of connective tissue are largely
derived from the extracellular matrix, non-living material that surrounds and supports
the living cells. The older classification of connective tissue had two subtypes:
proper, which covered areolar and fibrous tissue; and specialized, which included
bone, blood, cartilage, adipose (fat)tissue , and reticular tissue. The newer
classification has four categories: loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue,
cartilage, and other (Anonym,2009).
Connective tissues bind structures together, form a framework and support for
organs and the body as a whole, store fat, transport substances, protect against
disease, and help repair tissue damage. They occur throughout the body. Connective
tissues are characterized by an abundance of intercellular matrix with relatively few
cells. Connective tissue cells are able to reproduce but not as rapidly as epithelial
cells. Most connective tissues have a good blood supply but some do not.
Numerous cell types are found in connective tissue. Three of the most common are
the fibroblast, macrophage, and mast cell. The types of connective tissue include
loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense fibrous connective tissue, elastic
connective tissue, cartilage, osseous tissue (bone), and blood.
(Anonym,2009).
Connective tissue consist of cells which located rarely and be drown. In the
most substances extracellular(matrix) that to secretion by self of cell. Support
connective tissue have function to gave aid force and save guard for the weak parts
of cartilage and bone are two kinds of supportive connective tissue that gave the force
for body. Cartilage have matrix like as the mixture of protein/polisacarida that called
condrin,but in bone,its matrix contains fiber and protein collagen,mineral
sediment,which its excellent component is calium phosphat,although,there are ions
magnesium,carbonat and fuorida.Binder connective tissue have function to binded the
parts of body. Basicly,its matrix is protein collagen and its fiber line with
another.This case gave big force in the tissues. For instance, tendon, which to
connected between muscle and bone, ligament, which to connected between a bone
and other.Besides collagenous fiber, ligament contains protei elastious, which may be
the ligament is pull out with another (Tim Pengajar biologi,2003:56-57).
Between cells that spread in fibrous pleat of loose connective tissue,there are
two kinds that dominated, these are fibroblast and magrofag. Fibroblast to secretion
extracellular fiber protein unsure.Magrofag is amoeboid cells that there are in all of
fibrous tissues, that to swallowed bacteria and shales of dead cells underwent
fagocytosis (Champbell,2004:7).
Cartilage haven’t blood vessels and nervous. There are three kinds of
cartilage, these are hyaline cartilage,elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage. The
difference of the kinds of the cartilage located in the kinds and the total value of the
fiber connective tissue that there are in its matrix.Hyalin cartilage have pericondrium.
Elastic cartilage found in leaf of ears, also have pericondrium. In fibrocartilage
haven’t pericondrium. Bone have blood vessels and alone nervous. Generally, bones
to classificated in two kinds those are compact bone and and sponge bone.In compact
bone,its out sides included by periosteum and input sides by endosteum that limited
with marrow bones.Compact bone also consist of havers system. Each havers system
surrounded by lamella consentris. Between lamella consentris there is small cavity
called lacuna, that place of osteocyt. Besides that there are soft canals in the matrix
that called kanalikuli.Kanalikuli is the place of filopodia. Between havers system
there are lamella interstisial.Sponge tissue haven't havers system.Sponge tissue
consist of trabeculas of bone that to branched and to anastomosys Between the
trabeculas there are marrow bone.Bone lamella not composed with consentris.
Lacuna that contains osteocyt found between bones lamella (Adnan,2009:6-7).
Connective tissue especially have function to bind and to support other
tissues. Connective tissue have a commulation of cells which is rare and scattered in a
extracellular matrix. Commonly, matrix consist of a many fibrosa that there are in a
similar basement and can as liquid,such as gelatin or solid. For several case, matrix
substances to secretion by the cells of the connective tissue. Fiber of connective tissue
that made by protein consist of three kinds,that is collagenous fiber, elastic fiber and
reticular fiber. Collagenous fiber made by collagen,which possible is the most
abundant protein in animals kingdom.Collagenous fiber haven’t characteristic that
elastic and not easily tore or broke if pull it to follow its long. If you pinch your skin
and to pull your skin, so collagen that have function to kept your meat so it not loose
from your bone. Elastic fiber is long chain or dangle that made by protein called
elastin. Elastic fiber gave a character like as a rubber that to completed the strong of
collagenous fiber that not elastic. Reticular fiber is a thin fiber and have branch.
Composed by collagen and connected with collagenous fiber, this fiber to formed a
bunch that to pleat with good which to connected connective tissues with other tissues
in next it (Champbell, 2004:5-7).
According (Anonym, 2009) In below is the picture of the kinds of connective
tissue
Loose (Areolar) connective tissue Adipose connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue Dense Irregular connective tissue
Dense Irregular connective tissue Dense Regular connective tissue
Comparative connective tissue
CHAPTER IIIPRACTICUM METHOD
A. Place and Date
Day/Date : Thursday/March 26 th 2009
Time : 14.00 pm until 16.00 pm
Place : In Biology Laboratory,the second floor,
Mathematic and Natural Sciences Faculty,
Makassar State University ( UNM)
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a) Microscope
b) Object glass
2. Materials
a) Lasting preparat of Human Brown Skin/Human skin
b) Lasting preparat of Fibrocartilago section
c) Lasting preparat of Hyalin cartilage
d) Lasting preparat of Foetal head ossification
e) Lasting preparat Human Bone
C. Work Procedure
1. Observation I
a) Observed with accurately the derm of skin.Attentioned the irregular
connective tissue in reticular layers.Attentoned the position of collagenous
fiber.
b) Attention again fibrocyt cells,fatty cells and magrofag.
2. Observation II
a) Observed with accurately the fibrocartilage.Attentioned its more extrasellular
matrix and causes the position of cartilage cells is long from the other
cartilegae cells.In this cartilage,there are pericondrion,besides the number and
the size of its cells that more little than condrocyt with hyaline cartilage and
elastic.
b) Attentioned the position of lacuna and condrocyt,as well that stood
alone,group or to row.
3. Observation III
a) Observed with accurately the hyaline cartilage.Attentioned the position of
condroblast cells and lacuna.
b) Drew the result of your observation.
4. Observaton IV
a) Observed with accurately osteoblast,osteoclas,osteoid,osteocyt that to traped.
5. Observation V
a) Observed with accurately the structure of a havers system.Attentioned the
havers canal,volkman canal,osteocyt,kanalikuli,outer lamella
sircumfrensial,inter sircumfrensial,interstisial lamella and consentris lamella.
b) Drew the result of your observation.
CHAPTER IVRESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
1. Observation I
Material : Human brown skin/human skin
Enlargement : 10 x 10
Object : Irregular connective tissue
Notes :
1. Fat tissue
2. Fibroblast
3. Magrofag
4. Fibroblast cell
2. Observation II
Material : Fibrocartilago section
Enlargement : 10 x 10
Object : Fibrous cartilage
Notes :
1. Group lacuna
2. Single lacuna
3. In rows lacuna
4. Reticular fiber
5. Capsula
6. Lacuna
7. Condrocyt
3. Observation III
Material : Hyalin cartilage
Enlargement : 10 x 10
Object : Hyalin cartilage
Notes :
1. Reticular fiber
2. Condroblast
3. Lacuna capsula
4. Observation IV
Material : Foetal head ossification
Enlargement : 10 x 10
Object : Intramembrane ossification
Notes :
1. Osteoid
2. Osteoblast
3. Mesenchym cell
4. Osteocyt
5. Osteclas
6. Bone matrix
Mesenchym cell
osteoblast
osteocyt
Osteoclas
5. Observation V
Material : Human bone
Enlargement : 10 x 10
Object : The structure of compact bone
Notes :
1. Kanalikuli
2. Havers canal
3. Lacuna
4. Intertisial lamella
5. Volkman canal
6. Consentris lamella
Havers system
Kanalikuli and lacuna
B. Discussion
1. Observation I
In this observation that observed about irregular connective tissue that
composed by fat tissue, fibroblast, magrofag, and fibroblast cell. Irregular connective
tissue has fibers that are not arranged in parallel bundles as in dense regular
connective tissue. This tissue comprises a large portion of the dermal layer of skin.
This type of tissue is also in the protective white layer of the eyeball and in the deeper
skin layers. It consists primarily of collagenous fibers.
In irregular connective tissue, there are number of its collagenous fiber is
increase but its sellular liquid and its number of cells more less. A connective tissue
called adipose tissue, if its fat tissue located with abundant and to organization in
lobula. In connective tissue there are also magrofag cell. The nucleus of magrofag
rather have shape that like as kidney and located in a cell pole with its dome shape
surface that to face to side of cell.
2. Observation II
In this observation about fibrocartilage with used enlagement that 10 x 10.
Fibrocartilage consist of group lacuna, single lacuna, in rows lacuna, reticular fiber,
capsula, lacuna and condrocyt. Fibrocartilage contains many collagen a few cartilage
matrix so the cell visible to turbid. Fibrocartilage haven’t pericondrium.
Found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and menisci of the knee. Its
function support and fusion, and absorbs shocks.Its histology image to showed that
the collagenous fiber located like as solid pleat in its matrix,and also several of all to
formed thick bundle and almost to press the homogenous basic substances.
Condrocyt also located in lacuna group,single lacuna or inrows lacuna that
surrounded the matrix, but still to defence its shape. Therefore, its image rather same
with dence connective tissue, so that to different it, we must held in the are or not
lacuna that located by its cells.
3. Observation III
In this observation about hyaline cartilage. Hyalin cartilage consist of
reticular fiber, condroblast, and lacuna capsula. Cartilage cell that called condrocyt
located in the small room which limited by matrix that called lacuna. In several place
saw lacuna to contains a condrocyt and the other place to contain by two or more
condrocyt. If lacuna contains many condrocyt, so that the place called cell nest and its
cells called isogen cell because comefrom a mother cell. Sometimes saw the thin
intercellular block between cells, so the big primary lacuna consist of several the
small secondary lacuna. Hyalin cartilago tissue have flexible character, semi-
transparant and white. cytoplasm of cartilage cell (condrosit) included many fat and
glycogen. Hyalin cartilage many found in the part of animal vertebrate, such as joint
surface,points of costae, bronchy, larynx and trachea. Its function is flexible,
provides support, allows movement at joints.
4. Observation IV
In this observation about the development of bone with intramembrane or
called intramembrane ossification. Intramembrane ossification is the development of
bone from connective tissue. Finally, contains many mesenchym cells that to develop
underwent osteoblast to osteocyt.In the same time,osteoclast to develop and
collagenous fiber is arise. The original bone is fibrousa and than to formed back to
lamellar bone.The development of bone with intramembrane happened in frontalist
part,farentalist part,skeleton bone,oxipitalist part, temporalist, mandibula, and
maxilla. Intramembrane ossification have function in growing and lignin the short
bone. Ossification process began from central primary ossification in connective
tissue. Mesechym cells to swollen and to changed became osteoblast. Osteoblast to
synthesis and to latex the immature matrix bone into intercellular substances that rich
with collagenous fiber.And than happened vascularisation that to bought the
salt(calcium fosfat) and another. Finally happened to sedimentation of salt to
intercellular substances is tight and osteoblast to imprisoned and became osteocyt.
5. Observation V
In this observation about the structure of histology of the compact bone.Its
consist of kanalikuli, havers canal, lacuna, interstisial lamella, volkman canal, and
consentris lamella.Lacuna is a small room that located between lamella and contains
bone cells. Kanalikuli is the soft canal from the matrix and these are place of the
outer of osteocyt cytoplasm. Havers canal is contains nerve fibre, blood vessels and
limfa vessels. Havers canal have function to gave food to the bone. Lamella is slabs
of bone that composed with consentris in around of canal.Consentris lamella that’s to
formed of collagenous fiber that composed with cinsentris to surrounded a canal that
called havers canal. Osteocyt cells located in to small room that called lacuna,that
located between lamella that connected one to others with the agent is radial
kanalikuli that to passed by protopasmatic process. Volkman canal that to bought the
blood vessels, nervous fiber, limfa vessels and connective tissue from periosteum to
havers canal. Volkman cell have function to connected of two havers canal.
CHAPTER VCONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclution
1. There are many kinds of connective tissue. These are loose connective tissue,
dence regular connective tissue, dence irregular connective tissue, hyaline
cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage and compact bone.
2. Irregular connective tissue consist of fat tissue, fibroblast, magrofag and
fibroblast cell.
3. Fibrocartilage consist of group lacuna, single lacuna, inrows lacuna, reticula fiber,
reticular fiber, capsula, lacuna, and condrocyt.
4. Hyalin cartilage consist of reticular fiber, condroblast, and lacuna capsula.
5. Intramembrane ossification consist of osteoid, osteoblast, mesenchym cell,
osteocyt, osteoclast, and bone matrix.
6. Intramembrane ossification is the development of bone from the connective
tissue, that finally contains many mesenchym cells that develop to passed
osteoblast to osteocyt.
7. The structure of compact bone consist of kanalikuli, lacuna, intertisial lamella,
havars canal, volkman canal and consentris lamella.
B. Suggestion
1. I hope for the next practicum,laboratory completed the lasting preparat and
prepared the new lasting preparat,so we can do observation with good and we find
result of observation that clear.
2. I hope assistant increase their ability to give explaination for their practican and
I hope so,assistant to control their practican about how to do practicum and
observation with good,and also practican must took good image and to observed
with good and accurate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adnan, dkk. 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Struktur Hewan. Makassar:Jurusan
Biologi FMIPA UNM.
Anonym. 2009. Connective Tissue. http://Training.seer.cancer.gov/index,at April 3 th 2009.
Anonym. 2009. Connective Tissue. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-connective- tissue, at April,3 th 2009.
Campbell, Neil A. 2004. Biologi Jilid III Edisi kelima. Jakarta:Erlangga.
Tim Pengajar Biologi Umum. 2003. Biologi Umum.Makassar:Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.
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