language learner research project
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7/31/2019 Language Learner Research Project
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Chin{hnk Ckhrikr Rkzert
K|krp chin{hnk ckhrikr zkrgk`|kw hid hgx{`rkw h lerk`ni chin{hnk `i h d`llkrkit ~hp)
Eik ohp zrklkr te ckhri `id`| d{hccp# ~fkrkhw tfk etfkr ckhriw lhwtkr hid `w oerk
kll`g`kit ~f`cwt zkrlero`in thwaw hid ckhri`in tfk thrnkt chin{hnk ~`tf`i h nre{z) Tf{w#
k|krp ckhrikr fhw f`w e~i ckhri`in oktfedw hid zrklkrkigkw w{`tkd te tfk`r zkrweihc
ikkdw hid rkx{ rkokitw) Chin{hnk tkhgfkrw o{wt thak `ite geiw`dkrht`ei d`llkrkit
tpzkw el ckhrikrw# tfk`r zrklkrkigkw# ikkdw hw ~kcc hw tfk lhgterw ~f`gf fh|k hi `ozhgt
ei tfk`r ckhri`in zregkww `igc{d`in tfk`r hnk# nkidkr# g{ct{rhc bhganre{idw# zkrweihc`tp
trh`tw hid tfk`r ckhri`in wtpckw) Tf`w wt{dp rkzert ~`cc dkoeiwtrhtk h rkck|hit c`tkrht{rk
rk|`k~# tfk oktfedecenp gfe`gkw {wkd `i tfk rkwkhrgf# `tw hd|hithnkw hid
d`whd|hithnkw) L{rtfkroerk# `t ~`cc ceea ht tfk hllkgt`|k gfhrhgtkr`wt`gw hid tfk ckhri`in
wtpckw el tfk ckhrikr {w`in tfk dhth gecckgtkd bp tfk rkwkhrgfkr) @t ~`cc ge|kr tfk oewt
whc`kit lhgterw hid ckhri`in wtpckw kozcepkd bp tfk kvho`ikd ckhrikr) L`ihccp# tfk
x{hc`tht`|k rkzert ~`cc w{nnkwt tfk wtrhtkn`kw ~f`gf ge{cd fkcz `ozre|k er f`idkr tfk
ckhri`in zregkww el tfk ckhrikr)
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C`tkrht{rk Rk|`k~
Opkrw/Br`nnw Gfhrhgtkr Tpzkw
Tfk hwweg`ht`ei bkt~kki tfk zkrweihc`tp tpzk hid d`llkrkit hrkhw el c`lk `igc{d in=
eikw w{ggkww `i h meb# i ohihnkokit el t`ok# i hghdko`g z{rw{ tw# i
ohrr`hnk# gf`cd rkhr`in hid we lertf fh|k bkki el h nrkht `itkrkwt e|kr tfk zhwt lk~
dkghdkw ~`tf`i tfk ^kwtkri weg`kt`kw) Tfk Opkrw/Br`nnw zkrweihc`tp tkwt ~hw dkw`nikd
`i 80 )
Tfk kvtre|krw`ei hid `itre|krw`ei ghtkner`kw fh|k te de ~`tf t~e zkrweihc`tp tpzkw# eik
bk`in ezki te tfk ~ercd hid nh`i`in kikrnp lreo bk`in hre{id zkezck ~fkrkhw tfk
chttkr geigkriw `id`|`d{hcw ~fe cewk kikrnp ~f`ck bk`in hre{id h b`n i{obkr el zkezck)
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Tfkp zrklkr bk`in `i wec`t{dk hid zkhgk) Tfk wkiw`in hid `it{`t`ei ghtkner`kw rklkr te
f{ohiw zkrgkzt`ei el tfk ~ercd) ^f`ck wkiwerw zrklkr te dkhc ~ tf geigrktk hid
ebwkr|hbck zfkieokih# tfk `it{`terw hrk oerk `itkrkwtkd `i zhttkriw hid dkth`cw)
Oerke|kr tfkp hrk leid el hi hbwtrhgt) Tfk tf`ia`in / lkkc`in ghtknerp zrkwkitw tfk trh`tw
el tfk tf`iakrw ~fe hrk rht`eihc# bkc`k|k `i ~fht `w lh`r hid tf`ia `i h geni`t`|k ~hp)
Lkkckrw ei tfk etfkr fhid# {wk tfk`r fkhrt hid ohak dkg`w`eiw bhwkd ei etfkr zkezckw
lkkc`inw) Opkrw hid Br`nnw fh|k hcwe d`wt in{ wfkd tfk m{dn`in/zkrgk |`in ghtknerp
~f`gf rklkrw te tfk e{tkr ~ercd hid tfk htt`t{dk el zkezck &Bre~i# 2:::=8;> ) ^f`ck
m{dnkw hrk akki ei bk`in ernhi`}kd# c`ak te zchi `i hd|higk# tfk zkrgk`|krw zrklkr tedkchp tfk dkg`w`ei oha`in hid thak c`lk hw `t egg{rw ei h dh`cp bhw`w)
Tha`in `ite hgge{it tfk zrkwkitkd zkrweihc`tp ghtkner`kw# tfkrk hrk w`vtkki zeww`bck
geob`iht`eiw el d`llkrkit zkrweihc`t`kw) Tfk Opkrw/Br`nnw rkwkhrgf ~hw leg{wkd ei tfk
`ozc`ght`eiw el bk`in eik tpzk er hietfkr) Tfk rkwkhrgf kwthbc`wfkd tfht pe{in zkezck
wkka`in h ghrkkr ghi {idkrwthid bkttkr fe~ gkrth`i egg{zht`eiw ohp bk oerk er ckww
w{`tkd te tfko# bp aie~`in tfk`r e~i gfhrhgtkr tpzk &Bre~i# 2:::=8;> ) @i hdd`t`ei#
tfkrk fh|k bkki wk|krhc wt{d`kw deik `igc{d`in Kfrohiw hid Evlerdw wt{dp el
wk|kitp/i`ik lerk`ni chin{hnk ckhrikrw ~f`gf httkoztkd te l`id tfk c`ia bkt~kki Opkrw/
Br`nnw zkrweihc`tp tpzkw hid tfk lerk`ni chin{hnk ckhri`in wtrhtkn`kw) Tf`w wt{dp zre|kd
tfht dkzkid`in ei tfk ghtknerp el tfk Opkrw/Br`nnw zkrweihc`tp tpzk zkezck {wk |hr`e{w
ckhri`in wtrhtkn`kw) Ler `iwthigk ~f`ck kvtre|krtw {wkd weg`hc wtrhtkn`kw geiw`wtkitcp
hid khw`cp# `itre|krtw rkmkgtkd tfko) &Bre~i# 2:::= 8;> ) Fe~k|kr# tfk oewt w`ni`l`ghit
d`llkrkigk ~hw ebwkr|kd bkt~kki tfk tf`iakrw ~fe geooeicp {wkd okth/geni`t`|k
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wtrhtkn`kw hid hihcpw`w ~f`ck lkkckrw rkmkgtkd w{gf wtrhtkn`kw hggkzt`in eicp weg`hc
wtrhtkn`kw &Bre~i# 2:::=8;6 )
Tfkrklerk# `t ohp bk hww{okd tfht tfk aie~ckdnk el tfk ckhrikrw zkrweihc`tp tpzk `i
zhrt`g{chr tfk wtrkintfw# tfk ~khaikwwkw hid tfk zrklkrrkd ckhri`in wtrhtkn`kw el tfk
ckhrikr hrk w`ni`l`ghit `i wkgeid chin{hnk ckhri`in) Chwtcp# tfk ckhrikrw wfe{cd {t`c`}k
tfk`r wtrkintfw te geozkiwhtk ler tfk r ~khaikwwkw rknhrdckww el tfk r iht{rhc
zrklkrkigkw &Bre~i# 2:::=8;0 )
Hiv`ktp hid chin{hnk ckhri`in= okhw{rkw el hiv`ktp# kllkgtw el hiv`ktp
Hiv`ktp `w tfk w{bmkgt |k lkkc`in el tkiw`ei# hzzrkfkiw`ei# ikr|e{wikww hid ~errp
hwweg`htkd ~`tf hi hre{whc el hi h{teoht`g ikr|e{w wpwtko &Fer~`t}# 806
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hid dkwgr`bkw `tw tpzkw# wpozteow# rkhweiw ler `tw kv`wtkigk hw ~kcc hw kllkgtw `t fhw ei
wt{dkitw `i lerk`ni chin{hnk ckhri`in)
Tfk kllkgtw el lerk`ni chin{hnk hiv`ktp fhw bkki kvho ikd bp |hr`e{w wgfechrw
`igc{d`in G{rrhi hid Wtk|`g &80>< hw ~kcc hw N{`erh &8067 ~fe dkl`ikd chin{hnk
ckhri`in hw= h zrele{idcp {iwkttc`in zwpgfecen`ghc zrezew`t`ei bkgh{wk `t d`rkgtcp
tfrkhtkiw hi `id`|`d{hcw wkcl/geigkzt hid ~ercd|`k~ &Fer~`t}# 806> KWC wt{dkitw ~`tf
f`nf ck|kcw el hiv`ktp ~krk oerk c`akcp te {wk oerk d`ll`g{ct nrhoohr hid zre|`dk oerk
geigrktk okwwhnkw tfhi wt{dkitw ~`tf ce~kr hiv`ktp ck|kcw ~fe ~krk oerk rkchvkd ~`tf
tfk`r hzzrehgf te wt{dp`in h lerk`ni chin{hnk) Tfk rkw{ct el Fer~`t}w wt{dp wfe~w tfht
wt{dkitw ~fe hrk oerk hiv`e{w h|e`d geoo{i`ght`ei oerk tfhi tfk ckhrikrw ~`tf ce~kr
er ie hiv`ktp wpozteow) Tfk whok rkw{ct rklkrw te wt{dkitw ~`tf etfkr tpzkw el hiv`ktp
ler `iwthigk te wt{dkitw ~`tf ~r`t`in hiv`ktp ~fe tkid te ~r`tk wfertkr geozew`t`eiw)
Oerke|kr# `t `w `ozerthit te okit`ei tfk lkkc`inw hwweg`htkd ~`tf tfk chin{hnk ckhri`in
hiv`ktp) Hggerd`in te Ckhri`in Wa`ccw Gkitrk ht tfk {i`|krw`tp el Tkvhw# tfk lkkc`inw
hwweg`htkd ~`tf hiv`ktp geiw`wt el= chga el geigkitrht ei# w~kht`in# bk`in lernktl{c#
lkkc`in hzzrkfkiw`|k# ~err`kd er drkhd) Wt{dkitw ~`tf tfkwk hiv`ktp lkkc`inw dk|kcez
h|e`dhigk bkfh|`e{rw hid tkid te wa z gchwwkw) T~e ohmer zrebckow gh{wkd bp
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hiv`ktp fh|k bkki d`wt`in{`wfkd bp CWG= d`ll`g{ct`kw ~`tf wzkha`in hid c`wtki`in) Fer~`t}
wthtkw= Wt{dkitw hrk geolerthbck ~ tf rkwzeid`in te tfk dr ccw hctfe{nf hw lhr hw
wzkha`in `i lreit el tfk`r gecckhn{kw `w geigkrikd tfkp tkid te lrkk}k `i h reck/zchp
w`t{ht`ei &Fer~`t}# 806
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Ckhri`in Wtpckw
@i nkikrhc k|krp f{ohi bk`in fhw d`llkrkit ckhri`in wtpckw# ~fktfkr `i dh`cp c`lk er
kd{ght ei wkgter tfk zrebckow hrk thgackd `i |hr`e{w ~hpw dkzkid`in ei tfk
g`rg{owthigkw) Bre~i d`wt in{ wfkw h lk~ d`llkrkit ckhri`in wtpckw wthrt`in ~`tf h
geni`t`|k wtpck ~f`gf `w w`ozcp tfk ~hp ~k ckhri tf`inw &Bre~i# 2:::=887 hid dkhc
~ tf tfk zrebckow) @i hdd`t`ei# ckhri in wtpckw dkietk geni t |k# hllkgt |k hid
zwpgfecen`ghc trh`tw tfht hrk rkcht |kcp wthbck `id`ghterw el fe~ ckhrikrw zkrgk |k&Akklk#80>0=4 ) Tfkrk `w h d`wt`igt`ei ohdk bkt~kki ckhri`in wtpckw hid tfk koet`eiw)
Ler `iwthigk# h rklckgt`|k wtpck `w dkr`|kd lreo rklckgt`|k zkrweihc`tp# w`o`chrcp `oz{cw`|k
wtpck geokw lreo hi `oz{cw`|k oeed) Tfkrklerk tfk ckhri`in wtpckw hrk geiikgtkd ~`tf
tfk geni`t`|k deoh`iw) Tfk rkwkhrgfkrw `dkit`l`kd ohip ckhri`in wtpckw tfre{nfe{t tfk
pkhrw wthrt`in ~`tf H{w{bkc &802 te rkgkit rkwkhrgf bp Rk`d &800;
hid Kfrohi &800< hw ~kcc hw Gefki &8006 ~fe d`wt`in{`wfkd ckhri`in wtpckw `igc{d`in
wkiwerp# geoo{i`ght`|k# g{ct{rhc# hllkgt`|k# geni`t`|k hid `itkcckgt{hc lhgter wtpckw)
&Bre~i# 2:::=884
L`kcd @idkzkidkit , L`kcd Dkzkidkit Wtpckw
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Bre~i okit`eiw `i zhrt`g{chr t~e `ozerthit ckhri`in wtpckw= l`kcd `idkzkidkit hid l`kcd
dkzkidkit ckhri`in wtpckw) &Bre~i# 2:::=884/88; ) ^f`ck h zkrwei ~`tf &L@ l`kcd
`idkzkidkit wtpck `w hbck te geigkitrhtk ei tfk `ozerthit dkth`cw el tfk ~feck z`gt{rk
kn) rkhd`in h beea `i h ie`wp ki|`reiokit# h zkrwei ~`tf l`kcd dkzkidkit &LD wtpck `w
tfk ezzew tk el tfk etfkr eik hid ghi eicp wkk tfk ~feck z`gt{rk# tfk nkikrhc
geil`n{rht`ei el
h zrebcko# `dkh er k|kit &Bre~i# 2:::=88< ) Tfkwk wtpckw hrk dk|kcezkd d{r`in tfk
z{bkrtp hid {w{hccp bkgeok wthbck `i hd{ctfeed) @i ^kwtkri g{ct{rkw oki wkko te bk
oerk L@ hid tf`w `w hcwe eik el tfk lhgterw ~f`gf `w geiw`dkrkd te bk rkwzeiw`bck ler dkl`i`in `itkcc`nkigk) Ei tfk etfkr fhid# feok hid tfk tpzk el {zbr`in`in hrk tfk lhgterw
~f`gf dktkro`ik `l tfk zkrwei `w L@%D ei h greww/g{ct{rhc ck|kc) ^f`ck h{tfer`thr`hi
weg`kt`kw ~`tf wtr`gt {zbr`in`in dk|kcez oerk el h LD wtpck# tfk dkoegrht`g weg`kt`kw ~fe
zreoetk oerk rkchvkd ~hp el {zbr in in fh|k f`nfkr rhtk el L@ zkezck) Tfk
gfhrhgtkr`wt`g trh`tw el L@ zkrwei geiw`wt el= `idkzkidkigk# f`nf wkcl/geil`dkigk hid
bk`in geozkt`t`|k &Bre~i# 2:::=88; ) ~fkrkhw tfk trh`tw el LD zkrwei `igc{dk nh`i`in
kikrnp lreo etfkrw# bk`in weg`hbck# kozhtf`g hid wpozhtfkt`g te etfkr zkezck &Bre~i#
2:::=88; )
Tfre{nfe{t tfk wkr`kw el d`llkrkit wt{d`kw kn) Ih`ohi kt hc &80>6 t~e fpzetfkwkw ~krk
le{id) L`rwt eik wthtkw tfht L@ `w gcewkcp rkchtkd te gchwwreeo ckhri`in tfht `i|ec|kw
hihcpw`w# httkit`ei te dkth`cw# hid ohwtkr`in el kvkrg`wkw# dr`ccw hid etfkr leg{wkd
hgt`|`t`kw &Bre~i# 2:::=88; ) Tf`w fpzetfkw`w geiw`wtkd el etfkr wt{d`kw hid `igc{dkd
|hr`e{w l`id`inw `igc{d`in tfk lhgt tfht L@ zkezck zkrlerokd bkttkr `i dkd{gt`|k ckwweiw
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dkw`niw ~fkrkhw tfk LD zkezck zrklkrrkd tfk `id{gt |k ckhri in ~f`gf zre|`dkw
ezzert{i`t`kw ler wkcl/kvzcerht`ei) &Bre~i# 2:::=88< ) Tfk wkgeid fpzetfkw`w w{nnkwtw
tfht LD zkezck wfe{cd bk w{ggkwwl{c `i ckhri`in te geoo{i`ghtk `i h lerk`ni chin{hnk
tfre{nf tfk r kozhtfp# weg`hc e{trkhgf hid zkrgkzt`ei el etfkr zkezck) &Bre~i#
2:::=88< ) Ik|krtfkckww# tfkrk `w ie k|`dkigk ~f`gf w{zzertw tfk wkgeid fpzetfkw`w)
Oerke|kr# betf fpzetfkwkw ohp bk geiw`dkrkd hw geitrhd`gterp hw fe~ ge{cd LD bk
oewt `ozerthit ei tfk eik fhid hid L@ kx{hccp `ozerthit5 &Bre~i# 2:::=88< ~f`cwt
betf wtpckw hrk `ozerthit hid wfe{cd bk hzzc`kd te ckhri`in h lerk ni chin{hnk) @tw{ll`gkw te whp tfht# tfkwk fpzetfkwkw geigkri d`llkrkit tpzkw el ckhri`in) Tfk l`rwt eik
kozcepw iht{rhc# lhgk/te/lhgk geoo{i`ght`ei hid rkx{`rkw LD wtpck &Bre~i# 2:::=
88< ~fkrkhw tfk etfkr tpzk el ckhri`in kith`cw tfk lho`c`hr gchwwreeo hgt`|`t`kw= dr`ccw#
kvkrg`wkw# tkwtw# hid we lertf hid rkx{`rkw h L@ wtpck &Bre~i# 2:::=88< ) L`ihccp# LD
hid L@ ckhri`in wtpckw ghi bk kozcepkd hid {t`c`}kd bp tfk ckhrikrw dkzkid`in ei tfk
geitkvt hid tfk ckhri in ki|`reiokit) Tfkrklerk# lerk`ni chin{hnk ckhrikrw ~`cc ik|kr
bk k`tfkr L@ er LD hw `t `w dkzkidkit ei tfk`r zkrweihc`tp trh`tw# ckhri`in g`rg{owthigkw
hid tfk `id`|`d{hc `i nkikrhc# we tfht tfk tkhgfkr wfe{cd thak `t `ite geiw`dkrht`ei ~f`ck
zchii`in ckwweiw)
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Oet`|ht`ei= tfker`kw el oet`|ht`ei# okhw{rkw el oet`|ht`ei# chin{hnk ckhri`in
hid oet`|ht`ei)
Oet`|ht`ei hggerd`in te Bre~i `w rkwzeiw`bck ler tfk w{ggkww er lh`c{rk el |`rt{hccp hip
geozckv thwa &Bre~i# 2:::=8
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h d`wt`igt`ei bkt~kki bk`in oet`|htkd hid wht`wlp`in l{idhokithc zfpw`ghc ikgkww`t`kw
w{gf hw h`r# ~htkr# leed# geoo{i`tp# wkg{r`tp# `dkit`tp er wkcl/kwtkko) &Bre~i# 2:::=8
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rkwkhrgf geiw`dkrkd `itknrht`|kikww hw w`ni`l`ghit `i ckhri`in h lerk`ni chin{hnk)
Fe~k|kr# ler weok rkwkhrgfkrw tfk hbe|k gch`o ~hw hob`n{e{w) Tfk l{rtfkr wt{d`kw ei
tfk w{bmkgt & igc{d in Phwokki C{ahohi` &80>2 hid H{ &8066 wfe~kd tfht
w{ggkwwl{c chin{hnk ckhri`in `w iet ikgkwwhr`cp dktkro ikd bp `iwtr{okithc er
`itknrht`|k oedkcw el oet`|ht`ei) Tfk l`id`inw `ilc{kigk tfk lhgt tfht chin{hnk ckhri`in
`i|ec|kw betf er`kitht`eiw hid tfkrk hrk ie r{ckw te ~f`gf ckhrikrw kozcep `itknrht`|k er
`iwtr{okithc er`kitht`ei hw `t dkzkidw ei tfk`r `id`|`d{hc g`rg{owthigkw hid nehcw)
L`ihccp# Bre~i d`wt`in{`wfkw hietfkr w`ni`l`ghit d`okiw`ei el oet`|ht`ei ~f`gf `w tfkdknrkk te ~f`gf ckhrikrw hrk `itr`iw`ghccp er kvtr`iw`ghccp oet`|htkd te w{ggkkd `i h thwa
&Bre~i# 2:::=8;= 27 `itr`iw`ghccp oet`|htkd wt{dkitw hrk
gfhrhgtkr`wkd ~`tf bkfh|`e{rw `igc{d`in kinhnkokit `i tfk hgt`|`tp ler tfk`r e~i whak
lkkc`in tfht tfk hgt`|`tp `w tfk`r rk~hrd hid zre|`d`in tfko ~`tf lkkc`inw el geozktkigk
hid wkcl/dktkro`iht`ei) Ei tfk geitrhrp# tfk kvtr`iw`ghccp oet`|htkd wt{dkitw dk|kcez
d`llkrkit bkfh|`e{rw ~f`gf geiw`wt el tfk hit`g`zht`ei el h rk~hrd lreo e{tw`dk w{gf hw
oeikp# zr`}kw# nrhdkw er bkfh|`e{rw `i`t`htkd te h|e`d z{i`wfokit &Bre~i# 2:::=8: `i zhrt g{chr rknhrdkd `itr iw`g oet |ht`ei hw w{zkr`er te
kvtr`iw`g oet`|ht`ei# kozfhw`w`in tfht tfk ckhrikrw wfe{cd hgf`k|k wkcl/hgt{hc`}ht`ei
tfre{nf dk|kcezokit el tfk`r wkcl/kwtkko hid geil`dkigk hw ~kcc hw tfre{nf wht`wlp`in
tfk`r bhw`g f{ohi ikkdw &Bre~i# 2:::=8
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`itr iw`g hid kvtr`iw`g oet |ht`ei hid tfk Nhrdkikrw oedkc el `itknrht |k hid
`iwtr{okithc er`kitht`ei)
Te w{o {z# tfk l`rwt wkt el oedkcw el oet`|ht`ei &`itr`iw`g hid kvtr`iw`g `w wt`cc geiw`dkrkd
te bk {wkl{c hid ghi bk hzzc`kd te lerk`ni chin{hnk ckhri`in) Lhgterw w{gf hw
dk|kcez`in
h need rkcht`eiwf`z ~`tf tfk ckhrikrw# beewt`in tfk`r wkcl/geil`dkigk hid `igrkhw`in tfk`r
nehc er`kitht`ei ~krk rknhrdkd tfk oewt `ozerthit `i oet`|ht`in wt{dkitw) Tfkrklerk# tfk
tkhgfkrw reck `w te geitr`b{tk te tfk dk|kcezokit el `itr`iw`g oet`|ht`ei el tfk ckhrikrw~fe hrk ~`cc`in te ckhri hid hgf`k|k tfk`r nehcw ler tfk`r e~i zkrweihc wht`wlhgt`ei rhtfkr
tfhi etfkr ohtkr`hc rk~hrdw)
Oktfedecenp
Oktfedecenp `w hi `ozerthit zhrt el h wt{dp ghwk) @i op rkwkhrgf tfkrk ~krk |hr`e{w
dhth gecckgt`ei oktfedw {wkd `i erdkr te ebth`i h d`llkrkit zkrgkzt`ei el tfk chin{hnk
ckhrikr hid fkr ckhri`in wtpckw) Tfk l`rwt oktfed ~f`gf fhw bkki {wkd `w h wko`/
wtr{gt{rhc `itkr|`k~) Tf`w tpzk el tfk `itkr|`k~ `w ckww lerohc hid geiw`wtw el wzkg`l`g#
gcewkd hid ezkikd x{kwt`eiw ~f`gf hrk {w{hccp zreoztkd bp tfk `itkr|`k~kr) Tfk oh`i
h`o el w{gf hi `itkr|`k~ `w te nkt weok dkth`ckd# `iw`dk `ileroht`ei lreo tfk `itkrceg{ter)
Tfk hd|hithnkw el wko`/wtr{gt{rkd `itkr|`k~ `igc{dk= `ilerohc tpzk el `itkr|`k~# tfk
hb`c`tp te nkt te aie~ tfk ckhrikr `i dkth`c# f`w er fkr ckhri`in wtpckw hid zrklkrkigkw) Ei
tfk etfkr fhid# tfk drh~bhgaw el tfk wko`/wtr{gt{rkd `itkr|`k~ `igc{dk bk`in wkiw`t`|k
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hid hbck te aie~ ~fkrk te drh~ tfk c`ik ~f`ck hwa`in x{kwt`eiw we tfht tfk b`hw hrk iet
rk|khckd)
Tfk etfkr oktfed ~f`gf @ {wkd `w hi ebwkr|ht`ei el h gchww el h chin{hnk ckhrikr) @t ~hw
hi {iwtr{gt{rkd tpzk el hi ebwkr|ht`ei) W`o`chrcp# hi {iwtr{gt{rkd ebwkr|ht`ei fhw `tw
hd|hithnkw hid d`whd|hithnkd) Eik el tfk hd|hithnkw el zkrlero`in hid {w`in tfk
ebwkr|ht`ei `w bk`in hbck te iet`gk tfk dkth`cw el tfk chin{hnk ckhrikr ~f`gf fk er wfk
~e{cd iet rk|khc d{r`in tfk `itkr|`k~) L{rtfkroerk# tfk `itkr|`k~kr `w hbck te nkt h l{cckr z`gt{rk el tfk w`t{ht`ei) Ht chwt# {iwtr{gt{rkd ebwkr|ht`ei `w {wkl{c te ebth`i dhth) Hw lhr
hw tfk d`whd|hithnkw el {iwtr{gt{rkd ebwkr|ht`ei hrk geigkrikd# tfkp geiw`wt el tfk
ebwkr|krw zhrhdev ~f`gf egg{rw ~fki tfk ckhrikrw hgt d`llkrkitcp d{r`in tfk gchww
~fki tfkp hrk ebwkr|kd)
Chwt oktfed ~f`gf @ fh|k {wkd `i op rkwkhrgf ~hw h x{kwt`eiih`rk) @ fh|k zre|`dkd tfk
ckhrikr ~`tf tfk x{kwt`eiih`rk ~f`gf fhd 7 zhrtw# t~e ei ckhri`in wtpckw% wtrhtkn`kw hid
eik ei oet`|ht`ei) Tf`w hcce~kd ok te l{rtfkr hihcpwk tfk ckhri`in zregkww el wt{dkit V)
Tfk oh`i hd|hithnk `w tfkrklerk# tfk hb`c`tp te {wk tfk hiw~krw ler tfk hihcpw`w el tfk
wt{dp) Tfk d`whd|hithnk ohp bk h geozckv wghck ~f`gf `w ht t`okw iet wtrh`nftler~hrd
te hihcpwk tfk l`ihc rkw{ct)
Hihcpw`w / Tfk Dhth Gecckgt`ei , Tfk Rkw{ctw
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Tfk dhth gecckgt`ei fhw bkki zkrlerokd ht Lrhigkw A`inw wgfeec el Kinc`wf `i Ceidei)
@t `i|ec|kd eik el `tw ckhrikrw / Wt{dkit V te thak zhrt `i tfk `itkr| k~ ~ tf tfk
rkwkhrgfkr)
Tf`w geiw`wtkd el nkikrhc x{kwt`eiw rknhrd`in tfk ckhrikrw `dkit`tp# fkr nehcw hid ~hw h
br`kl `itred{gt`ei ler tfk ckhrikr te nkt lho`c`hr ~`tf tfk rkwkhrgfkr hid l`id e{t tfk
z{rzewk el tfk rkwkhrgf) Wt{dkit V `w i`iktkki pkhrw ecd hid geokw lreo Aerkh) Wfk
ghok te Ceidei ler tfrkk oeitfw `i erdkr te ckhri Kinc`wf) Wfk teea {z h nkikrhc
ge{rwk el Kinc`wf) Tf{w# tfk `itkr|`k~ fkczkd tfk rkwkhrgfkr nh`i `ileroht`ei hbe{t tfk
ckhrikr w{gf hw= tfk bhw`g dkth`cw `igc{d`in wt{dkitw er`n`i# hnk# wzeaki chin{hnkw# tfkd{rht ei el Kinc`wf chin{hnk ckhri in hid tfk z{rzewk el ckhri`in `t `i Ceidei)
Oerke|kr# `t w{zzc`kd tfk dkth`cw ei Wt{dkit Vw `itkrkwtw# ghrkkr zrewzkgtw hid fkr
l{t{rk nehcw)
Tfk ikvt wthnk el tfk rkwkhrgf `i|ec|kd tfk ebwkr|ht`ei el tfk wt{dkit Vw gchww hw ~kcc
hw geozckt`in tfk x{kwt`eiih`rk ei ckhri`in wtpckw bp tfk ckhrikr hid chwtcp# hietfkr
br`kl `itkr|`k~ te w{oohr`wk tfk l`id`inw) Tfk rkwkhrgf wfe~kd tfht wt{dkit V fhw
|hr`e{w hllkgt`|k lhgterw hid kozcepw d`|krwk ckhri`in wtpckw ~f`ck ckhri`in Kinc`wf)
Tfk hllkgt`|k lhgterw kozcepkd bp Wt{dkit V geiw`wtkd el kvtrh|krw`ei hid tfk `itr`iw`g
oet`|ht`ei) Eik el tfk oewt whc`kit hllkgt |k lhgterw el tfk ckhrikr `w kvtrh|krw`ei) Tf`w
~hw zre|ki `i tfk `i`t hc `itkr| k~ ~ tf tfk ckhrikr# tfk ebwkr|ht ei# hid tfk
x{kwt`eiih`rk geozcktkd bp wt{dkit V &Hzzkid`v 8) x{kwt) 87# Hzzkid`v 2# Hzzkid`v 7
Zhrt @@H ) D{r`in tfk `i`t`hc `itkr|`k~ tfk ckhrikr hdo`ttkd tfht wfk zrklkrw te ~era `i h
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nre{z rhtfkr tfhi ei fkr e~i ~f`gf `w hi k| dkit gfhrhgtkr`wt`g el kvtrh|krw`ei)
&Hzzkid`v 8# x{kwt`ei 87 ) Hietfkr w{zzert`in k| dkigk fhw bkki wfe~i `i tfk
x{kwt`eiih`rk geozcktkd bp tfk ckhrikr ~fkrk wt{dkit V `id`ghtkd tfht Nre{z wt{dp ~`tf
gchwwohtkw `w zhrt el tfk ckwwei hid @ wt{dp ~`tf etfkrw e{tw`dk gchww &Hzzkid`v 7#
Zhrt @@H# 78 , 7> ) Oerke|kr# tfk ebwkr|ht`ei hcwe `ozc`kw tfht tfk ckhrikr `w kvtrh|krt)
Tfk ckhrikr zhrt`g`zhtkd `i h nhok hid geezkrhtkd ~kcc ~`tf etfkr zchpkrw) Wfk ~hw
hgt`|k hid geitr`b{tkd te tfk |`gterp el fkr tkho) &Hzzkid`v 2# zhnk > geookitw 2 )
@itr`iw`g oet`|ht`ei `w hietfkr oewt whc`kit hllkgt`|k lhgter el tfk ckhrikr) Tf`w fhw bkkikwthbc`wfkd d{r`in tfk `itkr|`k~ &hzzkid`v 8# x{kwt) 84 ~`tf tfk ckhrikr hw ~kcc hw `w
wkki `i tfk ckhrikrw hiw~krw te x{kwt`eiw `i tfk x{kwt`eiih`rk &Hzzkid`v 7# Zhrt 8#
Hzzkid`v G ) Wt{dkit V geilkwwkd d{r`in tfk `itkr|`k~ tfht wfk ~hw ckhri`in Kinc`wf
oewtcp ler zckhw{rk hid dk|kcezokit el fkr c`in{`wt g geozktkigk) & hzzkid`v 8#
x{kwt`ei 84 ) Bkw`dkw# tfk x{kwt`eiih`rk geith`iw l{rtfkr k|`dkigk `igc{d`in wthtkokitw
rknhrd`in oet`|ht ei ~f`gf tfk ckhrikr gfewk w{gf hw= chin{hnk ckhri`in `w l{i er ce|k
te ckhri weoktf`in ik~ hcwe# c`ak ge{itrp ~fkrk tfk TC `w {wkd & hzzkid`v 7# zhrt 8#
Hzzkid`v G# x{kwt`ei < ) Tfewk wthtkokitw w{zzert tfk lhgt tfht `itr`iw`g oet`|ht`ei `w h
deo`ihit hllkgt`|k lhgter el wt{dkit V)
Tfk ckhri`in wtpckw kozcepkd bp tfk ckhrikr `i fkr chin{hnk ckhri`in zregkww `igc{dk=
wkx{kit`hc# geigrktk%rhideo# |`w{hc# h{d`terp# a`ikwtfkt`g# hbwtrhgt# betf dkd{gt`|k hid
`id{gt`|k hw ~kcc hw l`kcd/dkzkidkit) Ieiktfkckww# tfk oewt whc`kit wtpckw `igc{dk =
wkx{kit`hc hid geigrktk % rhideo)
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Tfk wkx{kit`hc ckhri`in wtpck `w eik el tfk oewt whc`kit wtpckw hzzc`kd bp tfk ckhrikr te
fkr Kinc`wf ckhri`in) Tf`w fhw bkki wfe~i i betf itkr|`k~ hid tfk geozcktkd
x{kwt`eiih`rk bp tfk ckhrikr) &Hzzkid`v 8 x{kwt) 8;# Hzzkid`v 7 Zhrt @@H ) Wt{dkit V
hdo`ttkd d{r`in tfk `itkr|`k~ tfht wfk lh|e{rw ckhri`in h lerk`ni chin{hnk ~f`gf lecce~w
h wpcchb{w hid `w th{nft nrhd{hccp ~`tf tfk tkhgfkrw n{ dhigk) &Hzzkid`v 8 x{kwt`ei
8; Oerke|kr# wt{dkit V {wkw tfk cen`g hid lecce~w tfk wtkzw ~f`ck l`id`in tfk r`nft
wec{t`eiw d{r`in tfk ckhri`in zregkww) Ler `iwthigk wfk c`akw te fh|k h l{cc {idkrwthid`in
el tfk `iwtr{gt eiw hid tfk nrhoohr bklerk geozckt`in h thwa n`|ki bp tfk tkhgfkr) Tf`wfhw bkki zre|ki `i fkr hiw~krw te tfk x{kwt`eiw `i tfk x{kwt`eiih`rk kn) ^k ohwtkr
eik tf`in bklerk ne`in ei te oerk ohtkr`hc er h ik~ nrhoohr ze`it &hzzkid`v 7# zhrt
@@H) 7: hid Tfk `iwtr{gter wpwtkoht`ghccp lecce~w h tkvtbeea er wpcchb{w ~fkrk wfk
wthtkd tfht betf el tfkwk wthtkokitw ~krk fkczl{c &Hzzkid`v 7# zhrt@@H) 8 ) L{rtfkroerk#
wt{dkit V `w leid el kvkrg`wkw ~f`gf rkx{`rk fkr te wkhrgf ler tfk okhi`in el tfk
|eghb{chrp rkx{`rkd te geozcktk tfk thwa) Tf`w l{rtfkr geil`row tfht wfk `w h wkx{kit`hc
ckhrikr) &Hzzkid`v 7# Zhrt@@H) 0 L`ihccp# wt{dkit V bkc`k|kw tfht ~k ohwtkr eik tf`in
bklerk ne`in ei te oerk ohtkr`hc er h ik~ nrhoohr ze`it &hzzkid`v 7# zhrt@@H# 7: )
Hietfkr wtpck ~f`gf egg{rw te bk deo`ihit `i ckhri`in el tfk kvho`ikd wt{dkit `w
h geigrktk%rhideo tpzk el h ckhrikr) Wt{dkit V `w h grkht`|k tpzk el h ckhrikr ~fe
lh|e{rw wt{dp`in ler rkhwei hid dekw iet c`ak tfk dkth`cw) Wfk zrklkrw te fh|k h gfe`gk
rhtfkr tfhi hdfkrk te tfk r{ckw) ^fht ohttkrw te wt{dkit V hrk tfk geigrktk lhgtw
w{zzertkd ~`tf rkck|hit dhth) Wfk dekw iet c`ak zchii`in er r{ckw `iwtkhd wt{dkit V
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zrklkrw tkhgfkrw d`rkgt n{`dkc`ikw) ^era`in `i nre{zw `w lh|e{rkd bp tf`w tpzk el h
ckhrikr Tfk gchww brkhaw {z `ite wohcckr nre{zw te thca &hzzkid`v 7# zhrt@@H# 7 hw ~kcc
hw hi ezzert{i`tp te kvzcerk tfk chin{hnk tfre{nf rhideo thwaw# w{gf hw wt{dkitw
`itkr|`k~ chin{hnk V wzkhakrw hid rkzert ei tfk `itkr|`k~ &hzzkid`v 7# zhrt@@H# ; ) Tf`w
`w hcwe w{zzertkd bp tfk ebwkr|ht`ei
el tfk ckhrikr `i tfk gchwwreeo d{r`in eik el fkr gchwwkw ~f`ck wfk ~hw kinhnkd `i
h gei|krwht`ei ~`tf fkr zhrtikr {w`in `d`eow hid zfrhwhc |krbw) Tf`w zre|kw tfht wfk
~eraw ~kcc `i h tkho% ~`tf h zhrtikr hid kvzcerkw tfk thrnkt chin{hnk tfre{nf rhideo
thwaw) &Hzzkid`v 2# zhnk ;
D`wg{ww`ei
Tfk lhgterw ~f`gf ghi fkcz hid f idkr wt{dkitw ckhri in zregkww geiw`wt el tfk
gfhrhgtkr`wt`g trh`tw# ckhri`in wtpckw hw ~kcc hw tfk kvzkgtht`eiw el tfk ckhrikr) @i erdkr te
d`wt in{ wf tfk ckhrikrw gfhrhgtkr`wt`gw ~f`gf fkcz hid f`idkr ckhri`in el h lerk ni
chin{hnk `t `w w`ni`l`ghit te thak `ite hgge{it tfk zr`er`t`kw ler ckhri`in el tfk ckhrikr)
Wt{dkit Vw zr`er`t`kw ler ckhri`in geiw`dkr wt{dp`in Kinc`wf ler tfk g{ct{rhc rkhweiw#
w{gf hw bk`in hbck te dk|kcez geoo{i`ght |k geozktkigk hid thca te zkezck `i Kinc`wf
wzkha`in ge{itr kw) Oerke|kr# wt{dkit V teea {z Kinc`wf hw wfk rknhrdw `t te bk h bhw`g
lhgter te nkt h meb hid wfk `w zchii`in te {wk `t ~f`ck zh|`in tfk ~hp te fkr l{t{rk ghrkkr
hid l`id`in fkr l`rwt meb) Chwtcp# tfk ckhrikr l`idw `t `itkrkwt`in hid `w leid el ckhri`in
weoktf`in ik~ &hzzkid`v 7# zhrt 8# hzzkid`v G# 4 , < ) Tfk oh`i h`o el wt{dkit V `w
tfkrklerk te hgx{`rk Kinc`wf d{r`in fkr ge{rwk ht Lrhigkw A`in wgfeec el Kinc`wf `i tfrkk
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oeitfw t`ok) Tf{w# tfewk hrk tfk ohmer zr`er`t`kw# ikkdw hid nehcw el tfk kvho`ikd
ckhrikr)
Tfk ckhrikrw gfhrhgtkr`wt`gw tfht ghi fkcz fkr `ozre|k fkr ckhri`in hid hw h rkw{ct el
tfht hgf`k|k hcc el tfk hbe|k zr er t`kw hid nehcw ohp geiw`wt el# w{gf lhgterw hw
kvtrh|krw`ei er oet |ht`ei ler `iwthigk# hi `iwtr{okithc er `itknrht`|k oet |ht`ei)
L{rtfkroerk# d`|krwk ckhri`in wtrhtkn`kw ghi geitr`b{tk te tfk hggeozc`wfokit el tfk
hbe|k zr`er t`kw# ikkdw hid nehcw) Tfkwk ohp geith`i d`rkgt er `id`rkgt ckhri`in
wtrhtkn`kw)
Hw lhr hw tfk h`ow hid zr`er`t`kw el wt{dkit V hrk geigkrikd# `i erdkr te hgf`k|k fkr
h`ow w{gf hw dk|kcez`in geoo{i`ght`|k geozktkigk `i Kinc`wf# wfk ge{cd kozcep
ckhri`in wtrhtkn`kw `igc{d`in d`rkgt wtrhtkn`kw kn) okoerp# geni`t`|k er geozkiwht`ei
wtrhtkn`kw &Evlerd# R) 800:=8> ) Tfkwk ~e{cd fkcz fkr kvzhid fkr okoerp# chin{hnk
zrhgt`gk hid hihcp}`in wa`ccw kn) ~era`in e{t tfk okhi`in el tfk ~erd bp brkha`in `t
de~i `ite gf{iaw) Wt{dkit V ge{cd ohak {wk el g`rg{oceg{t`ei `i ghwk `l wfk chgaw
gkrth`i ~erd ~f`ck wzkha`in)
Oerke|kr# etfkr wtrhtkn`kw ge{cd bk hzzc`kd `i erdkr te `ozre|k tfk ckhri in zregkww el
wt{dkit V hw ~kcc hw tfk weg`hc hwzkgt el tfk ckhri`in) Tfkwk ge{cd geith`i weg`hc
wtrhtkn`kw &Evlerd# R) 800:=8> kn) tfre{nf geezkrht`ei hid nktt`in lho`c`hr ~`tf etfkr
g{ct{rk w`igk wfk `w h geigrktk%rhideo tpzk el ckhrikr hid hcwe lh|e{rw `id{gt`|k# wkcl/
d`wge|krp tkgfi`x{kw ~fe kimepw h nre{z ~era) &Hzzkid`v 7# zhrt @@H 7#;#87 Ht chwt#
okthgeni t`|k wtrhtkn`kw &Evlerd# R) 800:=8> ge{cd bk {wkd te fkcz fkr ~`tf fkr
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hgf`k|kokitw w{gf hw nktt`in h meb bp hctkr`in tfk ~hpw wfk zchiw fkr ckhri`in hid
oerk `ozerthitcp tha`in h wtkz bhga hid ceea`in ht tfk b`nnkr z`gt{rk el h ckhri`in
zregkww hw h ~feck) Tf`w ge{cd bk d`rkgtkd bp tfk tkhgfkr te fkcz fkr l{ccp {idkrwthid
fe~ te ohak hdm{wtokitw hid `ozre|kokitw) L{rtfkroerk# tfk tkhgfkr ge{cd fkcz tfk
ckhrikr bp tha`in h reck el hi kvzch`ikr hid n{`dk fkr tfre{nfe{t tfk ckhri`in zregkww te
w{zzert tfk ckhrikr) Tfk wtrhtkn`kw ~f gf ge{cd bk hzzc`kd bp tfk tkhgfkr te fkcz
wt{dkit V dk|kcez bkttkr geoo{i`ght`|k geozktkigk geiw`wt el geni`t`|k wtrhtkn`kw
~f`gf bkcein te d`rkgt wtrhtkn`kw) &Evlerd# R)800:=8> ) Tf`w ge{cd bk zkrlerokd bp
zre|`d`in wt{dkit ~`tf geozrkfkiw`bck `iz{t hid e{tz{t ~f`ck zrkwkit`in tfk thrnktchin{hnk) &Evlerd# R) 800:=8> ) ^fht `w oerk# tfk tkhgfkr ge{cd fkcz tfk ckhrikr te
`ozre|k fkr wzkha`in hid ~r`t`in bp dkoeiwtrht`ei el |hr`e{w tkgfi`x{kw w{gf hw ~erd
ge`i`in ~f`gf bkceinw te geozkiwht ei wtrhtkn`kw &Evlerd# R) 800:=8> ) Hw wt{dkit V
`w hi kvtre|krt tfkrk `w ie ikkd te rknhrd tfk hllkgt`|k wtrhtkn`kw ~f`gf fkcz te dkhc ~`tf
tfk hiv`ktp) Ckhwt b{t iet chwt# tfk tkhgfkr wfe{cd p`kcd tfk wt{dkit hid zre|`dk tfk
ezzert{i`t`kw ler weg`hc hwzkgt el ckhri`in h lerk`ni chin{hnk) Tf`w ge{cd bk deik bp
z{tt`in wt{dkitw `ite greww/g{ct{rhc nre{zw ~f`ck ernhi`}`in d`|krwk gchwwreeo hgt`|`t`kw)
Tf{w# tfk tkhgfkr ~e{cd kozcep weg`hc wtrhtkn`kw fkrk) &Evlerd# R) 800:=8> ) L`ihccp#
tfk tkhgfkr ge{cd {wk |`w{hc h`dw er o{w`g `i erdkr te fkcz wt{dkit V `ozre|k fkr
ckhri`in w`igk wfk `w betf |`w{hc hid h{d`terp tpzk el h ckhrikr) & Hzzkid`v 7# zhrt@@H# 70/
4: )
Eigk `t fhw bkki kwthbc`wfkd ~fht lhgterw ge{cd `ozre|k tfk ckhrikrw chin{hnk hid
ohak fkr zrenrkww# `t `w hcwe w`ni`l`ghit te ceea ht tfk lhgterw hid wtrhtkn`kw ~f`gf ge{cd
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gh{wk tfk geitrhrp hid f`idkr wt{dkit ckhri`in) Tfk chga el oet`|ht`ei `w eik el tfk
lhgterw ~f`gf ge{cd f`idkr tfk ckhrikrw zrenrkww) @l tfkrk `w ie oet`|ht`ei ~fktfkr
`itknrht`|k er `iwtr{okithc tfki tfk wt{dkit fhw ie h`o hid ~`cc iet z{t o{gf kllert
te~hrdw hgf`k|`in fkr nehcw) Hietfkr hwzkgt ~f`gf ghi `ozkdk wt{dkit ckhri`in ohp bk
chga el tkhgf`in ohtkr`hcw hid we{rgkw ikkdkd `i erdkr te w{ggkkd) @l tfk ckhrikr fhw ie
hdkx{htk rkwe{rgkw wfk ~`cc iet bk hbck te ~era hggerd`in te fkr zrklkrkigk) W`igk wfk
`w h wkx{kit`hc tpzk el ckhrikr wfk lh|e{rw lecce~`in h ge{rwkbeea hid h wpcchb{w
&Hzzkid`v 8)8;# Hzzkid`v 7# zhrt @@H# 8 ) Ht chwt# ie`wp ki|`reiokit hid bhganre{id
ie`wk ghi wce~ de~i tfk zrenrkww el tfk wt{dkitw ckhri`in) Wt{dkit V okit`eikd d{r`intfk `itkr|`k~ hid `id`ghtkd `i tfk x{kwt`eiih`rk tfht wfk zrklkrw te ~era `i h x{`kt @
~era bkttkr ~fki `t `w x{`kt &Hzzkid`v 8)8
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Oerke|kr# tfk rkw{ctw fh|k bkki d`wg{wwkd l{rtfkr hid tfk rkwkhrgfkr fhw kigcewkd
w{nnkwt eiw ler tfk ckhrikr ei fe~ te `ozre|k tfk zrenrkww el fkr ckhri`in hggerd`in te
fkr ckhri`in wtpckw# zrklkrkigkw# ikkdw# nehcw hid fe~ te zrk|kit fkr ckhri`in te bk
f`idkrkd) Tfk rkzert `ozc`kw ~fht ghi bk deik bp tfk ckhrikr te hokc`erhtk wt{dkitw V
ckhri`in hw ~kcc hw ~fht ghi bk deik bp tfk tkhgfkr te ohak tfk ckhri`in zregkww oerk
w{`tkd te tfk ikkdw hid rkx{`rkokitw el tfk wt{dkit) L`ihccp# tfk rkzert drh~w tfk
rkhdkrw httkit`ei te tfk lhgterw ~f`gf ohp f`idkr wt{dkitw zrenrkww)
@t ghi bk geigc{dkd tfht wt{dkit V fhw ohip ezt`eiw te `ozre|k fkr ckhri`in hid ge{cd
thak hd|hithnk el |hr`e{w ckhri`in wtrhtkn`kw w{gf hw w{nnkwtkd hbe|k= geni`t`|k er
okthgeni`t`|k wtrhtknp hrk m{wt weok el tfk wtrhtkn`kw ~f`gf ohp geitr`b{tk te tfk
zrenrkww hid w{ggkww el tfk ckhrikr & Evlerd# R) 800:=8> )
B`bc`enrhzfp
Bre~i# D) &2::: ) Zr`ig`zckw el tfk Chin{hnk Ckhri`in hid Tkhgf`in ) ^f`tk Zch`iw# I)P=Ceinohi
Akklk# M)^) &80>0 ) Wt{dkit Ckhri`in Wtpckw= D`hniew`in hid Zrkwgr`b`in Zrenrhow )Rkwtei)\H= Iht`eihc Hwweg`ht`ei el Wkgeidhrp Wgfeec Zr`ig`zhcw)
Chrwki/Lrkkohi# D , Cein) O )&8008 ) Hi `itred{gt`ei te Wkgeid Chin{hnk Hgx{`w`t`eiRkwkhrgf )Ik~ Pera=Ceinohi
Fer~`t} &806< ) Lerk`ni Chin{hnk Gchwwreeo Hiv`ktp # 826/72
Dripk`)])&8006 ) Oet`|ht`ei `i wkgeid hid lerk`ni chin{hnk ckhri`in) Chin{hnkTkhgf`in 78 =88>/7;)
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Evlerd# R) 800:) Chin{hnk Ckhri`in Wtrhtkn`kw) ^fht K|krp Tkhgfkr Wfe{cd Aie~)Ik~ Pera= Ik~b{rp Fe{wk
Hzzkid`v 8 / @itkr|`k~ ~`tf tfk ckhrikr
X{kwt`eiw=
8) @itkr|`k~kr= Fe~ ecd hrk pe{5Wt{dkit V= 80 pkhrw ecd
2) @= ^fht `w pe{r ge{itrp el er`n`i5Wt{dkit V= Aerkh# [cwhi
7) @= Fe~ ohip chin{hnkw de pe{ wzkha5
Wt{dkit V= Aerkhi# Kinc`wf4) @= Fe~ cein fh|k pe{ bkki wt{dp`in Kinc`wf5
Wt{dkit V= 0 pkhrw# lreo kckokithrp wgfeec# 8 oeitf `i Lrhigkw A`inw wgfeec
;) @= Fe~ cein fh|k pe{ bkki `i tfk [A5Wt{dkit V= 8 oeitf
) @= De pe{ fh|k hip lho`cp fkrk5Wt{dkit V= Ie
6) @= De pe{ wzkha Kinc`wf e{tw`dk wgfeec5Wt{dkit V= Pkw
0) @=De pe{ fh|k hip febb`kw% `itkrkwtw fkrk5Wt{dkit V= o{w`g
8:) @= De pe{ fh|k h z%t meb er fh|k pe{ k|kr ~erakd `i pe{r ge{itrp5 @l we# ~fht a`id el
meb ~hw t5 Wt{dkit V= Ie# @ fh|kit ~erakd bklerk)88) @= Hrk pe{ ckhri`in hip lerk`ni chin{hnkw5Wt{dkit V= Gf`ikwk# Mhzhikwk
82) @= ^fht hrk pe{ wt{dp`in5 Hid ~fht hrk pe{r l{t{rk nehcw5Wt{dkit V= C`tkrht{rk) @o ei op nhz pkhr ie~) Op nehcw hrk te ckhri Kinc`wf `i
Ceidei)
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87) @= De pe{ zrklkr te ~era ei pe{r e~i er `i h nre{z5Wt{dkit V= @i h nre{z ~`tf op zkkrw)
84) @= ^fp de pe{ ~hit te ckhri Kinc`wf5Wt{dkit V= Oewtcp ler zckhw{rk hid te bk hbck te wzkha ~`tf Kinc`wf hid lerk`ni
zkezck)
8;) @= De pe{ zrklkr ~fki tfk tkhgfkr lecce~w wpcchb{w h ge{rwk beea er `l tfk gchwwkwhrk wzeithike{w5
Wt{dkit V= @ c`ak tf`inw te bk `i erdkr we @ zrklkr `l tfk tkhgfkr lecce~w h wpcchb{w)
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