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56&57] bULVhV~;w'kuy ,fj;ktudiqjh] uonsgyh&110056

e-mail : rsksrp@yahoo.com

website : www.sanskrit.nic.in

ISSN : 0975-1769

laLdj.ke~ % 2016

izR;Äïe~ & 50-00

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97&;w-ch-] tokgj uxj] fnYyh&110007eks-% 9818279798] 9990279798

SA«SK›TA-VIMAR˜A…

Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan(Deemed to be University)

Under Ministry of Human Resource DevelopmentGovt. of India

Accredited by NAAC with 'A' GradeNew Delhi

New Series

Vol.-11 Year 2016

Publisher :

RegistrarRashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan

Deemed University56-57, Institutional Area,

Janakpuri, New Delhi-110056

e-mail : rsksrp@yahoo.com

website : www.sanskrit.nic.in

ISSN : 0975-1769

Edition : 2016

Rs. 50.00

Printed :D.V. Printer

97, UB, Jawahar Nager, Delhi-110007

Mob. 9818279798, 9990279798

ijke'kZnkr`&lfefr%

1- izks- oh- oqQVqEc 'kkL=kh]36] ,ojxzhu vikVZes.V] IykWV u- 9]lsDVj&7] }kjdk] ubZ fnYyh&110075

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3- izks- jkepUæik.Ms;%38] ekuluxj nqxkZoqQ.M% okjk.klh (m- iz-)

4- izks- fd'kksjpUæegkik=k%Jh txÂkFklaLÑrfo'ofo|ky;%] iqjh (mM+hlk)

5- izks- vktknfeJ%2@239] fojke[k.M%&2] xkserhuxje~y[kumQ] (;w- ih-) 226010

6- izks- ft-,l~-vkj- Ñ".kewfrZ%oqQylfpo% osÄïVs'oj osn fo-fo-] vfyfijh&pUnzfxfj&lEioZQekxZ% fr#ifr (vkU/z izns'k) & 517502

7- izks- JhiknHkV~V%jkf"Vª;laLÑrfo|kihBe~ fr#ifr% (vkU/zizns'k%)

Advisory-Board

1. Prof. V. Kutumba Sastry,36, Evergreen Appartment Plot-9Sect. 7, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075

2. Prof. K.V. Ramakrishnamacharyalu,4-45, opp. Satyasai MandirStayasai nagar, Satya Sainagar panchayatTirupati (A.P.) - 517503

3. Prof. Ram Chandra Pandey38, Manas Nagar, DurgakundVaranasi (U.P.)

4. Prof. Kishor Chandra MahapatraSri Jagannath Sanskrit VishvavidyalayaPuri (Odisha)

5. Prof. Azad Mishra2/239, Viramkhand-2Gomatinagar, Luknow-226010

6. Prof. G.S.R. KrishnamurtyV.C., Vedik UniversityAlapiri, Chandragiri by pass RoadTirupati - 517502 (A.P.)

7. Prof. Shripada BhatRashtriya Sanskrit VidyapeethTirupati, (A.P.)

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2- lajpuk lkfgR; osQ lanHkZ esa ekuo vf/dkj dh vo/kj.kk&nhif'k[kk ikjk'kj 07

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9- 'kkfCndu;s deZfoe'kZ% &Jh'ks"kef.k'kqDy% 61

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11- izkphu ykSfdd laLÑr&lkfgR; esa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk dh fLFkfr 70&vt; oqQekj

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13- fyÄFkZfopkj% &MkW- jkecnuik.Ms;% 83

14- oSfnd ;K vkSj foKku &MkW- lqeu 'kekZ 88

15- laLÑr Hkk"kk dk yfyr fuca/ &MkW- vt; oqQekj feJ 95

16- osnO;k[;k esa fu?k.Vq ,oa fu#Drdkjksa dk ;ksxnku 104&MkW- eS=ks;h oqQekjh

17- dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa lkSUn;Z rÙo ,oa orZeku lUnHkZ 111&gfj}kj oekZ

18- egkHkk";fn'kk o`f¼jknSp~ bfr lw=kfoospue~ 119&MkW- lqtkrk f=kikBh

( viii )

19- oS;kdj.kfudk;s¿O;;infoe'kZ% &vEcjh'koqQekjfeJ% 124

20- laLÑrO;kdj.kL; iz;kstue~ &xtkuu/jsUæ% 130

21- O;×tuko`fÙkfoe'kZ% &MkW- jktoqQekjfeJ% 136

22- frÄFkZfopkj% &MkW- jkeukjk;.kf}osnh 142

23- frfFk&funsZ'k % ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ lUnHkZ esa &MkW- vi.kkZ /hj 147

24- oSfnd vlw;k Hkko dk ewÙkZ:i&vulw;k &MkW- chuk feJk 158

25- vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~ 167&MkW- vuhrk 'kekZ

26- laLÑr lkfgR; osQ xok{k ls >k¡drk i;kZoj.k rFkk 182orZeku lUnHkZ &vfer oqQekj feJ

27- vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"k.kfu:firkyÄïkjleh{kk &MkW- f'kojke 'kekZ 194

28- O;kdj.kn'kZus¿f/dj.klEizR;;% &;h'kukjk;.kf}osnh 205

29- egkHkkjrs¿iR;kFkZdrf¼rizr;;kuq'khyue~ &vfuyoqQekj vk;Z% 215

30- tSu ijEijk esa vk;qosZn dk oSf'k"V~;&MkW- Hkokuh 'kadj 'kekZ 226

31- oktlus;izkfr'kk[; inikB izfØ;k dh osnO;k[;k esa 230vko';drk &MkW- t;izdk'k ukjk;.k

32- Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 239&MkW- HkwisUæ oqQekj jkBkSj

33- fu#DrosnkÄõs Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwrfl¼kUr% &izks- jkts'ojfeJ% 266

34- vU;ksU;kJ;nks"k% rRifjgkjksik;% &MkW- iznhioqQekj&ik.Ms;% 27735. Synthesis: The Governing Principle of the Vedic 306

Way of Life -Dr. Shashi Tiwari

36. The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasistha: the Oldest Attested 317Divinization -Dr. Koenraad ELST

37. Ayurvedic concepts in Atharvaveda -Mitali 347

38. Bh‚skar‚c‚rya His Life, Time and Poetic Talent 354-Dr. Sudarshan K. Sharma

39. Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 362- Dr. Shyam Deo Mishra

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1- ik-lw- 3-2-1

laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

2 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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1- e-Hkk-iLi'kk-2- ok-i-cz-13- ik-lw-1-2-58

ikf.kuh;a O;kdj.keFkZ'kkL=k×p 3

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bfrA nzO;leqís'ks¿fi &

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vFkZ'kkL=ke~ &

v=k vFkZ'kCn% euq";oR;k Hkwes% okpd%A rU=k;qDrkS dkSfVY;suksDre~ & ¶euq";k.kkao`fÙkjFkZ% euq";orh HkwfefjR;FkZ%¸2 rL;k vtZua j{k.ka o/Zua lRik=kizfrifÙk'p drZO;kHkofrA pk.kD;% czwrs & ¶vFkZewykS fg /eZdkekS 3 bfrA /ekZnFkZ%] vFkZr% dke%bR;qDRok dspu f=koxZfefr vFkZRosuk¿UrHkkZo;fUrA rL; vFkZL; fo/k;da 'kklua ;=k rn~vFkZ'kkL=kfefrA

1- ok-i-2- dkS-v- 15-13- pk-lw- 91

4 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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vkpk;ZdkSfVY;% &

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vfi p vFkZ'kkL=ks¿fi &

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1- dk-uh-izFkelxsZ2- vFkZ-'kk-i`-la- 771

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fonè;kr~A ns'kS'o;Zoa'kuke/s;ksi/kjeh'ojL;] ns'kuke/s;ksipkjeuh'ojL;A vfi p &

JqRok uq okD;a ijHkkoa pko/k;Zijys[kkr~Ays[k% [kyq dÙkZO;ks xq.knks"kfofu'p;eKsuAA

r=k tkR;kns% funsZ'k% dk;Z%A ¶tkfr% dqya LFkkuo;% JqrkuhR;kfn¸1 bfrA,oeFkZØeknhu~ "kV~ys[kxq.kku~ ofDr &

1- vFkZØe% & ;FkkonkuqiwoZfØ;kiz/kuL;kFkZL; iwoZefHkfuos'k%A

2- lEcU/% & izLrqrL;kFkZL;kuqijks/knqÙkjL; fo/kueklekIrs%A

3- ifjiw.kZrk & vFkZink{kjk.kkeU;wukfrfjDrrk gsrwnkgj.kn"VkUrSjFkksZio.kZukJkUrinrkA

4- ek/q;Ze~ & lq[kksiuhrikoZFkZ'kCnkfHk/kua ek/q;Ze~A

5- vkSnk;Ze~ & vxzkE;'kCnkfHk/kuekSnk;Ze~A

6- Li"VRoe~ & izrhr'kCniz;ksx% Li"VRoe~2A

O;kdj.kL;ksi;ksfxRoa n'kZ;fr vkpk;Z% dkSfVY;% &

¶vdkjkn;ks o.kkZfL=k"kf"V%A r=k âLonh?kZIyqrHksnknpks }kfoa'kfr%] dkn;ks ekolkuk%Li'kkZ[;k iapfoa'kfr%] ;jyok vUrLFkk'pRokj%] v;ksxokgk vuqLokjfolxZftÞok&ewyh;ksièekuh;k'pRokj%A ;ek{kjkf.k pRokfj] 'k"klgk mQ"ek[;k'pRokj bR;soa o.kkZukaf=k"kf"VRoe~A¸ vfi p &

nh?kkZ% Lojk.kka r=kk"VkS i×pâLok% Iyqrk uoAprq/kZ ;ksxokgks"e;ekUrLFkk% i`Fkd~ i`Fkd~AAfoa'kfr% i×pLi'kkZfL=k"kf"Vfjfr dhfrZrk%AA

v=k inLo:ieqP;rs & ¶o.kZla?kkr% ine~ 3 bfrA vFkkZr~ fu;rkuqiwfoZdk.kkao.kkZuka lewgks¿FkZfo'ks"kladsfrr% infeR;qP;rsA rPprqfoZ/ekg & ¶ukek[;krksilxZfuik&rk'p¸4 bfrA r=k uke lRokfHk/kf;] vFkkZr~ tkfrnzO;xq.kokpda uke lRokfHk/kf;A,oefof'k"VfyÄõa L=khiqauiqaldL; fyÄõfo'ks"k'kwU;a fØ;kokpdek[;kre~A fØ;kfo'ks"kk%fØ;kxr& izd"kkZfnfo'ks"k|ksrdk%] izkn;% iz] ijk] vi] le~] vuq] vo bR;kn;%milxkZ% vO;;k'pkn;ks fuikrk%A ,oeso okD;Lo:ia dF;rs & ¶inlewgksokD;eFkZlekIrkS A vFkkZr~ inlewg% inkuka la?kkrh okD;eqP;rsA vFkZifjlekIrkSA vFkZL;i;Zolkus lfr rsu inlewgsu psnsdks fof'k"VkFkksZ uSjkdkÄ~{;s.k cq¼kS izfrf"Brks HkofrA

1- dkS-v-f}-'kk-2- dkS-v-f}-'kk-3- dkS-v-f}-'kk-4- dkS-v-f}-'kk-

6 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

lekldj.kfo"k;ekg & ,dink{kj%] f=kinij%] ijinkFkkZuqjks/su oxZ% dk;Z%AvFkkZr~ o.kZ%] lekl%] ininkFkkZuqjks/su dk;Z%] ija ;r~ ina lekl?kVdknsdLekr~ inkn~vU;r~ lekl?kVda ina rL; vFkkZuqjks/su vFkZeuqlR; dk;Z%] vFkZL; lekl?kVdinkUrjkFksZulgSdhHkko;ksX;rk;kefHky{; dk;Z bfrA in;ks% inkuka ok lfr lkeF;sZ lekl% dk;Z%ukU;Fksfr vfHkizk;%A l p dFkEHkwrdk;Z%] ,dinkojfL=kinij% leL;ekuinkfrjsds.kSdaineoja fud"Va ;fLeu~ rFkk Hkwr'p dk;Z%] =;f/dleklLrq u dk;ksZ ek/q;kZ;qDrxq.kgkukr~AmDr×p &

¶ek/q;ZefHkok×NUr% izlkna p les/l%Aleklosfr Hkw;kafl u inkfu iz;q×T;rsAA¸

ys[kdifjlagj.kkFkZ bfr 'kCnks okfpdek=kL;sfrA rFkkxzs &

¶fuUnk iz'kalk i`PNk p rFkk[;kueFkkZFkZrkAizR;k[;kueqikyEHk% izfr"ks/ks¿Fk pksnukAA

lkRoeH;oifÙk'p HkRlZukuqu;kS rFkkA,rs"oFkkZ% izorZUrs =k;ksn'klq ys[ktk%AA¸

r=kkfHktu'kjhjdeZ.kka nks"kopua fuUnkA xq.kopuesrs"kkeso iz'kalkA dFkesrfnfri`PNk] ,ofeR;k[;kue~] nsghR;FkZukA u iz;PNkehfr izR;k[;kue~A vuuq:ia HkobR;qikyEHk%A ek dk"khZ% bfr izfr"ks/%A bna fØ;rkfefr pksnuk] ;ks¿ga l Hkoku~] ee ;n~nzO;a rn~ Hkor% bR;qixzg% lkURoe~A O;lolkgkÕ;eH;oifÙk%A lnks"kek;kfr izn'kZue~]vFkkZr~ vfuR;a dqokZ.kefpjkr~ Roka ?kkr;s;a] cn~èokdkjkx`gs fuos'k;s;feR;soeuFkZ&nks"k;qDreqÙkjdkydFkuefHkeRloZe~A1

lkjka'k% &

vFkZ'kkL=kL;kè;;usu Kk;rs ;r~ fouk O;kdj.ka rPNkL=kL; vè;;ua lE;d~r;kdrqZe'kD;e~A vr% lR;eso dfFkrefLr ¶;|fi cgquk/h"ks rFkkfi iB iq=k O;kdj.kfefr¸vFkkZr~ osnkÄõs"kq iz/kurea eq[k:ia O;kdj.kefLr] iz/kus p d`rks ;Ru% iQyoku~ Hkofr]vr% rnzfgra dL;kfi 'kkL=kL; Kkua dfBurja Hkofr] O;kdj.kkè;;ukuUrja psr~vFkZ'kkL=kkfn'kkL=kk.kkeè;;ua Hkofr rfgZ lkjY;a HkofrA enh;k Lodh;SokuqHkwfrjfLr;nga O;kdj.kL;So izFke% Nk=k vkle~] vuUrjeFkZ'kkL=kL;kè;;ua e;k dre~A vr ,olo± lgteso Kkrqa 'kDuksfeA vFkZ'kkL=kdkj% dkSfVY;ks¿fi 'kklukfèkdkjekè;esuO;kdj.keè;srqa izsj;frA vr% loSZ% O;kdj.k'kkL=keo';esokè;srO;fefr 'ke~AA

1- dkS-v-f}-'kk-

lajpuk lkfgR; osQ lanHkZ esa ekuo vf/dkj dhvo/kj.kk

& nhif'k[kk ikjk'kj

'kks/Nk=kk] dksV fo'ofo|ky;

izLrqr ys[k esa vuqlU/krk us oSfnd m¼j.kksa osQ }kjk ekuo vf/dkjdh vo/kj.kk dks izLrqr fd;kA

bfrgkl iqjk.k dh ijEijk osQ vuqlkj ekuo dk izknqHkkZo ,d foy{k.k ?kVukFkhA ekuo ,d tSfod vfHkO;fDr osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d lkekftd /kfeZd ,oa ,dlkaLÑfrd vfHkO;fDr FkkA thou osQ u,&u, vH;klksa ls ifjp; djkus dk dkeekuo thou ls gh izkjEHk gqvkA ekuo us viuh vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ djus osQ fy,vius vkl&ikl ,d rkus&ckus dks cquuk izkjEHk fd;kA blosQ ifj.kke Lo:i] lekt,oa ijEijk tUe ysus yxhA lkekftd O;oLFkk O;fDrokn osQ lewgokn esa ifjofrZrgksus yxhA pwafd ekuo dks izÑfr o mldh 'kfDr;ksa osQ lkFk izfrfnu la?k"kZjr jgukFkk vkSj vfLrRo cuk, j[kuk ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ la?k"kZ curk tk jgk FkkA blh osQiQyLo:i /hjs&/hjs lkewfgdrk us tUe ysuk izkjaHk fd;kA

bl lewghdj.k] lkekthdj.k dk gh ifj.kke Fkk ekuoksa osQ rkus&ckus ls cusdkuwu] vf/dkj vkSj nkf;RoA ;|fi izR;sd tho oLrqr% thou osQ vf/dkj osQ lkFkgh mRiÂ gksrk gS] ijUrq ekuo dh mRifÙk osQ mijkUr tSls&tSls le; chrus yxk]ekuo vf/dkjksa dh uohu O;k[;k,] uohu :i esa vorfjr gksus yxhaA bldh >ydHkkjrh; laLÑfr esa izkphu dky ls fn[kkbZ nsrh jgh gSaA

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr izkphu dky ls gh Lo;a esa fof'k"V vkSj xfjekiw.kZ gSA Hkkjrh;laLÑr osQoy ewY;ksa dh laLÑfr gh ugha gS] vfirq Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa izkjEHk ls ghekuo ek=k dh xfjek vkSj ewY;ksa dh lqj{kk osQ fo'ks"k iz;Ru fd, x, gSaA

ekuokf/dkj os vf/dkj gSa tks gekjh izÑfr ;k LoHkko esa vUrfuZfgr gSa]ftuosQ fcuk ekuo vius O;fDrRo dk lok±xh.k fodkl ugha dj ldrkA bl oSf'odvkSj lkoZtuhu Hkkouk osQ rgr] izkphu dky ls gh laLÑr okÄ~e; esa ekuokfèkdkjksaosQ vusd lanHkZ izkIr gksrs gSaA

8 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

ekuokf/dkj gj euq"; dks izkIr gSa] pkgs oks fdlh Hkh jk"Vª] lekt ;k lkfgR;ls lEcfU/r gksA gj euq"; dks fcuk fdlh Hksn&Hkko osQ bu vf/dkjksa dks izkIr djusdk vf/dkj gSA gj vf/dkj ijLij lEcfU/r gSa vkSj vius vki esa iw.kZ vkSj eqDrHkh gSaA U;k;] lekurk] cU/qRo vkfn ekuoh; ewY; ekuokf/dkj osQ izk.kLo:i gSa]ftudk ykSfdd laLÑr&lkfgR; esa jkek;.k] e`PNdfVde~] vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~]jRukoyh] n'koqQekjpfjre~] es?knwre~ vkfn laLÑr xzaFkksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] ;sekuokf/dkj izkphu dky ls gh laLÑr okÄ~e; esa cht :i ls fo|eku gSaA blhizdkj gekjs /kfeZd lkfgR;&oqQjku] xq:xzUFk lkfgc] ckbZcy vkfn esa ekuokf/dkjksadk fo'kn~ o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA

gj ekuo osQ ewy vf/dkj gSa & loZ=k lq[kh] fujksxh] nq%[kfoghu] ekuoh lf"Vdh laLFkkiukA orZeku ikfjHkkf"kd ekU;rkvksa esa] ^ekuokf/dkj* 'kCn dh lkoZHkkSe?kks"k.kk 1948 esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k }kjk gqbZ] ftlosQ vUrxZr ,slh Hkkoukvksa dk izkdV~;gqvk gS fd ekuo ifjokj osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dh vUrfuZfgr xfjek] 'kkfUr] ekuokfèkdkjksaosQ vk/kj gSaA ekuo nsg xfjek&egÙo] L=kh&iq#"k lekukf/dkfjrk] oko~QLokrU=;]Hk;eqDr thou ;kiu lfgr mRÑ"V thou Lrj dh izkfIr dk vf/dkj bR;kfndY;k.kh fcUnqvksa osQ fof/ lEer laj{k.k ij fparu fd;k x;k gSA 30 vuqPNsnksa esala;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lkoZHkkSe ?kks"k.kk fo'o osQ le{k izLrqr gqbZ] tks osn vkSj mifu"knksadh fopkj.kk dk :ikUrfjr] vuqokfnr] vuqokD;ka'k ;k vuqorZu ek=k gSA

½Xosn esa ekuo osQ ewyHkwr vf/dkjksa dk vf}rh; o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

µdksbZ ekuo mRÑ"V ;k viÑ"V ugha gS] lc ijLij cU/q gSa] lcdks lekuvf/dkj izkIr gSA gj ekuo dks vf/dkj gS fd oks ,d&nwljs dks vkxs c<+kus osQ fy,iz;Ru'khy vkSj lkewfgd :i ls izxfr osQ iFk ij vxzlj gksA1

pkjksa osnksa esa ½Xosn izFke osn gSA osnksa esa ;g izeq[k :i ls crk;k x;k gS fdiwjs fo'o osQ lEiw.kZ izkf.k;ksa dks ,drk ls thou ;kiu djus dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA

µgj O;fDr dks ladYi] ân; vkSj eu ls ,djlrk dk vf/dkj gSA ijLijlg;ksx ls jgus osQ vf/dkj dk lc esa n`<+ ladYi gksA2

osn vkSj mifu"kn~ fujUrj ekuo osQ ewyHkwr vf/dkjksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaAekuo osQ bu ewyHkwr vf/dkjksa esa ,d vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ vf/dkj gS & lnk izlÂjgus dk vf/dkj rSÙkjh; mifu"kn~ esa bldk bl izdkj mYys[k gSA

1- vT;LFkklks vdfuLFkklk ;srsAle Hkzk=kks oko:¼;q% lkSHkkX;%AA (½Xosn] eaMy&5 lwDr&60] ea=k&5)

2- lekuh ok vkÑfrfr lekuk ân;kfuokgAlekueLrq oks ekuks ;Fkk og lqlgklfrAA (½Xosn] eaMy&10] lwDr&191] ea=k&4)

lajpuk lkfgR; osQ lanHkZ esa ekuo vf/dkj dh vo/kj.kk 9

lc izlÂ gksalc jksxksa ls eqDr gksalc 'kqHk oLrq,¡ ns[ksadksbZ 'kksd u lgsA1

Hkxoku~ ge lcdh ,d lkFk j{kk djsaHkxoku~ ge lcdk ,d&lkFk ykyu ikyu djsagekjk vè;;u vkstLoh izHkko'kkyh gksge ,d&nwljs ls ?k`.kk u djsagj rjiQ 'kkafr gksA2

izlÂ jgus osQ vf/dkj osQ lkFk&lkFk] vFkoZosn esa Li"V :i ls mYys[k gSfd lc euq";ksa dks lekurk dk vf/dkj gS] gj euq"; leku gSA

gj euq"; dks Hkkstu vkSj ty ikus dk vf/dkj gSA thou osQ jFk dk tqvklcosQ dU/ksa ij cjkcj :i ls gSA lcdks bl izdkj ,d nwljs osQ lkFk lkaetL; lsjguk pkfg,] ftl izdkj jFk dk ifg;k vkSj fdukjk ,d nwljs ls tqMs gSaA3

Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k us Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkh ekuo vf/dkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS]ftlesa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd gj ekuo dks deZ djus dk vf/dkj gSA Hkxoku~JhÑ".k dgrs gS&

&rqEgsa vius deZ (dÙkZO;) djus dk vf/dkj gS] fdUrq deZ osQ iQy osQ rqevf/dkjh ugha gksA rqe u rks dHkh vius vkidks vius deks± osQ iQyksa dk dkj.k ekuks]u gh deZ u djus esa dHkh vklDr gksvksA4

1- losZfi lqf[ku% lUrqlosZ lUrq fujke;k%

losZ Hknzkf.k i';Urq

ek df'pn~ nq%[kHkkx~ Hkosr~A (rSÙkjh; mifu"kn~ esa f'k{kkoyh esa izkFkZuk)

2- vkse~ lg ukoorq lg uks HkquDrqlgoh;± djokogS] rstLohuko/hreLrq]ek fof}'kkegs] vkse~ 'kkfUr% 'kkfUrf% 'kkfUrAA

(rSÙkjh; mifu"kn~ esa f'k{kkoyh esa izkFkZuk)3- lekuh izkik lg uwÂHkkx%

lekus ;ksD=ks lg oks ;qufTevkjk% ukfHkfeukfHkrk%A (vFkZosn&letzku lwDr)

4- deZ.;sokf/dkjLrs ek iQys"kq dnkpuAek deZiQygsrqHkwZekZ rs lÄõks¿LRodeZf.kAA (Hkxon~xhrk 2-47)

10 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

ekuokf/dkjksa osQ vUrxZr gh LokLF; dk vf/dkj Hkh lfEefyr gSA ½XosnvkSj ;tqosZn esa LokLF; osQ ekuokf/dkj dh ckr dbZ LFkyksa ij n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSAbuesa i'kqvksa rd osQ LokLF; dh dkeuk dh xbZ gSA

bek :æk; rols difnZus] {k;n~ohjk; izHkjkegs erh%A;Fkk 'keln~ f}ins prq"ins] fo'oa iq"Va xzkes vfLeÂkrqje~AA

vFkkZr~ ge cyoku~] tVk/kjh] ohjksa osQ 'kkld] :nz osQ fy, ;s Lrqfr;k¡ vfiZrdjrs gSa] ftlls gekjs euq";ksa vkSj i'kqvksa osQ fy, lq[k gks] bl xzke esa lHkh â"V&iq"VvkSj fujksx gksaA

'kkjhfjd :i ls LoLFk jgus osQ lkFk&lkFk euq"; osQ fy, vkè;kfRed :ils mÂr gksuk Hkh vfr vko';d gSA blosQ fy, oSfnd ;qx ls LokLF; osQ vf/dkjosQ lkFk&lkFk euq"; dks ;K djus dk vf/dkj Hkh izkIr gSA oSfnd dky esa ;K izèkkulaLÑfr FkhA Hkkjrh; tu&thou ;Kh; Hkkoukvksa esa vksr&izksr jgk gSA ;gh dkj.k gSfd ijorhZ iqjk.kdky esa ¶loZ ;Ke;a txr~ 1 dgdj ;K dh O;kidrk dks Lohdkjfd;k x;k gSA iQyr% ;tu] iwtu] mikluk] dFkk Jo.k] rhFkZ;k=kk] vè;kiu rFkkfookg vkfn uSfefÙkd ,oa jkT; izkfIr vkfn dkE;deZ Hkh vkxs pydj ;K dh Js.khesa fxus tkus yxsA

oSfnd dky esa ukjh uj osQ lkFk LorU=k :i ls ;K djus dh iw.kZ vfèkdkfj.khFkhA bl lEcU/ esa vFkoZlafgrk esa dgk x;k gS&¶eSa 'kq¼] ifo=k ;K dhvfèkdkfj.kh] bu fL=k;ksa dks fo}kuksa osQ gkFkksa es iFko~Q&iFko~Q :i ls izlÂrk ls vfiZrdjrk gw¡A¸2

vkè;kfRed mÂfr osQ lkFk&lkFk oSfnd dky esa fL=k;ksa dks ;K djus dkvfèkdkj izkIr Fkk] ftlosQ iQyLo:i os viuk lok±xh.k fodkl djus esa l{ke FkhAblh dkj.k lekt esa mUgsa lEeku dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk Fkk] ftlls mUgsa lEekuh;vf/dkj Hkh izkIr FksA iQyr% oSfnd dky esa fL=k;ksa dks vR;Ur gh egÙoiw.kZo xkSjo'kkyh LFkku izkIr FkkA L=kh dks fuR; uohuk] ;kSoulEiÂk] 'kqHkzoluk]lR;Hkkf"k.kh vkfn fo'ks"k.kksa ls lEcksf/r dj mlosQ dU;k] Hkfxuh] iRuh] ekr`vkfn :iksa osQ izfr vknj O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA3 iRuh jfgr x`g dks taxy ekudj

1- dkfydk iqjk.k & 31@402- 'kq¼k% iwrk ;ksf"krks ;fK;k bek czã.kk gLrs"kq izi`Fko~Q lkn;kfiA

;Rdke bnefHkf"k×pkfe oks¿eefeUnzks e#RokURl nnkrq rUesAA (vFkoZosnlafgrk&6@122@5)uukUnq% lezkT;sf/ lezkT;qr% 'oJokAA &vFkoZosn lafgrk 14@1] 43&44

3- rL; nkf{k.;:nsu ukEuk ex/oa'ktkAiRuh lqnf{k.ksR;klhnèojL;so nf{k.kkA&j?kqoa'ke~ 1@31

x`fg.kh dks x`g dh laKk nh x;hA1

/kfeZd dk;ks± esa Hkh L=kh lg/feZ.kh gksrh FkhA mlosQ fcuk dksbZ Hkh /kfeZdÑR; iw.kZ :i ls liQy ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA D;ksafd 'kriFk czkã.k esa dgk x;k gSfd] ^viRuhd ifr dks ;K dk vf/dkj ugha FkkA*2

L=kh dks ?kj esa lEekutud in izkIr Fkk] euq us rks ;gka rd dgk gS fd tgk¡ij ukjh dh iwtk gksrh gS] ogk¡ nsork fuokl djrs gSaA

^;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork%A*

vFkoZosn lafgrk esa ukjh osQ xkSjo dh iqf"V djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd & ftlizdkj 'kfDr'kkyh lkxj ufn;ksa ij 'kklu djrk gS] oSls gh rqe vius ifr osQ ?kjigq¡pdj egkjkuh cuksA rqe lkl&'olqj] nsoj] uun esas lkezkKh cudj jgksA3

vr% L=kh dks lkezkKh ,oa efg"kh vkfn lEekutud 'kCnksa ls iqdkjk x;k gSAukjh dks vkSj vf/d l'kDr cukus osQ fy, mls lEifÙk ls lEcfU/r dbZ vfèkdkjHkh izkIr FksA oSfnd ;qx esa iRuh dh fLFkfr cgqr mÂr Fkh] ½Xosn osQ erkuqlkj] ¶iRuhgh ?kj gSA¸4 iRuh x`gLFkkJe dk ewy gksus ls mls ?kj dh vkRek vkSj izk.k le>ktkrk FkkA vr% oSfnd ;qx osQ izkjEHk esa fL=k;ksa dks oqQN lkEifÙkd vf/dkj izkIr FksA

rSfÙkjh; lafgrk esa iRuh dks ikfj.kká vFkkZr~ ?kj dh oLrqvksa dh Lokfeuh dgkx;k gSA5 fdUrq ,slk /u] ftl ij osQoy iRuh dk gh vf/dkj gksrk gS vkSj mlosQckn ml /u dh mÙkjkf/dkfj.kh mldh iq=kh gksrh gS] mls L=kh/u dgk tkrk gS] tksfookg osQ le; dU;k osQ ekrk&firk rFkk oj i{k dh vksj ls /u fn;k tkrk gS] vFkkZr~oL=k&vkHkw"k.k vkfn tks L=kh dks fookg osQ le; fn, tkrs gSa] og L=kh /u dgykrkgSA L=kh tkfr dks lEifÙk lEcU/h tks vf/dkj fn;s tkrs Fks] og fookg osQ le;fn;s tkus okys ngst :ih py vFkok vpy lEifÙk FkhA6 vkiLrEc /eZlw=k esa dgk

f{kfrfjUnqerh p Hkkfeuh ifrHkklk| rexz;ikS:ie~AizFkek cgqjRulwj Hkwnijk ohjethtuRlqre~AA &j?kqoa'ke 8@28

1- x`fg.kh x`geqP;rsA &egkHkkjr 12@145@62- v;Kh;ks oS"k;ks viRuhd%A &'kriFk czkã.k3- ;FkkflU/quZnhuka lkezkT;a lq"kqos o`"kkA

,ok Roa lezkT;sf/ iR;qjLra ijsR;AAlezkT;sf/ 'o'kqjs"kq lezkT;qr nso`"kqA

4- tk;snLre~ &½Xosn 3@53@45- iRuh fg ikfj.kkg;L;s'ksA &rSfÙkjh; lafgrk 6@2@1@16- HkrkZfi rkoRØFkoSQf'kdkukeuqfr"BrkuUrjtkfookg%A &j?kqoa'k 7@32

lÙkouq:ikgj.khÑrJh% izkLFkki; nzk/oHkUoxkPp%AA &uS"k/pfjre~ 16@34

12 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

x;k gS fd ifr&iRuh esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk lkEifÙkd foHkktu ugha gksrkA nksuksa dklEifÙk ij cjkcj dk LokfeRo gksrk gSA1

lekt esa izkphu dky ls ukjh dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gS] fdUrq lekt osQlapkyu osQ fy, jktk dh Hkwfedk loksZifj gSA oSfnd dky esa jktk dks lw;Z osQ lekuekuk x;k gS] blfy, gj jktk dks oqQN fo'ks"k vf/dkj izkIr gSaA jkT; esa jktk izeq[k:i ls fofHkÂ vf/dkjksa ls ;qDr gksrk gS] ;Fkk&iztk jatu] lqO;oLFkk] j{kk o 'kkafrizcU/] lkekftd dk;Z] dj xzg.k] vius dk;ks± dks fu"BkiwoZd ogu djuk] n.Muhfrdk Kku o mfpr ikyu] Js"B o mfpr yksxksa dks egÙoiw.kZ inksa ij fu;qDr djuk]dks"k dh lqj{kk o lEo/Zu bR;kfnA

egkdfo v'o?kks"kkuqlkj&

HkkjSj'kh'kePN=kwu xq.kScZU/wujhjer~AjU/Suka;w;qnn~ Hk`R;ku~ djSukZihfiMr~ iztk%AA2

'k=kq eè;LFk vkSj fe=k dk fu/kZj.k djuk jktk dk vf/dkj gS&

;Fkk &

eè;LFkrka rL; --------------------- i{kkoijLrq uklA3

tks jktk /eZ ls iztk dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj o/ djus okys yksxksa dks ekjrkgS] og izfrfnu ,d yk[k xk;ksa dh nf{k.kk okys ;K osQ leku iQy dks izkIr djrkgSA4

blh izdkj tks euq"; i<+rk gS] ;K djrk gS] nku nsrk gS vkSj nsorkvksa dkiwtu djrk gS mu lcesa ls iztk dh j{kk osQ dkj.k jktk NBs fgLls dk Hkkxh gksrkgSA5

lekt esa jktk vius vf/dkjksa dk iw.kZ mi;ksx djrs gq, iztk osQ fgr osQ fy,dk;Zjr jgrs gSa] rks ?kj esa ifjokjtu tSls firk] iq=k tks ?kj osQ lapkyd ekus tkrs gSa]bUgsa Hkh dbZ vf/dkj izkIr gSaA firk dk iq=k ij iw.kZ vf/dkj FkkA firk dh vkKkdk ikyu iq=k dk ije drZO; FkkA lEifÙk osQ fo?kVu dk fu;e ugha FkkA lHkh dhvftZr lEifÙk ij firk dk vf/dkj FkkA fL=k;ksa dks lEifÙk j[kus dk dksbZ vf/dkjugha FkkA nwljh vksj oqQN viokn Hkh gSaA ;Fkk ½Xosn esa firk dh o`¼koLFkk essa

1- tk;kiR;ksuZfoHkkxks fo|rsAA &2@6@14@202- lkSUnjkuUn% 2@273- cq¼pfjre~ 2@64- euqLe`fr% 8@3065- euqLe`fr% 8@305

fo|eku jgus ij Hkh iq=kksa us lkjh lEifÙk dk caVokjk djk fy;kA ckyd ;fn NksVkgS] vU; HkkbZ cM+s gSa rks ,slh fLFkfr esa lEifÙk izkIr djus esa ;g ckyd Hkh vf/dkjhgksrk FkkA mlosQ ckfyx gksus rd Hkzkrk] firkeg] ekrkeg vkfn }kjk lqj{kk dh tkrhFkhA ckfyx gksus ij mls mldh lEifÙk izkIr djus dk iwjk vf/dkj FkkA ;fn iq=kuiqald gS] v/ehZ gS] pfj=kghu gS rks mls iSrd lEifÙk ls oafpr j[kus dk ekrk&firkdks iwjk vf/dkj izkIr FkkA

vkpk;Z euq1 rFkk ;kKoYD;2 us Hkh lEifÙk esa dU;kvksa dks HkkbZ;ksa osQ Hkkx dkpkSFkk fgLlk nsus dh O;oLFkk dh gSA ½Xosn esa dgk x;k gS&vHkzkr`dk fookfgrk gksusij Hkh /u izkIr djus osQ fy, firoqQy dh vksj vkrh gSA3 egkHkkjr esa oqQekjh dU;kosQ lkEifÙkd vf/dkjksa esa cjkcj dh Hkkxhnkjh dk leFkZu fd;k x;k gSA4 l`f"V osQvkjEHk esa Lo;EHkw osQ iq=k euq us dgk Fkk fd nksuksa izdkj dh lUrkuksa dk fcuk fdlhHksn osQ /ekZuqlkj nk; dk vf/dkj gksrk gSA5

lekt esa fookg ,d ,slk xBcU/u gS tks lekt osQ lok±xh.k fodkl osQ fy,vR;f/d vko';d gSA blfy, firk&iq=k osQ vf/dkjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk lekt esa gjuj&ukjh dks fookg djus dk vf/dkj Hkh izkIr gSA fookg izFkk nsorkvksa ls (f'ko&ikoZrh fookg) ysdj loZlk/kj.k euq"; osQ thou esa ,d fo'ks"k egÙoiw.kZ LFkkuj[krh gSA oSfnd dky ls gh fookg dks ,d ifo=k laLdkj ekuk tkrk jgk gSA fookgdh vk/kjf'kyk lR; ,oa lfrRo ij izfrf"Br FkhA bl oSokfgd vk/kj f'kyk dkslqn`<+ djus gsrq okx~nku] dU;knku] vfXulk[; ikf.kxzg.k] vfXu iznf{k.kk] yktkgkse,oa lIrinh vkfn izeq[k fØ;k,a lEiÂ dh tkrh FkhaA fookg izk;% czãp;kZJe dhlekfIr ij gh ckyd&ckfydkvksa dk gksrk FkkA

½Xosn lafgrk esa Li"V dgk x;k gS fd fookg laLdkj lR; vkSj dÙkZO; ijizfrf"Br FkkA6 fookg nEifÙk osQ vkRek] eu] izk.k] 'kjhj dks vkè;fRed lEcU/ }kjklqn`<+ djus dk ,d fpjLFkk;h iz;Ru FkkA

1- LosH;ks¿'ksH;Lrq dU;kH;% izn|qHkzkZrj% i`Fko~QALokRLokna'kkPprqHkkZxa ifrrk% L;qjfnRloAA euqLe`fr&9@118

2- foHkkx psfRirk oqQ;kZfnPN;k foHktsRlqrku~AT;s"Bok Js"BHkkxsu losZ ok L;q% lekaf'ku%AA ;kKoYD; Le`fr&2@114

3- vHkzkrso iqal,fr izrhph xrkZ;fxo lu;s /ukuke~AA ½Xosn&1@124@74- vFkosQu izek.ksu iqalkeknh;rs /ue~A

iq=ko`f¼ firqLrL; dU;k HkforqegZfrAA egkHkkjr&13@485- vfo'ks"ks.k iq=kkoka nk;ks Hkofr /eZr%A

feFkqukuka folxkZnkS euq% Lo;EHkqoks¿czohr~AA fu:or~&3@46- ½rL; ;ksukSa lqÑrL; yksosQA &½Xosn lafgrk 10@85@24

14 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

egkdkO;dky esa dU; dks oj&p;u dj] fookg djus dk iwjk vf/dkj Fkk]og ftls pkgrh Fkh mls oj.k dj ldrh Fkh fdUrq og vius ;ksX; oj dk oj.kdjrh Fkh] tks mlosQ oqQy dh e;kZnk osQ vuq:i gksrk FkkA vr% dU;k dk firk ojp;u gsrq oj lekjksg dk vk;kstu djrk Fkk] ftls Lo;aoj dk uke fn;k x;kA1

jkek;.k esa lhrk Lo;aoj]2 egkHkkjr esa oqQUrh Lo;aoj]3 nzkSinh Lo;aoj vkfnA

laLÑr lkfgR; esa ekuo dks dbZ :iksa esa vf/dkj izkIr gSaA laLÑr okÄ~e;esa lEiw.kZ l`f"V osQ lexz fo"k; cht :i esa] iqf"ir] iYyfor iq"i :i esa loZnkfc[kjs gq, gSaA Kku] n'kZu] thou] dyk O;ogkj] jktuhfr] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] fpfdRlkvkfn lefUor :i esa ,d nwljs ls tqM+s fo"k; gSaA ^vf/dkj* 'kCn vR;Ur O;kiddysoj fy, gq, gSA ?kj] ifjokj] lekt] jk"Vª] vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfn lHkh Lrj ijoqQN&u&oqQN vf/dkjksa dh ppkZ ge fuR; izfr djrs gSaA laLÑr lalkj dh izkphuHkk"kk esa Hkh vusdksa vf/dkjksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k] gesa vusdksa xzaFkksa esa vyx&vyxizdkj ls fofHkÂ lanHkks± esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA

vr% laLÑr lkfgR; esa ekuo vf/dkjksa dk mYys[k bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd^Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa ekuokf/dkj lnSo cht:is.k fo|eku jgs gSaA4 rFkk ekuokfèkdkjloZnk ewy:i ls ekuo osQ lok±xh.k fodkl esa lnk gh ,d vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs jgsgSaA

1- vFks'ojs.k ØFkoSQf'kdkuka Lo;aojkFkZ LolqfjUnqeR;k%AvkIr% oqQekjku;uksRlqosQu Hkkstsu nwrks j?kos fol`"V%AA &j?kqoa'ke~ 5@39

2- rL;cqf¼fj;a tkrkfpUr;kuL; lrre~ALo;aoja ruwtk;k% dfj";kehfr /her%AA &jkek;.k 2@118@38

3- rr% lk oqQfUrHkkstsu jkKkgw; ujkf/iku~Afirk Lo;aojs nÙkk nqfgrk jktlÙkeAA &egkHkkjr 1@112@3

4- deyk of'k"B] ekuokf/dkj f'k{kk vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] vk'kk dkSf'kd] i`-243

( 15 )

^lnqfDrd.kkZe`r* esa cq¼ dk fp=k.k& MkW- la?klsu flag

osQUæh; frCcrh vè;;u fo-fo-] okjk.klh

izLrqr vkys[k esa lnqfDrd.kkZe`r xzUFk osQ lUnHkZ esa Hkxoku~ cq¼ dksfpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA

rsjgoha lnh bZloh osQ izFke nld esa xkSre cq¼ dh tks rLohj ;k fp=krRdkyhu ;k rRiwoZdkyhu dfo;ksa dh jpukvksa1 ls mHkjrh gS] og mÙke dksfV dh gSA;g og le; gS tc ckS¼/eZ Hkkjr osQ eSnkuh Hkkxksa esa ßklksUeq[k FkkA ikyoa'kh jktkvksaosQ laj{k.k esa ckS¼/eZ vk/qfud Hkkjr osQ iwohZ Hkkxksa (fcgkj] caxky] mM+hlk] vlevkfn) esa ,d mÂr /eZ osQ :i esa O;ofLFkr FkkA fdUrq ,slk ekywe iM+rk gS fdlsu&oa'kh jktkvksa osQ 'kklu&dky esa jkT;kJe osQ vHkko esa mlesa ßkl osQ y{k.kfn[kus yxs FksA lsuoa'kh jktkvksa us czkã.k/ehZ erksa osQ ekuus okyksa dks vR;f/d izJ;fn;kA iQyr% ckS¼ vkfn /eks± dh gkfu gqbZA izÑfr dk fu;e gS fd ftldk mn;gksrk gS] mldk O;; (uk'k) Hkh gksrk gSA bl rF; dks xkSre cq¼ us vius mins'kksaesa ckj&ckj nqgjk;k gSµ;a foaQfp leqn;&/Eea] lCca ra fujks/&/Eea frA2 fdUrq blosQ

1- ladyudkj vkSj dfo Jh/jnkl us lnqfDrd.kkZe`r uked lqHkkf"kr laxzg 1205&06bZloh esa cuk;k FkkA ;g ckr xzaFk dh iqf"idk ls O;Dr gksrh gSA mUgksaus pkj dfo;ksaosQ ik¡p i| ladfyr fd;s gSaA muosQ uke gSµla?kJh] olqdYi] Jh/juUnh vkSjeaxyA ;s dfo ladyudkj osQ ledkyhu Fks ;k iwoZorhZ] ;g ckr Li"V ugha gS]D;ksafd ladyudkj us mudk dksbZ fooj.k izLrqr ugha fd;k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa budfo;ksa osQ i|ksa ls xkSre cq¼ dh tks rLohj mHkjrh gS] og ladyudkj osQ ;qxdh gh ekuh tk;saxh] D;ksafd mUgksaus vius dky osQ ikBdksa dh #fp dk è;kuj[kdj xkSre cq¼ ij fy[ks reke miyC/ i|ksa esa ls bUgha ik¡p dks vius ladyuesa lfEefyr fd;kA vr% ml rLohj dks rsjgoha lnh bZloh osQ izFke n'kd dhrLohj gh ekuk tk;sxkAbl xzUFk dk laiknu vkSj fgUnh vuqokn jk/k oYyHk f=kikBh us fd;k gS vkSj ;glkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh ls izdkf'kr gSA

2- nsf[k;s egkifjfuCcku lqÙk vkSj vU; lqÙkksa esaA

16 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

ckotwn ckS¼/eZ dh tks rLohj Jh/jnklÑr lnqfDrd.kkZe`r (tks rsjgoha lnh bZlohosQ izFke n'kd dk ladyu gS) mls mHkjrh gS] og mldk mToy i{k gh izLrqr djrhgSA

^lnqfDrd.kkZe`r* rsjgoha bZloh1 dk lqHkkf"kr&laxzg gSA bl laxzg&dkO; osQladyudÙkkZ Jh/jnkl2 gSaA muosQ fo"k; esa T;knk tkudkjh ugha gSA fdUrq tks Hkhtkudkjh feyh gS] og muosQ bl xzUFk ls gh feyh gSA

bl ladyu esa ik¡p izokg3 (/kjk;sa] vè;k; osQ vFkZ esa) gSaA izokgksa dksvyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS] ftudk uke ohfp j[kk x;k gSA ;s izokg gSaµvejizokg iqf"idkvksa esa mUgksaus vius dks egkek.Mfyd*4 dgk gSA ;g egkek.Mfyd*dk in mUgsa caxky&fcgkj osQ jktk y{e.klsu osQ vkJ;5 esa feyk FkkA ml le;laHkor% jktk y{e.klsu dk jkT; iz'kklu dh n`f"V ls eaMyksa esa foHkDr FkkA muesals fdlh cM+s eaMy osQ os iz'kkld ;k cM+s iz'kkld cuk;s x;s FksA Jh/jnkl osQ firkoVqnkl dks mUgha jktk y{e.klsu osQ }kjk egklkeUrpwMkef.k dh inoh feyh FkhA bllaxzgdkO; dh vfUre ohfp] izfrjktLrqfr%] esa tks 'yksd laxzghr gSa] muesa igykjktk y{e.klsu osQ fo"k; esa gS vkSj vU; pkj oVqnkl osQ ckjs esaA ;s 'yksd ;k rksJh/jnkl }kjk Lo;a jfpr gSa] ;k fiQj muosQ ledkyhu fdlh dfo ;k dfo;ksa }kjkA

lnqfDrd.kkZer dh iqf"idk ls bl xzUFk osQ ladyu dh fuf'pr frfFk dh Hkhlwpuk feyrh gSA og frfFk gS&1205&06 bZlohA

bl xzUFk osQ vè;;u ls ;g Hkh O;Dr gksrk gS fd Jh/jnkl ,d oS".ko dfovkSj ladyudkj FksA mUgksaus bl xzUFk osQ izFke izokg] ;kuh vejizokg (nsoizokg) esan'kkorkjksa dk gh ugha] cfYd vU; vorkjksa dk o.kZu djus okys 'yksdksa dks ladfyrfd;k gSA bu vorkjksa osQ Øe esa ,d ohfp (ygj] izokgksa osQ Hkkx) essa cq¼fo"k;d'yksd Hkh gSaA tSlk fd ladyudkj us viuk Øe cuk;k gS (vFkkZr~ izR;sd ohfp esa

1- nsf[k;s ^lnqfDrd.kkZe`r* dh iqf"idk] ist 7882- nsf[k;s xzUFk dk izLrko] ist 103- vè;k; osQ fy;s ladyudkj ^izokg* (/kjk) 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrk gS vkSj mu

izokgksa osQ Hkkxksa dks ohfp (ygj) dgrk gSA bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vFkZiw.kZ gSA ;gifjikVh ckS¼ksa dh gSA os xzUFkksa osQ Hkkxksa ;k [k.Mksa dks ifjorZ* vkfn 'kCnksa ls O;Drdjrs gSaA ifjorZ 'kCn muosQ vfuR;okn fl¼kar dk |ksrd gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gSfd ladyudkj dk >qdko ckS¼ /eZ osQ izfr jgk gksxk] ;|fi os xzUFk osQ vkfnesa vius eaxykpj.k esa ^gfj* (fo".kq) dh oUnuk djrs gSaA

4- nsf[k;s izR;sd izokg dh iqf"idk;sa& ist 170] ist 454] ist 546] ist 662 vkSjist 778

5- nsf[k;s xzUFk dk izLrko] ist 10

^lnqfDrd.kkZe`r* esa cq¼ dk fp=k.k 17

ik¡p i| ;k 'yksd j[ks x;s gSa)] bl ohfp esa ik¡p i| ('yksd) ladfyr gSaA blosQckotwn ;g ckr Li"V gS fd ladyudkj dk lcls T;knk >qdko fo".kq vkSj muosQoqQN vorkjksa osQ izfr gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy;s Ñ".kk osQ izfrA blhfy, Ñ".kk osQ fo"k;esa dbZ ohfp;k¡ ladfyr gSaA f'ko ij Hkh dbZ ohfp;k¡ ladfyr gSaA bu nsoksa dh Lrqfr;ksadks dbZ mifo"k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd ohfp;ksa dh la[;kc<+k nh xbZ gSA

lqHkkf"kr ;k lnqfDr osQ laxzgksa esa lnqfDrd.kkZe`r dk LFkku fof'k"V gSA laLÑrlkfgR; esa lqHkkf"krksa osQ dbZ laxzg feyrs gSaA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd laLÑr lkfgR;esa lqHkkf"kr&laxzg rS;kj djus dh ijaijk izkÑr lkfgR; osQ vuqdj.k ij cuh gSA izkÑrlkfgR; esa tks lcls iqjkuk lqHkkf"kr&laxzg feyrk gS] mldk uke xkFkklÙklbZ(xkFkklIr'krh) gSA bldk ladyu bZlk dh izFke 'krkCnh esa rRdkyhu jktk gky osQ}kjk crkbZ tkrh gSA laLÑr lkfgR; esa bl izdkj dk lqHkkf"kr&laxzg X;kjgoha lnhbZloh ls igys dk ugha feyrkA laLÑr osQ lqHkkf"kr laxzgksa osQ fo"k; esa caxky&fcgkjosQ lkfgR;dkj vxz.kh jgs gSaA buesas fo|k/j vkSj Jh/j dk uke izeq[k :i ls fxuk;ktk ldrk gSA fo|k/j osQ lqHkkf"krjRukdj vkSj Jh/jnkl osQ lnqfDrd.kkZe`r dkmYys[k ckj&ckj vk;k gSA izkÑr lqHkkf"krlaxzg ^xkgklÙklbZ* dh rtZ ij ladfyr,d izfl¼ laxzgdkO; tks ckj&ckj mYys[k esa vkrk gS] og gS xkso/Zu&ladfyrvk;kZlIr'krhA ;g Hkh izk;% rsjgoh lnh bZloh osQ izkjafHkd n'kdksa dk ladyu gSAD;ksafd xkso/Zu Hkh laHkor% jktk y{e.klsu osQ izJ; esa FksA bu laxzg&dkO;ksa osQ ckndbZ lqHkkf"kr&laxzg izdk'k esa vk;s vkSj vkt rd ladfyr fd;s tk jgs gSaA

vejizokg (nsoizokg) dk izkjaHk czãk&ohfp ls gksrk gSA bl Øe esamupkyhloha ohfp cq¼fo"k;d gS] ipkloha dfYd&fo"k;dA cq¼ohfp esa tks ik¡pi| ('yksd) ladfyr gSa muosQ jpf;rkvksa osQ uke gSaµla?kJh] olqdYi] Jh/juUnhvkSj eaxyA cq¼fo"k;d ohfp dk igyk i| ('yksd) la?kJh uked fdlh dfo dkgSA ladyudkj us mudk uke rks lqjf{kr j[kk gS] ysfdu muosQ fo"k; esa dksbZ vU;lwpuk;sa ugha nh gSA ;g i| ;k 'yksd v/ksfyf[kr gSµ

dkeØks/kS };efi ;fn izR;uhoaQ izfl¼agRokuÄõa fdfeo fg #"kk lkf/ra =;EcosQuA;Lrq {kkUrk 'ke;fr 'kra eUeFkknhujkrhu~dY;k.ka oks fn'krq l eqfuxzke.khjoZQcU/q%AA

^eUnkØkUrk* NUn esa jfpr ;g 'yksd mPpdksfV dh dfork dk mnkgj.kizLrqr djrk gSA bl 'yksd osQ ekè;e ls dfo 'kadj vkSj cq¼ dh rqyuk izLrqr djrsgq;s cq¼ dh Js"Brk LFkkfir djrk gSA 'kadj Øks/ osQ vkos'k esa vkdj dkenso dks

18 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

HkLe dj Mkyrs gSa] mls ekj Mkyrs gSaA ysfdu nwljh rjiQ cq¼ dke1 ;k dkenso vkfnlkS&lkS 'k=kqvksa dks {kkfUr ({kek) osQ ekè;e ls 'kkUr dj nsrs gSaA bl izdkj dfo eqfu;ksaesa Js"B cq¼ osQ }kjk dY;k.k fd;s tkus dh dkeuk djrk gSA

nwljk i| ;k 'yksd tks 'kknwZyfoØhfMr* NUn esa jfpr gS] fdlh olqdYiuked dfo dh jpuk gSA 'yksd v/ksfyf[kr gSAµ

iknkEHkkstlehilfÂifrrLo.kkZHknsgLiqQju~us=kLrkser;k ifjLiqQVfeyÂhykCtiwtkfof/%AoUnk#f=kn'kkS?kjRueqoqQVksRliZRizHkkiYyo&izR;qUehyniwoZphojiV% 'kkD;ks eqfu% ikrq o%AA

bl 'yksd esa dfo cq¼ osQ fof'k"V :i dk o.kZu djrk gS vkSj nsokf/nsoosQ :i esa izLrqr djrk gSA cq¼ dh oUnuk djrs gq, nsoksa osQ jRueqoqQVksa ls tks izHkk&iYyo cu tkrs gSa] os cq¼ osQ viwoZ phoj oL=k tSls yxrs gSaA dfo dkeuk djrkgS fd ,sls egkuqHkko okys 'kkD;eqfu ;kuh cq¼ vkidh j{kk djsaA

rhljk i| ;k 'yksd Hkh 'kknwZyfoØhfMr NUn esas jfpr gSA blosQ jpf;rk dksbZJh/juUnh uke osQ dfo gSaA 'yksd v/ksfyf[kr gSµ

dk#.;ke`rdUnyhlqeul% izKko/wekSfDrd&xzhokyÄïj.kfJ;% 'kelfjRiwjksPNyPNhdjk%Ars ekSyks Hkorka feyUrq txrhjkT;kfHk"ksdksfpr&ÏXHksnk vHk;iznkupj.kizs…Â[kkxzka'ko%AA

'kkfUr :ih lfjrk (unh) osQ miQku ls mBs iqQgkjksa osQ d.k] d#.kk :ihve`r (osQ lkxj) esa mxrs dnyh osQ iwQy] izKk o/w osQ d.B esa iM+h eqDrkekyk osQvyadj.k vkSj txr~ osQ jkT;kfHk"ksd osQ fy, lefiZr ekykvksa osQ iwQy tSls gSaA osiqQgkjksa osQ d.k cq¼ osQ vHk;nku djus okys pj.k&u[kksa (uk[kwuksa) osQ fdj.kksa ls feysvkiosQ ekFks (eLrd) ij miek dh v‰qr NVk ekuks ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fdJhèkjuUnh olqdYi dh rjg egku~ dfo jgs gksaxsA nqHkkZX; ls bu dfo;ksa dh vU;jpukvksa vkSj mudh thofu;ksa osQ fo"k; esa gekjk Kku izk;% 'kwU; gSA

pkSFkk i| ;k 'yksd Hkh 'kknwZyfoØhfMr NUn esa gSA blosQ jpf;rk dfoJhèkjuUnh gh gSA ladyudkj bl 'yksd osQ lkeus rL;So* 'kCnksas dh fVIi.kh izLrqrdjrk gSA vr% ;g rF; Li"V gSA 'yksd v/ksfyf[kr gSµ

1- izkjafHkd ckS¼ ijaijk esa ftls ^ekj* dgk x;k gS] mlh dks laLÑr lkfgR; dhijEijk esa dke ;k dkenso osQ :i esa fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA

^lnqfDrd.kkZe`r* esa cq¼ dk fp=k.k 19

'khykEHk% ifj"ksd'khryn`<è;kukyokyLiqQj&íkuLdU/egksÂfr% i`FkqrjizKksYylRiYyo%Ans;kÙkqH;eok;Zoh;ZfoVi% {kkfUrizlwuksn~xe%lqPNk;% "kMfHkKdYifoVihlEcks/chta iQye~AA

bl 'yksd esa Hkh dfo us miekvksa vkSj :idksa dh >M+h yxk nh gSA dfo osQvuqlkj 'khy :ih ty ls lhapk gqvk] è;ku :ih FkkYgs esa mxk gqvk] nku :ih rusls mBk gqvk] cM+s&cM+s fodflr izKkiYyoksa okyk] {kek :ih iwQyksa osQ m‰o lsHkjk&iwjk] nqtsZ; oh;Z :ih o`{k] N% vfHkKkvksa okyk dYio`{k lEcksf/1 osQ cht :ihiQy rqEgsa nsA

cq¼fo"k;d ohfp dk ikapoka vkSj vfUre 'yksd eaxy uked fdlh dfo }kjkjfpr gSA bldk NUn f'k[kfj.kh gSA ;g 'yksd v/ksfyf[kr gSµ

;nk[;kuklÄõknq"kfl iqurs okpe`"k;ks;nh;% lÄïYi âfn lqÑfrukeso jersAl lkoZ% loZK% ifFk fujiokns Ñrinksftuks tUrwuqPpSnZe;rq HkokorZifrrku~AA

bl 'yksd esa dfo us cM+s gh ljy 'kCnksa esa ljy Hkkoksa dks O;Dr djrs gq,cq¼ (ftu vFkkZr~ voqQ'ky /eks± ij fot; izkIr djus okys] cq¼ osQ fy;s iz;qDr gksusokyk ,d i;kZ;okph 'kCn) dh Lrqfr djrk gSA cq¼ dh Lrqfr esa dfo ftu ckrksa dhvksj laosQr djrk gS] os gSaµ(1) izkr% ftudh ppkZ djosQ ½f"k yksx viuh ok.khdks ifo=k djrs gSa] (2) ftuosQ fo"k; esa ladYi iq.;dfeZ;ksa osQ eu esa gh jerk gS](3) tks lkoZ vFkkZr~ loZtu osQ fgrS"kh vkSj fiz; gSa_ (4) tks loZK (lc oqQN tkuusokys) gSa] (5) tks vPNkbZ okys (viokn&jfgr] cqjkbZ&jfgr) ekxZ ij iSj j[krs(pyrs) gSa] (6) ,sls ftu vFkkZr~ cq¼ Hkolkxj osQ Hkaojksa esa iaQls izkf.k;ksa dks mckjsaA

blh izdkj ladyudkj Jh/jnkl us vius ledkyhu vkSj vius ls iwoZ osQdfo;ksa dh dforkvksa dk ladyu djosQ rsjgoha lnh bZloh osQ izkjEHk esa cq¼ dh tksrLohj [khaph gS] og oLrqr% 'kq¼ksnu&iq=k fl¼RFk (fl¼kFkZ)2 ls cus cq¼ dh ugha gSAog rks ,d nsoRo&izkIr izk.kh dk gSA dfo;ksa us mUgsa nsokf/nso cuk fn;k gSA os 'kadj

1- ikB esa ^lEcksf/* gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ckS¼ dfo vkSj ys[kd izk;% cksf/ ;klEcksfèk 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;|fi lEcks/ vkSj lEcksf/ 'kCn dks gh iz;ksxesa yk;k tkrk gSA

2- /ekZuUn dkslach fl¼RFk (fl¼kFkZ) dks jktoqQekj ugha ekursA muosQ vuqlkjfl¼kFkZ mPpoxhZ; Ñ"kd ifjokj esa iSnk gq, FksA nsf[k, mudh iqLrd] Hkxoku~ cq¼]izdkf'kr lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyhA

20 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

ls Hkh Js"B crk;s x;s gSaA os d#.kk osQ lkxj gSaA nq[kksa esa iaQls vkSj nq[kksa ls =kLrizkf.k;ksa osQ os =kkrk (rkjus okys) gSaA NBoha&ik¡poha lnh bZloh iwoZ osQ cq¼ ls tcmudh rqyuk dh tkrh gS] rks tehu&vkleku dk vUrj ekywe iM+rk gSA NBoha&ik¡pohalnh bZloh iwoZ osQ cq¼ cksf/lÙk&fl¼RFk okyh fLFkfr ls ifjofrZr gksdj xkSre cq¼cus FksA os 'kq¼ksnu osQ egy ;k ?kj ls fudy dj viuh p;kZvksa osQ vk/kj ij cq¼cus FksA iSarkyhl o"kks± rd eè;ns'k esa ?kwe&?kwedj mUgksaus yksxksa dks l¼Ee (l¼eZ ¾lPpk /eZ) dk ikB i<+k;k vkSj vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q esa oqQlhukjk (vk/qfud dfl;k]mÙkj izns'k) esa izk.k R;kxkA os yksxksa dks viuh eqfDr osQ fy, Lo;a iz;kl djus dhckr djrs FksA os vius dks ekxZ crkus okyk gh crkrs Fks] ekxZnkrk gh dgrs Fks] =kkrk;k rk;h ughaA ysfdu vkxs pydj yksxksa us mu ij nsoRo vkjksfir dj fn;k vkSj mUgsabalku (ekuo) ls nso cuk fn;k] ysfdu ckjgoha rsjgoha lfn;ksa esa vkrs&vkrs nsoRoloZJs"B gks x;k vkSj euq"; mudk nkl (¾xqyke) cu x;kA ;g gS rLohj rsjgohalnh bZloha osQ izkjaHk esa cq¼ dhA ;gk¡ ij Hkh cq¼ }kjk izfrikfnr vfuR;okn (txr~dh lkjh oLrq,a vFkkZr~ lewpk txr~ mldk d.k&d.k lrr&ifjorZu'khy gS] okykfl¼kUr ykxw gksrk gSA bldk dksbZ viokn ughaA bldk dksbZ fodYi ughaA

nwljh ckr tks [kklrkSj ls è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS] og vejizokg esa nsoksa o nsorkvksadh Lrqfr esa ladfyr i|ksa osQ Øe dk gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ladyudkj us dksbZØe ugha j[kk gSA tks Hkh i| tc feyrs x;s] mUgsa i|&eatw"kk esa Mkyrs x;s vkSjladyu rS;kj gks x;kA czãkohfp osQ ckn lw;Zohfp] rnqijkUr bZ"kiz.kfr] vkfn vkfnAoqQN nsoksa vkSj nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr;ksa osQ ckn xaxkohfp] xaxk iz'kalkohfp] ojkgohfp]ujflagohfp] okeuohfp] f=kfoØeohfp] ij'kqjkeohfp] Jhjkeohfp] fojfg&jkeohfp]gj/johfp] cq¼ohfp] dYdhohph] Ñ".kk ohfp;k¡A bl izdkj ladyu dk ØeØefoghu (csrjrhc) gks x;k gSA

,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ladyudrkZ us cq¼ dks fo".kq osQ vorkjksa osQ Øe esaj[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA lnqfDrd.kkZe`r esa cq¼ ij ladfyr i|ksa ls fdlh ,d esaHkh cq¼ dks fo".kq dk vorkj ugha crk;k gSA bl izdkj caxky dh ijEijk esa cq¼dks fo".kq osQ vorkj osQ :i esa fpf=kr djus dh dksbZ vfuok;Zrk ugha jgh gSA dfot;nso osQ xhrxksfoUn dh ckr vyx gks ldrh gSA

( 21 )

dkO;s"kq ek?kL; ;ksxnkue~& izoh.kjk;%

'kks/PNk=k%] jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~

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dkO;txfr ek?ka dks u osfÙk\ egkdfoek?k% laLÑrokÄ~e;s lokZf/oaQ HkklqjajRue~A vL; uwrukfruwruinfoU;kl&jpukpkrqjh vR;Ura izkS<rkexkr~A egkdfo ek?k%dkO;lalkjs cgqdhfr± izkIuksfr] v;a egkdfo% xqtZjizkUrL; ekyokizns'ks tfua ysHksA,rL; firk nÙkd%] ekrk czkãh fir`O;'p 'kqHkÄïj vklhr~A

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22 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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dkO;s"kq ek?kL; ;ksxnkue~ 23

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bRFka lqLi"Va Hkofr ;r~ ek?kdkO;s =k;ks xq.kk% lfUrA vr% lk/wDre~&¶ek?ks lfUr=k;ks xq.kk%¸A vla'k;a dfoek?k% rL; dkO;a egkdkO;e~ vr% mP;rs ¶dkO;s"kq ek?k%¸A

AA bfr 'ke~ AA

( 26 )

iqjk.kfeR;so u lk/q loZe~& MkW- fo-Ä- oqQekjLokeh

'kks/i=ks¿fLeu~ vuqlU/k=kk iqjk.kfeR;so u lk/q loZe~* bfr 'kh"kZdeknk;fof'k"Va O;k[;kue~ ÑrfefrA

1- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrys&

v/ZihrLrua ekrq% vkenZfDy"VosQlje~AizØhfMrqa flagf'k'kqa cykRdkjs.k d"kZfrAA

bfr 'yksosQ flagf'k'kks% osQljk% lUrhfr o.kZueuqfpre~A u ok rL; ekrq% osQljkHkofUrA vr% vfoe`';So izeknsu egkdfouk 'yksdks¿;a jfpr%A ¶izeknksèkherkefi¸A

v/ZihrLrua ekrq% vukyksfprpsf"Vre~AizØhfMrqa flagf'k'kqa cykRdkjs.k d"kZfrAA

bfr ;fn vHkfo";r~] ojfefr eU;sA

2- es?knwrs oqQcsj % ;{ke'kir~ ¶laoRljdkya ;kor~ ro euq";yksosQ fiz;kfojgs.krkE;r% fuoklks Hkosr~ bfrA nsorkopukr~ nsoekusu o"kZ HkksX;Roa 'kkiL; fo¼e~A¶'kkikUrks es Hkqtx'k;uknqfRFkrs 'kkÄõZik.kkS 'ks"kkUeklku~ xe; prqjks ykspus ehyf;Rok¸bR;qfDr% euq";ekusuSo ?kVrsA ,oa nks"kn'kZua dkfynkldYiuk;ka tk;rsA

rL; lek/kufeRFka HkforqegZfr & 'kkiknLrÄõferefgek ;{k% ekuq"krkekiÂ%ArLekr~ rfLeu~ n;ko'kkr~ ekuq"kekusu laoRlji;ZUreso 'kkikof/jfi fuf'pr% rL; ÑrsbfrA

3- ¶vR;k'kkuknrhikukr~ ;Pp mxzkr~ izfrxzgkr~ bfr osneU=klUnHksZ fo|kj.;Hkk";soS'onsoiz'kalkijdk czã;Kijdk p O;k[;k ÑrkA rFkkfg& ;% oS'onsoeuuq"Bk;fdf×pnI;'ukfr rL; fo"k;s rnfi vR;'kueso] ;% czã;Keuuq"Bk; lfyyefificfr ;n~ vfrikueso bfrA v=k iz'u mnsfr & oS'onsoa ÑRok vÑRok ok vR;fèkoaQHkqaDrs rnR;'kua oqQrks u Hkofr\ rFkSo czã;Ka ÑRok vÑRok ok lef/dikuh;kfu lsors

iqjk.kfeR;so u lk/q loZe~ 27

rnfi vfrikunks"ktq"Va [kyq bfrA

4- ^=;EcoaQ ;tkegs lqxfU/a iqf"Vo/Zue~ mokZ#dfeo cU/ukr~ e`R;ks% eq{kh;eke`rkr~* & bR;kdkjdL; eU=kL; Hkk";s ^lqxfU/a iqf"Vo/Zue~* bfr fo'ks"k.k};e~=;EcoaQ fof'kuf"VA ¶;Fkk o`{kL; laiqf"irL; nwjkr~ xU/ks okR;soa iq.;L; deZ.kks nwjkr~xU/ks okfr¸ bfr eU=kL;k/kjs.k =;EcdL; lqxfU/Roa lkf/re~A l p iqf"Vo/Zu%yksdkukfefr rnfi fo'ks"k.ka dFkf×pr~ lekfgre~A

fdUrq fo'ks"k.kkH;ke=k mokZ#dL;So o.kZueqfpra Hkofr rFkkfg & vk;qosZnjhR;kiyk.Mqor~ mokZ#defi iqf"Vdje~ vfi p iDoL; rL; xU/% ifjO;kIrks HkofrAmokZ#oaQ p o`Urkr~ Lo;eso i`FkDr;k =kqfVra HkofrA r}ngefi e`R;ks% eqfDra foUnkfu]ve`rkr~ vkReu% i`FkDr;k eqfDra u foUns;e~ bfr eU=kL;kFkZ%A =;EcoaQ ;tkegs] bfrokD;a lEiÂe~A rL; Kkuus=korks ;tesu KkulEifÙkekuga e`R;ks% eq{kh; bfrHkko%ArLekr~ fo'ks"k.k};L; mokZ#osQ ;kstueso le×tla izrh;rsA

5- LuqghukEu% o`{kL; i=kkf.k orqZykydor~ euksgjkf.k ØefuEuksÂrkfu pHkofUrA rL; xqMk bfr ukekUrje~A rFkk p xhrk;ka xqMkosQ'k bR;L; xqMki=kor~osQ'kokfufr o.kZua lk/q HkofrA Jhe‰kxors p ^xqMkydko`re~* bfr o.kZua yH;rsArLekr~ lgt% izÑfrlqUnj% vFkZ% Li`g.kh;% HkofrA

xqMkdk funzk rL;k bZ'k% bfr 'kÄïjHkk";ksDr% vFkZ% osQuk/kjs.k rfLeu~ dkyscHkwosfr u o;a cks¼qa izFkoke%A vU;O;k[;kus"kq Hkk";s"kq ok d% vFkZ% vL;kfHkizsr% bR;fiosÙkqa ;Ru% dj.kh;%A

6- xhrk;ka foHkwfr;ksxs o#.kks ;knlkege~* bR;qDre~A ;knkafl tytUro% bfrfu?k.Vq%A 'kÄïjHkk";s "k"Bkè;k;L; 34 re'yksosQ rUrqukxon~ vPNs|e~ bR;=k rUrqukx%uke o#.kik'kuked% tytUrq% bfr xq#H;% Jqre~A ukeSdns'ks ukexzg.ke~ bfr U;k;suo#.k% o#.kik'k% HkforqegZfrA vDVksil~ ukede~ tytUrqekuh; fØosQV~ØhMk;kaHkfo";iQya oDrqa fu;kst;fUrA v"VfHk% iknS% n`<xzkgh vDVksiltUrqjso o#.kik'k% l,o xhrk;ka foHkwfr;ksxs o#.kks HkforqegZrhfr uohuLroZQ m‰wr%A

7- Hkxon~xhrk;ka 'yksd% vfUre% cgq=k y{;rs ,oe~&

;=k ;ksxs'oj% Ñ".k% ;=k ikFkksZ /uq/Zj%Ar=k Jh% fot;ks Hkwfr% /zqok uhfreZfreZeAA

v=k mÙkjk/sZ /zqokfu bfr efreZe&bR;FksZ ¶/zqokuhfr efreZe¸ bR;so L;kr~AfJ;a fot;a Hkwfra p eufl ÑRok lkekU;s uiqalde~* bfr lw=kL;kuqlkjs.k /zqokfu bfrlk/qA bfr efreZe bfr Loefra l×t;% ofDrA

28 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

,oa lfr] /zqok] uhfr% & bfr ;fn infoHkkx% L;kr~ rfgZ efreZe bR;L;kuqlUèkkuk;bfr 'kCn% vè;kgrZO;% HkofrA l pkè;kgkj% vuko';d% Hkofr] 'yksosQ bfr 'kCnslfrA /zqok uhfr% HkoR;so JhÑ".kL; lfÂ/kS ;ka fouk fot;% uSo ?kVrsA rkyi=kxzUFksizkphus rsyqxqfyI;k eqfnzrk;k xhrk;k% /zqokuhfr* bR;sokfLrA oqQr% dLekr~ le;knkjH;èkzqokuhfreZfreZe~ bfr ikB% loZ=k lEerks cHkwosfr fpUR;e~A

8- ¶;s osQ pkLePNªs;kalks czkã.kk% rs"kka Ro;klusu iz'oflrO;e~ bfr okD;arSfÙkjh;ksifu"kfn n`';rsA vL; O;k[;kuk; euqLe`rkS&

mQèo± izk.kkfg mRØefUr ;wu% LFkfoj vkxrsAizR;qRFkkukfHkoknkH;ka izk.kk% LoLFkk HkofUr rsAA

bR;kdkjd% mi;qT;rsA o`¼k ;nksixrkLrnk izR;qRFkkua ÑRok rkuklus"kwios';vfHkoknua ÑRok fu''okl% drZO;% ;su leqfRFkrk% izk.kk% LoLFkk HkofUrA Creater

man attracts lower man bfr Physics Principle v=kkUosfrA tiku~ ns'ks uezk ;qoku%fu''okla nh?k± otZ;Urhfr lkaf/dpfj=ks ifBre~ vusukuqeh;rs ;n~ fgUnwlukru/eZ%loZ=k O;kIr vklhfnfrA

9- 'kÄïjHkk";s brj=k p euqLe`fr'yksdL; leUo;% u y{;rs bfr fpUR;e~Jhen~Hkkxors n'keLdU/s iwokZ/sZ lIrekè;k;s 'kdVklqjHk×tuyhyk;ka fdefi izLrw;rs&v=k 'kdVklqjo/% u y{;rsA d'puklqj% okeq'kjhjs.k 'kdVkfo"V% lu~ 'kdVpozaQckyÑ".kL;ksi;kZØe.ka dkj;keklA ckyÑ".kL; ink?kkrsu p 'kdVa foi;Zxkr~] fofHkÂ&pØk{kowQcjs 'kdVs lfr l jk{kl% vn`'; ,o iykf;r%A ckyÑ".kL;ksifj 'kdVaLo;esokØe.ka pozsQ bR;L;kFkkZiÙ;k vkfo"Vks¿lqj% l iykf;r% i'pkfnR;uqeh;rs];rLrL; 'kjhja iwrukdysojon~ fuikfrra u y{;rs LeA

10- Hkkxorn'keLdU/L; iwokZ/sZ pk.kwjeqf"VdkH;ka lg fu;q¼izLrkos ckyÑ".k&cyjke;ks% mYys[kkyÄïkjeuksgj% &

eYykuke'kfu% u`.kka ujoj% L=kh.kka Lejks ewfrZeku~e`R;q% Hkkstirs% fojktfonq"kka rÙoa ija ;ksfxuke~Axksikuka Lotuks¿lrka f{kfrHkqtka 'kkLrk Lofi=kksf''k'kq%o`".khuka ijnsorsfr fofnrks jÄõa xr% ikrq u%AA

v=k fojktfonq"kke~ & bR;=k fdf×pr~ fuos|rsA fojkV~NCn% v/quk osnkUr'kkL=k&izfl¼kFksZ u HkofrA vizLrqrRokr~ rkn`xHk± ifjR;T; ;kSfxdkFkZ% fo'ks"ks.k jktrs* bfrfojkV~ bR;so ckS¼O;%A f'kf[kfiPNxq×tkef.kfofp=kos"kkEcjHkw"k.kÏx;a dks uq bfrvfonUr% vU;s tuk% foLe;su ng'kq% bR;FkZ%A ,rkn`'k% leUo;% osQ"kqfpr~ O;k[;kus"kq

iqjk.kfeR;so u lk/q loZe~ 29

uksiyH;rsA

11- ¶oklkafl th.kkZfu ;Fkk fogk;¸ bfr 'yksdL; Jo.kkuUrjetqZu% viz{;r~]¶rFkkfi rkRdkfyd'kjhjSjso eekuq"kÄõ%¸ bfrA JhÑ".k mokp ¶ek=kkLi'kkZLrq dkSUrs;'khrks".klq[knq%[knk¸ bfrA ,oeUrjkys vtqZuL; iz'uchta Lo;esokdyÕ; Hkxokuokspr~¶ek=kk Li'kkZLrq dkSUrs;¸ bR;kfndkfu opkaflA

12- ¶Hkkjra ps{kq[k.Ma p leqæefi o.kZ;A iknsuSosQu o{;kfe izfrioZ&jlksn;e~AA¸ bfr 'yksosQ 'ys"keksfgr% dfo% b{kq[k.Mefi ;ksftroku~A b{kqn.Ms ioZlqjl% u Hkofr] ioZ.kka eè;s ,o HkofrA HkkjrL; leqnzL; p fo"k;s jlksn;ins'ys"k%;qT;rs] u rq b{kq[k.ML; fo"k;sA lw{esf{kd;k lân;S% foe`';k fo"k;k bes HkofUrA

( 30 )

mÙkjjkepfjr esa of.kZr lkSUn;Z rÙo& jkepUæ Hkkjrh;

'kks/ Nk=k] jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku]xaxkukFk >k ifjlj] bykgkckn

izLrqr fucU/ esa ys[kd us HkoHkwfr fojfpr mÙkjjkepfjr esa o£.krlkSUn;Z rÙo dks izfrfcfEcr fd;k gSA

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Z dk fo'ks"k egRo jgrk gS ftldk izR;{k vkSjvizR;{k :i ls o.kZu gksrk jgk gSA lkSUn;Z dks je.kh;rk] 'kksHkk] peRdkj vkfn fofHkÂukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA laLÑr lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esa HkoHkwfr dks fo'ks"k [;kfr izkIr gqbZgSA bUgksaus vius xzUFk ^mÙkjjkepfjr* esa drZO;&vdrZO; dh f'k{kk nsrs gq, yksd&O;ogkjkfn izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z dk o.kZu fd;s gSaA mÙkj jkepfjr osQ }kjk HkoHkwfr dksfo'ks"k [;kfr izkIr gqbZ ftlls os LrqR; cu x;sA

egkdfo HkoHkwfr dh lkSUn;Znf'kZuh n`f"V dkO; osQ ml {ks=k rd igq¡p x;hgS] tgk¡ rd dh lw;Z dk izdk'k Hkh ugha igq¡p ldkA

HkoHkwfr ,d mPp dksfV osQ ukVddkj gksus osQ lkFk gh mPp dksfV osQegkdfo Hkh gSaA mudk ân; dfo dh euksje dYiukvksa vkSj lqoqQekj Hkkoukvksa ls;qDr gSA os mÙkjjkepfjr esa vusd izlaxksa esa dFkk osQ izokg dh fpUrk u djosQ fdlhHkh lqUnj Hkkoksa dk lkaxksikax o.kZu djrs gSaA vr ,o dfri; vkykspdksa us mUgs liQyukVddkj osQ LFkku ij liQy egkdfo dgk gSA HkoHkwfr esa egkdfo osQ lHkh xq.kiw.kZ :i ls gSaA os lw{e izÑfr&fujh{kd gSaA mudk Hkko vkSj Hkk"kk ij vlk/kj.kvfèkdkj gSA os ljy ls ljy vkSj dfBu ls dfBu Hkkoksa dks lqiq"V Hkk"kk esa o.kZudj ldrs gSaA muesa vlk/kj.k ikf.MR; vkSj oSnXè; gSA muosQ ukVdksa esa izkS<+rk] Hkkoksaesa mRd"kZ vkSj vFkZxkSjo bu rhuksa xq.kksa dk lqUnj leUo; gSA

HkoHkwfr izÑfr osQ lkFk rknkRE; dk vuqHko djrs gq, vUr%izÑfr vkSj okáizÑfr esa leUo; LFkkfir djrs gSaA ;Fkk iFoh vkSj xaxk Jh jke osQ }kjk lhrk ifjR;kxls mruh gh nq%[kh gSa] ftruk dksbZ lkekU; lân; O;fDr nq%[kh gksrk gSA bruk gh ugha

mÙkjjkepfjr esa of.kZr lkSUn;Z rÙo 31

ounsork oklUrh lhrk ifjR;kx ls vR;f/d nq%[kh gks tkrh gS vkSj ifjR;kx osQ fy,og jke dks mikyEHk nsrh gS&

1vf; dBksj! ;'k% fdy rs fiz;afde;'kks uuq ?kksjer% ije~AfdeHkon~ fofius gfj.khn`'k%dFk; ukFk! dFka cr eU;lsAA

relk eqjyk vkSj xksnkojh ufn;k¡ jke dh lqj{kk osQ fy, mruk gh nÙkfpÙk gSaftruk dksbZ ,d lsod nÙkfpÙk gksrk gSA jke iapoVh osQ o`{kksa vkSj e`xksa dks viukcU/q crkrs gSaA lhrk }kjk ikyk x;k eksj lhrk dks ekrk le>rk gS vkSj lhrk dk Lej.kdjrk gSA lhrk e`x] if{k;ksa vkSj o`{kksa dks iq=kor~ ekudj ikyrh FkhaA buosQ izfr lhrkdk Lusg iq=kor~ Fkk bl izdkj HkoHkwfr vius dkO; esa vUr% izÑfr vkSj cká izÑfrdk leUo; LFkkfir fd;s gSaA

HkoHkwfr vius dkO; mÙkjjkepfjr esa lkSUn;Z vkSj izse dk vuqie o.kZu fd;kgSA bruk gh ugha HkoHkwfr 'kkjhfjd lkSUn;Z dh vis{kk vkUrfjd lkSUn;Z dks vf/degRo nsrs gSa vkSj os dgrs gSa fd&

2xq.kk% iwtkLFkkua xqf.k"kq u p fyÄõa u p o;%A

xq.kksa dks loksZÙke vknj&lEeku dk LFkku ekuk tkrk gSA os izse dks vdkj.kvkSj uSlfxZd ekurs gSaA mudk dFku gS fd izse vkUrfjd dkj.kksa ls mRiÂ gksrk gS vkSjizse dks vdkj.k ekurs gq, lalkj dk ,d ifo=k cU/u ekurs gSa rFkk izse dks gh lalkjdh fLFkfr dk dkj.k ekurs gSaA HkoHkwfr nkEiR; izse dk vR;qÙke o.kZu djrs gSa vkSjnkEiR; izse dks thou dk lkj crk;k gSA os lhrk dks xgy{eh vkSj ver dh 'kykdkcrkrs gSaA ;gha rd ugha iRuh ifr osQ fy, ve`r /kjk gS&;gk¡ rd dg nsrs gSaA

HkoHkwfr izÑfr o.kZu esaa n{k gSA bUgksaus izÑfr dks mlh lw{erk ls ns[kk rFkkizÑfr osQ lqoqQekj i{k osQ lkFk&lkFk mlosQ dBksj i{k] mxz vkSj jkSnz i{k dks HkhizseiwoZd ns[kkA budh Hkk"kk ftruh liQyrk osQ lkFk izÑfr osQ lqoqQekj i{k dk o.kZudjrh mlls vf/d jkSnz Hkk"kk esa izÑfr osQ dBksj i{k dk Hkh o.kZu djrh gSaA os izÑfrosQ lkFk rknkRE; izse dk vuqHko djrs gSaA os i'kq] i{kh vkSj o`{kksa rd ls izse djrsgSaA iQyr% i'kq&i{kh muosQ g"kZ esa gf"kZr rFkk nq%[k esa nq%f[kr gksrs gSaA bUgksaus izÑfrdks vyEcu osQ :i es fy;k gSA

1- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k 27] O;k[;kdkj dfiynso f}osnh2- mÙkjjkepfjr&prqFkZ vad 'yksd la[;k&11] O;k[;kdkj dfiynso f}osnh

32 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

izÑfr osQ lqoqQekj i{k osQ :i esa&1iqjk ;=k Ïksr% iqfyue/quk r=k lfjrkafoi;kZla ikrks ?kufojyHkko% f{kfr:gke~AcgksnZ"V dkyknijfeo eU;s oufenafuos'k% 'kSykuka rfnnfefr cqf¼a æ<;frAA

izÑfr ls rknkRE; izse i{k osQ :i esa&2;=k æqek vfi e`xk vfi cU/oks es;kfu fiz;klgpjf'pjeè;okRle~A,rkfu rkfu cgqdUnjfu>Zjkf.kxksnkojhifjljL; fxjsLrVkfuAA

rrh; vad esa HkoHkwfr dk izÑfr fp=k.k ijkdk"Bk ij igq¡p tkrk gSA bl vadesa dfo us izÑfr dk vn~Hkqr :i es ekuohdj.k djosQ izLrqr fd;k gSA vk'p;Z dhckr ;g gS fd lhrk nsoh HkkxhjFkh osQ ifo=k ty esa vius iq=kks dks tUe nsrh gSaAos Lo;a gh nksuksa iq=kksa dks LrU;R;kx osQ i'pkr~ egf"kZ okYehfd dks lkSairh gSaA vr%bl vad esa izÑfr dk vn~Hkqr o.kZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA

HkoHkwfr vius mÙkjjkepfjr esa ;Fkk LFkku vykSfdd rRoksa dk Hkh o.kZu djrsgSaA dksbZ vykSfdd nsork egf"kZ ckYehfd osQ vkJe esa yo&oqQ'k dks iks"k.kkFkZ igq¡pknsrk gSA mÙkjjkepfjr osQ f}rh; vad esa fdlh czkã.k ckyd dh vdky e`R;q gkstkrh gSA mldh e`R;q dk dkj.k 'kEcwd uked ,d 'kwnz dk riL;k djuk gSA rHkhlglk vpkud vkdk'kok.kh gqbZ&fd jke riL;k djrs gq, 'kwnz dk o/ djosQ blczkã.k ckyd dks thfor djksA jke n.Md ou esa tkdj 'kwnz riLoh 'kEcwd dkoèk djrs gSa vkSj og czkã.k ckyd thfor gks tkrk gSA igys tSlk ekuk tkrk Fkkfd jktk osQ nks"k osQ fcuk iztk dh vdky e`R;q ugha gksrh FkhA blh izdkj HkxokuvxLR; dh iRuh yksikeqnzk us Js"B xksnkojh unh osQ ikl relk }kjk lUns'k HkstokrhgS fd lhrk ifjR;kx osQ dkj.k jke vR;Ur nq%[kh gSaA vr% rqe mudh lqj{kk djukAifjR;kx :ih nq%[k osQ dkj.k jke&lhrk nksuksa nq%f[kr jgrs gSaA bl nq%[k osQ dkj.klhrk tc ewfPNZr gks tkrh gS rks mls xaxk vkSj i`Foh cpkrh gSaA i`Foh bl ?kVuk lsnq%f[kr gksdj jke osQ mQij Øks/ djrh gSaA rc xaxk i`Foh dks le>krh gSa fd ogjke osQ mQij Øks/ u djsaA D;ksafd jke lhrk dks ifo=k ekurs gSa rFkk mlosQ ikfrozR;&/eZ dks loZnk fueZy ekurs gSa ijUrq lhrk osQ fo"k; esa iSQyk gqvk yksdkiokn mUgsa

1- mÙkjjkepfjr&f}rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&27] O;k[;kdkj f'kockyd f}osnh2- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&8] O;k[;kdkj f'kockyd f}osnh

ifjR;kx djus osQ fy, foo'k djrk gSA D;ksafd yksxksa dks lhrk dh vfXuijh{kk ijvfo'okl gSA iztk dks izlÂ j[kuk b{okoqQoa'kh; jktkvksa dk ije /eZ ekuk x;k gSAvr% ,slh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr esa jke D;k djrsA bl rjg ckrs crykdj xaxk i`Foh dksle>krh gSaA

HkoHkwfr mÙkj jkepfjr esa vusd ekfeZd izlaxksa osQ o.kZu osQ fy, oqQN LFkyfo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA tSlk fd izFke vad esa fp=kn'kZu dk o.kZu vkrk gSA fp=kn'kZuesa fp=kohFkh dk n`'; HkoHkwfr dh ekSfyd dYiuk gSA y{e.k f[kÂ lhrk osQeuksfouknkFkZ jke vkSj lhrk dks fp=kohFkh esa jke pfjr ls lEc¼ fp=kksa dks ns[kus osQfy, ys tkrs gSaA bl fp=kohFkh esa lhrk dh vfXu 'kqf¼ rd osQ fp=k gSaA t`EHkdvL=kksa osQ fp=kksa dks ns[kdj jke lhrk dks oj nsrs gSa fd ;s tEHkd vL=k rqEgkjs lUrkudks tUefl¼ izkIr gksaxsA blosQ }kjk os jke&lhrk osQ ikjLifjd vxk/ izse dks iznf'kZrdjrs gSaA blh izdkj f}rh; vad esa n.Mdou dk o.kZu gSA jke 'kEcwd dks <w¡<+rs gq,n.Mdkj.; esa tkrs gSaA 'kEcwd fnO;iq#"k dk :i /kj.k djosQ jke osQ izfr ÑrKrkizdV djrk gSA 'kEcwd jke dks crkrk gS fd ;g n.Md ou gSA ;gha jke dks iwoZ?kVukvksa dk Lej.k gksrk gS vkSj foyki djrs gSaA blosQ }kjk jke lhrk osQ feyu osQfy, Hkwfedk rS;kj djrk gSA ftlls jke ifjfpr LFkkuksa dks ns[kdj ckj&ckj lhrk dksLej.k djrs gSaA

r`rh; vad esa Nk;k n`'; dk o.kZu feyrk gSA jke iapoVh esa tc izos'k djrsgSa rks os vius iwoZ ifjfpr LFkkuksa dks ns[kdj ewfNZr gks tkrs gSaA rc lhrk vius gLrLi'kZ ls jke dks gks'k esa ykrh gSaA jke lhrk osQ izfr vius ekfeZd mn~xkj dks izdVdjrs gSaA lhrk Hkh vn`'; jgrs gq, jke osQ gkfnZd Hkkoksa ls ifjfpr gksrh gSaA relkosQ dgus ij lhrk vius gLrLi'kZ ls ewfNZr jke dks gks'k esa ykrh gSaA oklUrh lhrkifjR;kx osQ fy, jke dh fuUnk djrh gSA vkSj lhrk ifjR;kx dks vi;'k dk dkj.kcrkrs gq, dgrh gSa fd&

vf; dBksj! ;'k% fdy rs fiz;a--------------------

bl izdkj nksuksa osQ ân; ls dVqrk lekIr gks x;h gSA vkSj nksuksa dks iqufeZyuosQ fy, m|r fn[kk;k x;k gSA D;ksafd nksuksa 'kksd osQ dkj.k ewfNZr gksrs gSaA blh izdkjprqFkZ vad esa yo dk o.kZu rFkk iape vad esa yo vkSj pUnzosQrq osQ fooknksa dk o.kZuvkfn feyrk gSA ftlosQ dkj.k ukVd nq%[kkUr gksrs&gksrs lIre vad lq[kkUr gks tkrkgSA

mÙkjjkepfjr osQ jl osQ lEcU/ esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn Fkk fd blesa vaxh jldkSu lk gSA dksbZ foizyaHk uked Jaxkj jl ekurs gSaA rks dksbZ d#.k jl ekurs gSaA ijUrqml ukVd esa foizyaHk uked Jaxkj jl ekuuk HkoHkwfr osQ vkRek osQ lkFk fonzksg gSA

34 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

D;ksafd HkoHkwfr Li"V :i ls d#.k jl iz/ku bl ukVd dks ekurs gSaA burk gh ughad#.k jl dks vU; jlksa dk vk/kj Hkwr jl ekurs gSa vFkkZr~ d#.k jl gh :ikUrfjrgksdj Jaxkj] ohj vkfn jlksa osQ :iksa esa ifj.kr gksrk gSA muosQ erksa esa lHkh jlksa dhvkRek osQ :i esa d#.k jl gSA vr% d#.k jl izÑfr gS vkSj Jaxkj vkfn jl mldhfoÑfr gSA

1,dks jl% d#.k ,o fufeÙkHksnkn~fHkÂ% i`FkDi`FkfxokJ;rs foorkZu~AvkorZcqn~cqnrjÄõe;kfUodkjk&uEHkks ;Fkk lfyyeso fg rr~ leLre~AA

pw¡fd HkoHkwfr bl ukVd esa d#.k jl ekurs gSaA ftldk LFkk;h Hkko 'kksd gSAtSlk fd Li"V gS fd lhrk ifjR;kx djrs gh jke dks lkjk lalkj lwuk ou lk fn[kk;hiM+us yxk gSA lalkj vlkj izrhr gksrk gSA thou fu"iQy fn[kk;h nsrk gSA 'kjhj dhpsruk lekIr gksus yxrh gSA jke vius vkidks vlgk; vuqHko djrs gSaA ftlosQdkj.k jke osQ ân; esa ?kksj osnuk gSA vkSj mudk 'kksd iqVikd osQ ln`'k gks x;k gSA

2vfufHkZÂks xEHkhjRoknUrxZw<?kuO;Fk%AiqVikdizrhdk'kks jkeL; d#.kks jl%AA

lhrk ifjR;kx osQ dkj.k jke ls ysdj dkS'kY;k v#U/rh vkfn Hkh vR;Urnq%[kh gSA D;ksafd fiz; tu ls mRiÂ fo;ksx vR;Ur vlgÕ; gksrk gSA fo;ksx osQ dkj.klhrk dh n'kk vo.kZuh; gks tkrh gSA og vR;Ur ihr o.kZ okyh gks x;h gSA mldkeq[k lw[k x;k gS mlosQ Jaxkj lekIr gks x;s gSaA eq¡g ij cky fc[kjs iM+s gSaA ogvR;Ur n;uh; gks x;h gSA ftlosQ dkj.k lhrk 'kksd dh lk{kkr~ ewfrZ gks x;h gSAmldks ns[kus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS ekuks lk{kkr~ fojg O;Fkk vkSj nh?kZ dkyhu 'kksdus mls ,slk cuk nh gSA tSlk blls izrhr gksrk gS&

3ifjik.MqnqcZydiksylqUnjan/rh foyksydcjhdekuue~Ad:.kL; ewfrZjFkok 'kjhfj.khfojgO;Fkso ouesfr tkudhAA

bl izdkj HkoHkwfr osQ mÙkjjkepfjr esa d:.k jl dh iz/kurk gS vkSj vU;jl xkS.k gSaA ;s d:.k jl osQ o.kZu esa viuh vlk/kj.k iVqrk fn[kkrs gSA d:.k jl

1- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&47] O;k[;kdkj dfiynso f}osnh2- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&1] O;k[;kdkj dfiynso f}osnh3- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&4] O;k[;kdkj dfiynso f}osnh

o.kZu osQ lkFk n'kZdksa dh us=k ls vJq/kjk cg pyrh gSA muosQ ok.kh esa bruk jl vkSjvkd"kZ.k gS fd 'kq"d ân; O;fDr Hkh d:.k jle;h xkFkk lqudj Hkko&foHkksj gkstkrk gSA bl izdkj HkoHkwfr d:.k jl osQ lezkV ekus tkrs gSaA

egkdfo HkoHkwfr us vius dkO; dks fofHkÂ vaydkjks ls ltk;k latks;k gSAbuosQ dkO;ksa esa vaydkjksa dh lqUnj NVk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bUgksaus ;Fkksfpr LFkkuksaij ;Fkksfpr vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx djosQ mldh LokHkkfodrk dks u"V ugha gksus fn;kgSA oLrqr% ;g fLFkfr dfo dks viuh dfork osQ izfr vuqjkx dks fn[kkrh gSA bUgksausvyadkjksa osQ cgqyrk ls dkO; dks u gh cksf>y cuk;k vkSj u gh gkj dks iSjksa esaigukdj mldk vuqfpr iz;ksx fd;kA cfYd ;s vko';drkuqlkj vaydkjks dk;Fkksfpr LFkku ij iz;ksx fd;k ijUrq miek osQ iz;ksx esa ;s rks fl¼gLr ekus tkrs gSaAmÙkjjkepfjre~ es miek dk iz;ksx fuEuor~ gSa&

1gk gk f/o~Q! ijx`goklnw"k.ka;}Snsák% iz'kferen~HkqrS#ik;S%A,rUrIiqujfi nSonqfoZikdk&nkyoZQ fo"kfeo loZr% izlDre~AA

fo"kSys oqQÙks osQ }kjk dkVs x;s ?kko dks mik;ksa }kjk Bhd fd;k tkrk gSA ysfduvKkr :i ls mldk fo"k lkjs 'kjhj esa iSQyrk jgrk gS vkSj oqQN le; i'pkr~ mldkHk;adj ifj.kke lkeus vkrk gSA mlh izdkj lhrk dk ijx`goklnw"k.k vn~Hkqr mik;ksa}kjk iz'kfer dj fn;k x;k FkkA ijUrq og vKkr :i ls iSQyrk jgk vkSj dkykUrjesa mldk Hk;adj ifj.kke izdV gqvkA bl izdkj HkoHkwfr ;Fkksfpr LFkku ij ;Fkksfprvyadkj dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

HkoHkwfr Hkk"kk osQ /uh gSaA os dHkh&dHkh ,d in osQ fy, iwjs okD; dk iz;ksxdjrs gSa rks dgha&dgha iwjs okD;kFkZ dks ,d gh in esa vfHkO;fDr dj nsrs gSaA vr%vFkZxkSjo HkoHkwfr osQ dkO; esa ,d vU; fo'ks"krk gSA D;ksafd tgk¡ de ls de 'kCnksaesa vf/d ls vf/d vFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr fudyrh gSA ogh vFkZxkSjo dh fLFkfr ekuhtkrh gSA HkoHkwfr osQ vFkZxkSjo osQ lEcU/ esa MkW- v;ksè;k izlkn flag us fy[kk gS fd¶HkoHkwfr fonX/rk] ikf.MR; ,o vkn'kZokn rhuksa feydj muosQ vFkZxkSjo dh l`f"Vdjrs gSaA1 ;s rhuksa vFkZxkSjo osQ fof'k"V rRo ekus tkrs gSaA vFkZxkSjo dh fof'k"V 'kfDrls laxfBr 'yksd fuEuor~ gS&

2vUr%dj.krÙoL; nEiR;ks% LusglaJ;kr~AvkuUnxzfUFkjsdks¿;eiR;fefr iB~;rsAA

1- mÙkjjkepfjr&izFke vad 'yksd la[;k&40] O;k[;kdkj f'kockyd f}osnh2- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&17] O;k[;kdkj f'kockyd f}osnh

36 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

bl izdkj dfo us ,d NksVs ls okD; dks viwoZ&Hkkoksa ls Hkjdj vFkZxkEHkh;Zfn[kyk;k gSA

bl izdkj HkoHkwfr osQ ukVdksa esa rRdkyhu lekt dk okLrfod fp=k.k foLrr:i ls fn[kyk;h iM+rk gSA fo'okl dh efgek esa] izse dh ifo=krk esa] Hkk"kk dkxkEHkh;Z vkSj LoPN ân; dk ekgkRE; bR;kfn dk mRÑ"V o.kZu mÙkjjkepfjr esafn[kyk;k x;k gSA tks rRdkyhu lekt esa Hkh fn[kyk;h iM+rk gSA bruk gh ugh mÙkjjkepfjr esa Hkkoksa osQ xEHkhjrk osQ lkFk&lkFk vkn'kZ:irk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA blizdkj d#.k jl osQ f'kjksef.k HkoHkwfr osQ dkO; mÙkjjkepfjr esa ix&ix ij lkSUn;ZosQ rRoksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA buosQ dkO; esa vkUrfjd lkSUn;Z ,oa cká txr~ osQlkSUn;Z rRoksa dk ef.kdkapu iz;ksx fn[kk;k x;k gSA tks lkekftdks dks lkSUn;Z dhjl&poZ.kk osQ f'k[kj rd igq¡pk nsrk gS vkSj og blh jlksnzsd osQ dkj.k vkeqDrd.Bls vuk;kl gh dg mBrk gS fd HkoHkwfr rks okLro esa Hko vFkkZr~ lalkj osQ HkwfrvFkok Jaxkj gh gSaA

( 37 )

egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu& MkW- /u×t; oklqnso f}osnh

lgk;d izksisQlj] jk¡ph dkWyst] jk¡ph

izLrqr fucU/ esa egkHkkjr esa vk;s izcU/u osQ lEiw.kZ ;ksX;rkvksaizkekf.kd foospu ys[kd }kjk fd;k x;k gSA

egkHkkjr osQoy Hkkjrh; okÄ~e; esa gh ugha vfirq fo'ookÄ~e; esa vfizrexzUFk gSA txn~O;kih lkjLor izklkn osQ loZekU; iqjks/k vkSj laj{kd Ñ".k}Sik;uosnO;kl bl xzUFk osQ jpf;rk gSaA egf"kZ O;kl }kjk fojfpr vej vk"kZdkO; egkHkkjr]Hkkjrh; ykSfdd lkfgR; esa okYehdh; jkek;.k dh ijorhZ f}rh; fdUrq ,d vf}rh;jpuk gSA egkHkkjr esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk tks HkO; fun'kZu gS] og Hkyk vU;=k lqyHkdgk¡\ egkHkkjr esa Hkkjrh; thou&'kSyh dh lexz vkSj ;FkkFkZ izLrqfr gSA blesa èkkfeZd]lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa] ijEijkvksa] fopkj/kjkvksadh izpqj lkexzh lax`ghr gSA ;g vkdjxzUFk gS vkSj bldh ekU;rk,a 'kk'or vFkkZr~lkoZdkfyd vkSj lkoZnsf'kd gSaA

egkHkkjr ,d vk"kZegkdkO; gSA dkO; izfrHkk lEiÂ ykSfdd dfo;ksa dhÑfr;ksa ls fof'k"V vkSj iFko~Q vfHkKku j[kus okys ½f"k&iz.khr dkO;ksa dh vk"kZdkO;ksadh Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gSA yksd esa jgrs gq, Hkh ½f"k vykSfdd n`f"V ls lEiÂ gksrsgSaA vFkZ mudh ok.kh dk vuqlj.k djrk gS&½"kh.kka iqujk|kuka okpeFkksZ¿uqèkkofrA1

½f"k;ksa osQ Kku dh xEHkhjrk vlfUnX/ gS gh] mudk Kku orZeku osQ lkFk gh HkwrvkSj Hkfo"; dh izrhfr ls izR;;;qDr Hkh jgrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muosQ }kjk iz.khrdkO;ksa esa ,d foy{k.k vUrnZf"V gksrh gSA mu dkO;ksa eas osQoy dfon`"V oLrq dk gho.kZu ugha gksrk vfirq os yksddY;k.k osQ mins'k jkf'k ls Hkh lEiÂ gksrs gSaA

fo"k; dh O;kidrk] vkdkj dh fo'kkyrk vkSj yksdfiz;rk esa ;g xzUFk loZFkkvf}rh; vkSj vrqyuh; gSA xzUFk esa miU;Lr fo"k;ksa dk {ks=k bruk foLr`r vkSj

1- f}osnh dfiynso (O;k[;kdkj)] mÙkjjkepfjre~] jkeukjk;.kyky fot;oqQekj]bykgkckn] 1997] 1-10

38 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

oSfoè;iw.kZ gS fd egkHkkjrdkj dk ;g dFku loZFkk ;FkkFkZ gS fd tks bl egkHkkjresa gS] og vU;=k Hkh gS] fdUrq tks ;gk¡ ugha gS] og dgha ugha gS&

/esZ pkFksZ p dkes p eks{ks p Hkjr"kZHkA;fngkfLr rnU;=k ;ÂsgkfLr u rRDofpr~AA1

Hkkjrh; okÄ~e; dh eguh; ijEijk dk okgd vkSj izfrfuf/ ;g xzUFk viusloZfo"k;d egÙo osQ dkj.k leLr fo'o esa lekn`r gSA egkHkkjr og lokSZ"kf/e;hvatu'kykdk gS ftls us=kksa esa yxkdj vKtu ijeKkun`f"V gks tkrs gSaA oSfndKkurÙo dks egkHkkjr esa bl jhfr ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd og loZekU; osQ fy,lqyHk vkSj cks/xE; gks x;k gSA egkHkkjr vè;kRe vkSj yksdO;ogkj nksuksa dk euksjeleUo; izLrqr djrk gSA

Kku&foKku dh ,slh dksbZ 'kk[kk ugha ftlls lEcfU/r lkexzh egkHkkjr esaugha feyrhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bls fo'odks'k dh laKk ls foHkwf"kr fd;k tkrk gSAorZeku dky esa vius oSf'k"V~; vkSj egÙo osQ dkj.k ^izcU/u* ,d LorU=k fo"k;osQ :i esa LFkkfir gks pqdk gS ftldh i<+kbZ osQ fy, fur u, laLFkku vfLrRo esavk jgs gSaA iz'u mBrk gS fd D;k izcU/u ls lEcfU/r lkexzh egkHkkjr esa izkIr gksrhgS\ xzUFk osQ vkyksdu ls Li"V gS fd izcU/u dh f'k{kk xzg.k djus okys fo|kFkhZegkHkkjr dk vè;;u dj vius izcU/ dkS'ky esa pkj pk¡n yxk ldrs gSaA

vk/qfud dky esa izcU/ dkS'ky dk eq[; fcUnq Js"Brk dh izkfIr gSA Js"Brkdh izkfIr] rRi'pkr~ ml Lrj dks fujUrj cuk, j[kuk] ,d ckj dk dk;Z ugha gS] ;glrr izfØ;k gS] vr% vk/qfud izcU/d izcU/u dks ,d lrr pyus okyh izfØ;kekurs gSaA izcU/u dh liQyrk ls gh cMs+&cM+s m|e vius y{; dh izkfIr dj ikrsgSaA egkHkkjr esa izcU/u ls lEcfU/r rÙo miyC/ gksrs gSaA bl xzUFk esa fc[kjs gq,iq"iksa dks cVksjdj fijks nsus ls izcU/u dh lkoZdkfyd] lkoZnsf'kd ,oa loksZi;ksxhvo/kj.kk dh LFkkiuk gksxhA

1- izcU/u osQ y{;

egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ tks y{; fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSa os vkn'kZoknh vkSjO;ogkjoknh gSaA egkHkkjrh; n`f"V esa izcU/u osQ tks y{; fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSa osHkkSfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed nksuksa izdkj dh mÂfr dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrs gSaA ;s pkj y{;gSaµ

1- 'kkL=kh jke ukjk;.k (vuqoknd) osnO;klÑr egkHkkjr] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] laor~2065] vkfnioZ] 62-53

egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu 39

1-1 /eZ&

izcU/u dk izFke y{; gS /ekZuqowQy vkpj.k djukA fu;ec¼] la;fer vkSjlkfÙod thou gh /kfeZd thou gSA oLrqr% /eZ O;fDr osQ vkpj.k vkSj O;ogkj dh,d lafgrk gS tks mlosQ dk;ks± dks ns'k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr osQ vuqlkj O;ofLFkr]fu;fer vkSj fu;fU=kr djrk gS rFkk mls LoLFk vkSj mTToy thou thus osQ fy, Kkudk ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gSA egkHkkjr esa vkpkj dks /eZ dk y{k.k ekuk x;k gS rFkkvkpkj ls gh /eZ dks iQyhHkwr gksus okyk dgk x;k gSA1 egf"kZ osnO;kl dh n`f"V esabl fo'kky fo'o osQ fofHkÂ vo;oksa dks ,d lw=k esa ,d Üka[kyk esa ck¡/us okyk tkslkoZHkkSe rÙo gS] ogh /eZ gSA ;fn /eZ dk vfLrRo bl txr~ esa u gks rks ;g txr~dc dk fo Üka[ky gksdj fNÂ&fHkÂ gks x;k gksrkA vr% egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd egku~iQy nsus okys] ijUrq /eZ ls foghu deZ dk lEiknu es/koh iq#"k dHkh u djsa] D;ksafd,slk vkpj.k dFkefi fgrdkjd ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS&

/ekZnisna ;RdeZ ;|fi L;kuyegkiQye~Au rr~ lsosr es/koh u rf¼rfegksP;rsAA2

1-2 vFkZ&

izcU/u dk nwljk y{; gS&vFkZlk/uA vFkZ dk lEcU/ /u&lEifÙk ls gksrs gq,HkkSfrd midj.k vkSj lq[k ls Hkh gSA oLrqr% vFkZ dk vfHkizk; mu lHkh midj.kksavFkok HkkSfrd lk/uksa ls gS] tks O;fDr dks leLr lkalkfjd lq[k miyC/ djkrs gSarFkk rRlEcU/h lHkh vko';drkvksa vkSj lk/uksa dh iwfrZ djrs gSaA egkHkkjr esa vFkZdks egÙoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;k gSA izR;sd oLrq ml ij fuHkZj djrh gSA /u dks dkevkSj /eZ dk vk/kj ekuk x;k gSA /eZLFkkiu osQ fy, vFkZ vfuok;Z gS D;ksafd blhls izkIr lqfo/k }kjk /kfeZd ÑR; fd, tk ldrs gSaA3 vFkZfoghu O;fDr dks xzh"edh lw[kh lfjrk osQ leku ekuk x;k gSA4 ;|fi vFkZ dh Js"Brk LohÑr gS] rFkkfiegkHkkjr dh Li"V mn~?kks"k.kk gS fd v/kfeZdrk vkSj vU;k; ls vftZr HkkSfrd lq[kvkSj /u&lEifÙk dk iQy nq%[kn gksrk gSA /eZ dks gkfu igq¡pkus okys vFkZ dk R;kxJs;Ldj gSA

1-3 dke&

dke dk ekuo thou esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA O;fDr dh leLr dkeuk,¡ dke

1- r=kSo] vuq'kkluioZ] 54-92- r=kSo] 'kkfUrioZ] 293-83- r=kSo] m|ksxioZ] 72-23&244- r=kSo] 'kkfUrioZ] 8-18

40 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

osQ vUrxZr vkrh gSaA ifjokj] lekt vFkok O;oLFkk dk mRd"kZ dke }kjk gh lEHkogSA eu vkSj efLr"d dh bPNk,¡ vkSj mudh rqf"V dketU; gh gksrh gSA lkalkfjdvkuUn osQ ekxZ dk vUos"k.k gh dke gSA fdUrq bldk vfrjsd egku~ nqxqZ.k gSA dkeosQ o'khHkwr gksdj /eZ dk R;kx ugha djuk pkfg,A1 egkHkkjr esa /eZ vkSj vè;kRedk vkoj.k nsdj dke dh xEHkhjrk rFkk /eZfu"Brk crkus dh ps"Vk dh xbZA

1-4 eks{k&

eks{k ekuo thou dk vfUre vkSj mPpre vkn'kZ ,oa y{; gSA viuhnq"izo`fÙk;ksa vkSj vKkurkvksa ls jfgr gksus ij gh Kku dh lPph vuqHkwfr gksrh gS vkSjrHkh czã dk lk{kkRdkj gksrk gSA blosQ lkFk gh viuh bfUnz;ksa] eu vkSj cqf¼ ijfu;U=k.k j[kus okys O;fDr dks eks{k vius vki fey tkrk gSA2

2- egkHkkjr esa fu:fir izcU/u osQ fofo/ fl¼kUr

2-1 ijke'kZ dk fl¼kUr&

bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og fdlh dk;Z dks vkjEHkdjus osQ iwoZ lHkh lEcfU/r O;fDr;ksa ls ijke'kZ dh izfØ;k iwjh dj ysA blosQi'pkr~ leqfpr fu.kZ; ysdj vius y{; fd iwfrZ dk iz;kl djsA ijke'kZ gh rÙocks/dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gSA fdlosQ lkFk ijke'kZ fd;k tkuuk pkfg, vkSj fdlosQ lkFkugha] bldk foospu egkHkkjr esa izkIr gksrk gSA dgk x;k gS&eU=k;sr~ lg fo}f‰%3

vFkkZr~ fo}kuksa osQ lkFk ijke'kZ djuk pkfg,A de cqf¼ okyksa] nsj yxkdj dke djusokyksa vkSj [kq'kkefn;ksa osQ lkFk ijke'kZ ugha djuk pkfg,&vYiizKS% lgeU=ka uoqQ;kZÂ nh?kZlw=kS% jHkl'pkj.kS'pA4

tks dke vkSj Øks/ ls jfgr] eerk vkSj vgadkj ls 'kwU;] mÙke ozr dk ikyudjus okys rFkk /eZ e;kZnk dks fLFkj j[kus okys gSa] mUgha egkiq#"kksa dk lax djukpkfg, vkSj muls gh viuk lUnsg iwNuk pkfg,&

dkeØks/O;isrk ;s fueZek fujgaÑrk%Alqozrk% fLFkje;kZnkLrkuqikLo p i`PN pAA5

1- r=kSo] LoxkZjksg.k] 5-632- f'kokuUn] xhrkjlke`r] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] okjk.klh] 2991] 5-283- egkHkkjr] ouioZ] 150-454- r=kSo] m|ksxiwoZ] 33-695- r=kSo] 'kkfUriwoZ] 158-29

2-2 fu"i{krk dk fl¼kUr&

izcU/d dk nkf;Ro gS fd og iwokZxzg vkSj i{kikrjfgr gksdj viuk dk;ZlEikfnr djsA ;g dk;Z mls fopkj vkSj O;ogkj nksuksa ryksa ij djuk pkfg,A mlsleRoHkko ls dk;Z djrs gq, drZO;iFk ij vkxs c<+uk pkfg,A bl lUnHkZ esa Hkxoku~JhÑ".k osQ opu mYys[kuh; gSaA mudk Li"V mn~?kks"k gS fd eSa lc Hkwrksa esa leku:i ls fLFkr gw¡A u esjk dksbZ vfiz; gS vkSj u fiz; gS&leks¿ga loZHkwrs"kq u es}s";ks¿fLr u fiz;%A1 xhrk esa gh dgk x;k gS&

lea losZ"kq Hkwrs"kq fr"BUra ijes'oje~Afou';RLofou';Ura ;% i';fr l i';frAA2

vFkkZr~ tks euq"; lc izkf.k;ksa esa leHkko ls jgus okys vfouk'kh ijes'oj dksns[krk gS] ogh lR; dks ns[krk gSA

xhrk dk iqu% dFku gS&cqf¼;qDrks tgkrhg mHks lqÑrnq"ÑrsA3 vFkkZr~ leRocqf¼ ;qDr iq#"k iq.; o iki nksuksa dks bl yksd esa gh R;kx nsrk gSA egkHkkjr dkmn~?kks"k gS fd jktk (izcU/d) dks pkfg, fd og viuh iztk (deZpkfj;ksa) dks iq=kksavkSj ikS=kksa dh Hkk¡fr Lusgn`f"V ls ns[ks ijUrq tc U;k; djus dk volj izkIr gks] rcmls Lusgo'k i{kikr ugha djuk pkfg,&

;Fkk iq=kkLrFkk ikS=kk æ"VO;kLrs u la'k;%AHkfDr'pS"kka u drZO;k O;ogkjs iznf'kZrsAA4

2-3 ijLij lEc¼rk dk fl¼kUr&

izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og ijLijHkko ls dk;Z djsA ftl izdkj 'kCn vkSjvFkZ ijLij lkFk nsrs gq, mRd"kZ dks izkIr gksrs gSa] mlh izdkj izcU/d dks pkfg,fd og deZpkfj;ksa osQ lkFk ijLijHkko ls dk;Z djrs gq, mÂfr osQ ekxZ ij vxzljgksA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa bl vksj lÄïsr fd;k x;k gSA dfri; m¼j.k vkxs fn, tkjgs gSa&

;s ;Fkk eka izi|Urs rkaLrFkSo HktkE;ge~A5

vFkkZr~ gs vtqZu] tks eq>s ftl izdkj Hktrs gSa] eSa Hkh mUgsa mlh izdkj viukrkgw¡A

1- xhrkjlke`r] 9-292- r=kSo] &30-303- r=kSo]&26-504- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 69-275- xhrkjlke`r&4-11

42 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

vuU;kf'pUr;Urks eka ;s tuk% i;qZiklrsArs"kka fuR;kfHk;qDrkuka ;ksx{ksea ogkE;ge~AA1

vFkkZr~ tks vuU;Hkko;qDr euq"; esjk fpUru djrs gq, vPNh izdkj ls HktrsgSa] esjs lkFk ;qDr mu iq#"kksa dk ;ksx{kse eSa Lo;a ogu djrk gw¡A

oLrqr% Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k vtqZu osQ ekè;e ls ekuoek=k dks iw.kZ vk'oklu vkSjlUns'k ns jgs gSa fd tks Hkh euq"; vuU;Hkko ls Hkxoku~ dk Lej.k djrk gS] Hkxoku~mldh j{kk Lo;a djrs gSaA

lgk;cU/uk áFkkZ% lgk;k'pkFkZcU/uk%AvU;ksU;cU/ukosFkkS foukU;ksuy;a u fl¼~;r%AA2

vFkkZr~ /u dekus osQ fy, lgk;d dh vko';drk iM+rh gS vkSj lgk;d dks/u feyus dh vk'kk gksrh gS] bl rjg nksuksa ,d nwljs ij vkfJr jgrs gSaA buosQlg;ksx osQ fcuk liQyrk ugha feyrhA

2-4 vkn'kZ LFkkfir djus dk fl¼kUr&

bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj vxj izcU/d Lo;a vkn'kZ LFkkfir ugha djrk gS ,oavius v/huLFk deZpkfj;ksa ls =kqfVjfgr dk;Z dh vis{kk j[krk gS rks izcU/d viusvfHk;ku esa liQy ugha gks ldrk gSA oLrqr% euq";ksa esa leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku dhvn~Hkqr {kerk fo|eku jgrh gSA ;g {kerk rHkh izdkf'kr gksrh gS tc mls egku~vkn'kksZUeq[kh okrkoj.k feysA vkn'kZ gh vk'kk gSA vr% izcU/d osQ fy, ;gvko';d gS fd og vius v/huLFkksa osQ fy, vPNh dk;Z laLÑfr dk vkn'kZ izLrqrdjsA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa dgk x;k gS fd Js"B iq#"k tks vkpj.k djrk gS] vU; iq#"kHkh mldk gh vkpj.k djrs gSaA og tks oqQN izek.k ekudj vkpj.k djrk gS] lalkjosQ yksx Hkh mlh dk vuqlj.k djrs gSa&

;|nkpjfr Js"BLrÙknsosrjks tu%Al ;Rizek.ka oqQ#rs yksdLrnuqorZrsAA3

thoek=k osQ dY;k.k esa jr gksdj] vius fpUru] euu ,oa deZ osQ }kjk lalkjosQ euq";ksa osQ fy, ,d vkn'kZ LFkkfir djus okyk iq#"k Js"B gksrk gSA egku~ vkn'kZegku~ efLr"d dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA izeq[k yksx tSlk vkpj.k djrs gSa lk/kj.k yksxHkh oSlk gh djrs gSa&;n~ ;PNh"kZ.;kpfjra ra rÙknuqorZrs yksd%A4

1- r=kSo] 9-222- egkHkkjr] m|ksxiwoZ] 37-383- xhrkjlke`r&3-214- Jhen~Hkkxoregkiqjk.k] 5-4-15

2-5 ;ksX;rk dk fl¼kUr&

bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og dk;Z ij yxk, tkus okysyksxksa dh ;ksX;rk dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>dj dk;Z ij yxkosA ,slk djus ij liQyrkmlosQ dne pwesxhA blh dk lÄïsr egkHkkjr osQ 'kkfUrioZ esa izkIr gksrk gS&

vuq:ikf.k dekZf.k Hk`R;sH;ks ;% iz;PNfrAl Hk`R;xq.klEiÂks jktk iQyeqik'uqrsAA1

bl m¼j.k ls ;g fu"d"kZ lgt :i ls fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd vxjizcUèkd vius v/huLFk deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk dks tkudj mlosQ vuqlkj dk;ZlkSairk gS] rks lEcfU/r deZpkjh xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksdj mRlkgiwoZd dk;Z djrk gSA ,slkdjosQ deZpkjh viuk vf/dre nsus dk iz;kl djrk gSA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr egku~iQynk;h gksrh gSA

egkHkkjr dk iqu% dFku gS fd deZpkfj;ksa dks muosQ ;ksX; deZ esa gh yxkukpkfg,A deZiQy dh bPNk j[kus okys dks pkfg, fd og vius deZpkfj;ksa dks ,slsdk;ks± esa u fu;qDr djs] tks mudh ;ksX;rk vkSj e;kZnk osQ izfrowQy iM+rs gksa&

deZfLogkuq:is"kq U;L;k Hk`R;k ;Fkkfof/%Aizfryksea u Hk`R;kLrs LFkkI;k deZiQySf"k.kkAA2

vkxs dgk x;k gS fd lk/q] oqQyhu] 'kwjohj] Kkuh] vnks"kn'khZ] vPNs LoHkkookys] ifo=k vkSj dk;Z n{k euq";ksa dks gh deZpkfj;ksa osQ :i esa fu;qDr djuk pkfg,AblosQ vfrfjDr tks fouhr] dk;Zijk;.k] 'kkUrLoHkko] prqj] LokHkkfod] 'kqHk xq.kksa lslEiÂ rFkk vius&vius in ij fuUnk ls jfgr gksa] os gh deZpkjh cuus dh vgZrkj[krs gSa&

lk/o% oqQytk% 'kwjk KkuoUrks¿ulw;dk%Av{kqæk% 'kqp;ks n{kk% L;quZjk ikfjik'oZdk%AA

U;XHkwrkLrRijk% 'kkUrk'pkS{kk izÑfrtS% 'kqHkk%ALoLFkkukuiozqQ"Vk ;s rs L;q jkKka cfg'pjk%AA3

cqf¼eku~ izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og igys vius deZpkfj;ksa dh lPpkbZ]'kq¼rk] ljyrk] LoHkko] 'kkL=kKku] lnkpkj] oqQyhurk] ftrsfUnz;rk] n;k] cy]ijkØe] izHkko] fou; rFkk {kek dk irk yxkdj tks deZpkjh ftl dk;Z esa ;ksX; tkuiM+s] mUgsa mlesa gh yxkos vkSj mudh j{kk dj iwjk&iwjk izcU/ dj ns&

1- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 119-42- r=kSo] 119-63- r=kSo] 119-9&10

44 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

,oa jkKk efrerk fofnRok lR;'kkSprke~AvktZoa izÑfra lR;a Jqra o`Ùka oqQya nee~AA

vuqØks'ka cya oh;± izHkkoa izJ;a {keke~AHk`R;k ;s ;=k ;ksX;k% L;qLr=k LFkkI;k% lqjf{krk%AA1

2-6 fo'oklkfo'okl dk fl¼kUr&

izcU/d dks loZrksHkkosu liQyrk izkIr djus osQ fy, mls bl fl¼kUr dkvoyEcu djuk pkfg,A bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj u rks fdlh ij vU/fo'okl djukpkfg, vkSj u iw.kZ fo'okl gh djuk pkfg,A mls gal dh rjg uhj&{khj foosdh gksukpkfg,A egkHkkjr dk dFku gS fd fdlh ij Hkh fd;k gqvk vR;Ur fo'okl /eZ vkSjvFkZ nksuksa dk uk'k djus okyk gksrk gS vkSj loZ=k vfo'okl djuk Hkh eR;q ls c<+djgS&

,dkUrsu fg fo'oklks ÑRLuks /ekZFkZuk'kd%Avfo'okl'p loZ=k e`R;quk u fof'k";rsAA2

nwljksa ij fd;k gqvk iwjk&iwjk fo'okl vdkyeR;q osQ leku gS] D;ksafd vfèkdfo'okl djus okyk euq"; Hkkjh foifÙk esa iM+ tkrk gSA og ftl ij fo'okl djrkgS] mlh dh bPNk ij mldk thou fuHkZj gks tkrk gS&

vdkye`R;qfoZ'oklks fo'olu~ fg foi|rsA;fLeu~ djksfr fo'oklfePNrLrL; thofrAA3

blfy, izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og oqQN pqus gq, yksxksa ij fo'okl djs] ijmudh vksj ls l'kÄï Hkh jgsA ;gh lukru uhfr dh xfr gS&

rLekn~ fo'oflrO;a p 'kfÄïrO;a p osQ"kqfpr~A,"kk uhfrxfrLrkr y{;k pSo lukruhAA4

2-7 LokHkkfod deZ dk fl¼kUr&

bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og vius v/huLFkdeZpkfj;ksa osQ LokHkkfod deZ dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkudj rnuq:i dk;Z esa yxk,A ,slkiz;kl egku~ iQynk;h gksrk gSA ;g dgus esa fdf×pr~ Hkh fofpfdRlk ugha gS fdLokHkkfod dk;Z osQ izfr O;fDr nÙkfpÙk jgrk gSA ogha nwljh vksj] Fkksis x, dk;Z dks

1- r=kSo] 118-2&32- r=kSo] 80-103- r=kSo] 80-114- r=kSo] 80-12

og vueus <+ax ls djrk gSA egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd vius&vius LokHkkfod deks±esa rRijrk ls yxk gqvk euq"; HkxoRizkfIr:i ijeflf¼ dks izkIr gks tkrk gS] vU;phtksa fd ckr gh D;k&Los Los deZ.;fHkjr% laflf¼a yHkrs uj%A1

egkHkkjr dk vkxs dFku gS fd vPNh izdkj vkpj.k fd, gq, nwljs osQ èkeZls xq.kjfgr Hkh viuk /eZ Js"B gksrk gS D;ksafd LoHkko ls fu;r fd, gq, LoèkeZ:ideZ dks djrk gqvk euq"; iki dks izkIr ugha gksrk gS&

Js;kULo/eksZ foxq.k% ij/ekZr~ Louqf"Brkr~ALoHkkofu;ra deZ oqQoZu~ ukIuksfr fdfYo"ke~AA2

2-8 'kfDr osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djus dk fl¼kUr&

izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og viuh 'kfDr dks è;ku esa j[kdj nkf;Ro dksLohdkj djsA 'kfDr dk vfrØe.k djosQ dk;Z esa gkFk Mkyus ls liQyrk lafnX/ jgrhgSA egkHkkjr esa dgk x;k gS fd tks viuh 'kfDr u le>dj eksgo'k nqxZe ekxZ ijpy nsrk gS] mldk thou ogha lekIr gks tkrk gS&

nq"Va iUFkkueklk| ;ks eksgknqii|rsAvkReuks cyeKk; rnUra rL; thfore~AA3

2-9 lalk/uksa osQ mfpr nksgu dk fl¼kUr&

;g izcU/u dk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ fl¼kUr gSA lalk/uksa dk vkn'kZre nksguliQyrk dk ewy eU=k gSA vxj lalk/uksa dk nksgu gh u fd;k tk, rks dk;Z vkjEHkgksus esa gh lUnsg gSA blosQ foijhr vR;f/d nksgu lekos'kh fodkl dh voèkkj.kkosQ izfrowQy gS] ;g fouk'k dk dkj.k gksrk gSA egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd tSls HkkSajk/hjs&/hjs iwQy vkSj o`{k dk jl ysrk gS] o`{k dks dkVrk ugha gS] tSls euq"; cNM+sdks d"V u nsdj /hj&/hjs xk; dks nwgrk gS] mlosQ Fkuksa dks oqQpy ugha Mkyrk gS]mlh izdkj jktk dkseyrk osQ lkFk gh jk"Vª :ih xkS dk nksgu djs&

e/qnksga nqgsn~ jk"Vªa Hkzejk bo iknie~AoRlk{ksih nqgsPpSo Lruka'p u fooqQV~V;sr~AA4

blls Li"V gS fd izcU/d lalk/uksa osQ vkn'kZre nksgu osQ fl¼kUr dk ikyudjs vkSj lekos'kh fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr djsA

1- egkHkkjr] Hkh"eioZ] 42-452- r=kSo] 42-473- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 139-784- r=kSo] 88-4

46 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

3- izcU/u osQ dk;Z

3-1 vfHkizsj.k&

izcU/u osQ vUrxZr ;g izcU/d dk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA blh dkvk'k; ysdj og vius v/huLFk yksxksa dk mRlkgo/Zu dj liQyrk osQ u, vè;k;[kksy ldrk gSA egkHkkjr esa vfHkizsj.k osQ egÙo dks ckjEckj Lohdkj fd;k gS vkSjblosQ vH;kl ij cy fn;k x;k gSA egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd tc dksbZ vHkh"V dk;Ziwjk gks tk, rks mlesa lg;ksx djus okyksa dk cgqr ls /u] ;Fkk;ksX; iqjLdkj rFkk ukukizdkj ls lkURoukiw.kZ e/qj opu osQ }kjk lRdkj djuk pkfg,&

Ñrs deZf.k jktsUæ iwt;sn~ /ul×p;S%Ankusu p ;FkkgsZ.k lkURosu fofo/su pAA1

vius v/huLFk deZpkjh dks ges'kk ;g le>kuk pkfg, fd ;fn vkjEHk fd;kgqvk dk;Z iwjk u gks losQ vFkok mlessa ck/k iM+ tk, rks blosQ fy, rqEgsa vius euesa nq%[k ugha ekuuk pkfg, cfYd lnk vius vkidks iq#"kkFkZ esa gh yxk, j[kukpkfg,&

foiÂs p lekjEHks larkia ek Le oS ÑFkk%A?kVLoSo lnk¿¿Rekua jkKkes"k ijks u;%AA2

oLrqr% tks vius deZpkfj;ksa dk iq.;deZ ns[kdj rFkk mudh lqUnj ok.khlqudj mu lcdk ;Fkk;ksX; lEeku djrk gS og ije mÙke /eZ dks izkIr dj ysrkgS&

vFkZekuk?;ZlRdkjSHkksZxS#PpkopS% fiz;ku~A;kuFkZHkktks eU;sFkkLrs rs L;q% lq[kHkkfxu%AA3

3-2 fu;U=k.k&

izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og phtksa dks vfu;fU=kr u NksM+sA fLFkfr;ksa ijfu;U=k.k j[kuk mldk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA fu;U=k.k osQ Øe esa mls bl ckr dk è;kuj[kuk pkfg, fd u rks mlosQ funsZ'kksa dk my†u gks vkSj u gh mlosQ v/huLFk O;fDrmlosQ O;ogkj ls mf}Xu gksaA egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd tks fu;U=kd lc izdkj lsdkseyrkiw.kZ O;ogkj djus okyk gh gksrk gS mldh vkKk dk yksx mYy†u dj tkrs

1- r=kSo] 69-632- r=kSo] 56-163- r=kSo] 83-9&10

gSa vkSj osQoy dBksj O;ogkj djus ls Hkh lc yksx mf}Xu gks mBrs gSaA vr%vko';drkuqlkj dBksjrk vkSj dkseyrk nksuksa dk voyEcu djuk pkfg,&

e`nqfgZ jktk lrra y†Ôks Hkofr loZ'k%Arh{.kkPpksf}trs yksdLrLeknqHk;ekJ;AA1

3-3 ijh{k.k&

Hkyh&Hkk¡fr phtksa dk ijh{k.k djosQ dk;Z djuk pkfg,A ijh{kk djosQ dk;Zdjus okyk izcU/d Hkkoh ?kVukvksa ,oa fLFkfr;ksa dk vkdyu djus esa Hkh liQy gksrkgSA blhfy, egkHkkjr dk dFku gS fd izR;{k fn[kkbZ nsus okyh oLrq dks Hkh ijh{kkdjuh mfpr gSA tks ijh{kk ysdj Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Hkys cqjs dh tk¡p djosQ fdlh dk;Z dksdjus osQ fy, vkKk nsrk gS] mls ihNs iNrkuk ugha iM+rk gS&

rLekr~ izR;{kn`"Vks¿fi ;qDrks áFkZ% ijhf{krqe~Aijh{; Kki;ÂFkkZÂ i'pkr~ ifjrI;rsAA2

3-4 U;k;&

U;k; dh /kj.kk fdlh laLFkku dks Øe vkSj fu;U=k.k esa j[kus okyh vkUrfjdJa[kyk gSA U;k; 'kfDr dk tud gksrk gSA U;k; yksxksa dks drZO; ikyu djus dklkgl iznku djrk gSA vr% izcU/d dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z laLFkku esa U;k;iw.kZfLFkfr;k¡ mRiÂ djuk gSA izcU/d dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og vijk/ dh vPNh rjgtk¡p fd, fcuk gh fdlh dks n.M u ns&ukijh{; u;sí.Me~A3 tks nwljksa osQ feF;kdyÄï yxkus ij fdlh funksZ"k dks Hkh n.M nsrk gS] og 'kh?kz gh u"V gks tkrk gS&

nqf"kra ijnks"kSfgZ x`Êhrs ;ks¿U;Fkk 'kqfpe~ALo;a lanwf"krkekR;% f{kizeso fou';frAA4

tks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr fopkj djosQ vijk/h dks mfpr n.M nsrk gS vkSj viusdrZO;ikyu osQ fy, lnk rRij jgrk gS] mldks o/ vkSj cU/u dk iki ugha yxrk]vfirq ogh mldk lukru /eZ gS&

lE;o~Q iz.k;rks n.Ma HkwfeiL; fo'kkE;rsA;qDrL; ok ukLR;/eksZ /eZ ,o fg 'kk'or%AA5

1- r=kSo] 56-212- r=kSo] 111-673- r=kSo] 70-74- r=kSo] 111-705- r=kSo] 85-23

48 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

tks pksj ugha gS] mldks pksj dg nsus ls euq"; dks pksj ls nwxquk iki yxrkgS& vLrsua Lrsu bR;qDRok f}xq.ka ikiekIuq;kr~A1

/eZ osQ vuqlkj U;k;&vU;k; dk fopkj djosQ gh n.M dk fo/ku djukpkfg,A ekuekuh ugha djuh pkfg,&foHkT; n.M% drZO;ks /esZ.k u ;n`PN;kA2

3-5 vius&ijk, dh igpku&

vius&ijk, dh igpku izcU/d dks viuh uhfr;k¡ cukus ,oa ml ij veydjus esas lgk;d gksaxsA vr% egkHkkjr dk dFku gS fd izR;{k] vuqeku vkSj vkxe&buizek.kksa }kjk lnk vius&ijk, dh igpku djrs jguk pkfg,&

izR;{ks.kkuqekusu rFkkSiH;kxeSjfiAijh{;kLrs egkjkt Los ijs pSo fuR;'k%AA3

u dHkh dksbZ 'k=kq gksrk gS vkSj u fe=k gksrk gSA vko';d 'kfDr osQ lEcU/ls yksx ,d nwljs osQ fe=k vkSj 'k=kq gqvk djrs gSa&

ukfLr tkrq fjiqukZe fe=ka uke u fo|rsAlkeF;Z;ksxkTtk;Urs fe=kkf.k fjioLrFkkAA4

eS=kh dksbZ fLFkj oLrq ugha gS vkSj 'k=kqrk Hkh lnk fLFkj jgus okyh pht ughagSA LokFkZ osQ lEcU/ ls fe=k vkSj 'k=kq gksrs jgrs gSa&

ukfLr eS=kh fLFkjk uke u p /zqoelkSâne~AvFkZ;qDRÔkuqtk;Urs fe=kkf.k fjioLrFkkAA5

3-6 lUrqfyr O;ogkj&

izcU/d dks lUrqfyr vkpj.k osQ vey ij cy nsuk pkfg,A tSls olUr ½rqdk rstLoh lw;Z u rks vf/d BaMd igq¡pkrk gS vkSj u dM+h /wi gh djrk gS] mlhizdkj izcU/d dks Hkh u rks cgqr dksey gksuk pkfg, u vf/d dBksj gh&

rLekÂSo e`nqfuZR;a rh{.kks uSo HkosÂ`i%AoklUrkoZQ bo Jheku~ u 'khrks u ?keZn%AA6

1- r=kSo] 165-422- r=kSo] 122-403- r=kSo] 56-414- r=kSo] 138-1395- r=kSo] 138-1416- r=kSo] 56-40

4- izcU/u dh fofo/ 'kk[kk,a

v|kof/ izcU/u dh vusd 'kk[kkvksa dk fodkl gks pqdk gSA buesa izeq[k gSa&foÙkh; izcU/u] ekuolalk/u izcU/u] ekufld izcU/u] i;kZoj.k izcU/u] lkekftdizcU/u] ikfjokfjd izcU/u] iz'kklfud izcU/u] 'kSf{kd izcU/u] fpfdRldh;izcUèku vkfnA budk {ks=k bruk O;kid gS fd lcdh ppkZ ,d 'kks/ vkys[k esa ughadh tk ldrh gSA ;gk¡ ij foÙkh; izcU/u] ekuolalk/u izcU/u vkSj ekufldizcUèku dh gh ppkZ dh tk jgh gS&

4-1 foÙkh; izcU/u&

izcU/d dks iwjk iz;Ru djosQ fujUrj vius dks'k dh j{kk djuh pkfg, D;ksafddks'k gh mudh tM+ gS] dks'k gh mUgsa vkxs c<+kus okyk gksrk gS&

dks'k'p lrra j{;ks ;RuekLFkk; jktfHk%Adks'kewyk fg jktku% dks'kks o`f¼djks Hkosr~AA1

vxj bg yksd vkSj ijyksd nksuksa esa lq[kiwoZd jguk gS rks izkIr gq, /u osQmi;ksx esa i;kZIr lko/kuh cjruh pkfg,A izkIr gq, /u dk mi;ksx djus esa nks izdkjdh Hkwysa gqvk djrh gSa] ftUgsa è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A igyh Hkwy gS vik=k dks /unsuk vkSj nwljh gS lqik=k dks /u u nsuk&

yC/kukefi foÙkkuka cks¼O;ks }kofrØekSAvik=ks izfrifÙk'p ik=ks pkfIriknue~AA2

izcU/d dks deZpkfj;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks ges'kk è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A;fn dksbZ izcU/d nhurkiwoZd ;kpuk djrs gq, deZpkfj;ksa dh ml izkFkZuk dksBqdjkdj LosPNk ls vFkok /u osQ yksHko'k dksbZ&u&dksbZ ;qfDr djosQ muosQ /u dkvigj.k dj ys rks og mlosQ egku~ fouk'k dk lwpd gksrk gS&

;nk ;qDRÔk u;snFkkZu~ dkenFkZo'ksu okAÑi.ka ;kpekukuka rn~ jkKks oS'kla egr~AA3

vf/d /uktZu gks vkSj thou esa d"V Hkh u gks] blosQ fy, Hkh egkHkkjr esa;qfDr lq>kbZ xbZ gSA blosQ vuqlkj tks O;fDr [kwc /u dekuk pkgs rks mls 'kq# lsgh /eZ dk vkpj.k djuk pkfg, D;ksafd /eZ ls vFkZ mlh izdkj vyx ugha gksrktSlk LoxZ ls ve`r vyx ugha gksrk&

1- r=kSo] 119-162- r=kSo] 26-313- r=kSo] 91-25

50 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

vFkZflf¼a ijkfePNu~ /eZesokfnr'pjsr~Au fg /ekZniSR;FkZ% LoxZyksdkfnoke`re~AA1

/u dks c<+kus okys vkB xq.kksa dh ppkZ Hkh egkHkkjr esa izkIr gksrh gSA blosQvuqlkj /kj.kk'kfDr] prqjkbZ] la;e] cqf¼eÙkk] viuk 'kjhj] /S;Z] ohjrk] ns'k vkSj dkydh ifjfLFkfr dh tkudkjh ;s FkksM+s ;k cgqr vkB xq.k /u dks c<+krs gSa&

/`frnkZ{;a la;eks cqf¼jkRek /S;± 'kkS;± ns'kdkykizeknk%AvYiL; ok cgquksZ ok foo`¼kS /uL;SrkU;"V lfeU/ukfuAA2

dksbZ Hkh fuUnuh; dke djosQ euq"; dks vius /u vkfn dks ugha c<+kuk pkfg,D;ksafd bl jhfr ls izkIr /u fpjLFkk;h ugha gksrk ,oa vYi dky esa fg lekIr gkstkrk gS& u rq cqf¼fegkfUoPNsr~ deZ ÑRok tqxqfIlre~A3

4-2 ekuolalk/u izcU/u&

ekuo lalk/u izca/u dk y{; fdlh izfr"Bku osQ izfr deZpkfj;ksa dksvkdf"kZr djus] mUgsa cjdjkj j[kus vkSj muosQ izHkkoh <ax ls izca/u osQ dkS'kyxry{;ksa dks iwjk djus esa enn djuk gSA egkHkkjr esa mu rÙoksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSftldk vkJ; ysdj euq"; liQyrkiwoZd viuk dk;Z lEikfnr dj ldrk gSA blosQvuqlkj fo|k] 'kwjohjrk] n{krk] cy vkSj ik¡pok /S;Z&;s ik¡p euq"; osQ LokHkkfodfe=k crk, x, gSaA fo}ku~ iq#"k buosQ }kjk gh bl txr~ esa lkjs dk;Z djrs gSa&

fo|k 'kkS;± p nk{;a p cya /S;± p i×pee~Afe=kkf.k lgtkU;kgqoZrZ;Urhg rScqZ/k%AA4

cqf¼eku~ osQ ikl FkksM+k lk /u gks rks og Hkh lnk c<+rk jgrk gSA ogn{krkiwoZd dke djrs gq, la;e osQ }kjk izfrf"Br gksrk gS&

fuR;a cqf¼erks¿I;FkZ% LoYidks¿fi foo/ZrsAnk{;s.k oqQoZr% deZ la;ekr~ izfrf"BfrAA5

4-3 ekufld izcU/u&

euq"; osQ lexz 'kkjhfjd O;kikj dks lqpk# :i ls pykus okyh ,dkn'kbfUnz;l†kr esa eu loksZifj gS] D;ksafd 'ks"k lHkh bfUnz;k¡ blh eu ls vkfn"V gksdj

1- egkHkkjr] m|ksxioZ] 37-482- r=kSo] 'kkfUrioZ] 120-373- r=kSo] 292-694- r=kSo] 139-855- r=kSo] 139-88

vius&vius O;kikj esa lE;Dr;k layXu gksrh gSaA bls losZfUnz;o`fÙknhfidk Hkh dgktkrk gSA okYehfdjkek;.k esa Hkh Hkxoku~ guqeku~ }kjk bl ckr dk lÄïsr fd;k gS fdbfUnz;ksa osQ 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk deZ esa izo`Ùk gksus dk dkj.k eu gh gSA ;fn eu LoLFkgS rks vPNh Hkkoukvksa dk tUe gksrk gS] ijUrq ;fn eu nwf"kr gS rks cqjh Hkkouk,a iSnkgksrh gSaA ;fn eu fLFkj vkSj n`<izfrK gS rks mlesa fdlh izdkj dk ekufld fodkjmRiÂ ugha gksrk vkSj u gh eksg ek;k lq[k&nq%[k vkfn mls izHkkfor djrs gSaA ,slkeu 'kksd] fpUrk vkfn ekufld fodkjksa vFkok mUekn vkfn nks"kksa ls Hkh xzflr ughagksrk gSA1 blfy, eu osQ izcU/u dk loZ=k cy fn;k x;k gS vkSj egkHkkjr rks blesavf}rh; gSA blosQ vuqlkj lcls igys lnk vius eu ij fot; izkIr djuh pkfg,]mlosQ ckn 'k=kqvksa dks thrus dh ps"Vk djuh pkfg,A ftl jktk us vius eu dks ughathrk] og 'k=kqvksa ij fot; oSQls izkIr dj ldrk gS&

vkRek ts;k% lnk jkKk rrks ts;k'p 'k=ko%AvftrkRek ujifrfoZt;sr~ dFka fjiwu~AA2

xhrk osQ NBs vè;k; esa eu dks 'kjhjLFk fe=k vkSj 'k=kq dh laKk nh xbZ gSAeuq"; dk eu ;fn 'kkUr fLFkj gS] o'k esa gS rks og fe=kor~ dk;Z esa izo`Ùk gksxk] ijUrq;fn eu v'kkUr gS] vfLFkj gS] bfUnz;ksa lfgr vius fu;U=k.k esa ugha gS rks og 'k=kqor~O;ogkj djrk gSA vr% dgk x;k gS fd eu dks ,dkxz djosQ fpÙk vkSj bfUnz;ksa dhfØ;kvksa dks o'k esa j[kdj vius vUr%dj.k dh 'kqf¼ osQ fy, ;ksx dk vH;kl djukpkfg,&

r=kSdkxza eu% ÑRok ;r~fpÙksfUæ;fØ;%Amifo';klus ;q×T;k|ksxekRefo'kq¼;sAA3

5- izcU/d osQ xq.k

izcU/d dks /hj] {kek'khy] ifo=k] le;≤ ij rh{.k] iq#"kkFkZ dks tkuusokyk] lquus dks mRlqd] osnK] Jo.k ijk;.k rFkk roZQ] foroZQ esa oqQ'ky gksuk pkfg,Amls es/koh] /kj.kk 'kfDr ls lEiÂ] ;Fkksfpr dk;Z djus okyk] bfUnz; la;eh]fiz;opu cksyus okyk rFkk 'k=kq dks Hkh {kek iznku djus okyk gksuk pkfg,A mldksnku fd ijEijk dk dHkh mPNsn u djus okyk] J¼kyq] n'kZuek=k ls lq[k nsus okyk]nhu&nq%f[k;ksa dks lnk lgkjk nsus okyk] fo'oluh; fe=kksa ls ;qDr rFkk uhfrijk;.k gksukpkfg,A og vgadkj NksM+ ns] }U}ksa ls izHkkfor u gks] tks gh eu esa vkos ogh u djus

1- 'kkL=kh Kkuizdk'k] xq#oqQy'kks/Hkkjrh] xq#oqQy dk¡xM+h fo'ofo|ky;] gfj}kj]2012 (12)] i`- 101&102

2- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 69-43- xhrkjlke`r] 6-12

52 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

yxs] vkSj lsodksa ij izse j[ksA og vPNs euq";ksa dk lÄ~xzg djs] tMrk dks R;kx ns]lnk izlÂeq[k jgs] lsodksa dk lnk [;ky j[ks] fdlh ij Øks/ u djs rFkk viuk ân;fo'kky cuk, j[ks&

/hjks e"khZ 'kqfpLrh{.k% dkys iq#"kdkjfor~A'kqJq"kq% Jqrok×Jksrk mQgkiksgfo'kkjn%AA

es/koh /kj.kk;qDrks ;FkkU;k;ksiiknd%AnkUr% lnk fiz;kHkk"kh {kekoka'p foi;Z;sAA

nkukPNsns Lo;adkjh J¼kyq% lq[kn'kZu%AvkrZgLriznks fuR;ekIrkekR;ks u;s jr%AA

ukgaoknh u fu}ZU}ks u ;fRd×pudkjd%AÑrs deZ.;ekR;kuka drkZ Hk`R;tufiz;%AA

lax`fgrtuks¿LrC/% izlÂonu% lnkAlnk Hk`R;tukis{kh u Øks/h lqegkeuk%AA1

6- izcU/d osQ izdkj

6-1 mÙke (lkfÙod) izcU/d&

tks drkZ vklfDrjfgr ,oa vgadkjjfgr gS] /S;Z ,oa mRlkg ls ;qDr gS]liQyrk ,oa foiQyrk esa g"kZ'kksdkfn fodkjksa ls eqDr jgrk gS] og lkfÙod drkZ(mÙke izcU/d) dgk tkrk gS&

eqDrlÄõks¿ugaoknh /`R;qRlkglefUor%Afl¼~;fl¼ksfuZfoZdkj% drkZ lkfÙod mP;rsAA2

oLrqr% lkfÙoddrkZ Js"B gksrk gS rFkk og tuekul osQ dY;k.k dk vxznwrgksrk gSA FkksM+s ls gh lkfÙoddrkZ tulekt osQ vkn'kZ izsjd gksdj tudY;k.k dkekxZ iz'kLr dj nsrs gSa rFkk tu&oUnuh; gksrs gSaA vklfDrjfgr lkfÙod drkZ fu"dkegksdj drZO;&deZ dj ldrk gSA og deZiQy dh bPNk dk R;kxdj eu dks fpUrk]Hk;] ruko ls ;qDr j[k ldrk gS rFkk fo"ke ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh fLFkj] le vkSj 'kkUrjg ldrk gSA lkfÙod drkZ vgadkjfgr ,oa fouez gksrk gSA og viuh liQyrk dkJs; nwljksa dks nsrk gS rFkk mls izHkq dk izlkn ekurk gSA lkfÙod drkZ /S;Z vkSj mRlkgls ifjiw.kZ gksrk gSA mldh 'kfDr] lkgl vkSj n`<+rk dk v{k; Ïksr mlosQ Hkhrj gksrkgS rFkk HkkSfrd inkFkks± vkSj cy'kkyh iq#"kksa ls lg;ksx ysdj Hkh mu ij fuHkZj ugha

1- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 118-17&212- r=kSo] Hkh"eioZ] 42-26

gksrkA lkfÙod drkZ fo?u&ck/kvksa ls fopfyr ugha gksrk rFkk ioZr dh Hkk¡fr vfMxjgdj Hkh"k.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh izlÂ jgrk gSA og ykHk&gkfu] t;&ijkt;]liQyrk&vliQyrk] eku&vieku bR;kfn }U}ksa esa le fLFkj vkSj 'kkUr jgrk gSA fo"keifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj Hkh"k.k ladV mlosQ vlhe /S;Z vkSj vnE; mRlkg osQ lkeus ?kqVusVsd nsrs gSa rFkk vUrrksxRok liQyrk mldk pj.k&pqEcu djrh gS&

mRlkglEiÂenh?kZlw=ka fØ;kfof/Ka O;lus"olDre~A'kwja ÑrKa n`<lkSâna p y{eh Lo;a ;kfr fuoklgsrks%AA

6-2 eè;e (jktfld) izcU/d&

tks drkZ vklfDr ls ;qDr] deks± osQ iQy dks pkgus okyk vkSj yksHkh gS rFkknwljksa dks d"V nsus dk LoHkko okyk] v'kq¼kpkjh vkSj g"kZ 'kksd ls fyIr gS og jktldrkZ (eè;e izcU/d) dgk x;k gS&

jkxh deZiQyizsIlqyqZC/ks fgalkRedks¿'kqfp%Ag"kZ'kksdkfUor% drkZ jktl% ifjdhfrZr%AA1

oLrqr% jktl vFkok jtksxq.kiz/ku drkZ vusd O;fDr;ksa rFkk oLrqvksa esa eeRogksus osQ dkj.k vklDr gksrs gSa rFkk os leLr dk;Z ldke gksdj vFkkZr~ LokFkZ&cqf¼ls fg djrs gSaA mudh cqf¼ vkSj eu dkeukxzLr vFkkZr~ LokFkZjr gksus osQ dkj.k nwf"krvkSj nqcZy rFkk vfLFkj vkSj vlUrqfyr jgrh gSaA os izpqj /u&lEink vkSj in&izfr"Bkikdj Hkh thou esa dHkh 'kkfUr izkIr ugha djrsA jktl drkZ HkkSfrd lq[kHkksx dksthou dk y{; ekudj lkalkfjd dkeukvksa ,oa LokFkks± dh iwfrZ osQ fy, lnSo HkVdrkjgrk gS rFkk dHkh vuqowQy iQy ikdj gf"kZr gksrk gS vkSj dHkh izfrowQy iQyizkfIrls O;koqQy gksrk gSA jkx&}s"k osQ dkj.k og dHkh lUrqfyr] fLFkj] le rFkk 'kkUr ughajgrk rFkk lkalkfjd Hkksxksa dh ex&ejhfpdk osQ ihNs nkSM+rs gq, Hkh thou dks [kks nsrkgSA

6-3 v/e (rkefld) izcU/d&

tks drkZ v;qDr] f'k{kk ls jfgr] ?ke.Mh] /wrZ vkSj nwljksa dh thfodk dk uk'kdjus okyk rFkk 'kksd djus okyk vkylh vkSj nh?kZlw=kh gS] og rkel drkZ dgykrkgS&

v;qDr% izkÑr% LrC/% 'kBksuS"Ñfrdks¿yl%Afo"kknh nh?kZlw=kh p drkZ rkel mP;rsAA2

1- r=kSo] 42-272- r=kSo] Hkh"eioZ] 42-28

54 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

rkel drkZ vR;Ur vlko/ku vkSj vla;eh gksrk gS rFkk mÙke laLdkjksa lsfoghu gksrk gSA og fgald i'kqvksa dh Hkk¡fr m¼r ,oa mí.M gksrk gS rFkk 'kB ,oanq"V gksrk gSA mldks nwljs dh vkthfodk dk guu djus esa Xykfu ugha gksrhA ogvkylh gksrk gS rFkk dk;Z djus esa <hyk gksrk gSA og LoHkko ls lnk mxz vkSj v'kkUrjgrk gSA

7- izcU/u esa ck/d rÙo

dfri; ,sls rÙo gSa tks oqQ'ky izcU/u osQ ekxZ esa ck/d dk dk;Z djrs gSaA;|fi ,sls rÙoksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/d gS] ;gk¡ dfri; ,sls rÙoksa dk mYys[k fd;ktk jgk gS tks izcU/u dh xfr dks vR;f/d ckf/r djrs gSa&

7-1 Øks/&

Øks/ ,d izp.M vfXu gS] tks euq"; osQ lkjs O;kikjksa dk lewy uk'k djldrh gSA ;g ,d izdkj dh vk¡/h gS tks foosd dks u"V dj nsrh gSA vr% oqQ'kyvkSj liQy izcU/d cuus osQ ekxZ esa ;g lcls cM+h ck/k gSA oLrqr% ;g Øks/HkkX;okuksa dks vHkkxk cuk nsrk gS vkSj tks mÂfr osQ f'k[kj ij igq¡puk pkgrs gSa] mUgsax<+s esa <osQy nsrk gSA Øks/ euq";ksa dk uk'k dj nsrk gSA ;fn Øks/ dks thr fy;k tk;rks euq"; dh mÂfr gksrh gS&Øks/ks gUrk euq";k.kka Øks/ks Hkkof;rk iqu%AA1

Øksèkkos'k euq"; dk /S;Z u"V dj nsrk gS&eU;qLrq gU;kr~ iq#"kL; /S;Ze~A2

7-2 HksnHkko&

vxj izcU/d deZpkfj;ksa osQ eè; HksnHkko dks c<+kok nsrk gS rks ;g izcUèkudh ewy vo/kj.kk osQ fo#¼ gSA ,slk dj og lEc¼ laLFkku esa dk;ZlaLÑfr dks cqjhrjg izHkkfor djrk gS ftldk vfUre ifj.kke dHkh lq[kn ugha gksrk gSA tks ijLijHksnHkko j[krs gSa] os dHkh /eZ dk vkpj.k ugha djrs] os lq[k Hkh ugha ikrs] mUgsa xkSjougha izkIr gksrk rFkk mUgsa 'kkfUr dh okrkZ Hkh ugha lqgkrh&

u oS fHkÂk tkrq pjfUr /eZ u oS lq[ka izkIuqoUrhg fHkÂk%Au oS fHkÂk xkSjoa izkIuqofUr u oS fHkÂk% iz'kea jksp;fUrAA3

7-3 vgadkj&

vgadkj ,slk fo"k gS tks euq";ksa osQ foosd dks gj ysrk gSA ,slk O;fDr fdlhHkh dk;Z dks O;ofLFkr :i esa ugha dj ikrk vkSj thou osQ la?k"kZ esa vliQy gks tkrk

1- r=kSo] ouioZ] 29-12- r=kSo] 34-53- egkHkkjr] m|ksxioZ] 36-56

gSA egkHkkjr dk dFku gS fd vfHkeku dh vkx esa tyus okyksa dks dgha liQyrkugha feyrh&u fg ekuiznX/kuka df'pnfLr 'ke% Dofpr~A1

7-4 vkyL;&

tks euq"; vkylh vkSj izeÙk gS] u mldh izKk c<+rh gS vkSj u mldk Kkugh c<+rk gSA bl izdkj vkyL; dh izo`fÙk izcU/u osQ ekxZ esa cM+h ck/k gSA vkylheuq"; dks nfjnzrk izkIr gksrh gS rFkk dk;ZoqQ'ky euq"; fu'p; gh vHkh"V iQy ikdj,s'o;Z dk miHkksx djrk gSA vkyL; euq";ksa osQ 'kjhj esa jgus okyk ?kksj 'k=kq gSAegkHkkjr dk opu gS fd vkylh euq"; dks dHkh fuf'pr liQyrk ugha feyrh&,dkUrflf¼a u foUnR;yl% Dofpr~A2 vkylh euq"; dks lEifÙk;k¡ lc vksj lsNksM+ nsrh gSa vkSj mldk lc vksj ls vuFkZ gksus yxrk gS&izeÙkeFkkZ fg uja leUrkr~R;tUR;uFkkZ'p lekfo'kfUrA3

bl izdkj ge ikrs gSa fd egkHkkjr esa of.kZr izcU/u osQ fofo/ vk;keksa dkvkJ; ysdj vk/qfud izcU/d viuh liQyrk dk u;k vè;k; fy[k ldrs gSaA vxjegkHkkjr esa izfrikfnr fl¼kUrksa ij vey fd;k tk, rks u osQoy izcU/u ls tqM+hukukfo/ leL;kvksa dk lek/ku gksxk] vfirq lkoZdkfyd lq[k vkSj le`f¼ dk ekxZHkh iz'kLr gksxkA

1- r=kSo] 123-72- egkHkkjr] ouioZ] 32-403- r=kSo] lkSfIrdioZ] 10-19

( 56 )

vuqokn dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe& ckys'oj oqQekj frokjh

'kks/PNk=k] jk"Vªh; laLÑr laLFkku

izLrqr vkys[k vuqokn osQ bfrgkl ,oa egÙo dks js[kkafdr dj jgkgSA

orZeku lUnHkZ esa fo'o lkfgR; dh vuqokn ladYiuk cgqr gh O;kid gSAlaLÑr lkfgR; fo'o osQ le¼ lkfgR;ksa esa ls ,d gSA fo'o osQ vusd ns'kksa esa laLÑrlkfgR; osQ izfr fo'ks"k yxko ns[ks tk jgs gSaA bldk loZ&izeq[k dkj.k vuqokn gS]ftlls dh lkfgR;xr fofHkÂ rF;ksa dks mHkkjdj yksxksa osQ n`f"V iFk esa yk, tk jgsgSaA fo'o lkfgR; dks le`¼ cukus esa vuqokn dk lkefjd egÙo gS] D;ksasfd vuqoknosQoy fofHkÂ lkfgR; osQ lkekftd] /kfeZd] lkaLÑfrd ,oa jktuhfrd lUnHkks± ls ghifjfpr ugha djkrk] vfirq ekuo eu osQ lexz Hkkoukvksa dks xgjkbZ ls Hkh tksM+rk gSA

vuqokn dk laizR;; ,oa Lo:i&

vuqokn 'kCn ls vkt vfHkizsr gS fdlh ,d Hkk"kk esa izLrqr vFkZ dks vU;Hkk"kk esa izLrqr djukA ;gh 'kCn vaxzsth esa VªkUlys'ku osQ fy, #<+ gks x;k gSA¶'kCndYinzqe¸ osQ vuqlkj laLÑr 'kCn ¶vuqokn¸ vuq (ihNs) $ on~ (cksyuk) lsO;qRiÂ gSA bldk vFkZ gS&vuqoko~Q] iqu:fDr] vo/kfjr (fdlh fuf'pr vFkZ) dksfiQj ls dgukA ¶,e-,e- fofy;El¸ vkSj muosQ vuqdj.k ij ¶oh- ,l- vkIVs osQvuqlkj vuqokn dk Lo:i gS&lkekU; :i ls vko`fÙk] O;k[;k] mnkgj.k ;k leFkZudh n`f"V ls vko`fÙk] iwoZdfFkr ckr dk mYys[k] leFkZu] fooj.k] vuqokpu bR;kfnA

ik'pkR; fo}ku~ ¶oSQViQksMZ osQ vuqlkj vuqokn ,d Hkk"kk osQ ikBijdmiknkuksa dk nwljh Hkk"kk osQ vko`fÙkijd miknkuksa osQ :i esa lerqY; osQ fl¼kUr osQvk/kj ij izfrLFkkiuk gSA ¹The replacement & textual material in one

language by equivalent textual material in another language.º

izks- jfoUnzukFk JhokLro us dgk gS fd vuqokn dks nks lanHkks± esa ns[kk tk ldrkgS&,d O;kid vkSj nwljk lhfer] O;kid lanHkZ esa vuqokn dks izrhd fl¼kUr osQifjizs{; esa ns[kk tkrk gS] bl n`f"V ls eksVs rkSj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dF;

vuqokn dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe 57

dk izrhdkarj.k vuqokn gS] vius lhfer vFkZ esa vuqokn Hkk"kk fl¼kUr dk lanHkZ ysdjpyrk gS] bl n`f"V ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dF; dk Hkk"kkarj.k vuqokn gSA

vuqokn dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe rc ls py jgh gS tc ls Ïksr Hkk"kk vkSjy{; Hkk"kk tSls ijlEcU/ksa dh tkudkjh ugha Fkh] ijUrq ;g ifjKkr Fkk fd ml fcEc;k ikB dk vuqdFku djuk gSA vuqdFku dk lh/k lEcU/ yf{kr Jksrk@ikBd@izs{kd;k Hkkod ls gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ vuqokn dk;Z vuqdFku gS] iwoZdfFkr ckrksa dks fiQj lsdguk gS] bl vFkZ esa ns[ksa rks izkjfEHkd le; esa xq#oqQy esa xq:tuksa }kjk tks ewy ikBdh O;k[;k gksrh Fkh] vUo; gksrk Fkk] ;k d.BLFk djkus gsrq ,d gh ikB ckj&ckjjVk;k tkrk Fkk] og lc vuqokn dh dksVh esa gh vk,xkA

vkjfEHkd dky ij ;fn n`f"Vikr~ dh tk, rks vuqokn dk ,d fojkV~ :igekjs lkeus gksrk gSA tc ge oqQN dg ;k fy[k jgs gksrs gSa] ftls ge viuk ekSfydoDrO; ;k ys[ku dgrs gS] og Hkh vuqokn dh dksfV esa gh vk,xkA og gekjs vuqHko]fopkj vFkok izs{k.k ifj.kfr dk vuqokn gksrk gSA fdlh f'kYih dh ewfrZ;k¡] fp=kdkjosQ oSQuol] jpukdkj dh Ñfr;k¡] fiQYedkj dh fiQYesa] jaxdehZ dk jaxdeZ ;s lcosQ lc vius iwoZ osQ ikB] fopkj ;k vuqHko dh vuqÑfr;k¡ gh gksrh gS] ftuesa dF;dh fo/k cny nh tkrh gSA vkSj vfHkizsr dks vf/d ls vfèkd izHkkoh cuk;k tkrkgSA ;gk¡ rd fd tc dksbZ f'k{kd vius f'k";ksa dks] vfHkHkkod vius vuqofrZ;ksa dksvFkok vf/dkjh vius v/huLFkksa dks dksbZ tfVy ls tfVy izdj.k le>k jgk gksrkgS] rc og Hkh vuqokn gh gksrk gSA

orZeku osQ mHkjrs oSf'od ifjos'k esa vuqokn dk;Z viuh iwjh izfØ;k esa foKkuHkh gS] dyk Hkh gS] f'kYih Hkh gSA bu lHkh rdksZ osQ ckotwn ;g ekuus esa dksbZ ladkspugha gksuk pkfg, fd vuqokn dk;Z dh c`gÙkj vko';drk f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ ckneglwl dh xbZ] tc nqfu;k Hkj osQ yksxksa esa lEioZQ lw=k dk foLrkj gqvkA fofHkÂ jk"VªksaosQ chp jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] O;kikfjd] lkaLÑfrd lehdj.k cuus yxsA tkudkjhvtZu osQ lw=k brus cgqHkkf"kd gks x, fd vius le; dk lfØ; ukxfjd dgykusgsrq vkSj vkRe&LFkkiR; osQ vk;q/ osQ fy, vuqokn dh vksj yksxksa dk :>ku mudhetcwjh gks xbZA

vuqokn dk;Z osQ O;k[;kdkjksa us chloha lnh dks vuqokn dk ;qx dgk gSA roZQizk;% ;g jgk gks fd mDr vof/ esa Kku osQ fofHkÂ 'kk[kkvksa dh iqLrdksa dk foiqyek=kk esa vuqokn gqvk vkSj O;kid Lrj ij nqfu;k dh fofHkÂ Hkk"kk&laLÑfr KkulEink ls ifjp; osQ dkj.k nqfu;k osQ dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa ubZ&ubZ fo/kvksa dk l`tu&iqulZtu gqvkA rF; gS fd nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn jktuSfrd mís';ksa dks lk/us gsrqvuqokn dk;Z izeq[k vkSj iz[kj gks x,A oSpkfjd vknku&iznku] jk"Vªh; lhek dh

58 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

laonsu'khyrk] oSf'od Lrj ij eS=kh lEcU/ osQ ekeys brus egÙoiw.kZ gks x, fdO;kikfjd laokn&lEizs"k.k vkSj lkekftd lkSgknZ dh lhek ikj dj vuqokn dk;Z dhHkwfedk vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr dks js[kkafdr djus yxhA

vk/qfud ;qx osQ ftl pj.k esa ge vkt gS] mls oS'ohdj.k dk ;qx] lwpukiz|kSfxdh dk ;qx] mÙkj vk/qfud ;qx dgk tk jgk gSA bu fofo/ ukeksa dh lkFkZdrkvuqokn osQ fcuk fl¼ ugha gks ldrhA iQyr% blh Øe esa ;fn bl ;qx dks vuqokndk ;qx dgk tk, rks dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugh gksxhA fo'oHkj esa iSQys vikj Kku lEinkdk izpkj&izlkj djus esa vuqokn dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu] osn]xf.kr] jlk;u] HkkSfrdh] fpfdRlk vkfn 'kkL=kksa dk Kku fo'o osQ vusd ns'kksa esafo'ks"kr% if'peh ns'kksa esa rFkk ogk¡ ij gq, vk/qfud vkfo"dkjksa dh tkudkjhHkkjrh;ksa dks gksuk vuqokn osQ dkj.k gh lEHko gks ik;k gSA

izkP; lUnHkZ esa ;fn lkekU; :i ls vuqokn dks O;k[;kf;r fd;k tk, rks]fo'oO;kih lkaLÑfrd] jktuSfrd] O;kikfjd] f'k{kk] dyk] lkfgR;] i=kdkfjrk]foKku] /eZ] n'kZu] ijLij oSpkfjd layki ,oa izkfof/d miyfC/ vkfn osQ {ks=k esav|ru gksus osQ dkj.k vuqokn dk ewY; egRoiw.kZ gks x;k vkSj Hkkjrh; /eZ n'kZu dhmfDr ¶olq/So oqQVqEcde~ dh fufgrkFkZ dks vUrkjkZf"Vª; lkaLÑfrd Lrj ij rFkkfo'o iQyd ij izfr"Bkfir djus dk Js; vuqokn dk;Z dks gh tkrk gSA

fofnr gks fd vuqokn osQ tfj, gh ge loZ=k fofo/rk esa ,drk lqfuf'prdj ikrs gSaA vUrjkZf"Vª; lkaLÑfrd lEcU/ vkSj jktu; dks fofo/ vk;ke ns ikrs gSaAvuqokn osQ }kjk gh tc gekjs jk"Vª osQ fgrS"kh gekjs i{k esa oqQN cksyrs gSa vFkok foi{kesa oqQN ;kstuk cukrs gSa rks ge mlls okfdiQ gks ikrs gSaA oLrqr% fd iz'kklu]iz|kSfxdh] foKku] fiQYe ,oa tulapkj] i=kkpkj] U;k;ky;] 'kks/] Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k] j{kk]izfrj{kk vkfn esa vuqokn dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS ij bl ;ksxnku osQ lkFk&lkFk bldhlaosnu'khyrk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gks xbZ gSA

vuqokn dk lkfgfR;d ifjizs{;

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; vusdks Hkk"kkvksa esa vfHkO;Dr Hkkjr dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd],sfrgkfld] lkaLÑfrd ,oa /kfeZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa rn~tfur ifj.kkeksa dk ogn~ dks"kgSA bu Hkk"kkvksa esa jfpr foiqy lkfgR; osQ ijLij vknku&iznku osQ fy, ,d Hkkf"kdmidj.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ¶vuqokn¸ gh og midj.k] vkStkj rFkk ekè;egS ftlls Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh foiqy /jksgj vkSj ledkyhu jpuk'khyrk dks ,d nwljsosQ lEeq[k j[kk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks ,d Hkkf"kd lEizs"k.kh;rk dh fLFkfrls vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls f}Hkk"kh vFkok cgqHkk"kh laizs"k.kh;rk dh fLFkfr esa yk;k tkldrk gSA vuqokn* gh og ekè;e gS tks varjHkkf"kd lkfgfR;d laokn LFkkfir djus

vuqokn dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe 59

esa l{ke gSA lkfgR; osQ nksuksa :iksa ij tc ppkZ dh tkrh gS rc l`tu'khy lkfgR;(x| vkSj i|] vkykspukRed lkfgR;) vkSj KkukRed lkfgR; (lekt foKku]ekufodh foKku] izca/u] tulapkj] O;kikj okf.kT;] foi.ku] iz|kSfxdh vkfn dklkfgR;) dk lanHkZ vuqokn osQ nks ogn {ks=kksa dks ysdj mifLFkr gksrk gSA nksuksa gh {ks=kksaesa vuqokn dh O;kid laHkkouk,¡ fufgr gSA vuqokn gh Hkkf"kd fofHkÂrk vkSj vyxkodks nwj djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA

vuqokn izfØ;k esa vFkZ izk.k rRo gSA vuqokn dh lewph izfØ;k vuw| ,oavuwfnr ikB osQ vFkZ&lkehI; dks lkFkZd cukus dh gSA blhfy, vuw| ikB osQ vFkZdh rqyuk vuwfnr ikB osQ vFkZ ls dh tkrh gSA vuqokn esa vuw| (Ïksr Hkk"kk ikB)vkSj vuwfnr (y{; Hkk"kk) ikB osQ vFkZ esa lke×tL; vkSj fudVrk vfuok;Z gSAvuwfnr ikB esa ewy ikB ls vFkZ fopyu] vFkZ ladksp vkSj vFkZ foLrkj Lohdk;Z ughagksrk] vFkkZr~ vuwfnr ikB esa ewy ikB dk gh vFkZ èofur gksuk pkfg,A

'kSf{kd ifjizs{; esa vuqokn

orZekudkyhu vè;kiu dk;Z izk;% vuqokn ij gh vk/kfjr gks x;k gS][kkldj Hkkjr tSls vkSifuosf'kd ns'kksa esa] D;ksafd vkSifuosf'kd gksus osQ dkj.k Hkkjresa vè;;u&vè;kiu izk;% vuqokn vk/kfjr gh gks x;k gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i gef=kHkk"kk lw=k dks n`f"ViFk esa j[ksa rks] mls i<krs oDr mldk vUo;] O;qRifÙkijdO;k[;k] ljykFkZ] Hkkokuqokn] Hkk"kkFkZ tks Hkh gks KkuktZu esa blosQ fofHkÂ :iksa dk;ksxnku gksrk jgk gSA cgqHkkf"kdrk vFkok ewyikB dh vFkZ tfVyrk dh foMEcukvksals mcjus gsrq vuqokn vkSj mldh fof/;k¡ gh dke vkrh gSaA

lkaLÑfrd ifjizs{; esa vuqokn

Hkk"kk laLÑfr dh okfgdk gksrh gSA vuqokn izfØ;k esa Ïksr Hkk"kk osQ lkfgR;osQ lkaLÑfrd rRoksa dk y{; Hkk"kk esa :ikarj.k gksrk gSA bl rjg vuqokn lkaLÑfrdvknku&iznku dh izfØ;k dks lEiÂ djrh gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; osQ varjHkkf"kd vuqoknls ns'k esas lkaLÑfrd vknku&iznku rFkk lkaLÑfrd ,drk osQ izpkj dks izHkkoh cuk;ktk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa fofHkÂ izkUrksa dh lekftdrk vkSj laLÑfr cks/ osQlkFk&lkFk yksd laLÑfr Hkh O;Dr gksrh gSA vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls fofo/ izkUrksa dhlkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa osQ izfr ns'k osQ vU; {ks=kksa osQ yksxksa esa fo'ks"k laosnukvkSj HkkoukRed yxko iSnk gksrk gSA jkf"Vª; Lrj ij lkekftd cks/ mRiÂ djus osQfy, Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk vuqokn bl izfØ;k dks izHkko'kkyh cukus esa lgk;d fl¼gksxkA ns'kokfl;ksa esa jkf"Vª; psruk fodflr djus osQ fy, fofHkÂ Hkk"kkvksa esa jfprHkkjrh; lkfgR; dks vuqokn }kjk miyc/ djkuk vko';d gSA vkt dk ;qx foHksnksa

60 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

vkSj fo[kaMu dk ;qx gSA lkjk ns'k fo"ke lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrdifjfLFkfr;ksa ls xqtj jgk gS] ,sls esa bl fo[kaMu vkSj foHksnhdj.k dh izfØ;k dksvuqokn osQ ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa vUrfuZfgr ekuoh; laosnukvksa vkSj ewY;ksa osQizfr tkx:drk iSnk dj ekuoh; xq.kksa dks laof/Zr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vuqokn osQekè;e ls orZeku ;qok ih<+h dks Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh vueksy /jksgj ls ifjp; djk;ktk ldrk gS] ftldh vkt furkUr vko';drk gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; osQ vUrxZrlaLÑr ls ysdj vk/qfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa jfpr lkfgR; ijEijk,¡ lfEefyr gSAHkkjrh; lekt cgqHkkf"kd lekt gS] fdlh Hkh O;fDr osQ fy, lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dk Kkunq%lkè; gS blhfy, fofHkÂ Hkk"kkvksa esa jfpr lkfgR; dks vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls ghbrj Hkk"kk esa jfpr lkfgR; dk vkLoknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA laLÑr esa jfpr] osn]mifu"kn~] czkã.k] vkxe rFkk jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkfn vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls gh vktlkjs Hkkjr esa fganh rFkk brj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa miyC/ gSaA blls laLÑr ls vufHkKikBd oxZ bu vewY; lkfgfR;d xzUFkksa ls Kku izkIr dj jgk gSA laLÑr esa jfproSfnd lkfgR; vkSj lkFk gh ukuk iqjk.k fuxekxe vkfn egÙoiw.kZ Kku osQ xzaFk vuqoknosQ }kjk gh tulkekU; dks miyC/ gks losQ gSA vuqokn osQ fouk Kku dk varj.k bl:i esa laHko ugha gksrkA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh vewY; /jksgj dk vuqokn fons'khHkk"kkvksa esa Hkh gqvk gS vkSj fons'kh lekt Hkh izkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑr lkfgR; osQvuqokn ls ykHkkfUor gks jgk gSA Hkkjr osQ oSHkoiw.kZ lkaLÑfrd vrhr dks fons'khlekt vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls gh tku ldk gSA

fu"d"kZ&

mi;qZDr lanHkks± dks ifjyf{kr djsa rks Hkkjr esa Vhdk] O;k[;k] vuqokn]vuqdFku] vuqokpu dk uSjUr;Z lnk cuk jgkA Hkkjr dks tkuus osQ fy, osn] mifu"kn]jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkfn osQ vuqokn nwljs ns'kksa osQ yksx rks dj gha jgs gSa mlosQ ckotwnHkkjr esa Hkh vusd dbZ vuqdFku gks jgs gSaA vosQys jkek;.k] egkHkkjr osQ vuqokn dbZHkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa gq, gSA eqxy 'kklu dky osQ yEcs vUrjky esa bl fn'kk esa i;kZIrdke gq,A ¶nkjkf'kdksg¸ vkSj muosQ xq# jkt'ks[kj dk bl fn'kk esa i;kZIr vkSj vizfre;ksxnku gSA fudV vrhr esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz] egkohj izlkn f}osnh] vkpk;Z jkepUnz'kqDy] izsepUn tSls egku vuqoknd gq,A lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd] O;kikfjd] 'kS{kf.kdlEcU/] i=kdkfjrk] lkfgR;] dyk] fopkj&foe'kZ] /eZ] f'k{kk] foKku ,oa rduhfdvkfn osQ {ks=k esa v|ru gksus ls vuqokn dk orZeku mi;ksx egÙoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA

( 61 )

'kkfCndu;s deZfoe'kZ%& Jh'ks"kef.k'kqDy%

'kks/PNk=k%] dk-fg-fo-fo-] okjk.klh

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dkjdRoO;kI; deZ bfrA

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bZfIlrrea deZ f=kizdkjde~&

1- fuoZR;Ze~] 2- fodk;Ze~] 3- izkI;×pA

vuhfIlrrea deZ f}/k&}s";eqnklhu×pA rFkk p deZlaKkfo/k;oaQ lw=ka¶drqZjhfIlrea deZ 1 lw=ks¿fLeu~ bZfIlr'kCns vkC/krq% rLekr~ lu~&izR;;%] rr'pbPNkFkZd% DrizR;;% ,o×p lEcU/sPNkfo"k;:iks¿FkZ%] rFkk p vfr'kf;r% bZfIlr%bfr bZfIlrree~A v=k fo"k;insu fo"k;rkJ;% cks/O;% fo"k;rk pksís';rk:ik xzkák,o×p lEc/fo"kf;.kh ;k bPNk rkn`'ksPNk;k% mn~ns';rkJ;% deZ bfr iQyfrAlEcUèk'p&izÑr/krwikÙkiz/kuhHkwr&O;kikjkJ;Ro:idrZinkFkZoqQf{kizo"VO;kikj}kjd ,oxzká%A rFkk p izÑr/krwikÙkiz/kuhHkwrO;kikjkJ;iz;ksT;iQykJ;Roizdkfjdk ;k bPNkrkn`'ksPNh;ksn~ns';Roa deZA rFkkfg&jke% fo|ky;a xPNfr bR;=k mÙkjns'kla;ksxkuqowQy&O;kikj% jkeofÙk% iQye=k la;ksx:ia rnkJ;RoizdkfjosQPNk en~ofÙk% mÙkjns'kla;ksxkuqowQy&

1- ik- lw- 01@04@49

62 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

O;kikjs.k iQykJ;% fo|ky;% HkorqA r=k iQykJ;RoizdkfjosQPNk;k% mn~ns';a fo|ky;bfr rnkJ;Rokr~ fo|ky;L; Hkofr deZrkA

uuq fo|ky;s jke% r.Mqya iprhR;=k ;Fkk≤su fofDyR;kJ;% r.Mqy bfrrFkSo dkfydlEcU/su fo|ky;ks¿I;fLr vr% rL;kfi deZRokifÙkfjfr psÂ] v=kiQykJ;rk iQyrkoPNsndlEcU/suSo vuqlU/s;kA iQyrkoPNsndlEcU/ks uke iQyaLokf/dj.ks ;su lEcU/su fr"Bfr l iQyrkoPNsndlEcU/%] vr% fo|ky;s r.Mqyaipfr jke bR;=k leok;lEcU/kofPNÂfofDyfÙkfu"Bk/s;rkfu:firkf/dj.krkJ;Rokr~r.MqyL;So deZRoe~A u rq dkfydlEcU/kofPNÂkf/dj.krkor% fo|ky;L; vFk p¶lEcU/ks fg lEcfU/H;ka fHkÂ% f}"B% fof'k"V% cqf¼fu;ked'psfr¸ fl¼kUrf/;klEcU/L; f}"BRokr~A jke% xzkea xPNfr bR;kfn"kq la;ksx:ilEc/L; jkexzke;ks% mHk;&fu"BRokr~ ;Fkk&xzkeL; deZrk rFkSo jkeL;kfi deZRoa L;kfnfr psÂ] ,oa Hkwrk;kek'kÄïk;kaizR;ofr"BUrs osQfpr~ fØ;ktU;iQykJ;a fg deZ] r=k fØ;k;ka ijleosrRoeÄõhfØ;rsA

ijRo×pk=k & ;L; deZRoa fpdhf"kZra rnis{k;k vU;n~ xzkáa rFkkfg&jke% xzkeaxPNrhR;=k xzkekis{k;k ij% jke% rfÂ"BfØ;ktU;iQykJ;Rokr~ xzkeL; Hkofr deZlaKku rq jkeL; vr% nks"k% ukfLrA iquj=k bZfIlrrefefr inkFkZL; fo'ys"k.ka oqQeZ% vkIy`O;kIrkS /krks% ¶vki~KI;`/kehr~ 1 bfr lw=ks.k vkdkjL; bZRos bZMkxes p Ñrs bZIl bfrlÂUr/krks% ¶efrcqf¼iwtkFksZH;'p¸2 bR;usu Dr izR;;s (bg orZekuRoefoof{kre~)bZfIlr bfr tkrs iqujZ=k vfr'kf;r% bZfIlr% bfr bZfIlrrrea izFkeSdopus bfIlrree~bfrA v=k vkC/kRoFkZ% lEcU/%] lÂFkZ% bPNk] DrkFkZ% fo"k;Roe~A rFkk p O;kikjfof'k"V&iQykJ;Roizdkfjdk&bPNkfu:fir&mn~ns';rkJ;%A iquj=kk'kadrs ;r~ recFkZL; oqQ=kkUo;%\;rks¿fg rei~ izR;;L; ;k izÑfr% rRizdkjhHkwrks ;ks¿FkZ% rn~xrkfr'kf;rRoa reik |ksR;rsbfr fu;ekH;qixekr~ izdkjhHkwra vFkZ};a lEcU/% bPNk p rfgZ foaQ xrkfr'kf;rRoaxzkáfefr iz'u%\ v=kksP;rs lEcU/xrkfr'kf;rRoeso xzkáe~A lEcU/xrkfr'kf;rRoa rqLoiz;ksT;Ro:ia ;fn bPNkxrkfr'kf;Roa xárs psr~ vfuPNk;k xzkekfnxeus xzkea xPNrhfriz;ksxkukifÙk% vr% lkEizra y{k.ka tkre~ drZo`fÙkO;kikjiz;ksT;iQykJ;Roizdkfjdk ;kbPNk rkn`'ksPNh;ksn~ns';a deZ] v=k drZo`fÙk bfr nkusu drqZ% O;kikj ,o xzká% ,o×pek"ksLo'oa cèukrhR;=k deZ.k% O;kikjks u xárs vFk p drZxzg.klkeF;sZu izÑrèkkRoFkZ&fu:firSo drkZ x`árs ek"ksLo'oa cèukrhR;=k izÑr/krq% cU/&/krq% rfÂ:fira drZRoansonÙkknhukeso Hk{kkfn/kRoFkZfu:firdrZRoe'oL; u xzkáfefr Hkko%A rFkk p y{k.kalEiÂa izÑr/kRoFkZfu:firdrZofÙkiz/kuhHkwrO;kikjiz;ksT; izÑr/kRoFkZiQykJ;Rosu bPNksn~&ns';RoehfIlrreRoe=k Lookpd/krqokP;Rosfr lEcU/L; ykHk% lw=ks drZxzg.kcykn~

1- ik- lw- 07@04@552- ik- lw- 03@02@188

'kkfCndu;s deZfoe'kZ% 63

HkofrA Loiz;ksT;RoL; ykHk% rec~xzg.kcykr~ izkI;rs rFkk p ldya y{k.ka psRFkaizÑr/krwikÙkiz/kuhHkwrO;kikjfof'k"VizÑr/kRoFkZiQykJ;RoizdkjhosQPNksn~ns';a deZA r=koSf'k"V~;a p Lokokpd/krqokP;RoLoiz;ksT;RosR;qHk;lEcU/suA vfLeÂso lUnHksZ vijsnanz"VO;e~ bZfIlrreor~ lefHkO;kâr/kRoFkZiz/kuhHkwr&O;kikjtU; r¼kRoFkZiQykJ;L;kuh&fIlrL;kfi ¶rFkk ;qDra pkuhfIlre~ 1 bR;usu lw=ks.k lEik|rs vuhfIlrdeZ.k% Hksn};aiwoZesoksikÙka }s";eqnklhu×pA rFkkfg }s";L;ksnkgj.ka pkSjku~ i';rhR;=k ;|fi pkSjku~nz"Vqa usPNfr rFkkfi }s";Hkkosu i';fr vr% }s";deZ.k% mnkgj.kesrr~A mnklhudeZ.k%mnkgj.ka rq xzkea xPNu~ r.ka Li'kfr rFkk p ¶vdfFkra psfr¸2 bfr lw=ks.k nqgkfnèkkrwukeFkp uhâ&vkfn /krq?kfVrokD;iz;ksxs viknkuknhukefoo{k;k deZlaKk Hkofr r=k viknkukfn&'kCnsu viknkua&lEiznkuef/dj.kanksfr dkjd=k;eso xzkáe~ r|Fkk&xka nsfX/ i;%bR;L;kiknkufoo{kk;ka xks% nksfX/ i;% bfr okD;e~A vkiknuRokfoo{kk;ka xks bR;L;vdfFkra psfr3 lw=ks.k deZlaKk;ka ¶deZf.k f}rh;k¸4 bfr f}rh;k;ka lR;ka xka nksfXèki;% bfr okD;a lEi|rsA vFk p ,rs"kka /krwuka ?kfVrokD;iz;ksxs f}deZdLFkys deZf.kizR;;k% xkS.kdeZ ,o izR;k;;fUr vFkkZr~ ¶vdfFkra psfr¸5 lw=ks.k ;s"kka deZlaKk rs ,omDrk% HkofUr] r|Fkk xkS% nqárs {khjfefr uhâÑ"k~og~&,rn~/krq?kfVrokD;iz;ksxs iz/kusdeZ.;so ydkjk% izorZUrsA vfLeÂso izlÄõs izkP;k% vkpk;kZ% viknkukfnfHk% vfoo{kk;kalEik| lalxsZ.k rs"kka foo{kk O;oLFkkI;rs rFkk p "k"Bh izkIrk HkofrA rka ckf/Rok¶vdfFkra psfr¸6 lw=ks.k deZlaKk fl¼~;fr] rFkkfi cks/Lrq lEcU/izdkjd ,o tk;rsArFkk p xka nksfX/ i;% bfr okD;L; izkphuu;s xkslEcfU/i;deZfefr cks/% tk;rsAvfLeÂso lUnHksZ uO;k% onfUr ;r~ deZlaKk;ka lR;ka deZRosu foo{kk;k% vHkko% bfronrks O;k?kkr% rFkkfg xksdeZoaQ ip~deZoaQ p nksgue~oxPNfUr uO;k% vdeZd/krq;ksxsns'kdkyHkkoxUrO;kèookfpua deZlaKk Hkofr r=k rq vf/dj.kL; deZRofo/kukr~eklkfèkdj.koaQ pS=kdrZdeklue~ bR;so cks/% izkP;u;s uO;kuka ers rq pS=k% vklusu eklaO;kIuksfr bfr 'kkCncks/%A

¶xfrcqf¼izR;olkukFkZ 7&bR;kfnlw=kifBr/krq?kfVrokD;iz;ksxs iz;ksT;L; drZ&o`fÙkO;kikjtU;iQykJ;Rosu ¶drqZjhfIlrrea deZ 8 bR;usuSo deZRoa fl¼e~A vr%

1- ik- lw- 01@04@502- ik- lw- 01@04@513- ik- lw- 01@04@514- ik- lw- 02@03@025- ik- lw- 01@04@516- ik- lw- 01@04@517- ik- lw- 01@04@528- ik- lw- 01@04@49

64 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

fu;ekFkZL; ¶xfrcqf¼-------¸1 bR;kfn'kkL=kL; fof/eq[ksu izo`fÙkeoxPNs;q% vFk pxzUFks deZizopuh;;ksxs ;=k oqQ=kfpn~ f}rh;koyksD;rs oLrqrLrq fØ;ktU;iQykJ;RosudeZRoa ukfLr r=kA vfirq y{k.kknkS vFksZ |ksR;s deZizopuh;laKk;ka ¶deZf.k f}rh;k¸2

bfr f}rh;k HkofrA

vFk p O;kdj.ks lk{kkr~ ;% O;kikjL;kJ;% l drZinsu fo/h;rs rFkSo lk{kkr~iQyL; ;ks vkJ;% l deZinsukoxE;rs ijUrq drZdeZ&,rnU;rj}kjk ;% iQyL;kJ;%O;kikj:ikJ;% Hkofr rL;kf/dj.klaKk leqitk;rsA rFkkfg&¶dVa 'ksrs pS=k%¸ bR;=kdVofÙkpS=kofÙk'k;ufØ;kLoofÙkofÙkRolEcU/su dVs vfLr vr ,o rL; HkoR;fèkdj.klaKkbfrA ;Fkk iQykJ;L; deZlaKk rFkSo lEiznkulaKkfi cks¼O;k rFkkfg ¶foizk; xkannkfr¸ bR;=k foizL; nkudrqZ% bPNk;k% vkJ;Rokr~ Hkofr lEiznkulaKk bR;ya foLrjs.k'kqHka Hkw;kr~ eaxyap Hkw;kr~A

1- ik- lw- 01@04@522- ik- lw- 02@03@02

( 65 )

^dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs* bfrifjHkk"kkleh{k.ke~

& v'kksdoqQekjfeJ%

lafonkizkè;kid%] eq-Lok-ihBe~] jk-la-laLFkkue~

izLrqrs fucU/s ukxksftHkV~VfojfprifjHkk"ksUnq'ks[kjxzUFke~ vf/ÑR; vFkp HkwfrVhdkeoyEC; izÑrifjHkk"kk lE;x~ foosfprk fo|rsA

vizfreizfrHk% Jheku~ ukxs'k% ifjHkk"ksUnq'ks[kjsfr vizfrexzUFka fojp;keklA r=kfLFkrk% ifjHkk"kk% fof/'kkL=kksidkfjdk% orZUrs] rFkk p ifjHkk"kkRoÂke ¶lÄïsrxzkgd&fHkÂRos lfr ikf.kU;uqPpfjrs lfr 'kCn/feZdlk/qRoizdkjdkizkek.;KkukukLdfUnr&'kkCncks/ksi;ksfxRoa ifjHkk"kkRoe~ A ifjHkk"kk'p eq[;r% f=k/k foHkDrkLlfUr rFkkfg&Kkidfl¼k] U;k;fl¼k] opu:is.k ifBrk'pA izLrqrs;a ifjHkk"kk Kkidfl¼k orZrs]U;k;fl¼k p ¶vf/ iwoZd&bÄ~ vè;;ukFkZd/krks% r`fp Ñrs¿uqcU/yksis bdkjL;¶lkoZ/krqdk/Z/krqd;ks%¸1 7-4-5 bR;usu lw=ks.k xq.ks Lokfndk;sZ p Ñrs] vè;srk bfrtk;rs] v=k iz'u% mnsfr ;r~ bÄ~ /krks% fÄRoeknk; ¶lkoZ/krqdk/Z/krqd;ks%¸ bfrlw=ks.k fofgrL; xq.kL; ¶fDÄfr p¸2 bfr lw=ks.k fu"ks/% dFkÂ\ ,oeso ^'kf;rk*bR;=kkfi 'khÄ~* /krks% r`fp Ñrs xq.kks tk;rs] r=kkfi fÄÙokn~ xq.kfu"ks/% izoÙksZr~A vFkp fHkÂ%] fHkÂoku~ bR;kfn"kq ¶iqxUr¸3 7-3&86 bR;usu xq.kfu"ks/k; izo`Ùk;s jksjohR;knkSxq.kk; rnizo`Ù;FkZ×p ¶fDÄfr p¸ bR;fufeÙkxzg.ka drZO;esoA 'kkL=ks p fufeÙkinsuU;k;'kkL=kkfHkerfufeÙkdkj.kek=ka u xzkáe~ vfirq fufeÙkinsu leokf;&vleokf;&fufeÙkdkj.kkuka cks/% vÄõhdj.kh;%A rFkk p ¶fDÄfr p¸ bR;L; lw=kkFkZ% iQyfr ;r~¶fdr~fxr~fÄr&,rnU;ekO;ofgrL; iwoZRofof'k"VL; bd% LFkkus xq.ko`¼h uHkor%¸ rFkk p vè;srk] 'kf;rk bR;kfn"kq izkIrL; xq.kL; fu"ks/% izlDrks fo|rs vrvkg&¶dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs A

1- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (7-4-5)2- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (1-1-5)3- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (7-3-86)

66 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

vFkkZr~ ¶dk;kZuqHkodrZRofof'k"V% dk;hZ fufeÙkinsu u xárs A izÑrs bM~'khÄks%dk;kZuqHkodkf;ZRokr~ fufeÙkinsu u xzg.ke~] vr% fDÄfr p* bfr 'kkL=kh;ksís';rkoPNsn&osQrkukØkUrRokr~ u izofÙk%A uuq ¶=kflxf/f{kis% Duq%¸1 3-4-114 bR;=k xq.kfu"ksèkkFkZÑr&DuqizR;;fu"BfdÙolkeF;sZu ¶;su ukO;o/kua rsu O;ofgrs¿fi¸ bfr Kkiukr~ xq.kof¼&fufeÙkdizR;;srjgysdo.kZO;o/kus¿fi fu"ks/L; izofÙkLohdkjs.k fNÂ bR;knkS fu"ksèklaHkok&fn"Vfl¼s jksjohR;knkS pkUrjÄõizfr"ks/n`"V~;k cfgjÄõxq.kL; ¶vfl¼a cfgjÄõeUrjÄõs 2

bR;u;k vfl¼Rosu fu"ks/kizkIR;k xq.kL; ck/k;ksxkr~ fu'kÄïa izo`Ùks'psfr ¶fDÄfr p¸1-1-5 bR;=k ijlIrE;kJ;.ks¿fi d'pu nks"kks ukfLr] vr% mi;qDrLFkys nks"kkHkkokr~ifjHkk"kk uko';dhA bfr rÂ] vfjfj"krhfr iz;ksxkukifÙk%] rFkk ½/krks% lfu Ñrs¶fLeiwÄ~j×To'kka lfu¸3 7-2-74 bR;usu lw=ks.k bMkxes ½ bl bfr tkrs xq.k¶f}oZpus¿fp¸4 bR;usu fu"ks/s f}Ros p Ñrs ½ ½ bl bR;=k iwoZHkkxL;kH;klRos¶mjr~ 5 7&4&66 bfr lw=ks.k vRos jijs gykfn'ks"ks nh?ksZ v ½ b l bfr fLFkrkSmÙkjHkkxL; ½dkjL; xq.ks jijs lo.kZnh?ksZ "kRos p Ñrs vkfj"k~ bfr tkrs ¶luk|Urkèkkro%¸6 bfr /krqlaKk;ka yfV frfi 'kfi iwoZ:is vkfjfj"krhfr :ieki|sr~ b"Va rqvfjfj"kfr bfr vr% b"V:ifl¼;s ifjHkk"kk vÄõhdj.kh;k] ifjHkk"kk;ka lR;ka ½ blbR;oLFkk;ka lU;Äks%* bR;L; "k"BhRokr~ ½ bl bfr leqnk;L;So f}RoL; dkf;ZRokr~rnUrxZrL; ^bl* bR;L; mDrifjHkk"k;k fufeÙkRokHkkokr~ ¶f}oZpus¿fp¸ 1-1-59bR;L;kizo`Ù;k f}Rokr~ iwo± ¶lkoZ/krqdk/Z/krqd;ks%¸ 7-3-84 bfr xq.ks vfjl~* bR;=k^vtknsf}Zrh;L;* bR;usu fjl~ bR;L; f}Ros vH;klkfndk;sZ vfjfj"krhfr fl¼ÔrhfrA

ifjHkk"kkKkidfopkj%

ifjHkk"kk;ka ¶LFkf.MykPNf;rfj ozrs 7 4&2&15 bfr lw=ks 'kf;rfj* bfr funsZ'kksKkid% orZrsA rFkk fg 'khÄ~/krks% r`fp Ñrs 'kf;r` bfr izkfrikfndkr~ lIrE;sdopus'kf;rfj bfr iz;ksx% tk;rs] ,o×p ifjHkk"kk;k vHkkos 'khM~% dkf;ZRos¿fi fufeÙkRosuvkJ;.kkr~ fÄ~fÂfeÙkosQ ¶fDÄ~fr p¸ bfr xq.kfu"ks/s 'kf;rfj bfr iz;ksxks¿uqiiÂ%L;kr~] lR;ka ifjHkk"kk;ka iz;ksxLrwii|r ,oA ;|fi KkidlktkR;su ;fÂfeÙka fdÙoafÄ~Roa ok vkfJR; xq.kL; fu/s"k% b"V%] rnuf/dj.khHkwrizR;;srjo.kZO;o/kua lár bfr

1- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (3-4-114)2- ifjHkk"kk (50)3- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (7-2-74)4- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (1-1-59)5- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (7-4-66)6- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (3-1-32)7- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (4-2-15)

^dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs* bfr ifjHkk"kkleh{k.ke~ 67

dYiukUrjs izÑrs u nks"k%] rFkkfi ,rkn`'kdYiukis{k;k o{;ek.kjhR;k lkgp;kZfn&dYiukis{k;k ok miinfoHkDrs% bfr ifjHkk"kkck/a ^;L; p Hkkosu*1 bfr opukr~fufeÙklIrehLohdkjs.k 'kf;rk* bR;kns% ifjHkk"kkiQyRosu dYius ,o yk?koe~A

oLrqr% ukL;k% Kkid% vUos"k.kh;% leokf;dkj.kfufeÙkdkj.k;ks% feFkks HksnL;ldyyksd'kkL=kizfl¼r;k ifjHkk"kk;k% U;k;fl¼Rokr~A vr% ewys mDra ukxs'ksu ;r~¶uS"kk Kkidlkè;kA vr ,o fg iz;qDr%A l fg rÙosukukJ;.ks gsrks% izfl¼Roa|ksr;rhfr rÙoe~ vFkkZr~ fufeÙky{k.kkoljs U;k;for~ onfr ;r~ ¶,rnqHk;fHkÂa dkj.ke~fufeÙkdkj.ke~] vFkkZr~ leokÕ;leokf;fHkÂa fufeÙka Hkorhfr] rLekr~ dk;hZ fufeÙkinsux`ghrqa u 'kD;rsA vr% yksdU;k;fl¼s;a ifjHkk"kkA ,rr~ lo± ¶f}oZpus¿fi¸ bfr Hkk";sèofure~A rFkk fg&¶f}oZpus¿fp¸ p bfr lw=ks vphR;L; ^ts?kzh;rs] nsèeh;rs* bfregkHkk";dkjiznÙksu izR;qnkgj.ksu dk;ZeuqHkofÂR;a'kfof'k"Vk;k% ifjHkk"kk;k% èouuL;Soizek.kRokr~A u p r=k vt~xzg.ka rq KkioaQ :iLFkkfuon~HkkoL;A ;n;et~xzg.ka djksfrrTKki;R;kpk;ksZ :ia LFkkfuon~HkorhfrA dFka ÑRok Kkide~ vt~xzg.kL; ,rr~iz;kstue~A bg ek Hkwr~A ts?kzh;rs nsèuh;rs bfrA ;fn :ia LFkkfuon~ Hkorhfr rrks¿t~xzg.kFkZor~ HkofrA vFk fg dk;± ukFkksZ¿txzg.ksuA HkoR;sok=k f}oZpue~ bR;so n`';rs egkHkk";adFkeusu lk ifjHkk"kk dk;ZeuqofÂR;a'kfof'k"Vk èoU;r bfr psr~ lÙ;e~] v=kks¼rs Hkk";s¶f}oZpus¿fp¸ 1&1&59 brhRos Ñrs f}oZpus¿phR;L;kizo`fÙk%A ;|Txzg.ka u L;kr~ rnkbZRos Ñrs¿fi rsu ?kzk* bfr :ikfrns'ks f}Ros¿H;kldk;sZ ßLos pqRos¿H;kldk;sZ tk?kzk;rsbR;fu"V:ikfÙk% bfr Hkk";k'k;%A ,rLekr~ Hkk";kr~ èoU;rs ;r~ dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZfufeÙkr;k ukJh;rsA

ifjHkk"kk;k% fo'ks"k.kfopkj%

dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs bR;L;k% vFkZ%&dk;kZuqHkodrZRo&fof'k"V% dk;hZ fufeÙk:is.k ukJh;rs] v=k dkf;Zf.k dk;kZuqHkodrZRoa fo'ks"k.ka fo|rsrnHkkos ewys fuxnfr vkpk;Z%&¶mQ.kqZufo"krh¸R;kfnfl¼;s dk;ZeuqHkofÂfrA v=k fg^f}oZpus¿fp* bfr uq'kCnL; f}Ùoe~] vU;Fkk lU;Äks*2 fjR;L; "k"BÔUrRokr~ lÂUrL;dkf;ZRosuslks f}ÙofufeÙkRokHkkokr~ rRizofÙkuZ L;kr~A vFkkZr~ vkPNknkukFkZd&mQ.kqZ×k~&èkkrks%¶/krks% deZ.k% lekudrZdkfnPNk;ka ok¸3 bR;usu lfu Ñrs vuqcU/yksis mQ.kqZ l bfrtkrs vtkfnRokr~ f}rh;Sdkt% f}Ros mQ.kqZuq l bfr voLFkk;ka /krqlaKk;ka yfV frfi'kfi bMkxes xq.ks¿okns'ks p Ñrs mQ.kqZufo"kfr bfr fl¼Ôfr] v=k psr~ dk;hZ fufeÙk&

1- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (2-3-37)2- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (6-1-9)3- ikf.kfulw=ke~ (3-1-7)

68 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

r;k ukJh;rs* bR;so ifjHkk"kk LohfØ;rs rnk lÂUrL; ;ÄUrL; p f}Roe~ bR;FkZdkr~¶lU;Äks%¸ bfr lw=kkr~ (lÂUrL; dkf;ZRokr~) fuokZgks u L;kr~] ifjHkk"kk;ka dk;kZuqHko&drZRofo'ks"k.knkusu bl% dk;kZuqHkodrZRokHkkokr~ fufeÙkinsu xghrqa 'kD;rs vr% ukfLrdkfpr~ vkifÙk%A ifjHkk"ksUnq'ks[kjxzUFks ,rfLeu~ lUnHksZ uSdkfu erkfu fo|Urs rFkk fg&v=k dk;kZuqHkodrZRo×p lEHkkofuoaQ xzkáe~] rsu ^nq|q"kfr* bR;L; flf¼%A vU;Fkk^fno~* /krks% lfu mQfB fn$mQ$l bfr voLFkk;ke~ f}RofufeÙkRosu mQBeknk;^f}oZpu* bfr ;.kks fu"ks/s¿H;kls mdkjL; Jo.kkukifÙk% vLekoaQ i{ks rq ;.k~ vtkns'k%L;kr~ rnk |w* 'kCnL; f}Ros mQB% dk;kZuqHkodrZRosu u fu"ks/%A ,rLekr~ dkj.kkns ov=k vkns'kfu"ks/LFkkfu:ikfrns'ki{k;ks% iQySD;flf¼%A u pSoefi f}RofufeÙkkpapÄeknk; f}Rokr~ iwo± xkÄkns'kfu"ks/kr~ ^vè;thxifnfr* :iL;kflf¼% L;kfnfrokP;e~ bfr] u ;rks fg fufeÙkrkinsu ¶vO;ofgriwoZRolEcU/kofPNÂkoPNsndrkfHkÂk;kfofof{krRosu nks"kks ukfLr¸A

u p d'kCnknkpkjfDocUrknrqfl pdrqfj*R;=kkrks yksiL; vp~i;kZIrfufeÙkd&RokHkkosuksDrfu"ks/kizo`Ù;k iwoZerks yksis ,dkpks¿Hkkosu f}RokukiR;ksDr:ikflf¼fjfrokP;e~] ,dkt~H; vkpkjfDoiks¿Hkkokr~] izR;;kUrRosu uO;ers vkeqRiÙks'pksDr:iL;Sovfl¼ps"VkiÙks%] f}RofufeÙk?kVdks ;ks¿p~ rnkfni;kZIrfufeÙkkd vkns'kks usR;FkZLohdkjs.kk&nks"kkPpA u p Hkouh;rs% lfu f}Rokr~ iwoZeufufeÙkdxq.kkns fu"ks/s fcHkouhf;"krhR;=kkH;kls mdkjJo.kkifÙk%] u p ^vks% iq;f.k* bR;usu bÙoa L;kfnfr okP;e~] ;suukO;o/kufefr U;k;su lksÙkj[k.MO;o/ku ,o rRizo`Ùksfjfr okP;e~A ^izR;;* bfro{;kfe bfr izÑrlw=kLFkHkk";s.k f}RofufeÙkrki;kZIR;f/dj.k&izR;;?kVdkp ,o r=kxzg.kkr~ vu?kVdL;krFkkRosuknks"kkr~A u pSoa fu#Drizdkjs.k Hkk";èouufu:i.kklÄõfrfjfrokP;e~ vfp fde~\ ts?kzh;r* bfr izR;qnkgj.knkuksÙkja izR;; bfr o{;kfe bR;L; Hkk";sfu:i.ksu izR;qnkgj.knkudkys p izR;; bR;L;kKkusu rkn'kizR;qnkgj.kL; ifjHkk"kk&lÙo,o lÄõÙ;k rRdYiuk;k mfprRosu nks"kkHkkokfnfr osQpu vkpk;kZ% onUrhfr oLrqrLrq&Hkxork Hkk";dkjs.k ¶f}oZpus¿phfr¸ lw=ks lekxrL; xkÄ~ izfr"ks/%* bfr okfÙkZdL;izR;k[;kua Ñre~] rsu ifjHkk"ks;a èofurk orZrs] rFkk fg xkÄ~ fyVhfr* lw=kL; ydkjknkSfyfV bÄks xkÄ~ L;kfnR;Fk± izdYI; mi;qZDrokfÙkZoaQ izR;k[;kre~*A r=k fg vfp bfrfufeÙklIreh u rq ijlIreh] vU;Fkk ,s'kkns'kksÙkja f}Ros drZO;s LFkkfu:ikfrns'kkifÙk%nqokZjSo L;kr~A rFkk psÄo;oekfJR; lw=kizo`Ùks% lqopr;k izR;k[;kuklÄõfr%A ee rqmDrifjHkk"k;k bÄ% dkf;ZRosu fufeÙkRokHkkokÙkeknk; lw=kizo`fÙk% drqZe'kD;Sosfr fno~QA

ifjHkk"kkfopkjkoljs osQpu vkpk;kZ% ifjHkk"kka uSokÄõhoqQoZfUr] rFkk fg fDÄfrp* bfr lw=ks fDÄr% izR;;L;So xzg.ksu rsu rnkns% mifLFkR;k fDÄfÂ:firrnkfn?kVdL;Soxq.kkfnfu"ks/kr~ ^vè;srk* bR;knkS rnHkkosu ^fDÄ~fr ps*R;L;kizo`Ù;k ifjHkk"kk;k% iQyaukLrhfrA u p Ük.kksfr* bR;L; 'uqizR;;fof'k"VL;kfi rnkfnRosu rn~?kVdL; fodj.kL;

^dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs* bfr ifjHkk"kkleh{k.ke~ 69

fÄ~Rosu p xq.kfu"ks/kifrjrLr}kj.kk; ifjHkk"kk¿¿o';dhfr okP;e~ fDÄfr p* bR;=kfufnZ"VifjHkk"kksifLFkR;k fDÄ~nO;ofgriwoZL; rnknsfjdks xq.kof¼fu"ks/fo/kusu vnks"kkr~AfxRlkgp;sZ.k fDÄR;fi iwoZL;SosdLrfÂ"ks/ bfr rq u lE;o~Q] ft".ko;fr bR;=krnkfn?kVdL;kfi fxr% lEHkosu rFkk lkgp;Zxzg.ks ekukHkkokr~A ^fDÄfr p* bR;L;ifjHkk"kkRosu rÙkn~xq.ko¼kfnfo/kS fDÄfr p bR;L;ksifLFkR;k lkeF;sZu ukizkIro.kZO;oèkkusrRizoÙks% Lohdkjkr~ ouks% fdRolkeF;sZu xq.kof¼fufeÙkizR;;fHkÂgy~O;o/kus¿fi ,rr~izoÙks%iwoZeqDrRokPp xqrk fHkÂe~* bR;kfny{;s"kq u nks"kkodk'k bfr r=kSo lw=ks Hkk";s Li"Ve~A,oe~ ^vfjfj"kfr* bR;=kkfi ¶f}oZpus¿phfr¸ lw=ks vp% ijfLeu~ bR;r% ^iwoZfo/kS*bR;uqoR;Z f}oZpukof/diwoZL;So fo/kS rRizoÙksjkns'kfu"ks/dYis¿tknsf}Zrh;L;srhl~'kCnL;f}RoizkIR;k iwoZfof/RokHkkosu :ikfrns'kdYis p fjl~'kCnL; f}RoizkIR;k iwoZijksHk;fof/lÙosu iwoZL;SoA fo/kukHkkosu lw=kkizkIR;k ifjHkk"kkfo"k;kHkkokfHkÂiQyS"kkA vr ,o Hkk";suS"kk d.Bjos.k DofpnqDrkA uk¿I;qDrkFksZ funsZ'k:iKkidlEHko%A f}oZpus¿fp* bR;L;vtkfnf}oZpuizR;;sijs rn~?kVdfufeÙkdktkns'k iwoZfo/kS LFkkfuofnR;FkZ%A

vtkfnf}RofufeÙkHkwr'pkFkZon~?kfVr bR;oè;of/erks% lktkR;kÙknO;ofgriwoksZ¿&I;FkZon?kfVr ,o xárs] rsu vè;thx"kr~ bR;=k bÄ~/krqjO;ofgriwoksZ u .;Ur'pkFkZon&?kfVrks usfr u nks"k%A vè;srsR;knkS vdkjkns% xq.ka izfr leokf;dkj.kRodFkueI;qDreso]?kVkfndk;ZlÙkkn'kk;ka dikykns% leokf;dkj.kL;so xq.kkfndk;ZlÙkkn'kk;kfedkjknsoZrZeku&RoL;kHkkosu rÙoklEHkokr~A leokf;dkj.kuk'kL; dk;Zuk'k'kCnkI;r;k bdkjkfnLFkkfuuk'ksxq.kk|kns'kkuka uk'kizlÄõk% psfr mPN`…yk% onfUrA

( 70 )

izkphu ykSfdd laLÑr&lkfgR; esajkf"Vª; Hkkouk dh fLFkfr

& vt; oqQekj

'kks/Nk=k] xaxkukFk >k ifjlj]jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku

bl fucU/ esa ys[kd us vusd dkO;h; m¼j.kksa ls izkphu ykSfddlaLÑr lkfgR; esa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA

laLÑr&lkfgR; dh efgek osQoy Hkkjro"kZ esa gh ugha] vfirq leLr lalkj esaizfl¼ gSA Hkkl] dkfynkl] HkoHkwfr] Hkkjfo] ek?k] HkfV~V] Jhg"kZ] lqcU/q] n.Mh] ck.k]/uiky vkfn laLÑr osQ lkfgR;dkjksa dh lkfgfR;d /jksgj dks izR;sd ns'k osQeuhf"k;ksa us ekU;rk iznku dh gSA gekjs Hkkjro"kZ esa rks budh dkO;dyk dh deuh;rkdks vkt Hkh lHkh fu"i{k fo}ku~ ,d Loj ls eguh; ,oa Li`g.kh; ekurs gSaA gekjsizkphu laLÑr lkfgR;dkjksa esa Hkh vusd ,sls lkfgR;dkj gq, gSa] ftudh jpukvksa esajkf"Vª; Hkkouk dk lqjhyk Loj lqukbZ nsrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa oqQN lkfgR;dkjksa osQ ukeizeq[k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSa] ftuosQ uke bl izdkj gSa&Hkkl] dkfynkl] fo'kk[knÙk]HkfV~V] HkoHkwfr] eqjkfj] vuUrHkV~V] {ksesUnz] Jhg"kZ] fo|kifr] u;upUnzlwfj] ek/o]pUnz'ks[kj vkfn gSaA

Hkkl osQ :id %&

laLÑr&lkfgR;kdk'k esa Hkkl ,d nsnhI;eku u{k=k osQ :i esa fo[;kr gSaA;|fi buosQ :idksa esa yksdkuqj×tu dh iz/kurk gS] rFkkfi buosQ vusd :idksa esaHkkjrh; laLÑfr] 'khy rFkk LokfHkekuijd o.kZu feyrs gSaA jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr dhdFkkvksa osQ va'kksa ls mifuc¼ fd, x, bu :idksa dks i<+dj izkphu Hkkjrh; xfjekvkSj efgek osQ izfr vkd"kZ.k] vkReh;rk vkSj LokfHkeku osQ Hkkoksa dh vuqHkwfr gksusyxrh gSaA D;ksafd jke] y{e.k] Ñ".k] cyjke] Hkh"e] nzks.kkpk;Z] ;qf/f"Bj] Hkhe]vtqZu] vfHkeU;q vkfn Hkkjrh; ohjksa rFkk dkS'kY;k] lqfe=kk] lhrk vkfn Hkkjrh; vkn'kZefgykvksa osQ LokfHkekuiw.kZ jksek×pd pfjrksa dk bu :idksa esa vrho ltho fp=k.kfd;k x;k gSA jkT;izkfIr osQ fy, viuh 'kfDr }kjk 'k=kqneu dh pqukSrh nh xbZ gS_

izkphu ykSfdd laLÑr&lkfgR; esa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk dh fLFkfr 71

nhurk dks R;kxus dh ;kn fnykbZ xbZ gS1_ ;q¼Hkwfe esa ekjs tkus ij LoxZizkfIr rFkkfot;h gksus ij ;'kksykHk dh rF;kRed ckr dgdj Hkkjrh; ohjksa dh lkFkZd fuHkhZdrkizdV dh xbZ gS2A buesa lHkh iztkvksa esa lEifÙk;ksa osQ fuokl vkSj foifÙk;ksa osQ fouk'kdh bPNk,¡ dh xbZ gSaA bUgksaus fgeky; ls ysdj lkxji;ZUr viuh Hkkjrh; olqU/jkosQ ,dkri=k 'kklu dh dkeuk,¡ dh gSa%&

beka lkxji;ZUrka fgeof}Uè;oqQ.Myke~Aeghesdkri=kkÄïka jktflag% iz'kkLrq u%AA3

dkfynkl %&

laLÑr lkfgR;dkjksa esa dfooqQyxq# dkfynkl dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA bUgksausvfHkKku'kkoqQUry] foØeksoZ'kh; rFkk ekyfodkfXufe=k uked rhu n';dkO;ksa dh vkSjj?kqoa'k] oqQekjlaHko] es?knwr rFkk ½rqlagkj uked pkj JO;dkO;ksa dh jpuk dh gSA

dkfynkl osQ dkO;:ih lkxj esa vusd izdkj osQ HkkokRed rFkk dykRedjRuksa dk feJ.k feyrk gSA dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjrh;rk dk cgqr gheuksje o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd dkfynkl dks HkkjrHkwfe osQd.k&d.k ls I;kj gS_ mudh nf"V esa mÙkj esa fgeky; ls ysdj nf{k.k esa dU;koqQekjhrd vkSj if'pe osQ dEckst ls ysdj iwoZ esa dfyax rd ,d lqegku~ Hkkjrjk"Vª dhewfrZerh ifjdYiuk gS4A bUnqerh osQ Lo;aoj osQ volj ij Hkh lquUnk osQ }kjk jktkvksadk ifjp; nsus osQ ekè;e ls mUgksaus ex/] vax] voUrh] efg"erh] eFkqjk] dfyax]ik.M~; rFkk dkS'ky uke ls fo[;kr Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa dk cM+s gh vfHkfuos'k osQ lkFko.kZu fd;k gS5A blh izdkj ;{k osQ eq[k ls es?k dks vydkiqjh dk ekxZ crkus osQ O;ktls mUgksaus jkefxfj] ekyons'k] vkezowQVfxfj] jsok unh] n'kk.kZns'k] fofn'kkuxjh] os=korhunh] uhpfxfj] fufoZè;k unh] nsofxfj] LdUnefUnj] peZ.orh unh] czãoÙkZ ns'k]oqQ#{ks=k] ljLorhunh] du[kyrhFkZ] xaxkunh] fgefxfj] ØkSapjU/z] oSQyk'kfxfj rFkkvydkiqjh dk tks Hkkoiw.kZ o.kZu fd;k gS mlesa Hkh mudk vius ns'k osQ izfr izxk<+ifjp; ,oa izse gh izeq[k gsrq gS6A Hkkjrekrk osQ fdjhV cus gq, fgeky; osQ o.kZuizlaxksa esa rks mudh dYiuk dks ia[k yx x, gSaA mUgksaus mls nsokRek dk fo'ks"k.k nsdjmlosQ izfr vius ân; dh J¼k izdV dh gSA mldh izkÑfrd 'kksHkk ,oa izkÑfrd

1- nwrokD;e~ 1@242- d.kZHkkje~ 1@123- LoIuoklonÙke~ 6@194- j?kqoa'ke~] prqFkZ lxZ5- j?kqoa'ke~ 6@20&796- es?knwre~ ^iwoZes?k*

72 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

lEink dk ,slk euksgkjh o.kZu fd;k gS] ftls i<+dj izR;sd Hkkjrh; osQ eu esa mlosQizfr vkReh;rk vkSj xkSjo osQ Hkko mfnr gks mBrs gSaA mUgksaus mls i`Foh dk ekun.Mcrk;k gSa_ fofo/ jRuksa vkSj vkS"kf/;ksa dk vkdkj dgk gSa_ thounkf;uh ty'kfDr dkÏksr dgk gS_ vFkkZr~ fofo/ oulEink dk Hk.Mkj crk;k gS1A

j?kqoa'kh jktkvksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djrs le; dkfynkl osQ eu esavius jk"Vª osQ izfr Hkh dY;k.k dh dkeuk jgh gSA mudh n`f"V esa ;g rF; Hkkjrh;ksaosQ fy, vrho xkSjo/k;d gS fd j?kqoa'kh jktkvksa us leqnz i;ZUr Hkkjr jk"Vª dh cM+hgh oqQ'kyrk osQ lkFk ns[kHkky dh gS vkSj viuh iztk dh HkykbZ osQ fy, os lrr~tkx:d jgs gSaA iQyLo:i iztk Hkh mUgsa viuk firk ekuk djrh Fkh2A fnyhi] j?kq]vt] n'kjFk] jke vkfn jktkvksa }kjk fd, x, jk"Vª;'kkso/Zu osQ dk;Zdykiksa dks dkfynklus vius dkO; esa vrho egÙo fn;k gSA vius jk"Vª dk vPNh rjg Hkj.k&iks"k.k djusosQ xq.k dks gh ns[kdj mUgksaus 'kkoqQUrys; dk uke Hkkjr mn~Hkkfor fd;k gS3A

dkfynkl osQ euksefLr"d esa Hkkjrh; laLÑr osQ izfr Hkh vxk/ vknj]fo'okl vkSj LokfHkeku dh Hkkouk Hkjh gqbZ FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muosQ dkO;ksa esaHkkjrh; laLÑfr dh leqTtoy NVk fNVdrh gqbZ ykspu&xkspj gksrh gSA R;kx] riL;kvkSj riksou] tks Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ vfHkÂ vax gSa] buosQ dkO;ksa esa vrho euksjeo.kZu miyC/ gksrk gSA ofl"B] okYehfd] d.o vkSj ekjhp tSls ½f"k;ksa osQ vkJeksadk o.kZu i<+dj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ izfr eLrd J¼kour gksus yxrk gSA dkfynklosQ dkO;ksa esa Hkkjrjk"Vª osQ lHkh xkSjoiw.kZ izrhdksa dk vkd"kZ.k ,oa izsjd o.kZu gqvkgSA iQyLo:i mudh dkO;lEink esa Hkkjrjk"Vª dh vkRek gh izfriQfyr gks mBh gSAblfy, ge yksxksa dks mUgsa Hkkjr dk jk"Vªdfo Lohdkj djuk pkfg,A

fo'kk[knÙk %&

egkdfo fo'kk[knÙk dh izeq[k Ñfr eqnzkjk{kl* gSA eqnzkjk{kl dh izkLrkouk lsfo'kk[knÙk osQ fo"k; esa oqQN tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA izLrkouk esa dgk x;k gS&

v| lkeUroVs'ojnÙkikS=kL; egkjktinHkko~Qi`Fkqlwuks%dosfoZ'kk[knÙkL; Ñfr% eqækjk{kla uke ukVoaQ ukVf;rO;e~A

blls Kkr gksrk gS fd fo'kk[knÙk osQ firkeg lkeUr oVs'ojnÙk Fks vkSj firkegkjkt i`FkqA oqQN laLdj.kksa esa firk dk uke egkjkt HkkLdjnÙk feyrk gSA lkeUrvkSj egkjkt 'kCnksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd buosQ iwoZt fdlh jktk osQ v/hu NksVs jktk

1- oqQekjlaHkoe~ 1@1&162- j?kqoa'ke~ 1@5&303- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~ 7@33

FksA lEHkor% blhfy, fo'kk[knÙk dh ckY;dky ls gh jktuhfr esa #fp jgh vkSj mlhdk ifjikd eqnzkjk{kl gSA fo'kk[knÙk dk nwljk uke fo'kk[knso Hkh feyrk gSA

bl ukVd esa pk.kD; rFkk jk{kl uked owQVuhfrfuiq.k vekR;ksa dh jktfu"BkRedxfrfof/;ksa dk fp=k.k gSA blesa pk.kD; dks liQyrk rFkk jk{kl dks foiQyrk izkIrgqbZ gSA ;|fi ;g ukVd jktuhfr osQ owQV iz;ksxksa ls vksr&izksr gS] rFkkfi pk.kD; dhuUnfouk'kiwoZd vfHkf"kDr fd, x, lezkV pUnzxqIr osQ izfr 'kqHkdkeuk,¡ rFkk jkT;dh iztk osQ izfr mlh dY;k.kewyd le`f¼ dh vk'kk,¡ izdkjkUrj ls jkf"Vª; HkkoukosQ gh :i esa vkHkkflr gksus yxrh gSA og vius 'k=kqHkwr vekR; jk{kl dks o'k esadjosQ vius LFkku ij mls lezkV pUnzxqIr dk vekR; cukuk pkgrk gSA D;ksafd ogtkurk gS fd jk{kl ije LokfeHkDr gS vkSj o`gLifr osQ leku cqf¼eku~ gSA blfy,;fn og fdlh Hkh izdkj foo'k gksdj pUnzxqIr dk lkfpO; Lohdkj dj ys rkslkezkT; dh lq[k'kkfUr vkSj lef¼ laHko vkSj lqjf{kr gks losQxhA vU;Fkk og uUnoa'kosQ izfr HkfDreku~ gksus osQ dkj.k lnSo pUnzxqIr dh iztk esa fonzksg osQ Hkko Hkjrk ghjgsxk1A bl mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ gsrq pk.kD; us vusd owQVuhfrd iz;ksxksa }kjk jk{kldks o'khHkwr dj Hkh fy;k vkSj mls pUnzxqIr dk iz/kukekR; cukdj gh lq[k dh lk¡lyh2A

ge dg ldrs gSa fd pk.kD; us uUn dk fouk'k Hkys gh vius O;fDrxrizfr'kks/ dh Hkkouk ls fd;k gks] fdUrq jk{kl dks o'khHkwr djus esa rks pk.kD;fu"BlkezkT;fo"k;d lq[k'kkfUr ,oa ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk dks gh Js; fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

HkfV~V %&

egkdfo HkfV~V vius le; osQ vlk/kj.k fo}ku~ FksA ;s O;kdj.k vkSj dkO;&'kkL=k osQ /qjU/j ,oa eeZK if.Mr FksA O;kdj.k&'kkL=k dh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djrsgq, dkO; osQ }kjk O;kdj.k fl[kkus dk iz;Ru djus dk Js; HkfV~V dks gSA blesa mUgsai;kZIr liQyrk feyh gSA bldk izek.k ;gh gS fd xzUFk dk eq[; uke ^jko.ko/*izpfyr u gksdj HkfV~VdkO;* gh izpfyr gks x;kA bl jkedFkk ls lEcfU/r ckbZllxks± dk egkdkO; gS ftlesa 1624 'yksd gSA bl egkdkO; esa vk;Z (Hkkjrh;)laLÑfr osQ izrhd ,oa laj{kd Jhjke dk vuk;Z (vHkkjrh;) laLÑfr osQ izrhd ,oalaj{kd yadkujs'k jko.k osQ lkFk O;fDrxr gksus osQ ckotwn jkf"Vª; Lrj ij ;q¼ of.kZrfd;k x;k gSA rkM+dk] lqckgq] ekjhp vkfn vusd vuk;Z] tks jk{kl laLÑfr osQ iks"kd,oa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ fojks/h Fks] mÙkj Hkkjr esa v;ksè;k vkSj fefFkyk osQ chp viukvM~Mk tek, gq, FksA egf"kZ fo'okfe=k dh ;kstukuqlkj Jhjke&y{e.k us budk fouk'k

1- eqnzkjk{kle~ 1@13&162- eqnzkjk{kle~ 7@6&19

74 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

djosQ vk;ZlaLÑfr osQ laj{k.k osQ jkf"Vª; Lrj ij Jhx.ks'k fd;k gS1A 'kwiZ.k[kk osQizlax esa gesa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk fd >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA y{e.k }kjk ukfldk osQ dkVstkus ij 'kwiZ.k[kk [kj] nw"k.k vkSj f=kf'kjk] tks jko.k osQ izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa nf{k.kHkkjr esa n.Mdou esa viuk vkf/iR; tek, gq, Fks vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ mikldksadks ihfM+r djrs jgrs Fks] osQ ikl tkdj viuh nqnZ'kk dh dFkk vius <ax ls dgrhgSA vkSj mUgsa izfr'kks/ osQ fy, izsfjr djrh gSA lHkh izfr'kks/ gsrq vius pkSng gtkjjk{klksa dh lsuk ysdj jke&y{e.k ls ;q¼ djus vkrs Hkh gSa_ fdUrq jke&y{e.k osQck.kksa dh ekj ls ;efuosQru osQ vfrfFk gks tkrs gSaA ;g ns[kdj 'kwiZ.k[kk leqnzikjyadk esa jk{kljkt jko.k tks mldk HkkbZ Fkk_ osQ ikl tkrh gS mls yadk osQ jkT; rFkkjk{kltkfr osQ [krjs osQ :i esa vk, gq, ekuo tkrh; jke&y{e.k dh lwpuk nsrh gSvkSj mls owQVuhfr osQ izfr tkx:d djosQ jke&y{e.k osQ fouk'k osQ fy, mRoaQfBrdjrh gSa bl lEiw.kZ izlax esa mldk viuk jkf"Vª;Hkkouk mHkjrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gS2Ablh izdkj es?kukn vius fir`O; fofHk"k.k dks vius ns'k] tkfr vkSj laLÑfr dh nqgkbZnsdj jke ls foeq[k djuk pkgk gS_ fdUrq foHkh"k.k osQ ân; osQ lqn<+ foosd osQ dkj.kmls liQyrk ugha feyrh gS3A

egkdkO; osQ vUr esa yadk ls iq"id foeku }kjk v;ksè;k osQ fy, izLFkkudjus osQ iwoZ Jhjke us Hkjr osQ ikl vius loqQ'ky okil ykSVus osQ lekpkj dks 'kh?kzgh tkdj lqukus osQ fy, guqeku dks Hkstrs le; ekxZn'kZu osQ O;kt ls yadk lsv;ksè;ki;ZUr Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa dk tks o.kZu fd;k gS rFkk Lo;a ykSVrs le; lhrk dksHkh mu Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa dk tks lksYykl n'kZu ,oa ifjp; djk;k gSa] og fu'p; ghdfofu"B ns'kizse dk gh izrhd gS4A

HkoHkwfr %&

egkdfo HkoHkwfr vius le; osQ izdk.M if.Mr rFkk eeZK fo}ku~ FksA bUgksausvius rhuksa ukVdksa dh izLrkouk esa viuk oa'k ifjp; vkSj thou&oÙk dk o.kZu fd;kgSA ;s nf{k.k Hkkjr esa in~eiqj osQ fuoklh FkhA Ñ".k;tqosZn dh rSfÙkjh; 'kk[kk&ikBhczkã.k FksA budk xks=k dk';i FkkA firkeg dk uke HkV~Vxksiky vkSj firk dk ukeuhyd.B FkkA ekrk dk uke trqd.khZ ;k tkrqd.khZ FkkA budk ewy&uke Jhd.B ;kHkV~V Jhd.B FkkA dfo :i esa HkoHkwfr uke ls fo[;kr gq,A fofo/ 'kkL=kksa osQ

1- HkfV~VdkO;e~ 2@20&372- HkfV~VdkO;e~ 4@153- HkfV~VdkO;e~ 17@32&404- HkfV~VdkO;e~ 22@1&28

fo'ks"kK Fks] vr% ^inokD;izek.kK* dgs tkrs FksA HkoHkwfr osQ ukVdksa dh jpukØebl izdkj gS%& (d) ekyrhek/o] ([k) egkohjpfjr] (x) mÙkjjkepfjr gSaA

HkoHkwfr dh dkO;e;h HkO; Hkkoukvksa ,oa dykRed dYiukvksa ls laLÑr&txr~dk leh{kd HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gSA vkfndfo okYehfd dh gh Hkk¡fr HkoHkwfr dks Hkhvius vk;Zns'k Hkkjro"kZ* rFkk vk;ZlaLÑfr ,oa lH;rk osQ izfr vf/d vkLFkk gSA ;gk¡osQ oSfnd /eZ dk ikyu djus okyksa dk og xoZ osQ lkFk mYys[k djrs gSaA HkoHkwfrdh n`f"V esa jke jko.k dk ;q¼ nks laLÑfr;ksa dk ;q¼ gS_ vkSj nks jk"Vªksa dk ;q¼ gSAjko.k osQ eU=kh ekY;oku~ dh eU=k.kkvksa dks i<+dj ;g rF; vkSj Hkh vf/d mtkxjgks mBrk gSA og vuk;Z laLÑfr] jk{kltkfr rFkk yadkjk"Vª dh j{kk gsrq lnSo fpfUrrjgrk gS_ blh nf"Vdks.k dks ysdj og lnSo jko.k osQ fgr esa rRij jgrk gS_ vkSj vk;ZlaLÑfr] ekuotkfr rFkk vk;Zjk"Vª dh j{kk&lqj{kk osQ Hkkj dks liQyrkiwoZd ogu djusdh {kerk j[kus okys jke osQ fouk'k osQ fy, og lHkh iz;Ru djrk gSA Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksaosQ o.kZu esa Hkh HkoHkwfr dh fu"Bk iz'kaluh; gSA jko.k dk o/ djus osQ i'pkr~ lhrkdks ysdj y{e.k] lqxzho] foHkh"k.k vkfn osQ lkFk iq"id foeku ij cSBdj tc jkeLons'k ykSVrs gSa rks ekxZ esa feyus okys Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa dk os cM+k gh euksgj vkSjfpÙkkd"kZd o.kZu djrs gSa1A blh izdkj mUgksaus mÙkjjkepfjr esa lhrk osQ euksfouksnkFkZy{e.k }kjk jkepfjr osQ fp=kksa dks iznf'kZr djus osQ izlax esa HkkxhjFkh] ';keoV]iEikljksoj vkfn LFkkuksa dks cgqr gh euksgkjh:i esa fp=k.k fd;k gSa2A 'kEcwd osQ o/osQ izlax esa Hkh mUgksaus n.Mdkj.; esa vk, gq, jke osQ ekè;e ls n.Mdou] xksnkojhunh] iapoVh3 vkfn HkwHkkxksa dk cM+h gh Hkkoqdrk osQ lkFk o.kZu fd;k gSA mi;qZDrlUnHkksZ dks i<+dj ;g rF; Hkh mtkxj gks mBrk gS fd muesa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk osQ lkFkgh lkFk vUrkjkf"Vª; Hkkouk Hkh fo|eku FkhA

eqjkfj %&

egkdfo eqjkfj dh ,dek=k Ñfr vu?kZjk?ko* gh izkIr gksrh gSA ;g lkr vadksdk ukVd gSA blesa jkek;.k dh dFkk of.kZr gSA fo'okfe=k ;K dh j{kk osQ fy,n'kjFk ls jke vkSj y{e.k dks ek¡xrs gSaA ;gk¡ ls ysdj jkejkT;kfHk"ksd rd dh dFkkof.kZr gSA ;|fi bl ukVd esa egkohjpfjr dh Hkk¡fr jkf"Vª; Hkkoksa dk rhoz laosxmiyC/ ugha gksrk gS] fdUrq ge ;g Hkh ugha dg ldrs gSa fd ;g ukVd jkf"Vª; Hkkoksals loZFkk 'kwU; gSa D;ksafd ge ns[krs gSa fd ukVddkj us izkjEHk esa gh lw=k/kj osQ ekè;e

1- egkohjpfjre~ 7@7&292- mÙkjjkepfjre~ 1@23&333- mÙkjjkepfjre~ 2@13&30 rFkk r`rh;kÄï

76 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

ls ;g Hkko izdV fd;k gS fd fdlh vU; }hi ls vk, gq, vfHkusrk ;gk¡ (Hkkjr)osQ n'kZdks dks lUrq"V ugha dj ldrs gSaA vr% mUgsa r`Ir djus osQ fy, ;gha(Hkjr[k.M) osQ vfHkusrkvksa dks Hkys gh izokl esa D;ksa u gksa] vfHku; izn'kZu gsrqvuqKk iznku dh xbZ] tks loZFkk mfpr gS1A

jko.k osQ ekrkeg rFkk eU=kh ekY;oku~ vkSj cgu 'kwiZ.k[kk osQ laokn esaukVddkj us Li"V fd;k gS fd okujjkt ckyh osQ eU=kh tkEcoku~ dks ;g ilUn ughaFkk fd mldk jktk jko.k dk fe=k cusA D;ksafd jko.k dh laLÑfr Hkkjrh; laLÑfrosQ foijhr FkhA fdUrq ckyh }kjk bl eU=k.kk dh mis{kk fd, tkus ij tkEcoku~ dhxqIr eU=k.kk osQ vuqlkj guqeku] lqxzho dks ysdj ckyh ls vyx gks tkrs gSa2A

mi;qZDr lUnHkZ ls Kkr gksrk gS fd dfo Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa dk vkReh;ijdiz'kalk/k;d o.kZu djosQ HkkjrHkwfe osQ izfr viuk vuqjkx izdV fd;k gS] tks mlosQfuxw<+ jkf"Vª;Hkkouk dks |ksfrr djrk gSA

1- vu?kZjk?koe~ 1@2&42- vu?kZjk?koe~ 2@fo"dEHkd

( 77 )

jRukdjs fg O;kns'kks oyknkofo'ks"kr%& izks- vktknfeJks ^e/qdj%*

xkserhuxj] y[kumQ&226010

,rfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks vkpk;Z% jRudjh; O;k[;kue~ vknk; /kRoFk±izfrikfnroku~A

/krqefgek &

losZ 'kCnk /krqtk bfr fg 'kkdVk;u%A ½"ks% erfena fpjuohua loZFkk;qfDr;qDra oSKkfuoaQ ns'kdkykckf/ra O;kogkfjoaQ pA lUrq uke /krqdYiuk;ke~vuqdj.kfl¼kUrks nSofl¼kUr% fl¼kUrkUrja fuR;Rooknks okA ija u osQoya laLÑrs izR;qrHkk"kkUrjs"ofi iz;qDrkuka inkuka y?kqreks¿o;oks /krqjsosfr u osQ"kkf×pnfi foefr%AlaLÑrO;kdj.ks fg /krwuka orZrs fo'kkyks Hkk.Mkxkj%] ;LekRikFks;eknk; lokZ yksdHkk"kk%lkeksne~ mithofUr] lksYykla leqYylfUr] O;ogkje~ mixPNfUr pA

rFkkfg& 2274 os'p Louks Hkkstus (9-3-69) bfr O;okH;ka Lours% "kRofoèkk;osQulw=ks.k lqLi"Va ;r~ fo"o.kfr ekale~] vo"o.kfr lwie~ bR;kfn% izpfyr% iz;ksx% iqjk];L; yksdHkk"kk;ke~ ^nky lqM+d jgk gS] ^lqM+d¿rk* bfr bnkuha iz;ksxks n`';rs] ijalaLÑrs ^l'kCna HkqÄ~Drs] bR;kfniz;ksxk n`';UrsA <kSÑ xrkS] <kSdrs > <wduk] rkfdÑPNªthous] rÄïfr > rax djuk@gksuk] f'kf?k vk?kzk.ks f'k†fr > lw¡?kuk] j[k xR;FksZ]j[kfr > j[kuk] [kqtq Lrs;dj.ks [kkstfr > [kkstuk] {kht vO;Drs 'kCns] {khtfr >

lhtuk > [kh>uk] mPNh fookls] fookl% lekfIr%] O;qPNfr > mfPNÂ gksuk] bR;soalgÏkf/dk /kro% yksdHkk"kk;ke~ vfHkuo:is.k O;ofß;ek.kk% dkefi uohuka fofPNfÙkafolkj;fUrA ,rkn'kks fg Hokfnx.ks ifBrks /krq% vt 230 xfr{ksi.k;ks%* bfr èkkrqesu&ef/ÑR; fucU/s¿fLeu~ jRukdjO;k[;kuera leh{k;k foe';rsA

jRukdj% &

HkV~VjkeÑ".kiz.khrks oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh&izkS<O;k[;kuxzUFkks uke jRukdj%];L; iwokZ¼± lEik| leh{k;k ;Fkkefr e;k };ksHkkZx;ks% izdkf'krks orZrs fl¼kUrdkSeqnh&

78 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

ewysu lgA bnkuhe/h;s¿L; r`rh;Hkkxa frÄUre~A r=k xfr{ksi.k;ksjFkZ;ks% mifn"VL;vt/krks% :ifu"ifÙkef/ÑR; O;k[;krks erHksnks HkV~Vksftnhf{krjkeÑ".k;ks#iU;L;rsA

vt xfr{ksi.k;ks% &

bg /krkS ikf.kus% lw=ke~ 2292 vtsO;Z?k×kiks% (2-4-56) bfrA o`fÙkdkjkfnfHk%lw=kkFkksZ fu/kZfjr% ^vtsohZ bR;;ekns'k% L;kn~ vk/Z/krqdfo"k;s ?k×keia p otZf;Rok*bfrA lkoZ/krqdydkjs"kq yV~yksV~yÄ~fof/fyÄ~{kq 'krfj p /krks% ^vt* :iesofr"BfrA rFkk p yfV&vtfr] vtr%] vtfUr] vtfl] vtFk%] vtFk] vtkfe]vtko%] vtke%A ,oeso vtrq&vtrkr~] vktr~] vtsr~] 'krfj rq vtr~ izkfrifnoaQfu"i|rsA yMkfn&fHkÂs"kq "kV~lq vk/Z/krqdydkjs"kq vk/Z/krqdizR;;fo"k;s p vt~ /krks%^oh* vkns'kks¿usu lw=ks.k fo/h;rsA ;|fi O;kns'kks¿;a yMkfnlkoZ/krqosQ"kq fo/h;rsrFkkfi r=k oh:ia iz;qT;rs_ /kUoUrjRokr~A

oh xfrO;kfIrú &

v=kk;efHklfU/%µ vnkfnx.ks oh 1048 xfrO;kfIriztudkUR;lu[kknus"kq ifBrks/krq% xfr{ksi.kkfrfjDrefi O;kfIr&iztu&dkfUr&[kknu:ie~ vFk± ;Fkkizdj.ka cksèk;frAyksdHkk"kk;keL; iztu:iks¿FkZ% ^xk; O;k jgh gS* (fgUnh) ^fc;kfr;k* (Hkkstiqjh)lqjf{kr%A vL; oh* /krks% osQoya lkoZ/krqdfo"k;s ,o iz;ksx% bfr O;kdj.kfl¼kUr%_Hkk";oSQ;VjRukdjukxs'kknhuka rFkkopukr~A rnqDra ckyeuksjek;ke~& vtsO;Z?k×kiks%* bfrlw=kHkk";jhR;k vL; vk/Z/krqosQ ukfLr iz;ksx bfr 'kCnsUnq'ks[kjs fLFkre~* bfrA ,o×p;Fkk ^vt~* /krks% rFkkL; ^oh* /krksjfi lkoZ/krqdfo"k;s ,o :ikf.k iz;ksT;kfuiz;ksxk; vuqerkfu HkofUrA r|Fkk yfV&osfr ohr% fo;fUr] osf"k ohFk% ohFk] osfe oho%ohe%A yksfV& osrq&ohrkr~ ohrke~ fo;Urq] ohfg&ohrkr~ ohre~ ohr] o;kfu o;ko o;ke~A,oeso yfÄ vosr~ vohrke~ vfo;u~] fof/fyfÄ oh;kr~ oh;krke~ oh;q% bR;kfn&:ikf.kiz;ksT;kfu] 'krfj rq fo;fnfr izkfrikfnoaQ fu"i|rsA rfnRFka lkoZ/krqosQ oh* èkkRoUrjaiz;qT;rs] u rq O;kns'k%A l rq vk/Z/krqdfo"k; ,o] r=k ukU;ks ^oh* /krq% iz;ksxkgZ%A

nh?kkZUr&vkns'k% &

vts% O;kns'kks¿;a nh?ksZdkjkUr% ^oh* bfrA ;|fi izosrk] izosrqe~ bR;knkS r`fprqeqfu ok vkns'kL; ßLokUrRos¿fi lkoZ/krqdk/Z/krqd;ksfjfr xq.ksu :ifl¼kS ukfLrd'pu nks"k%] rFkkfi laohrks jFk%] laohfr% bR;knkS fdfr vk/Z/krqosQ nh?ksZdkjJo.kk;nh?kkZUrks¿;ekns'k% vko';d%A laohrks osf"Vr bR;FkZ%_ ^osf"Vra L;kn~ oyf;ra laohra#¼eko`re~* (vej- 3-1-90) bfr dks"kkr~A laohfr% vkoj.ke~A

jRukdjs fg O;kns'kks oyknkofo'ks"kr% 79

v?k×kiks% O;kns'k% &

?k×kikS vk/Z/krqdkS izR;;kS] r;ksfoZ"k;s vtsO;kZns'kks u] rsu lekt% mnkt% let%mnt% bR;kfninkfu fu"i|UrsA r=k 3246 ^leqnksjt% i'kq"kq* (3-3-69) bR;usui'kqfo"k;s leqnk;s izsj.ks p leqRiwoZdkn~ vt~&/krks% vIizR;;ks fo/h;rsA i'kwuka la?k%let%] i'kwuka iszj.ke~ mnt% mn~okl bR;FkZ%A i'kqfo"k;kn~ fHkÂs¿FksZ ?kf×k lfr lekt%czkã.kkuke~] mnkt% bR;kfn"kq vt~&/krksjso iz;ksx%] u O;kns'kL;A

fd×pkLeknso lEiwokZn~ vt~&/krks% D;fi lfr leT;k 'kCnks¿fi fu"i|rsAleT;k lHkk bR;FkZ%A D;i% vk/Z/krqdRos¿fi usg vtsO;kZns'k%A r=k osQpu oS;kdj.kk%^?k×kiks%* bR;=k vi% vdkjkr~ D;i% bRlaKdidkjkUre~ ^vi~* izR;kgkja O;k[;k;lekn/rs] ija usna lek/kua ;qfDr;qDre~_ vi~D;ikseZè;s fDru% l‰kokr~A rFkk lfr fDru~fo"k;s¿fi O;kns'kks nqyZHk% L;kr~A rnqDra Hkk";s ^;fn izR;kgkj% laohfr% u fl¼Ôfr*bfrA vr% izR;kgkjdYiuk loZFkk Hkk";fo#¼sfr Li"Ve~A

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1- ;t nsoiwtklÄõfrdj.knkus"kq] Hokfn ;t;kp;rfoPNizPNj{kks* uÄ~ izR;;A v"Vkè;k;h]ikf.kuh] 3-3&90

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;K vkSj czãk.M

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1- laLÑr 'kCnkFkZ&dkSLrqHk] i`- 835-2- v;a ;K% HkqouL; ukfHk%A ½- 1-63-35

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fi.M Lrjh; ;K

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1- l lok ,"kks¿fXujso ;nfXu"Vkse%] ra ;nLrqoaLrLeknfXuLrkse%] refXuLrksea lUrefXu"VksebR;kp{krs ijks{ks.k] ijks{kfiz;k bo fg nsok%A ,s-czk- 14-5

2- v"Vkè;k;h] 8-3-823- ;ks¿lkokfnR;s iq#"k% lks¿lkoge~A 'kq-;tq-] 40-17

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rFkk i×pfoa'k czkã.k1 esa Li"Vr% ;K dh lkoZHkkSfedrk Lohdkjrs gq, ;g izfrikfnrfd;k x;k gS fd ekuo thou Lo;eso ,d ;K gS ftldh lR;rk Lor% vuqHko dhtk ldrh gSA euq"; ;teku :i esa Lo;a ;kxi'kq gS tks vkfnR; :i ;wi ls fuR;ca/k jgrk gSA c`gnkj.;dksifu"kn~ esa euq"; osQ 'kjhj dks ;K'kkyk osQ :i esa foosfprdjrs gq, dgk x;k gS] euq"; dh 'kjhj :ih ;K'kkyk esa pkj izeq[k ½fRot gS &ok.kh ;K dk gksrk] p{kq vèo;qZ gS] izk.k mn~xkrk rFkk eu czãk uked ½fRot gSA2

oko~Q gh ;K gS3 tks oko~Qla;eu djrk gS og ;K esa vkRelkr~ dj ysrk gSA ,slhvoLFkk esa euq"; ;fn Hkwyo'k oqQN cksy nsrk gS rks ;K vkRek ls ijkÄ~eq[k gks tkrkgS og vkRek ls nwj fudy tkrk gSvkSj ,slh voLFkk esa izk;f'pr dk fo/ku gSA4

tc og Lokgk ;ka eul% mPpkj.k djrk gS rks eu ls ;K dk vkjEHk djrk gSA tcog dgrk gS & LokgksjksjUrfj{kkr~ rc vUrfj{k ls vkjEHk djrk gSA vc dgrk gS&Lokgk |koi`fFkohH;ke~ rc |kS ,oa i`fFkoh ls vkjEHk djrk gS ftuesa lHkh 'kkfeygSaA5 oko~Q dks vfXu dgrs gq, dgk x;k gS & rL; ok ,rL;kXusokZxsoksifu"kr~A blhvfXu esa tc lkse dh vkgqfr nh tkrh gS rks ;K gksrk gSA ;K ls gh czãk.M dhfLFkfr jgrh gSA ;K ls gh vkRe&fLFkfr jgrh gSA 'kriFk czkã.k esa ;K dks iq#"kdgk x;k gSA6 iq#"k gh ;K dks rkurk gS vkSj tc ru tkrk gS rks ;K bruk cM+k gkstkrk gS ftruk iq#"kA7 ;K dh nkfguh Hkqtk tqgw gS rFkk ckbZ miHk`r gSA /zqok èkM+gSA /M+ ls gh lc vax mitrs gSaA blfy, /zqok ls gh lc ;K mRiÂ gksrs gSaA Ïqoizk.k gSA ftl izdkj pSrU; izk.k 'kjhj osQ leLr vÄõksa esa fopj.k djrk gqvk 'kjhjdks psruk iznku djrk gS mlh izdkj Ïqok uked ik=k leLr Ïqpksa ls lEcfU/r gksrkgqvk ;K osQ liQy fu"iknu dk dkj.k curk gSA tqgw |kS yksd gSA miHk`r vUrfj{kvkSj /zqok i`fFkohA i`fFkoh ls gh lc yksx mRiÂ gksrs gS mlh izdkj /zqo ls gh ;KmRiÂ gksrk gSA ckS/k;u /eZlw=kdkj osQ er esa vk/ku osQ i'pkr~ tc vfXu;k¡ ;tekuesa fLFkr gksrh gS] rks xkgZiR; mlosQ izk.k:i essa] nf{k.kk mlosQ viku:i esa]vkgouh; O;ku:i esa rFkk lH; o vkolF;kfXu;k¡ Øe'k% mnku rFkk leku :i esajgrh gSA 'kriFk czkã.k osQ vuqlkj iqueZR;qa eqP;rs ; ,oesorkefXugks=ks eR;ksjfreqfDr

1- rS-czk-] 3-12-2-3&8_ i×p-czk-] 25-18-42- okXoS ;KL; gksrk] p{kqoSZ ;KL;kèo;qZ% izk.kks oS ;KL;ksn~xkrk] euks oS ;KL; czãA

c`g-mi-] 3-9-243- okXoS ;KksA 'kr-czk- 3-2-2-3] 3-2-2-384- okXoS ;Kks ;KesoSrnkReU/ÙksA vFk ;n~ opa ;eks O;kgjfr rLeknqgS"k fol`"Vks ;K% ijk

vkorZrsA ogh] 3-1-3-275- ogh] 3-1-3-266- ogh] 1-3-2-1&47- ;K iq#"k dh Ñfr gSA Ñfr dÙkkZ osQ vuq:i gksrh gSA

92 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

osn vFkkZr~ ;K djus ls ,sfgd foifÙk;ksa dk uk'k gksrk gS rFkk ekuo iqu% tUe&ej.k:ih d"V ls eqDr gks tkrk gS ijUrq deZdk.M osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k ;g lw{e:ifrjksfgr gks x;k vkSj LFkwy :i gh vof'k"V jgkA

;K vkSj HkkSfrd foKku

vfXu osQ lkgp;Z ls fØ;k djuk vkSj l`f"V osQ rÙoksa dks mi;ksx esa ykukHkkSfrd foKku gSA HkkSfrd foKku ;K* ls HkyhHkk¡fr tqM+k gqvk gSA izdk'k] m"ek rFkkfo|qr osQ :i esa f=kfo/ vfXu;ksa dk vè;;u HkkSfrd foKku djrk gSA ½Xosn esa ;srhuksa vfXu;k¡ ikfFkZo&vUrfj{k rFkk |qyksdkfXu ij voyfEcr gSA ;K dk lEcU/eq[; :i ls ikfFkZokfXu rFkk xkS.k:i ls vUrfj{k rFkk |qyksd vfXu lw;Z ls gSA foKkuesa eq[;r% Bksl (dk"B] ciQkZfn)] rjy (ty] nqX/kfn)] xSl (gok] ok"ikfn) rhuksainkFkks± ls txr~ dh lajpuk gqbZ gSaA1 bu rhuksa inkFkks± dk ;K ls ?kfu"B lEcU/ gSAnzO;ksa osQ fcuk ;K lEikfnr ugha gksrk blfy, vfXugks=k ;K dks nzO; ;K* Hkh dgrsgSA2 ;K esa iz;qDr gksus okyh lfe/k] ;Kik=k] dy'k] ;Kosnh bR;kfn Bksl inkFkZ gS]nzO;nzO; osQ :i esa iz;qDr] ?kr] ty] nqX/kfn rjy inkFkZ gS rFkk gO;nzO;ksa dh vkgqfri'pkr~ leqRiÂ ukukfo/ lqxfU/r ok"i gh xSlh; inkFkZ gSA 'kriFk czkã.k esa ;Kdh oSKkfudrk dk bl izdkj o.kZu fd;k x;k gS & vXusoSZ /weks tk;rs èkweknHkze&Hkzkn~ o`f"V vFkkZr~ vfXu ls /we mRiÂ gksrk gS /we ls vHkz (es?k) vkSj es?k ls o`f"Vgksrh gSA ;KkfXu esa Mkyh xbZ ?k`rkgqfr vkfnR; (lw;Z) osQ ikl igq¡prh gSA vkfnR;ls o`f"V mRiÂ gksrh gS vkSj o`f"V ls iztk mRiÂ gksrh gS3 blfy, ;K dks iztkifrHkh dgk x;k gSA ftl izdkj ukfHk 'kjhj dk vk/kj gS4 mlh izdkj ;K leLr fo'odk vk/kj gSA ;g fufoZokn rF; gS fd ;K ls O;fDr dk 'kjhj] eu] cqf¼] izk.k rFkkvkRek Øe'k% LoLFk] 'kq¼] fueZy] cyoku rFkk fu"iki curs gSaA vesfjdk osQ ,deuksoSKkfud Jh cSjh jkFkusV us iwuk fo'ofo|ky; esa vfXugks=k dk ekufld rukoij izHkko* uked fo"k; ij 'kks/ fd;k gSA mUgksaus crk;k ekufld :i ls ?kjsywfpfdRlk ,oa ;Kh; /we osQ izHkko ls cPpksa dk fexhZ jksx Bhd gks tkrk gS vkSjekufld :i ls vfodflr cPpksa dh cqf¼ fodflr gks tkrh gSA5 ;K ls i`Foh rFkk

1- osn vkSj mldh oSKkfudrk] vkpk;Z fiz;ozr osnokpLifrA2- ,s-czk-] 1-1-7] rS-l-] 3-5-11-53- vXukS izkLrkgqfr % lE;o~Q vkfnR;eqifr"BrsA

vkfnR;kTtk;rs o`f"VLrrks¿Âa rr~ iztk%AA euq-] 3-764- v;a ;Kks HkqouL; ukfHk%A ;tq-] 23-625- i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k osQ lanHkZ esa vFkoZosn dk vè;;u] ih,p-Mh- Fkhfll]

lq/k xqIrk] 1993] esjB fo'ofo|ky;] esjBA

vU; xzgksa dh xfr }kjk mBus okyh izkÑfrd rjaxksa dk okrkoj.k ij fo'ks"k izHkkoiM+rk gS rFkk ;s rjaxsa ekuo osQ 'kjhj o efLr"d ij fo'ks"k izHkko Mkyrh gSaA ;Kh;/we dk 'kjhj osQ lw{e rUrqvksa ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA ;K osQ /we osQ lkeusjgus ls jDr esa fufgr 'kqxj IysV~l* dh lkE;koLFkk jgrh gSA1 l`f"V dh lkE;koLFkkesa lHkh inkFkZ ,d:i gksrs gS fdlh dk i`Fko~Q vfLrRo ugha jgrk] loZ=k ,d:irkvkSj ,djlrk gksrh gS bl fLFkfr dks vk/qfud oSKkfud ukfHkd (Nucleus) dgrsgS] ;Kh; eU=kksa esa mls ^fgj.;xHkZ*2 dgk x;k gSA ½Xosn esa ^;Ksu ;Ke;tUrnsok%* bl jgL;kRed eU=kka'k dk vkfn nSfod rFkk vkfn HkkSfrd n`f"V ls ;g vFkZlEikfnr gksrk gS fd l`f"V osQ vkjEHk esa lc izkÑfrd 'kfDr;ksa us ijenso dh iwtk]fofHkÂ inkFkks± osQ laxfrdj.k }kjk mu inkFkks± esa mUgsa lefiZr dj l`f"V fuekZ.k :ih;K esa lg;ksx fd;k rFkk ;gh rhu dk;Z izkÑfrd /eZ vFkok /kjd rÙo ekus x;sA3

vFkoZosn esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd ijes'oj us egku~ O;kid ewy rÙo vFkkZr~ izÑfrls rSarhl yksdksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k vkSj mu yksdksa osQ KkukFkZ mUgksaus ;K dh lf"V dhA4

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd ;K u osQoy l`f"V dk izrhd gS cfYd mldhO;k[;k Hkh gS ftldk lEcU/ HkkSfrd foKku ls gSA blosQ vfrfjDr eU=kksa osQ vusd'kCn ;Fkk ok;q] ril] pØ] vXU;kfn HkkSfrd foKku esa leku vFkks± esa ik;s tkrs gSaA;K ftu&ftu rÙoksa vFkok inkFkks± ls lEcU/ j[krk gS mUgha rÙoksa rFkk inkFkks± dklEcU/ fdlh u fdlh :i esa czãk.M] fi.M:ih ekuo nsg rFkk HkkSfrd foKku lsHkh gSA HkkSfrd foKku ftu&ftu lq[k lqfo/kvksa dk tud gS mu&mu lqfo/kvksa dksnsus esa oSfnd ;K l{ke gSA fu%lUnsg ;K rFkk foKku dk ?kfu"B lEcU/ gS ;K dhizfØ;k foKkukfJr fØ;k gSA

oSfnd dky esa ;K osQ okLrfod rÙo dks ekuo HkyhHkk¡fr le>rs Fks muosQân;ksa esa ;K osQ izfr J¼k HkfDr dk Hkko Fkk ftlls le;≤ ij ;K&;kxkfndeZdk.M djrs jgrs FksA lexz lalkj ,oa mudk dY;k.k gksrk Fkk vfro`f"V] HkwdEi]egkekjh] vdky] jksx] vYie`R;q bR;kfn dk loZFkk vHkko FkkA orZeku le; esaLokFkZo'k ,oa pdkpkSa/ esa lafyIr gksdj ekuo us ;K osQ egÙo rFkk 'kkL=k dh e;kZnkdks Hkqykdj euekuk vkpj.k izkjEHk dj fn;k gS ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i og foifÙk

1- ;K vkSj foKku] MkW- txnh'k izlkn] oSfnd izdk'ku] esjBA2- fgj.;xHkZ% leoÙkZrkxzs HkwrL; tkr% ifrjsd vklhr~A

l nk/kja i`fFkoha |keqrseka dLeS nsok; gfo"kk fo/seAA ½-] 10-121-1] ;tq-] 13-4] vFkoZ-] 4-2-7

3- ½- 10-10-164- ,rLek}k vksnukr~ =k;fÏa'kra yksdkfÂjfeehr izKkifr%A rs"kka izKkuk; ;Kel`trA

vFkoZ-] 11-3-52&53

94 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

,oa ukuk izdkj dh vkinkvksa ls xzLr thou O;rhr dj jgk gSA loZ=k vfo'okl]vkradokn] Hk;] fgalk] bZ";kZ] }s"kkfn dk vkrZukn lqukbZ iM+rk gSA ftl ;K dks vR;Urifo=k ekudj fu"dke Hkko ls lEikfnr djosQ euq"; viuk ,oa fo'o dk dY;k.k,oa bgykSfdd&ikjykSfdd lq[k ljyrk ls izkIr dj ysrk FkkA vkt mlosQ vHkko ;kfof/ghu ;K dks viuk dj mlus Lo;a iSjksa ij oqQYgkM+h ekjus dk dk;Z fd;k gSAoSfnd ;K 'kkL=kh; fof/ ls lEiÂ dj viuk] lekt] jk"Vª ,oa lexzfo'o dkdY;k.k fd;k tkuk Js;Ldj gSA oSKkfud vUos"kd ;fn osnksDr ;K dh vksj n`f"VMkysa vkSj rRijrk ls vuqla/ku djsa rks blls txnqidkjd vusd vn~Hkqr rÙo izdkf'krgks ldrs gSaA

( 95 )

laLÑr Hkk"kk dk yfyr fuca/& MkW- vt; oqQekj feJ

vfl- izksisQlj] jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku

izLrqr fucU/ esa ys[kd us laLÑr Hkk"kk esa fucU/ dh ijEijk ,oamlosQ ykfyR; dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

izLrqr iquikZB ljkst dkS'ky osQ fuca/ vkys[k ¶dYiuk vkSj ykfyR; dk pk:feJ.k¸ ls tqM+h gS tks ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] vad 175] flracj&vDVwcj 2014esa izdkf'kr gqvk gSA okdbZ esa ;g fuca/ laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ ,d vks>y fo/k dk cM+kgh ekuhjost rgo+Qho+Qkr izLrqr djrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk fgUnh Hkk"kk osQ unh".kleh{kd&laiknd j.kthr lkgk us vius laikndh; (ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] vadtqykbZ&vxLr 2013] fnYyh) esa fdlh lkfgR; dh fo/k osQ HkkX; dk iSQlyk djusokys izdk'kd osQ f'koaQts dks ysdj tks fpark trk;k gS ml fygkt ls Hkh bl vkys[kdk lk;k gksuk cM+k ek;us j[krk gSA blls ;g Hkh rLnhd gksrk gS fd laLÑr Hkk"kkdk vk/qfud lkfgR; dk yfyr fuca/ uke dh fo/k Hkh fgUnqLrku osQ vU; vncksadh rjg gh thoar gSA ysfdu blosQ ckotwn izLrqr vkys[k ls oqQN loky t:j tqM+sgSa ftudk edln bl fuca/ ls tqM+h lkexzh esa btkiQk Hkh djuk gSA

vkys[k esa laLÑr rFkk fgUnh osQ yfyr fuca/ ys[ku ijaijk veweu ledkyhugh ekuk x;k gSA ysfdu bl rF; dk Hkh eqvk;uk t+:jh tku iM+rk gS fd ftufo}kuksa us blosQ fganh ys[ku osQ flyflyk dk rkj HkkjrsUnq ;qx (1850&1883 bZ-) lsHkh tksM+rs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa yfyr fuca/ osQ vkfoHkkZo vaxzst+h Hkk"kkls ekurs gSaA ysfdu dfo&leh{kd vKs; us tks vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR;* (1959bZ-) esa lki+Q fd;k gS fd laLÑr DykflDl osQ rtqZek osQ lcc ls Hkkjrh; izHkkovaxzsth] izQkalhlh rFkk ;wjksih; lkfgR; esa izdV gq, vkSj ogk¡ ls ykSV dj fiQj Hkkjrh;dkO; jpuk ij jksis x;sA blfy, ;g Hkh t+:jh tku iM+rk gS fd bl fo/k osQ chtdks mifu"kn~ fo'ks"k dj ikSjkf.kd vk[;kuksa ls Hkh tksM+k tk ldrk gSA blh Hkkjrh;lanHkZ dks vaxzst+h osQ LVksjh* rFkk laLÑr osQ dFkk rFkk vk[;kf;dk osQ ifjizs{; esaHkh le>us dh vko';drk gSA ;g rF; vyx gS fd ohjk?koy vKs; ls gV djviuk fopkj j[krs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd laLÑr lkfgR; esa vk/qfud èkkjk,¡ fo'ks"kdj

96 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

if'peh lkfgR; osQ laioZQ dk ifj.kke gSA fonq"kh ysf[kdk dkS'ky us â"khosQ'kHkV~Vkpk;Z (1850&1913 bZ-) dks laLÑr yfyr fuca/ dk igyk vkxkt djus okykekuk gSA ysfdu x+kSjryc gS fd vkpk;Z jk?kou us laLÑr ls tqM+s vius [kkst Hkjs 'kksèki=k (^vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR;* 1959 bZ-) esa lh/s rkSj ij laLÑr osQ yfyr fucaèkdk dgha dksbZ ftØ ugha djrs gSaA ysfdu bldk Hkh è;ku jgs fd js[kkfp=k] laLej.kfjiksrkZt rFkk yfyr fuca/ osQ lkfgfR;d fl¼karksa osQ dksbZ lki+Q ekinaMksa dh ydhjsaugha [khaph tk ldrh gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd yfyr fucaèk viuh 'kSyh rFkkizÑfr osQ utfj;s ls bu fo/kvksa ls dki+Qh djhc yxrk gSA bl izdkj Jqfrdkar 'kekZdk y?kq fuca/ ef.kekyk (yqf/;kuk] 1955 bZ-) esa gqDdk] ?kksM+s rFkk lkbfdy osQ chpckrphr] rhljs ntsZ esa jsy;k=kk] /eZfujis{k jkT;] oko~QiVq] fu"iz;kstu ?kweus dk vkuan]fidfud] 'kkSd] ØhM+kofÙk osQ vykok pquko vkSj fe=krk] iqQVckWy eSp tSls vke tueu dks Hkkus okys rFkk /kjnkj jpukvksa osQ vfrfjDr la;qDrjk"Vª ls tqM+s fuca/ksa dk HkhvPNk fcEc mHkkjrk gSA ml rjg u;s&iqjkus LiwQV ys[kdksa osQ fuca/ laxzg ^izca/&ikfjtkr* dk rcljk Hkh izLrqr lekyksP; vkys[k esa visf{kr yxrk gSA blesaiap'khy] egkRek xka/h] yksdekU; fryd] y{eh ckbZ ljh[ks jk"Vªh; eqíksa osQ lkFk&lkFklarfr&fujks/ fo"k;d fuca/ Hkh x+kSjryc gSaA ysf[kdk us nsof"kZ dykukFk 'kkL=kh dh,d vPNh jpuk ek p ;kfp"e oaQpu* dks ,d vyx fo+QLe dk yfyr fuca/ ;kyfyr xYi ekuk gSA ysfdu bl utfj;s ls ^xYioqQlqekatfy* dh Hkh ftØ gksuhpkfg,A blesa ,sfrgkfld fo"k;ksa dks rkuk&ckuk cukdj lkfgR; rFkk bfrgkl osQ chp,d cM+k gh euksje rLohj [khapus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA mlh izdkj lkaLÑfrdbfrgklfon~ Hkxor'kj.k mikè;k; us oSfnd dky ls ysdj eè; ;qx rd osQ fgUnqLrkuhlekt dk [kko+Qk tks [khapk gS mls Hkh ekuh[kst xYiekyk osQ :i esa ekuk tkukpkfg,A

laLÑr rFkk fganh osQ yfyr fuca/ksas osQ ledkyhu fj'rksa dks efgek eafMr rksfd;k x;k gSA ysfdu ;gk¡ ,d cM+k gh ekO+kwQy loky mBrk gS fd ftl izdkj fganhHkk"kk esa Nk;kokn] izxfrokn ;k iz;ksxokn tSlh u;h fo/kvksa ls budh Hkk"kk osQ lkfgR;dh Jho`f¼ gqbZ] rks D;k laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ jpukdkjksa us Hkh ijaijkxr :ikUrjksa vkSjf'kYi ls eq¡g eksM+s fcuk] u;s fopkjksa vkSj laosnukvksa ls le>kSrk fd;k\ ;gk¡ bldkHkh è;ku jgs fd Hkkjrh; dkO; ijaijk esa rks dfo osQ fy, pfj=k&fp=k.k osQ [kko+Qk[khapu osQ ofuLir mlosQ eksMy (Vkbi) dh vgeh;r gksrh gSA vkSj bl dBksjgo+Qho+Qr dks t+:j Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd laLÑr osQ vf/la[; yfyrfucaèkdkj vius 'kkL=kh; ukWLVksfYt;k ls mcjs ugha gSA â"khosQ'k HkV~Vkpk;Z (1850&1913bZ-) osQ ^izca/ e×tjh* (iÁflag }kjk 1929 bZ- esa fctukSj ls izdkf'kr) osQ^mn~feTtifj"kn~* rFkk ^egkj.;i;Zos{k.ke~ esa isM+&ikS/ksa rFkk i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ tfj,

laLÑr Hkk"kk dk yfyr fuca/ 97

vkneh osQ LokFkhZ rFkk vksNs fetkt dh fuank dh xbZ] ml vU;ksfDr 'kSyh okys yfyrfuca/ dks dksbZ vkÈknd ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA ys[kd vius ledkyhu ns'kdkyosQ izHkkoksa ls ugha cp ikrk gSA HkV~Vkpk;Z th us Hkh egkRek xka/h osQ usr`Ro esavkSifuosf'kd lÙkk osQ f[kyki+Q Hkkjrh; tuekul osQ gqadkj dks ns[kk ;k lquk gksxkAD;k ;g vU;ksfDr 'kSyh dh HkRlZuk vaxzst+h ljdkj osQ 'kks"k.k dh Nk;k esa Hkh Fkh]rks laosQrkRed Hkk"kk esa D;ksa\ ;k D;k laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ ikl ,sls fcEcksa dks gh vkèkkjcukdj yfyr fuca/ fy[kus dh lkexzh cph Fkh\ okdbZ esa ;g fdruk lq[kn gksrk]tc dksbZ ,slk Hkh yfyr fuca/ i<+us dks feyrk ftldk rkuk ckuk xkSjh gqowQer lstqM+k gksrk ftlls laLÑr osQ yfyr fuca/ osQ fcEc esa u;siu dk ,glkl gksrkAlaLÑr fuca/dkjksa osQ fy, Hkh vc le; vk x;k gS fd os vlfe;k x|dkjy{ehukFk cstc:vk tSlk Hkh ltu djs ftlus psLVjVu dh rjg fucU/ rFkk dgkuhosQ chp okys lk¡ps dk btkn dj vlfe;k osQ yfyr fuca/ dks ,d u;k vk;kefn;kA lkFk gh lkFk mu Hkkjrh; vaxszt+h jpukdkjksa ls Hkh ulhgr ysus dh t:jr gSftuosQ gkL;izn fuca/ksa rFkk js[kkfp=kksa esa tkUlu osQ ekufld eqDrrk rFkk ekuVsu osQiq"dy vkSj izHkkoh izHkk dh NVk Hkh >ydrh gSA bl ek;us esa vkj- oax: Lokeh],u-th- tksx rFkk ,l-oh-oh-osQ Øe'k% ^ekbZ ykMZ oqQoqQMw¡ o¡wQ*] ^vksfu;Ul ,saMvksihfu;Ul* rFkk pSi+Q ,saM xzsu* lksi ccqYla* (vafre nksuksa) x+kSjryc gSaA jpuk osQfcEc dks Xykscy cukuk vkt le; dh ek¡x gSA blls laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ yfyr fucaèkesa Hkh ykfyR; dh rktxh vk,xhA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh lki+Q dj nsuk mfpr gksxk fd tksHkk"kk fdlh jkT;kJ; esa iQyrh iwQyrh gS] mlosQ ykfyR; osQ lekt'kkL=k esa vketu&thou rFkk fcEcksa osQ [kqysiu vkSj oSfoè; esa LoHkkor% FkksM+h deh vk tkrh gSAlaLÑr rFkk iQkjlhA mnwZ osQ lkFk veweu ;gh gqvk gSA ysfdu vc ,slh fLFkfr ughajghA iQyr% bu Hkk"kkvksa osQ yfyr fuca/ksa ls Hkh vf/d mEehn dh tkrh gSA ysfdufganh Hkk"kk rks tuekul osQ te+huh go+Qho+Qr esa yksV&iksV dj bruh cM+h gqbZ gS ftlosQihNs HkfDr vkUnksyu dh yksd Hkwfe us tc+jnLr dh Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA ;gh dkj.kgS fd fganh Hkk"kk osQ yksdfiz;rk osQ Vhvkjih dks ns[krs gq, eqa'kh izsepan tgk¡ mnwZdh txg fganh miU;kl ys[ku esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ nLrd nsrs gSa ogha laLÑr&fganh Hkk"kkijaijk osQ fo}ku~ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh ^v'kksd osQ iwQy* yfyr fuca/ ls Hkhuke dekrs gSaA mlh izdkj laLÑrfon~ rFkk Hkk"kk oSKkfud vkpk;Z fo|kfuokl feJHkh fganh esa gh dbZ egÙoiw.kZ yfyr fuca/ fy[krs gSaA vkSj fganh lkfgR; esa bl foèkkosQ ys[ku esa vackj lk yx tkrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd jgL;kRed 'kSyh osQ xaHkhjmiU;kldkj rFkk dfo vKs; Hkh rkyh rks NwV xbZ* fy[krs gSaA blh izlax esa egkohjizlkn f}osnh dk egkdfo ek?k dk izHkkr o.kZu* Hkh laLÑr ls eq¡g eksM+us dh nkLrk¡dk c;k¡ djrk gSA vkSj leh{kd dkS'ky us bu nksuksa fo/kvksa osQ mn~Hko dh

98 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

ledkfydrk dh tks ckr mBk;h gS mlesa laLÑr yfyr fuca/ ys[ku osQ fiQlyudks Hkh lPps vFkZ esa vglkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl Vhl dks HkV~VeFkqjkukFk 'kkL=khosQ yfyr fuca/ fdUrks oqQfVyrk* esa Hkh vuqHkwr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa os fy[krsgSa fd ^fdUrq* esjh lEefr ;g gS fd ;fn ;g iqLrd fganh esa fy[kh xbZ gksrh rksvf/d Js"B gksrkA blh fuca/ esa ^exj* 'kCn osQ }ÔFkZd 'kCn osQ tfj, izdk'kddks exjePN crkdj ys[kd&izdk'kd osQ fcxM+rs fj'rksa esa ledkyhurk mtkxj gksrhgS D;ksafd buosQ eq[k ls fdrkcksa dks egiwQt j[k ikuk cM+h Vs<+h [khj gSA è;krO; gSfd dbZ lkS lky igys Hkh uhyoaQB nhf{kr us viuh fdrkc ^dfyfoMEcue~ esaIysxsfjT+e* dks ysdj ?kksj fpark trk;k gSA mlh izdkj yfyr fuca/ esa ^oV* tSlsvaxzst+h 'kCn esa vaxzst+h Hkk"kk rFkk oqQ'kklu osQ esVkiQksj dk vankt+ yxk;k tk ldrkgS&ij fdUrq* uk cV* :ia /kjf;Rok lo± foukf'kre~A v/quk cV* tVklq fuc¼k o;ax`ga izfr ijkorZueUrjk foaQ ikMU;Rdrq± 'kDuq;ke~\ (i`-159)A bl izfrjks/ dk vankt+1884 bZ- osQ fi+Qjaxh vkns'k osQ ek;us esa Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa ljdkjh ukSdjhikus osQ fy, vaxzst+h dks vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;kA ^ckydHk`R;%* dks cky yfyrlaLÑr lkfgR; osQ vUrxZr j[kk tk ldrk gS ftlosQ gkL; vadu esa cky leL;k dksHkh mBkus dk Hkjld iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA fuca/ osQ var esa bZ'ojh; HkfDr Hkkouk Hkheq[kj gks mBrh gSA izLrqr vkys[k esa edkjegkesyue~* dks Hkkf"kdh oSf'k"VÔ dh otgls ¶,d viwoZ dk ltZuk¸ ekuk x;k gSA ;g rF; lgh gS fd laLÑr osQ ikf.MR;iw.kZlaf/ rFkk lekl osQ cy ij gh ,slh jpuk fy[kh tk ldrh gSA ysfdu bldk Hkh[+k;ky jgs fd fli+ZQ laLÑr Hkk"kk esa fy[k nsus ls og jpuk mEnk ugha gks tkrh gSAyfyr fuca/ ys[ku dh 'krks± esa ljyrk] eqDrfparu] jkxe;rk] yhykijdrk rFkk vkReizdk'ku dk tks eq[kfjr lgt laos| Hkko gksrk gS] mudh blesa deh fn[krh gSA bljpuk dh jkspdrk ls rks dksbZ laLÑr iafMr gh vkÈkfnr gks ldrk gSA vkSj laLÑr'kCn laink dh Jho`f¼ rFkk laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ ikjaifjd Kku osQ fy, bl fuca/ dkt+:j egÙo fn[krk gSA yfyr fuca/ dk fo'ks"k y{; vius Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa dkseuHkkou 'kSyh oSfp=; ls vius vki esa ck¡/ dj ikBdh; Kku osQ vk;keksa dksmUehfyr djuk Hkh gksrk gSA ysfdu vkpk;Z jk/koYyHk f=kikBh vius dkO;&'kkL=kxzaFk ^vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ke~* esa dkO; y{k.k] yksd vuqdhrZu dks ekuk gS] ogvnch iQyliQk Hkh bl fuca/ esa ykxw gksrk ugha fn[krk gS] D;ksafd bldk rkukckuklaLÑr osQ O;kdj.k fo/k osQ lân; lekt dks FkksM+k vf/d jkspd yxsxkA ;|fi^:I;djkeL;kRedFkk* ,d cM+k gh thoar rFkk jpukdkj osQ mUeqDr fparu osQ oS'kkY;osQ dkj.k yfyr fuca/ dk cM+k gh vPNk lk¡pk rS;kj djrk gS ftldh iqf"V blfuca/ osQ 'kh"kZd esa :i;s osQ esfuisQLVs'ku* osQ ljksdkj ls Hkh gks tkrh gSA ysfdufuca/dkj us vkSjaxtsc dks fgUnw laLÑfr dk ije fojks/h (^;oulezkMksjsÄõtscks

fgUnqlaLÑrs% ijeks fojks/h* ogh] i-177) ekurs gq, :i;s dks vkSjaxtsc ls Hkh vfèkdoaQtwl dgk gSA ys[kd }kjk tft;k VSDl (1679 bZ-) dh fuank dh xbZ gSA ysfdubfrgkldkj jke'kj.k 'kekZ osQ gokys ;g rF; Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vk;k gS fd vkSjaxtscus nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ dbZ eafnjksa dk iqujks¼kj Hkh djok;k rFkk vius 'kkludky esaxhr&laxhr dks Hkh izJ; fn;kA (izkphu Hkkjr] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] fnYyh)A oqQNbfrgklfon ;g Hkh ekrus gSa fd bl tft;k dj ls eqlyekuksa dks Hkh ugha c['kk x;kAHkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh dk ;gh vkjks muosQ vU; yfyr fuca/ vfi uke ls;eO;&ogkfjdh\* esa Hkh i<+us dks feyrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk ;g Hkh lki+Q fd;k x;k gS fdvkSjaxtsc vkfn osQ le; fo}s"k osQ dkj.k dbZ fdrkcksa dks tykdj jk[k esa rCnhy djfn;k x;kA fdrkcksa ls tqM+k ;g ?kkrd lp eqgEen xkSjh rFkk fo'oizfl¼ ukyankfo'ofo|ky; osQ iqLrdky; osQ vkxtuh dh ?kVuk vkSjaxtsc ls dksbZ okLrk ughaj[krk gSµ¶fgUnq/eZ}sf"k.kkeojÄõtscknhuka le;s Hkw;kalks xzUFkk ofÉlknfØ;Ur bR;SfrgkfldktYifUrA¸ (i`-216)A eqxydky osQ lqn`<+hdj.k osQ lkFk fgUnqLrkuh LFkkiR;] dykrFkk lkfgR; dh Nfo esa Hkh cM+s vPNs mHkkj dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vr% yCèkizfr"Bleh{kd rFkk lkfgfR;d bfrgkl osQ Kkrk f'kf'kj oqQekj nk'k us viuh fdrkc(^fgLVªh vkWi+Q bafM;u fyVjspj 1911&1956 LVªxy iQkWj izQhMe VªaiQ ,aM VsªtMh*lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh] 1995 bZ-) esa vk/qfud laLÑr dks ysdj f'kokth fo"k;dtks eqík dks mBk;k gS mls Hkh laLÑr lekt osQ fy, cgqjs[kh; utfj;s ls tk¡p iM+rkydh vko';drk yxrh gSA

;g rF; vyx gS fd izLrqr vkys[k esa galokguk ljLorh e;wjokguk dFkatkrk* dh txg laLÑr&fganh fefJr 'kCnkoyh osQ la;kstu ls bldk 'kh"kZd^glaokguk ljLorh e;wjokguk oSQls gks xbZ* osQ :i esa Ni x;k gSA ysfdu izLrqrfuca/ bfrgkl rFkk laLÑfr osQ chp [kkstrs fj'rksa osQ lkFk ;g Hkh ryk'krk gS fdtSu dkyhu ewfrZdyk osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k ljLorh dh lokjh gal dh txg ij e;wjcu x;kA okdbZ esa bls Hkh ,d Js"B dksfV dk yfyr fuca/ ekuk tkuk pkfg, D;ksafdblesa bfrgkl osQ 'kq"d iÂksa esa lkaLÑfrd psruk dh xekZgV yk;h x;h gSA ^e`R;ks!Roekxrks¿fl* tSls Hk;kog rFkk uhjl fo"k; esa mifu"kn~ rFkk pw.kZd tSls lefUor'kSyh ls thou ;k=kk osQ ukuk mÙkjnkf;Roksa rFkk ekuoksfpr lqdeZ&oqQdeZ Hkkoukvksa dksthoar :i esa vafdr dj fuca/ osQ rkuk&ckuk esa cM+k tku yk fn;k x;k gSA vkSjjpuk vkfLrdrkokn osQ ekgkSy esa lekIr gksrh gSA ysfdu vkys[k esa ia- fo".kqdkar'kqDy osQ dkyefgek* esa izseh ;qxy }kjk leanj dh ygjksa ls [ksyuk rFkk izseh dk,dk,d ml ygj esa foyhu gks tkuk yfyr fuca/ osQ ykfyR; ;kstuk dh n`f"V lsfdruk izHkkoh rFkk jkxkRed Hkko osQ lkSUn;Z dks fc[ksjsxk ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA gk¡]bruk t:j gS fd ekSr osQ [krjukd eatj osQ esVkiQksj dh Nk;k esa ukxklkdh rFkk

100 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

fgjksf'kek vkfn dh foHkhf"kdk áweu ,DlVsa'ku vkWi+Q lsou oSQVksLVªksiQh* dh ckr dkst+:j mtkxj djrk gSA budk gh fuca/ vgefi Hkkjrh;%* Hkh lkaLÑfrd psruk osQvfr mRlkg osQ pDdj esa lftr gksus osQ dkj.k bls dksbZ Js"B yfyr fuca/ ugha dgktk ldrk gS] D;ksafd blesa Nqjh&dk¡Vs ls [kkuk] osQd vkfn dks dk¡V dj tUeksRlo dkeukuk tSls gYosQ fo"k;ksa dks lkaLÑfrd fparu dk vkStkj cuk;k x;k gSA okdbZ esax.ks'kjke 'kekZ osQ yfyr fuca/ tkus Roka laLÑriafMre~* rFkk feF;kdhfrZys[kdegkjkt%*osQ 'kh"kZd ek=k gh i<+us ls ekul iVy iziqQfYyr gks mBrk gS vkSj budk vDl Hkh;qxhu yxrk gSA ijekuan 'kkL=kh }kjk laLÑr osQ yksdfiz; lqHkkf"krksa dks vk/kj cukdjyfyr fuca/ ys[ku dh ubZ 'kSyh Hkh x+kSjryc gSA mlh izdkj nsof"kZ dykukFk 'kkL=khosQ fuca/ vgefi ys[kdks Hkfo";kfe* Hkh lelkekf;d fcEc osQ tfj;s lkfgR; dhnqfu;k dh L[kfyr laLÑfr dks cM+s gh jkspd 'kSyh esa ikBd rd ijkslrk fn[krk gSAysfdu buosQ ,d vU; ys[k ^Nanl'NVk* Nan 'kkL=k dh 'kkL=kh;rk osQ ijcku dksysdj fy[kk x;k gS vkSj blesa fuca/dkj dks bl ckr dk cM+k eyky gS fd dfolEesyuksa esa 'kkL=k dfo dh txg NksVs&NksVs dfo;ksa dk gh lEeku gksrk gSA ;gk¡ dfovKs; dh og ckr è;krO; gS ftlesa mUgksaus lkfgR;dkjksa }kjk xhrdkjksa dks viuhfcjknjh dk fgLlk ugha ekuk tkrk gSA ;kn jgs oSfnd lwDr vius 'yksdksa osQ ekè;els eqDr Nan dh dfork l`tu dh btktr nsrh gSA lw;ZdkUr f=kikBh fujkyk dks HkheqDr Nan dh dfork osQ fy, cM+k fojks/ dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA orZeku lnh esa rkseksuksbest rFkk gkbowQ] lhtks tSls ik'pkR; 'kSyh osQ laLÑr dfo g"kZnso ek/o dksrc rd laLÑr iafMrksa osQ ?kksj fojks/ dk dksiHkktu iM+k tc rd fd lkfgR;vdknseh] fnYyh }kjk mudh dforkvksa ij yC/izfr"B iqjLdkj dh eksgj ugha yxtkrh gSA

fonq"kh ysf[kdk ljkst dkS'ky dk izLrqr fuca/ vkys[k fo'ys"k.kkRed derFkk o.kZukRed vf/d yxrk gSA iQyr% ikBks osQ vUr% eeks± dk foLiQkju vkSjvisf{kr gSA blh fn'kk esa mQij ,d vnuk lk iz;kl gSA x+kSjryc gS fd vkpk;kZdkS'ky us vius bl iBuh; vkys[k esa bu yfyr fuca/ksa osQ vykok oqQN vkSj laLÑryfyr fuca/ksa dks lesV ikrh rks mudh lkexzh vkSj iq"dy rFkk iq[+rk gks tkrhA uthjosQ rkSj ij HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ gh vU; egÙoiw.kZ yfyr fuca/ ^Jhguwer%vkn'kZpfjre~*] ^Hkkjrh;a Hkkstu'kkL=ka 'k"oqQyh tysch p*] fofPNfÙk oSiqY;a fofo/kfoèkk'pkfoHkDrs%* rFkk vfi uke ls;eO;ogkfjdh\* buesa igyk Hkxoku~ guqeku~ osQpfj=k c[kku osQ tfj;s jkek;.k osQ eq[; ik=kksa osQ laf{kIr ifjp; osQ lkFk thouvkn'kZ dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA nwljs esa tysch tSls HkksT; inkFkZ ij cM+k gh lw{erFkk xgu vuqla/ku dks euHkkou 'kSyh esa izLrqr dj Hkkjrh; ikd'kkL=k tSls egÙoiw.kZysfdu loZFkk vks>y fo|k dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gS vkSj l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa fyf[kr

jlksbZ?kj osQ 'kkL=k ls tqM+s xzaFk HkkstuoqQrwgys* esa tysch fuekZ.k izfØ;k ls tqM+h lkexzhrFkk fof/ dk Hkh ftØ fd;k gSA lkFk gh lkFk ukuk izkarksa esa bldh yksdfiz;rk osQvykok bfrgklfonksa rFkk 'kCndks'kksa osQ utfj;s dks Hkh j[kk x;k gSA ikddyk ls tqM+hizLrqr fdrkc eè; dkyhu Hkkjrh; dky esa laLÑr Hkk"kk dh leFkZrk rFkk oSfoè; dhvksj Hkh bafxr djrk gSA blesa tysch ls tqM+s ckaXyk dgkor ftykiksj ikd* dk HkhftØ fd;k gSA bl fuca/ dks i<+us ls Hkkjrh; vuktksa vkfn osQ laLÑr ukeksa dk Kkuc<+ ldrk gSA rhljk] laLÑr 'kCnksa osQ 'kkL=kh; jLlkdlh dh otg ls bls vkeikBdksa osQ fy, dksbZ T;knk jkspd ugha dgk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd fuca/dkj Hkhfy[krk gS&^fnÄ~ek=kfeneqnkâre=k euhf"k.kka ekxZizlk/uk;A* (i-211)A HkV~V eFkqjkukFk'kkL=kh osQ gh ,d vU; fuca/ xa/oZlsuL; LoxZ;k=kk* dh rjg budk gh ;g pkSFkkys[k Hkh laLÑr dh thoarrk rFkk izklafxdrk dh iqf"V osQ fy, vusd rdks± dksmifLFkr djrk gS ftUgsa ,d fljs ls drbZ ugha udkjk tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd blesa vktosQ ik'pkR; laLÑr fo}ku 'ksYMkWu ikWyd osQ ml vkjksi dk Hkh ekO+kwQy tokc feyldrk gS ftlesa mlus tEew d'ehj rFkk nf{k.k osQ fot; uxj lkezkT; osQ pqfuansuewuksa osQ vk/kj ij laLÑr dks e`r Hkk"kk djkj djus dh lkft+'k jph gSA ysfdu bufnuksa laLÑr&teZu fookn osQ vkyksd esa ufyu esgrk us vius vkys[k ykSaX;st vkWi+Qn xkWM~l uhM~l jhHkkbHkqy oV ukWV okbZ dEiYljh Vhfpax vkWi+Q laLÑr* (n VkbElvkWiQ bafM;k] fnYyh] 2 fnlacj 2014) esa phuh fo}ku bax tksaxVu (Yi Zhongtion)rFkk ;w Msu (Yu Dan) osQ mu iz;klksa dk ftØ fd;k gS ftlus Vsyhfot+u rFkk^iQkLViwQM* osLVlsYlZ dh jpuk/feZrk ls dUÝ;wfl;l oqQy ls ledkyhu yxko dksO;kid rkSj ij izkphu Kku rFkk Hkk"kk dks fiQj ls tksM+kA vkt laLÑr osQ fy, Hkh,sls gh ljksdkjksa dks ryk'ks tkus dh t+:jr gSA

mlh izdkj vius le; dh ;'kfLouh ekfld laLÑr if=kdk laLÑrjRukdj*osQ vadksa esa izdkf'kr HkV~VeFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ gh fuca/ ^J¼k;k% ijkdk"Bk*]^oklfUrd% izeksn%*] laLÑrKkuka egk'k;rk*] vÄïdkSrqde~*] dfodkSrwgye~*] vfivLokfFkZuks czkã.kk% 'kwnzs"kq*] laLÑrL; uohulaLÑre~*] laLÑrHkk"kk p rRdks"k'p*]^fo}n~H;ks fuosnue~*] eg?kZrk fi'kkph*] oqQrks ok u izljsrka pj.kkS\*] nUrdFkk* rFkk^tjh;ku~ T;ksfr"kh* vkfn dk Hkh de ls de ifjp;kRed vkdyu gksrk rks lkexzhvkSj iBuh; gks tkrhA buesa tjh;ku~ T;ksfr"kh* rFkk oklfUrd% izeksn%* dks Øe'k%laLÑr dk js[kkfp=k rFkk fjiksrktZ ekuk tk ldrk gSA bu fuca/ksa esa oqQN esa O;ax dh/kj rFkk peRdkj dk Hkkf"kd lkSUn;Z okdbZ esa yfyr fuca/ osQ ykfyR; dks pfjrkFkZdjrs gSaA

x+kSjryc gS fd buosQ vykok nsof"kZ dykukFk 'kkL=kh osQ uke/s;kfu ns'ks&fons'ksp*] efLr"de~*] fopkj&pkrqZ;e~*] if.Mr jkekuUnL; i=ke~* rFkk fouksn okfVdk*

102 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

tSls yfyr fuca/ksa dks Hkh fonq"kh ysf[kdk dkS'ky us ugha lesV ik;h gSaA buesa igykukeksa osQ vk/kj ij Hkkjrh;rk dh ryk'k djrk gSA nwljs esa fpfdRld rFkk ejht osQf'kjksosnuk osQ ekiZQr cM+s jkspd <ax ls ;g ulhgr nh xbZ gS fd balku vius thouesa cgqr lh ijs'kkfu;k¡ iQkyrw dh ckrksa rFkk 'kd dh xqatkb'k cuk dj iky ysrk gSArhljs esa gkftj tokch dk vankt+ Hkh euksjl gSA pkSFkk bu lHkh esa vf/d ljlrkdk gkL; iz/ku ekuk tk ldrk gS ftlesa Hkwxksy fo"k; dk ,d isVw f'k{kd viusHkkjh Hkjde 'kjhj osQ dkj.k g¡lh dk osaQnz curk gSA blosQ Hkkjh 'kjhj gksus osQ dkj.kfjD'kkpkyd }kjk mls viuh fjD'kk ij cSBkus osQ fy, vkuk&dkuh djus dk vaduHkh yfyr fuca/ dks rktxh nsrk gS&^u dks¿fi fjD'kkpkydks ekekjksgf;rqa lkglaoqQjrsA* (i`-131)A

^:I;djkeL;kRedFkk* osQ fo"k; esa ysf[kdk dk dguk gS fd blesa O;frjsdvyadkj ls lqanj lkfgfR;d NVk fc[ksjh x;h gSA ysfdu vkpk;Z jk/koYyHk f=kikBhosQ fglkc ls vlaxfr vyadkj (^u;k lkfgR; u;k lkfgR;'kkL=k*] i`-16] 2012) tkseuq"; osQ pfj=k ewY;kadu dh ,d izfof/ Hkh gksrk gS] ml utfj;s ls :i;s dhoaQtwlh dh rqyuk eqxy 'kkld vkSjaxtsc ls djuk dgha u dgha u nksuksa vfHkÂlaLÑfr;ksa osQ chp ,d njkj dh ydhj [khaprk fn[krk gSA oqQN fuca/ksa esa Vkbi jkbVj]jsy] rkj] xzkeksiQksu] fjD'kk rFkk jsfM;ksa osQ lkFk lkFk eDdk] tqokj] oktjk rFkk isQuh*?ksoj vkfn 'kCnksa dks lk{kkr~ laLÑr Hkk"kk esa ipk fy;k tkuk Hkk"kk dh lgtrk rFkkljyhdj.k dk Hkh laosQr nsrk gSA mlh izdkj laLÑr Hkk"kk ij fganhuqek 'kSyh dk HkhizHkko i<+k tk ldrk gS&^vko';drk fg izlfo=kh rÙkRinkFkkZuke~* (^vfi uke la;e&O;kogkfjdh*\ i`-216) vFkkZr~ vko';drk gh vkfo"dkj dh tuuh gSA mlh izdkjyPNsnkj rFkk fganh Hkk"kk osQ fudV okys 'kCnksa ls okD; foU;kl Hkh yfyr fuca/ dh'kSyh esa lgtrk rFkk pk:rk dks fu[kkjrk yxrk gS&^fnua xygLrf;Rok lUè;kleqifLFkrk*A (^ckydHk`R;%*] i`-167) vFkkZr~ lUè;k us fnu dks xygLr nsdjmifLFkr oqQN vkSj vke cksypky dh Hkk"kk okyk laLÑr okD;&^uk;a ekxksZfu"d.Vd% lO;'p*A (ogh] i`-169) vFkkZr~ vkSj ;g lp gS fd ;g jkLrk fcukdk¡Vs dk ugha gSA) Hkh x+kSjryc gSA bu fuca/ksa esa egkè;kid% (izksisQlj)] ;k=kki=ke~(fVfdV)] is;k (pk;)] ifj/kuh;iqVde~ (tsc)] LorU=kys[kh (iQkSUVsu iSu)] tSlsvfHkuo 'kCnksa dks eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh }kjk x<+k x;k gS rFkk nsof"kZ dykukFk 'kkL=kh usHkh vius yfyr fuca/ksa esa dkSy osy (vkdkj.k?kafVdk)] pSjsVh fiQYe 'kks (nkuh;&fp=kiVizn'kZue~)] vkWfMVksfj;e (fp=kHkoue~) ikSosQVekjh (iViqVoaQ fNÂe~)] ÝyM(tyiwj)] eSVj (j;hu)] HkqyDdM+ (foLej.k'khy%)] gksVy (ikUFkkokl%) vkfn u;slaLÑr 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ laizs"k.kh;rk osQ izokg dks iq"V djrk gSAlwpuh; gS fd foxr 'krkCnh esa laLÑr Hkk"kk us Hkh ro+Qjhcu ianzg gtkj 'kCn Hkkjrh;

Hkk"kkvksa ls vius lkfgR; esa ipk;k gSA

izLrqr lekyksP; fuca/ vkys[k osQ i`"B la[;k 164 rFkk 165 ij Øe la[;k1] 2] 7] 8 rFkk 10 osQ ewy laLÑr m¼j.k esa ,"k] fdUrq*] ije rFkk fu"iikr (nksuksaØe la[;k 7)] ukuk:ikf.k] fdUrq* ijefLeu~ rFkk exj*L; (rhuksa Øe la[;k 10)dh txg pwdi'k Øe'k% ,"k%] fdUrq] ija] fuiikr (nksuksa Øe la[;k&7)] ukuk:ia]fdUrq] ijfLeu~ rFkk exjL; (rhuksa Øe la[;k 10) Ni x;h gSA blh izdkj i`"Bla[;k 165 osQ Øe la[;k 6 ij fdUrquk* osQ ckn uk rFkk Øe la[;k 10 ij okD;osQ vafre esa fuf'pra e;k Hkh Niuk NwV x;k gSA blh i`"B osQ Øe la[;k 9 ij tkscV 'kCn osQ dky esa czkbosQV osQ vanj But 'kCn Nik gS og vaxzsth 'kCn ewy ikBesa ugha gSA vr% bls ikn fVIi.kh esa fy[k fn;k x;k gksrk rks bl x+yrh ls rks cpkgh tk ldrk FkkA lkFk gh lkFk bl 'kCn ls vaxzst+h gqowQer osQ [kkSi+Q osQ izfr ewyfuca/dkj tks laosQr nsuk pkgrk gS] og Hkh Li"V gks tkrkA

izLrqr egÙoiw.kZ vkys[k ls tqM+s bl iquikZB dk edln laLÑr Hkk"kk osQyfyr fuca/ksa dh tkudkjh dk tks fonq"kh ysf[kdk ljkst dkS'ky us vkxkt fd;k gS]mlesa bl fo/k osQ ewyikBksa osQ vUr% lk{;ksa dks vk/kj cukdj lkexzh dks iq"dyrFkk btkiQk djuk gSA ;g rF; vyx gS fd nsfjrk leh{kk dks Hkh jpuk dk ntkZ nsrkgSA ysfdu ;g iquZikB vius fo"k; dks ysdj drbZ ,d egnwn lkexzh ugha ekuh tkldrh gS] oSlh fLFkfr esa fdlh mEnk vkys[k dk lekykspuk cM+k tksf[k+e Hkjk gks tkrkgSA

( 104 )

osnO;k[;k esa fu?k.Vq ,oa fu#Drdkjksa dk;ksxnku

& MkW- eS=ks;h oqQekjh

vflLVsaV izksisQlj] deyk usg: dkWyst]fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;

izLrqr fucU/ i=k esa ysf[kdk us osnO;k[;k esa fu?k.Vq (oSfnd 'kCnksadk laxzg) ,oa fu#Dr ('kCnO;k[;k) dk ;ksxnku js[kkafdr fd;kx;k gSA

osn fo'o dh izkphure ,oa loZizFke jpuk gSA ftl izdkj O;kdj.k osQ }kjkosnkFkZ Kkr gksrk gS] mlh izdkj osneU=kksa esa fufgr xw<+ ,oa vkè;kfRed jgL; dk Kkufu?k.Vq ,oa fu#Dr osQ }kjk gksrk gSA lkekU;r% ^fu?k.Vq* laxzg dk i;kZ; gSA

fu?k.Vq oSfnd 'kCnksa dk laxzg gS vkSj fu#Dr mlh ij Hkk"; gSA fu#DrO;kdj.k dk iwjd gSA O;kdj.k tgk¡ 'kCnksa dh jpuk (cfgjÄõ) dh O;k[;k djrkgS ogha fu#Dr muosQ vFkZ (vUrjÄõ) dk vUos"k.k djrk gSA fo'ks"kr% laKk] uke inksa]vk[;krinksa] milxks± rFkk fuikrksa osQ laxzg ek=k dks ^fu?k.Vq* dgrs gSaA

^bekfu pRokfj intkrkfu lUR;srfLe×'kkL=ksAfdfefr fu?k.Vql×Kkfu HkofUrA*1

^fu?k.Vq* fdlh mís'; fo'ks"k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq;s fdlh lkfgR;xr vFkok'kkL=kxr fuxw<+kFkZd inksa dk fdlh fo'ks"k izfof/ osQ rgr laxzg dk uke gS tksvkèkqfud dks'k'kkL=k osQ ekin.Mksa osQ vk/kj ij Glossary* fo/k dk ,d izk:idgk tk ldrk gSA

Prof. Claus Vogel osQ 'kCnksa esa &

¶Lexographic work started in India at a very early date

with the complition of word lists (Nighantu) giving rare, unex-plained, writings. These Glossaries, of which that handed down

1- vkpk;Z nqxZfojfpr ½ToFkZo`fÙk & fu#Dr & 1@1

osnO;k[;k esa fu?k.Vq ,oa fu:Drdkjksa dk ;ksxnku 105

and commanded upon in Yask's Nirukta is the best and com-mended upon in Yask's Nirukta is the best known and probablyoldest speciemen did not, however institute the prototype of

the dictionaries (Kosa) of later times.¸1

fu#Dr "kM~osnkaxksa esa osn:ih iq#"k dk Jks=k (dku) gS & fu#Dra Jks=keqP;rsA*& (ikf.kfuf'k{kk 41) blesa oSfnd 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ tkuus dh izfØ;k crykbZ tkrh gSA

vFkkZocks/s fujis{kr;k intkra ;=kksDra fu#Dre~A2

;g Hkk"; 'kSyh osQ x| esa gS ftlls osnea=kksa osQ vFkkZoxe esa lgk;rk feyrhgS] lkFk gh Hkk"kkfoKku osQ y{; ('kCn osQ ewy dk Kku) dh izkfIr essa lgk;rk feyrhgSA izks- eSDlewyj osQ vuqlkj &

¶Yaska maintains that ever noun is derived from a verbal

root and meets the various objections raised against it (a theoryon which the whole system of Panini is based and which is in

fact) the postulate of modern philosophy.¸3

fu?k.Vq osQ ik¡p vè;k;ksa dh O;k[;k HkkLdjkpk;Z us 12 vè;k;ksa esa dh gS] nksvè;k; ifjf'k"V :i esa gSaA dks'kjpuk osQ vHkh rd osQ Kkr iz;klksa esa fu?k.Vq dhjpuk izFke gSA Hkkjr esa ;g dks'k lkfgR; osQ vkjEHk dk gh |ksrd gSA4

fu?k.Vq osQ izFke rhu vè;k; uS?k.Vqd dkaM dgykrk gS] prqFkZ vè;k; ,sd&ifnddkaM rFkk iape vè;k; nSordkaM dgykrk gSA ,sdifnd dkaM osQ fo"k; esaMkW- osyoydj dgrs gSa & ^fu?k.Vq uked oSfnd 'kCnksa dh lwph osQ prqFkZ vè;k;dks ,sdifnd dgrs gSa ftl ij ;kLd us fu#Dr uke dh O;k[;k fy[kh gS ftlesavKkr ;k lafnX/ ewy okys 278 'kCn fxuk, x;s gSaA5

;kLd Lo;a dgrs gSa &

^vFk ;kfu vusdkFkkZfu ,d'kCnkfu rkfu vrks¿uqØfe.;ke%AvoxrlaLdkjka'p fuxeku~A rr~ ,sdifnde~ bR;kp{krsA*6

1- Prof Claus vagel : A History Of Indian Literature, chapter : Indian Lexi-

cography : Introduction

2- fu#Dre~3- A History Of Ancient Sanskrit Literature : Prof Maxmuller page-66

4- The Nighantu and the Nirukta, p.14

5- fu#Dr Hkkx & 1 i`- 47 ij mn~/`r vaxzsth lUnHkZ dk fgUnh vuqokn xq#e.MyxzUFkekyk esa izdkf'krA

6- fu#Dre~ 4@1

106 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

bl dkaM osQ 'kCn fHkÂ&fHkÂ :iksa vkSj foHkfDr;ksa esa gSa] ;Fkk & tg AA fuèkAA f'krke A esguk A newuk% A Hkw"k% A bf"kjs.k A oqQ#ruk A tBjs A frrm A f'kiz A eè;kAeUnw A bZekZUrklk% A dk;eku% A yks/e~ A 'khje~ A cqUn% A o`Unue~ A fd% A mRUoe~ A½ohle~ A bfr =k;fL=ka'kPNrkfu inkfu AA iw.kZla[;k 279 A

,d ^o`Un* dks NksM+dj bl vè;k; osQ lHkh 'kCn oSfnd gSaA fu?k.Vq dkvfUre vè;k; (nSordk.M) N% [k.Mksa esa foHkDr gS ftlesa Øe'k% 3] 13] 36] 32]36 rFkk 31 in gSa tks fHkÂ&fHkÂ nsorkvksa osQ uke gSa bu ukeksa osQ }kjk nsorkvksa dhLrqfr iz/kur;k dh tkrh gSA

rr~ ;kfu ukekfu izk/kU;Lrqrhuka nsorkuka ríSorfeR;kp{krsA

bu [k.Mksa osQ 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k ;kLd us fu#Dr* osQ lkrosa vè;k; ls ckjgosavè;k; rd dh gSA ,d&,d [k.M dh O;k[;k ,d&,d vè;k; esa gqbZ gSA blnSordk.M ij gh oSfnd /eZ vkSj laLÑfr dk bfrgkl voyafcr gS D;ksafd oSfndnsorkokn ij vkykspukRed nf"V ls fopkj djus okyk dksbZ Hkh xzUFk fu#Dr ls izkphuughaA ;gha ge fdlh tkfr dh vius /eZ osQ fo"k; esa fpUru dh izFke fdj.k ikrsgSaA

fu?k.Vq vusd FksA1 izks- LdksYM osQ vuqlkj &

¶Nirukta is probably not the production of a single indi-

vidual but the result of the united efforts of a whole generation

or perhaps of several generations.¸2

izR;sd fu?k.Vq esa oSfnd 'kCnksas dk dks'k Fkk tks ladyu djus okys dh bPNkosQ vuqlkj viuh fo'ks"krk fy, gq, FkkA egkHkkjr* osQ vuqlkj iztkifr d';i blfu?k.Vq osQ jpf;rk gSaA3 ijUrq dbZ vU; fo}ku~ fu#Dr ,oa fu?k.Vq nksuksa osQ jpf;rk;kLd dks ekurs gSaA Lokeh n;kuUn vkSj vkpk;Z HkxoíÙk ekurs gSa fd ftrusfu#Drdkj gSa os fu?k.Vq osQ Hkh iz.ksrk gSaA oqQy pkSng fu#Drdkj gSaµ

vkSieU;o] vkSnqEcjk;.k] o";kZ;f.k] xkX;Z] vkxzk;.k] 'kkdiwf.k] vkS.kZukHk]rSfVfd] xkyo] LFkkSykBhfo] dkSf"Vfd] dkLFkD;] ;kLd rFkk dkSRlO; ('kkdiwf.k dkiq=k)A bu lcksa us vius&vius fu?k.Vq cuk, vkSj ml ij gh Hkk"; fy[ksA oSfnd ea=kksaosQ vFkZ tkuus osQ fy, fu?k.Vq ,oa fu#Dr dh lgk;rk vR;ko';d gSA

1- Yask's Nirukta : prof. Rajware, p-v-VII. oSfnd okÄ~e; dk bfrgkl Hkkx&2][k.M&2

2- Skold - The Nirukta Nighantu and Nirukta (14/32-35)

3- egkHkkjr] eks{k/eZ ioZ] vè;k;&342] 'yksd 86&87

fu?k.Vq vkSj fu#Dr ,d gh osnkFkZ dh Kkid i¼fr osQ nks vk;keksa osQ fodkldks yf{kr djrs gSa] vr% nksuksa ijLij vfHkÂ gSaA fu?k.Vq osQ LFkku ij fu#Dr* 'kCndk iz;ksx Hkh ns[kk tkrk gSA

^rkU;srkfu =khf.k izdj.kkfu uS?kq.VdeSdifnoaQ nSorfefrAvusu izdj.k=k;foHkkx izi×pusneofLFkra fu#Dr'kkL=kfefrA*1

mnkj.kkFkZ & i`FohA fu?k.Vq esa ^i`Foh* lka i`fFkohokpdin leqnk; osQvfrfjDr |koki`fFkohokpd ijleqnk; esa ifBr gSA fu?k.Vqdkj xkS%] Xek] Tek] {ek]{kk] {kek vkfn 21 i`fFkO;kFkZd laKkvksa dk vfHk/s;funsZ'k i`fFkoh* bl vfHk/ku lsdjrs gSaA i`Foh* vkSj i`fFkoh* nksuksa osQ izÑR;a'kksa esa vHksn gS rFkk izR;;ka'kksa esa ek=k:ir% Hksn vFkZ'k% lkE; gSA

i`Foh foLrh.ksZR;FkZ%A i×pk'kRdkfV;kstufoLrh.ksZfr i`fFkohA2

m.kkfndks"k rks nksuksa inksa dk lk/qRo ,d gh lw=k ls vUok[;kr djrk gS &

izFks% f"kou~"koU"ou% lEizlkj.ka pA3

ijUrq :i'k% izR;; esa Hksn gksus ls lÙkk esa vk, vusd in ifBr gSa] ;Fkk &xkS% rFkk Xek] {ek] {kk] {kek rFkk f{kfr%] Hkw% rFkk Hkwfe%A buosQ vfrfjDr xkrq%* inrFkk xkS% in dkehy ikf{kdlkE; gSA

^xh;rs Lrw;rs¿lkS] LrqofUr okL;ka fLFkrk bUækghu~] xPNUR;L;kaHkwrkuhfr okrLekn~ xkrq%A*4

½Xosn esa i`Foh laKk osQ O;qRifÙk fpUru ls Kkr gksrk gS fd i`fFkoh dh izFkufØ;k ls rkÙi;Z i`fFkoh&vUrHkwZr inkFkks± dk mR[kfur gksdj cfgHkwZr gksuk gSA ;ghi`fFkoh dk iSQyko gSA izFkue~ & izFk$Y;qV~ iSQykuk] foLrkj djuk5 ;gh iSQyko vusd[kfutinkFkks± dh [kkuksa osQ :i esa i`fFkoh dh lrg ij leryrk&fo"kerk osQ :i esa]o`{kksa dh mÙifr osQ :i esa] ioZrksa osQ :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blh iSQyko osQ dkj.ki`fFkoh ij thou liQy gqvkA vr% ijEijk l`f"Vdky esa czãk }kjk bl fØ;kfu"ifÙkdks dgrh gSA

czã.kk iwoZeso foLrkfjrkA6

1- fu?k.Vq (i×pkè;k;h] nqxZfojfpr] LoFkZo`fÙk)2- fu?k.Vq% fuoZpue~ 1@1@113- m.kkfnlw=k 1@1504- fu?k.Vq% fuoZpue~ 1@1@205- oSfndinkuqØedks'k] i`-21046- okeu f'kojkevkIVs dk'k] i`- & 662

108 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

m.kkfnikB rks orZekudky esa ^izFk~* /krq ls izR;; dk fo/ku djrs gq, ;gizfrikfnr djrk gS fd ;g fØ;k ges'kk pyrh jgrh gSA

m.kkn;ks cgqye~A1

i`Foh &

o`fÙk& ,rs orZekus laKk;ka p cgqya L;q%A Hkk";dkj lk;.kkpk;Z osQ vuqlkj^i`Foh* laKk ½Xosn esa fo'ks"k.kijd laKk gSA i`Foh* laKk osQ fofHkÂ Hkk";ksa ls izFkufØ;k dk Lo:i yf{kr gks gh tkrk gS] ;Fkk & vxLR; ½f"k }kjk n`"V |koki`fFkoh*nsork ls lEcfU/r Lrqfr esa lk;.k iFoh* dks |kokifFkoh dk fo'ks"k.k ekudj bldh:ifof/rk dks rn~fo"k;d izFku dgrs gSaA

mohZ i`Foh cgqys nwjs vUrsA2

lk;.kHkk";&

mohZ mO;kS egR;kS i`Foh i`fFkO;kS cgqys vusd izdkjs.k izFkekuscgokdkjs nwjs vars foizÑ"Vkar ns'ksA

bl izdkj izFku* ls vfHkizk; ,d inkFkZ dk vusd :iksa esa fodkl@foLrkjgks tkuk gh gSA

oSfnd ea=k dh O;k[;k esa in dk fuoZpu vfHk/s; ij gh vk/`r gksrk gSAfu#Dr fuoZpu in osQ O;ogkj esa vkus osQ ckn in dh ;ksxijh{kk djus osQ fy, ghizo`Ùk'kkL=k gSA inkFkZ fo'ks"k dh vfHkO;fDr D;ksa o.kZfo'ks"kksa osQ ekè;e ls gh gksrhgS] ;g [kkstuk gh fuoZpu'kkL=k dk y{; gS vFkkZr~ ekuo tks oqQN cksy jgk gS ogmu 'kCnksa esa D;ksa cksy jgk gS\ &

;g ftKklk gh fuoZpu dh tuuh gSA ekuo Lo vuqHkwfr dks vfHkO;Dr djusosQ fy, eupkgs laosQrksa dks gh vk/kj cukdj py jgk gS vFkok 'kCnksa vkSj oDr`LFkvuqHkwfr dk ewrZ txr~ esa dksbZ laca/ gS\ ;g [kkstuk gh fuoZpu dk ewY; gSA

;kLdkpk;Z fuoZpu osQ bl ekSfyd vfHkizk; dks ljykfrljy Hkko ls vfèkxedjkus gsrq gh fu#Dr esa vf/drj ,sls yksdizfl¼ vfHk/kuksa dk fuoZpu nsrs gSaAosnkFkZfu:i.k osQ fy, os LojHksn&mnkÙk] vuqnkÙk ,oa Lofjr ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs gSa&

rhozkFkZrjeqnkÙke~] vYih;ks¿FkZrjeuqnkÙke~A

1- v"Vkè;k;h 3@3@12- ½- 1@185@7

vFkkZr~ vf/d cy nsus ij mnkÙk gksrk gS] de cy nsus ij vuqnkÙkA okLroesa bu nksuksa Lojksa dk ;gh jgL; gSA Hkk"kk osQ izokg esa cgqr ls 'kCnksa esa LojifjorZu(Accent Shifting) gksrk jgrk gSA

osn esa okD;kfn dks fØ;k essa mnkÙk iM+rk gS] eè; esa ughaA okD; osQ vkfn esafØ;k j[kus dk vFkZ gS mls egÙoiw.kZ fl¼ djukA

oSfnd ea=kksa dh O;k[;k esa ;kLd dh oqQN fo'ks"krk,a è;krO; gSa &

(1) oSfnd ea=kksa dh O;k[;k esa 'kCnksa osQ Øe esa lkekU; rFkk ifjorZu ugha djrsA½pkvksa esa ftl Øe ls 'kCn gSa mlh Øe ls mudk vFkZ nsrs gSa okD;&foU;kl(Syntax) dh fpark fd, fcuk] ;Fkk &

rRlw;ZL; nsoRoa rUefgRoa eè;k drksZfoZora la tHkkjA;nsn;qDr gfjr% l/LFkknknk=kh oklLruqrs fleLeSAA1

rRlw;ZL; nsoRoa] rr~ efgRoa] eè;s ;r~ deZ.kk (drksZ%) fØ;ek.kkuka forralafÄõ;rsA ;nklkS v;qDr gj.kku~ vkfnRoj'ehu~] gfjr% & v'oku~ vfr ok]vFkjk=khookl% ruqrs bfrAA

;kLd fo'ks"; vkSj fo'ks"k.k osQ chp esa fØ;k tksM+ nsrs gSa] ijUrq tgk¡ mUgsaLora=k :i ls fy[kus dk vodk'k feyrk gS] os laLÑrfoU;kl dh gh jhfrviukrs gSa fdUrq fØ;k,¡ izk;% vUr esa ugha gksrh] tSls & rewpq% czã.kk%] l'kUruq% nsokfi f'kf'k{k jkT;suA2

(2) oSfnd ea=kksa esa milxZ vkSj fØ;k dh i`Fkdrk loZfofnr gS fdUrq ;kLd osQdky esa budk lkgp;Z vko';d izrhr gksrk gSA ;kLd eU=kLFk milxZ vkSjfØ;k dks ,d lkFk dj nsrs gSa] tSls & izfr-- nqghlr~] (fu-1@17) dks^izfrnqXèkke* esa cny nsrs gSaA

(3) oSfnd Hkk"kk esa tgk¡ fujFkZd] fuikr in&iwj.k vkSj okD;iwj.k osQ :i esa gqvkdjrs gSa] ogk¡ ;kLd ,sls fuikrksa dks NksM+dj osQoy lkFkZd vkSj cyiznku djusokys fuikrksa] (tSls & ,o] vfi) dk gh iz;ksx djrs gSaA

(4) ^bfr* dk iz;ksx vkpk;Z* ;kLd laLÑr osQ vuqlkj m¼j.k osQ ckn djrs gSaA

(5) buosQ okD; vR;ar ljy gksrs gSaA la;qDr okD;ksa dk iz;ksx ;s cgqr gh de djrsgSaA

osn O;k[;k esa fu?k.Vq ,oa fu#Dr dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ;kLd (700&800bZ-iw-) us osnea=kksa dh O;k[;k rc vkjEHk dh tc yksx bls Hkwyus yxs FksA ;|fi bUgksaus

1- fu- 4@112- fu- 2@10

110 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

1- The Nirukta & Scold, p.181

2- Introduction To Nirukta : 310 MkW- y{e.kl:i] Oxford, 1920, p-64

laiw.kZ oSfnd lafgrk dh O;k[;k ugha dh gS ijUrq ftruh Hkh dh gS og ijh{k.k dhdlkSVh ij [kjh mrjh gSA blh n`f"V ls ;kLd osnkFkZ osQ izFke izdk'kd gSaA osnO;k[;kdh 'kSyh Hkh mUgksaus gh nh gSA fuoZpu'kkL=k ^fu#Dr* esa 'kCnksa dk bfrgkl bl <axls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd muesa lfÂfgr /krq dk irk dj ml /krq osQ vFkZ osQ vkèkkjij gh 'kCn dk vFkZ fu/kZfjr fd;k tk,A /krq ls 'kCn dk vFkZ okP;kFkZ vFkokvyadkjksa dh lgk;rk ls Kkr gksrk gSA fu#Dr osQ euh"kh LdksYM djrs gSa &

¶We ought rather to be astonished because the Nirukta

contains so many good and etymologies as it does¸1

MkW- y{e.kl:i dk dFku gS fd & ^okLro esa fuoZpu'kkL=k dk oSKkfudf'kykU;kl dk nkok djus rFkk blosQ lkekU; fl¼kUrksa dh LFkkiuk djus esa ;kLd ghizFke gSaA

¶Yaska is the best to claim the scientific foundation and

also the first to formulate the general principles of etymology¸2

MkW- y{e.kl:i osQ vuqlkj ftl le; Hkk"kkfoKku dk chtoiu Hkh ughagqvk rFkk ml le; fu#Drdkjksa us Hkk"kkfoKku osQ vusd ekSfyd fl¼kUrksa dksmn~?kksf"kr ,oa izpkfjr fd;kA izkphu vk;ZHkk"kk (fo'ks"kr% osn) dks le>us osQ fy,fu#Dr vius fopkjksa dk vn~Hkqr izfrfuf/ xzUFk gS tks ikf.kfu dk Hkh iFk izn'kZd jgkgSA

( 111 )

dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa lkSUn;Z rÙo,oa orZeku lUnHkZ

& gfj}kj oekZ

'kks/PNk=k] xaxkukFk >k ifjljjkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku

ys[kd us izLrqr fucU/ esa dkfynkl }kjk jfpr dkO;ksa osQ vUrxZrfufgr lkSUn;Z rÙoksa dk orZeku lUnHkZ esa fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA

lkSUn;Z dk laosnu thou osQ izR;sd {ks=k ,oa O;kikj esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSAlkSUn;Z osQ vo/kjd rÙo esa lR;] f'ko] vkuUn] vuqHkwfr vkSj vfHkO;fDr rÙo dkizk/kU; gSA lkSUn;Z pkgs inkFkZ esa gks ;k dkO; esa] vewrZ esa gks ;k ewrZ esa] og lR;]f'ko] vkuUn vkSj vuqHkwfr dh vfHkO;fDr gh rks gSA lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Z dk LFkkuloksZifj gSA lkfgfR;d lkSUn;Z ân; osQ lk¡ps esa <yh gqbZ fo'kq¼ vuqHkwfr;k¡ gS] tkslkfgR; ,oa vU; dykvksa esa miyC/ gksrh gSA fpjUru vkÈkndrk gh lkfgfR;dlkSUn;Z dh futh fo'ks"krk gSA lkfgR; esa vafdr ;gh lkSUn;Z lân; laos| gksrk gSA

fdlh Hkh oLrq ;k dykÑfr dks ns[kdj vkuUn ;k g"kZ dk l`tu gksuk ghlkSUn;Z& cks/ dgykrk gSA lkSUn;Z osQ izfr O;fDr dk vkfRed yxko gksrk gSA D;ksafddgk x;k gS fd lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gSA* ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Zdk vR;Ur egRo jgk gSA ;gk¡ lkSUn;Z pk#Ro] 'kksHkk] dkfUr] je.kh;rk vkfn vusdukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA lkSUn;Z dk vFkZ gS lqUnjL; Hkko% lkSUn;Ze~* vFkkZr~ lqUnj gksusdk Hkko lkSUn;Z gSA lq"Bq m.kfÙk vkæhZdjksfr fpÙkfefr lqUnje~* vFkkZr~ lqUnj oLrqog gS tks fpÙk dks vknzZ dj nsrh gSA

Hkkjrh; dyk&lkSUn;Z vius vki esa gh ,d foLr`r n'kZu gSA ftlesa :i vkSjlkSUn;Z og gS tks ns[kus esa lqUnj o vkuUnnk;d yxsA Hkkjrh; dyk lkSUn;Z dhfoospuk lR;a f'koa lqUnje~* ij vk/kfjr gSA lqUnjrk og gS tks bZ'oj osQ eaxye;

1- f'k'kqikyo/e~

112 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

Lo:i esa fufgr gSA lkSUn;Z dh okLrfodrk dk Kku lR; ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA gekjsosn o mifu"knksa esa Hkh lkSUn;Z osQ Lo:i dk cM+k gh foLr`r foospu fd;k x;k gSA

lqUnjrk dk fuos'k osQoy ekuoh; lkSUn;Z esa gh ugha oju~ dyk vkSj Hkko esaHkh gksrk gS] ftls ge lkfgR; dgrs gSaA lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Z dh jgL;kRedrk esa fuR;uohurk osQ Hkko mBrs jgrs gSaA tSls ,d ygj nwljh ygj esas lekdj /kjk dk vuUrØe cuk nsrh gS mlh izdkj lkfgR; esa #i vkSj lkSUn;Z dk fuR; u;k Hkko jgrk gS&

{k.ks&{k.ks ;ÂorkeqiSfr rnso :ia je.kh;rk;k%A1

ifo=k lfyyk Hkkjr Hkwfe vrhr dky ls lkSHkkX;'kkyhuh jgh gSA lqjxohmikld Hkkjrh osQ ojn~ iq=kksa esa laLÑr lkfgR;kdk'k osQ nsnhI;eku u{k=k egkdfodkfynkl vuU; ew/ZU; gSaA dfooqQyxq# dkfynkl osQ lkrksa dkO;ksa [k.MdkO;};]egkdkO;}; ukVd=k; vFkkZr~ leLr dkO;ksa dk fujh{k.k] ijh{k.k] leh{k.k djus lsloZFkk fl¼ gks tkrk gS fd egkdfo dh lw{ekfrlw{e foosfduh] lkSUn;kZfrjsdh]oSKkfud] HkkSxksfyd] jktuSfrd n`f"V foy{k.k gSA dfork ofurk foykl egkdfodkfynkl osQ lgt e`nqy eatqy euksHkkoiwr es?knwrkfn dkO; esa lkSUn;Z dh ijkdk"Bkn`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA

dkfynkl dh uhj&{khj foosfduh nf"V esa lkSUn;Z dh og NVk nf"Vxkspj gksrhgS] tks lân;ksa osQ fy, ân;gkfj.kh gks tkrh gS vkSj lân; tuekul vkeqDr d.Bls 'yk?kk djus dks ckè; gks tkrk gSA dkfynkl osQ lkSUn;Z fp=k.k dks gh i<+dj teZudfo xsVs fo'o eap ij ^'kkoqQUrye~* dks f'kjks/k;Z dj ukpus yxs vkSj mudhvUrâZn;Lif'kZuh ok.kh oqQN bl rjg ifjLiqQfjr gqbZ] ftls vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh mfDr dkoklqnso fo".kq fejklh us laLÑr #ikUrj bl izdkj fd;k gSµ

oklUra oqQlqea iQya p ;qxin~ xzh"eL; loZ p en~;kP;kU;Ueulks jlk;uer% lUriZ.ka eksgue~A,dhHkwreHkwriwoZeFkok LoyksZdHkwyksd;ks&jS'o;± ;fn ok×Nfl fiz;l[ks 'kkoqQUrya lsO;rke~A1

euq"; LoHkkor% lkSUn;Z dk izseh gksrk gS] og lkSUn;Z osQ izfr vkfRed&izo`fÙkosQ dkj.k gh fofo/ dykvksa dks mRiÂ djrk gSA og viuh dfork&dkfeuh esalkSUn;Z dh l`f"V djus osQ fy, jl] NUn] vyadkj vkfn midj.kksa dk lgkjk ysrkgSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fo'o osQ lHkh ew/ZU; euh"kh dfo;ksa us viuh&viuh dkO;Ñfr;ksa esa lkSUn;Z dk fp=k.k djosQ viuh lgt ljy lkSUn;kZfHkeq[kh izo`fÙk dk

1- vfHkKku 'kkoqQUrye~ O;k-izks-jktnso feJ&Hkwfedk Hkkx&i`"B la-36

dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa lkSUn;Z rÙo ,oa orZeku lUnHkZ 113

ifjp; fn;k gSA tgk¡ rd dfooqQyxq# dkfynkl dk iz'u gS] og rks LoHkkor%lkSUn;Z rFkk izse osQ ikj[kh gh ugha vfirq ,d oqQ'ky fp=kdkj Hkh gSaA

dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa gesa lkSUn;Z osQ vusd :iksa osQ n'kZu izkIr gksrs gSaAdkfynkl us fo'o osQ vusd oLrqvksa esa lkSUn;Z osQ izR;{k n'kZu fd;s gSaA ufn;ksa osQygjksa us] exksa osQ Nykaxksa us] if{k;ksa osQ dyjo us] iq"iksa osQ lqxU/ us] o{kksa osQ izLiqQVuus igkM+ksa osQ eueksgd n`';ksa us dkO;dkj dks viuh vksj vdLekr~ vkÑ"V fd;k gSAHkkokRed lkSUn;Z osQ o.kZu esas dfo dks vHkwriwoZ liQyrk izkIr gqbZ gSA ftldk vuqHkodfo dh vUrjkRek us fd;k vkSj izÑfr dh lgk;rk ls vuqHkwfr dks dfo us O;Drfd;k gSA lqUnj u;h uosyh nqYgu tSlh 'kjn ½rq dk o.kZu dfo us fd;k gSµ

dk'kk'kqadk fodpi|euksKoD=kk]lksUekngaljouwiqjuknjE;kAvkiDo'kkfy#fpjk urxk=k;f"V%izkIrk 'kjÂoo/wfjo #ijE;kA1

dkfynkl uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z osQ izseh gSa] Ñf=ke vkSj fn[kkoVh Jaxkj mUgsa ughajksprkA os izÑfr osQ }kjk izkIr fd;s x;s lgt&lqyHk miknkuksa ls viuh ifjdYiukdh lqUnfj;ksa esa vfuU| lkSUn;Z dk vkfo"dkj djrs gSaA oqQekjlEHko esa ikoZrh us olUrosQ iwQyksa ls vius vki dks vyaÑr fd;k gSA v'kksd us in~ejkxef.k dks /rk crknh gS] df.kZdkj us Lo.kZ dh |qfr dks [khap fy;k gS rFkk fla/qokj osQ iq"i gheqDrkekyk cu x;s gSaµ

v'kksdfuHkZfRlZrin~ejkxekÑ"Vgse|qfrdf.kZdkje~Ae`DrkdykihÑrflUnqokja oUriq"ikHkj.ka ogUrhAA2

dfooqQyxq# dkfynkl osQ lHkh ik=kksa esa iq#"kksfpr lkSUn;Z gSaA iq#"k ik=kksa esaiq:"kksfpr lkSUn;Z gS rks L=kh ik=kksa esas fL=k;ksfpr lkSUn;ZA ;gk¡ rd fd mUgksaus i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ lkSUn;Z dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA mudh n`f"V esa lkSUn;Z dh lkFkZdrk rc gStc og fiz; dks vkÑ"V djus vkSj mls thrus esa leFkZ gksA ikoZrh th tc vius:i lkSUn;Z ls Hkxoku~ 'kadj th dks thrus esa vleFkZ gks tkrh gS vkSj dkenso dksegknso dh Øks/kfXu esa tyrs gq, ns[krh gSa rks mudk lkSUn;Z xoZ pwj gks tkrk gS vkSjos vius #i dh fuUnk djus yxrh gSµ

fufuUn :ia ân;su ikoZrh] fiz;s"kq lkSHkkX;iQyk fg pk#rkA3

1- ½rqlagkje~&3@12- oqQekjlEHkoe~&3@53- oqQekjlEHkoe~&5@1

114 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

lkSUn;Z osQ lEcU/ esa egkdfo dkfynkl dh ekU;rk gS fd tc rd lkSUn;Z]R;kx vkSj riL;k dh vfXu es ridj fujUrj ugha mBrk] rc rd mldk dksbZ ewY;ugha gSA tSls vfXu esa ridj lksuk pedrk gS oSls gh riL;k dh vfXu esa ridjlkSUn;ZA dfo bl ckr dks Lohdkj ugha djrk fd lkSUn;Z ikiofÙk dh vksj mUeq[k gksusokyk gksrk gSA og rks ekurk gS fdµ

;nqP;rs ikoZrh! ikio`Ùk;s] u :ifeR;O;fHkpkfj r}p%A1

dkfynkl osQ er esa lkSUn;Z Lo;a esa euksK] dkE; ,oa e/qj gksrk gS] mlosQlEioZQ esa vkdj dksbZ Hkh oLrq euksK gks ldrh gSA ,slk lkSUn;Z dk lkeF;Z gSAekyfodk osQ lqUnj eq[k ij cM+h&cM+h vk¡[k] 'kjn~dky osQ fueZy pUnzek dh Hkk¡frmldk eq[k dkfUreku] dU/ksa ij oqQN >qdh Hkqtyrk,¡] m¡Qps vkSj dBksj Lruksa ls ;qDro{kLFky] cxyksa ls uhps dk Hkkx lqxfBr izrhr gks jgk gSµ

nh?kkZ{ka 'kjfnUnqdkfUronua ckgw urkoal;ks%laf{kIrfufcMksÂrLrueqj% ik'osZ ize`"Vs boAeè;% ikf.kferks furfEc t?kua iknkojkykaxqyh%NUnks urZf;rq;ZFkSo eufl f'y"Va rFkkL;k oiq%AA2

lkSUn;Z dk lEcU/ ewyr% euq"; dh vkRek ls gksrk gS ftl fdlh Hkh oLrq]:i] vkdkj] O;kikj vkfn dks ns[kdj] Li'kZ djosQ vFkok lqudj ekuo vkRekvkufUnr gksrh gS ogh lkSUn;Z dk fo"k; cu tkrs gSaA foØeksoZ'kh;e~ esa dkfynkl usmoZ'kh dk o.kZu cM+s euksgkfj <ax ls fd;k gS moZ'kh dks x<+us osQ fy, ;k rks lkSUn;Ziznku djus okyk pUnzek iztkifr cuk gksxk vFkok Jaxkj jl osQ ,d ek=k vfèkifrdkenso us bls cuk;k gksxk ;k olUr ½rq usµ

vL;k% lxZfo/kS iztkifrjHkwPpUæks uq dkfUrizn%JaxkjSdjl% Lo;a uq enuks eklks uq iq"ikdj%AosnkH;kltM% dFka uq fo"k;O;ko`ÙkdkSrwgyksfuekZrqa izHkosUeuksgjfena :ia iqjk.kks eqfu%AA3

dfo&dfYir lkSUn;Z esa Hkw"k.kks dk Hkw"k.k miekuks dk Hkh mieku vkSj izlkèkuksadk Hkh izlk/u cu tkus dh {kerk gSA dkfynkl Jaxkj rFkk izse osQ Hkkoqd dfo gSa]vr% mudh n`f"V lkSUn;Z dh dksey Hkkouk dks igpkuus rFkk izdV djus esa furkUrprqj gSaA mudk jle; ân; Kku lkSUn;Z&o.kZuksa esa >k¡drk gqvk fn[k iM+rk gSµ

1- oqQekjlEHkoe~&5@362- ekyfodkfXufe=ke~&2@33- foØeksoZ'kh;e~&1@10

ohfp{kksHkLrfurfogxJsf.kdkaphxq.kk;k%laliZUR;k L[kfyrlqHkxa nf'kZrkorZukHks%AfufoZUè;k;k% ifFk HkojlkH;Urj% lfÂiR;L=kh.kkek|a iz.k;opua foHkzeks fg fiz;s"kqAA1

dkfynkl us cká lkSUn;Z dh vis{kk vkUrfjd lkSUn;Z ij vf/d cy fn;k gSAmudh ekU;rk gS fd lkSUn;Z dks cká lk/uksa dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA os L=kh&lkSUn;ZosQ o.kZu esa vius mieku izk;% izÑfr ls fy;s gSaA ;f{k.kh bdgjs onu dh ukf;dkgSA dkfynkl osQ vuqlkj izÑfr esa tks lkSUn;Z ;k je.kh;rk fodflr gqbZ gS] ekuoh;yko.;rk mlh dk gh vaxHkwr gSA vfHkKku&'kkoqQUry dh ukf;dk 'koqQUryk dklkSUn;Z rks lokZfr'kk;h gh gS vkSj j?kqoa'k dh ukf;dk bUnqerh czãk dh jpuk dk mRd"kZgSA es?knwr dh ;f{k.kh fo/krk dh ;qofrfo"k;d vkfn l`f"V gSA og 'kjhjh Hkh gS]';kek Hkh gS] uo;kSou okyh uqdhys nk¡rks okyh] iosQ gq, foEciQy osQ leku vèkjokyh] iryh dej okyh] bR;kfn xq.kksa ls ;qDr gSµ

rUoh ';kek f'k[kfjn'kuk iDofoEck/jks"Bheè;s {kkek pfdrgfj.khizs{k.kk fuEuukfHk%AJks.khHkkjknylxeuk Lrksduezk LrukH;ka;k r=k L;kn~ ;qofrfo"k;s l`f"Vjk|So /krq%AA2

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116 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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118 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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( 119 )

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1- i-lw- 1@1@12- ik-lw- 5@4@106

120 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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bna rfgZ iz;kstue~& vkUr;ZrfL=kek=kprqekZ=kk.kka LFkkfuuka f=kek=kprqekZ=kkvkns'kk ek HkwofÂfrA [kV~ok bUæ%] [kV~osUæ%A [kV~ok mnoaQ] [kV~oksnde~A[kV~ok bZ"kk] [kV~os"kkA [kV~ok mQ<k] [kV~oks<kA [kV~ok ,ydk] [kV~oSydkA[kV~ok vksnu%] [kV~okSnu%A [kV~ok ,sfrdk;u%] [kV~oSfrdk;u%] [kV~ok vkSixo%][kV~oksixo% bfrA2

vFkkZr~ ridj.ka u osQoye~ vkdkjkFkZe~ vfirq ,stFkZe~A ,s vkS bR;srkH;kaf=kek=kprqekZ=kk|kns'kkuka fuoÙ;Fk± ridj.ke~ vko';de~A rPpsRFke~& rijLrRdkyL;3

1- e-Hkk- o`f¼jknSp~ lw-2- e-Hkk- iLi'kk- o`f¼jknSp~ lw-3- ik-lw- 2@1@70

egkHkk";fn'kk o`f¼jknSp~ bfr lw=kfoospue~ 123

bfr lw=ks rij&ins f}fo/% lekl%A izFke% & r% ijks ;Lekr~ l rij% bfr cgqozhfg%Arkr~ ij% rij% bfr i×pehrRiq#"k% bR;kfnde~ mDRok vUrr% dFk;fr Hkk";dkj%ukfLr iz;kstua rijdj.kL;&

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( 124 )

oS;kdj.kfudk;s¿O;;infoe'kZ%& vEcjh'koqQekjfeJ%

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ln`'ka f=k"kq fyÄõs"kq lokZ"kq p foHkfDrlqAopus"kq p losZ"kq ;Â O;sfr rnO;;fefrAA (xksiFkczkã.ks 1-1-26)

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;% LoLo:ia dnkfi u ifjorZ;fr rnsokO;;infefr iQfyrkFkZ%A lEizfrvO;;kuka izfoHkkx% fØ;rsµ

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1- Lojkn;%µ

r=k ¶LojkfnfuikreO;;e~ bR;=k Lojkfnx.ks ifBrkfu Loj~] vUrj~] bR;knhfuinkfu Lojknhfu orZUrsA Lojkfnx.k% vkÑfrx.kks orZr bfr 'kCndkSLrqHkkfnxzUFks fo'knr;ksDraorZrsA x.k% f}fo/ks Hkofr izFke% fu/kZfjrx.k% f}rh;% vkÑfrx.k%A fu/kZfjrx.ks x.k&ifBr'kCnkukeso ;FkkizkIra dk;± Hkofr] ;Fkk & lokZfnx.k%A f}rh;% vkÑfrx.kks HkofrvkÑfrx.kks uke ¶vkÑR;k¾Lo:is.k x.;Urs ¾ LohfØ;Urs bR;kÑfrx.k%] ;Fkk

oS;kdj.kfudk;s¿O;;infoe'kZ% 125

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2- fuikrk%&

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d- pkn;%&

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1- v- 1-4-542- v- 1-4-563- v- 1-1-37

126 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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vonÙka fonÙka p iznÙka pkfndeZf.kAlqnÙkeuqnÙka p funÙkfefr ps";rs1AA

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[k- milxkZ%&

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milxsZ.k /kRoFkksZ cykn~ vU;=k uh;rsAizgkjkgkjlagkjfogkjifjgkjor~AA6

x- xr;%&

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1- v- 7-4-472- v- 1-1-143- v- 6-1-1254- v- 1-4-595- v- 6-1-1356- fl-dkS- i`-la- 4057- v- 1-4-61 r% 1-4-79 lw=kkf.k

?k- deZizopuh;k%&

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fØ;k;k% |ksrdks uk;a lEcU/L; u okpd%Aukfi fØ;kink{ksih lEcU/L; rq Hksnd%1AA

milxsZH;% deZizopuh;k;k% O;kikjHksn% iFko~Q fo|rsA ;Fkk ¶o{ke~ vfHk|ksrrsfo|qr~ bR;=k fo|qn~o`{k;ks% y{;y{k.kHkko:i% lEcU/% ¶vfHk¸ bfr insu |ksR;rsAmilxsZ.k rq fØ;kfo'ks"kkFkkZfHkO;fDrjso fØ;rsA milxkZ% "kRo.kRokfnfufeÙkHkwrk%] ijUrqdeZizopuh;k% f}rh;kfnizo`Ùks% fufeÙkHkwrk% bfr dk;ZHksnks¿fi i`Fko~Q fo|rsA milxkZLrq¶rs izkX/krks%2¸ bfr 'kkL=kkr~ /krks% iwoZeso iz;ksxk¿gkZ% bfr iz;ksxfu;eLrs"kka ijUrq uSodeZizopuh;kukfefr mHk;kseZè;s Hksn bfrA

3- vloZfoHkfDrrf¼rkUrk%&

v=k ¶rf¼r'pkloZfoHkfDr%¸ bfr Hkk";s ifjxf.krk% rf¼rizR;;k% vO;;&iz;kstdk%A ,rs p ¶la[;k;k% fØ;kH;k&o`fÙkx.kus ÑRolqp~ ] f}f=kprqH;Z% lqp~ ]¶,dL; lÑPp3¸ bfr bfr =k;% izR;;k%A càYikFkkZr~'kl~dkjdkn~ vU;rjL;ke~¶bR;r% enzkr~ ifjoki.ks bfr i;ZUre~4 fo/h;ekuk% izR;;k% rfl'p5] mjlks ;Pp6 bfrfofgr% 'kSf"kdLrfl%] ¶rsu rqY;a fØ;k psn~ofr%7¸ ¶r=k rL;so8¸] ¶rngZe~9¸ bfrlw=ks"kq fofgrks ofr%A fou×H;ka ukuk×kkS u lg10¸ bfr lw=ks fofgrkS uk&uk×k~izR;;kS ¶veqp PíUnfl11¸ bfr fofgr'íkUnl% ¶veq bfr izR;;%A fdesfÙkÄO;;?kkn~ bfr vkeqvnzO;izd"ksZ bfr fofgr% vkeq izR;;% bfrA ,rs"kka fooj.ka foLrjfHk;k uksP;rsA

1- ok- 2-2062- v- 1-4-803- v- 5-4-17 r% 5-4-194- v- 5-4-42 r% 5-4-675- v- 4-3-1136- v- 4-3-1147- v- 5-1-1158- v- 5-1-1169 v- 5-1-11710- v- 5-2-2711- v- 5-4-12

128 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

4- ÑnO;;kfu&

lEizfr vO;;fo"k;s ppZ;ke%A ¶ÑUestUr%1¸ bR;=kksikÙkk% ekUrk% ,tUrk'pÑRizR;;k% vO;;l×Kdk% HkofUrA ekUrizR;;k% & rqequ~] .keqy~] deqy~] [keq×izHkr;%A,tUrizR;;k%&ls&lsu~&vls&vlsu~&Dls&dlsu&vè;S&vè;Su~&dè;S&dè;u~&'kè;Su~&roS&rosÄ&osQu bR;kn;% izR;;k%A iz;S&jksfg";S&vO;fFk";S2 bR;=k fuikrukr~ fl¼kS oSQb";S&izR;;kS] ¶n'ks fo[;s p3¸ bR;=k fuikR;eku% osQ izR;;k bfrA rFkk p ¶DRokrkslqUdlqu%4¸bR;srs"kka =k;k.kkefi ÑrkeO;;Roe~ vfLrA

5- vO;;hHkkoleklkUrkfu&

vO;;hHkkoleklfo/k;dkfu lw=kkf.k vO;;l×Kdkfu HkofUrA rFkk fg &¶vO;;a foHkfDrlehilef¼O;¼~;FkkZHkkokR;;klEizfr'kCnizknqHkkZoi'pkn~;Fkk¿¿uqiwO;Z;kSx&i|lkn`';lEifÙklkdY;kUropus"kq ] ;Fkk¿lkn`';s] ;kono/kj.ks] lqIizfruk ek=kkFksZ]v{k'kykdkla[;k% ifj.kk] foHkk"kk] viifjcfgj×po% i×pE;k] vkÄ~ e;kZnk¿fHkfoè;ks%]y{k.ksuk¿fHkizfr vkfHkeq[;s] vuq;ZRle;k] ;L; pk;ke%] fr"BxqizHk`rhfu p] ikjs eè;s"k"B~;k ok] la[;k oa';su] unhfHk'p] vU;inkFksZ p l×Kk;ke~5 ,rS% lw=kS% ;s leklk%fofgrk% rs¿O;;hHkkoleklk% HkofUrA ,rs"kka lw=kfofgrlkekfldinkuke~ ¶vO;;hHkko'p6¸bR;usukO;;Roe~A ¶vO;;hHkko%7¸ bfr fyÄõkuq'kklulw=ks"kq eè;s uiqaldfyÄõRoefi'kkL=klEera orZrs bR;oxUrO;e~A vuO;;a lr~ vO;;a lEi|rs&dk;Zfo'ks"kkFkZeÄõhÑR;Hkk";s¿O;;hHkkoL;k¿O;;Ros =khf.k iz;kstukfu ¶yqo~Qeq[kLojksipkj:ikf.k ifjxf.krkfuArFkk fg&yqfxfr&¶vO;;knkIlqi%¸ bfr ¶izR;fXu 'kyHkk% irfUr¸ bR;kfn"kq lqiks yqo~QHkofrA f}rh;% eq[kLoj% & JqrkS mikfXueq[k% bR;=k ¶eq[ka LokÄõe~8¸ bfr izkIr%mÙkjinkUrksnkÙkLoj% ¶ukO;;fno~Q'kCnxksegRLFkwyeqf"ViFkqoRlsH;%9¸ bfr fuf"kè;rsA rrh;aiz;kstue~ mipkj bfrA folxZLFkkfudL; ldkjL; ¶mipkj%¸ bfr iwokZpk;Zl×KkA

1- v- 1-1-392- v- 3-4-103- v- 3-4-114- v- 1-1-405- v- 2-1-5 r% 2&1-216- v- 1-1-417- v- 2-4-188- v- 6-2-1679- v- 6-2-168

;Fkk'o%dkj%] iqu% dkj% bR;kfn"kq vr% ÑdfeoaQloqQEHkik=koqQ'kkd.khZ"ouO;;L;1 bfrldkjkns'kks u bfr =khf.k iz;kstukfu 'kkL=kdkjS#DrkfuA

¶fr"B~xqizHk`rhfu p2¸ lw=ks¿fLeu~ fr"B~xqx.ks ¶bp~ deZO;frgkjs3¸ bfr iB~;rsAvL;kFkZ% ¶bp~ deZO;frgkjs4¸ ¶f}n.M~;kfnH;'p¸ bfr lw=kkH;ka ;% deZO;frgkjs¿FksZbp~ izR;;% cgqozhfgleklkUrks fofgr% lks¿O;;hHkkol×Kdks Hkofr] bfr iQyfrA vr,o deZO;frgkjkFkZdkuka bPizR;;kUrkuka f}n.M~;kfn'kCnkuka p vO;;Rofefr leoxUrO;e~Afr"B~nxqx.kks¿fi vkÑfrx.k% rFkk p f}n.M~;kfnjkÑfrx.k bfr x.kjRuegksnf/dkj%AijUrq f}x.k~nM~;kfnjkx.kL;kÑfrx.kRoe~ vuÄõhoqQoZfUr ikf.kuh;k%] rL; fu;rx.kRoavkgq%A

fl¼kUrdkSe|kfnxzUFks"kq vfLeu~ lanHksZ ,dk yksdfoJqrk dkfjosQ;a orZrs&

¶of"V HkkxqfjjYyksieokI;ks#ilxZ;ks%Vkia pSo gyUrkuka ;Fkk okpk fu'kk fn'kkAA5¸

v;ek'k;%&

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1- v- 8-3-462- v- 2-1-173- x-lw-4- v- 5-4-1275- y-fl- i`-la-76

( 130 )

laLÑrO;kdj.kL; iz;kstue~& xtkuu/jsUæ%

'kks/PNk=k%] jkf"Vª;&laLÑr&laLFkkue~

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¶O;kfØ;Urs O;qRik|Urs 'kCnk% vususfr O;kdj.ke~A¸ laLÑrO;kdj.kijEijk;kaczãkfnr% ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tY;kfni;ZUra egkÑfr"kq fuc¼e~A vkpk;Zoj#fp% O;kdj.k&'kkL=kL; oSf'k"V~;a izfrikn;u~ rL; i×piz;kstukfu izfrikn;frA ir×tys% =k;ksn'kiz;kstukfu lfUrA rsu fg O;kdj.k'kkL=kL; furjka oSf'k"V~;ekxre~A ir×tfyuksDre~&

'kCnizek.kdk% o;e~A ;PNCnekg rnLekoaQ izek.ke~A1

HkrZgfj.kksDre~&

u lks¿fLr izR;;ks yksosQ ;% 'kCnkuqxekn`rsAvuqfo¼feo Kkua lo± 'kCnsu HkklrsAA2

vU;Pp&

vukfnfu/ua czã 'kCnrÙoa ;n{kje~AfoorZrs¿FkZHkkosu izfØ;k txrks ;r%AA3

1- egkHkk";e~ i'i'kkfÉde~2- ok-i-cz-dk-123 i`-la-1823- ok-i-cz-dk-1] i`-la-1

laLÑrO;kdj.kL; iz;kstue~ 131

okD;inh;s&

'kCnL; ifj.kkeks¿;feR;kEuk;fonks fonq%ANUnksH; ,o izFkeesrn~ fo'oa O;orZrAA1

vr% O;kdj.k'kkL=kL; iz;kstukoljs vusosQ fopkjk% nf"ViFkeorjfUr] iz;kstu&euqfí'; u eUnks¿fi izorZrs* bfr lwDR;k vL; 'kkL=kL; egÙokfu iz;kstukfu iqjr%vk;kfUr] rs"kka iz;kstukuka lÄïyua prq"kqZ Hkkxs"kq HkofrA

1) ijeijeiz;kstue~ & eks{k%A

2) ijeiz;kstue~ & vFk 'kCnkuq'kklue~A

3) iz;kstukfu & j{kksgkxey?olansgk% iz;kstue~A

4) xkS.kiz;kstukfu & rs¿lqjk%*A nq"V%'kCn%A ;n/hre~A ;Lrq iz;qÄ~DrsA vfo}kal%AfoHkfDra oqQoZfUrA ;ks ok beke~A pRokfjA mr Ro%A lDrqfeoA lkjLorhe~A n'kE;kaiq=kL;A lqnsoks¿fl o#.ksfrAA

vFk p losZ"kka iz;kstukuka Øes.kSo O;k[;ka izLrkSfe&

1) eks{k% & loZ'kkL=kon~ O;kdj.k'kkL=kL;kfi eks{k* ,o izkeq[;su iz;kstua orZrs]'kCn:ikReoaQ czãsosfr ifjKk; ekuok% eqfDriFke~ vf/xPNfUr] vr vkg¶'kCnczãf.k fu".kkr% ija czãkf/xPNfr¸A HkrZgfj.kk rq ½tqekxZ:is.kO;kdj.k'kkL=ka eks{kk; Hkofr bfr izfrikfnre~A rFkk pksDre~&

bnek|a inLFkkua flf¼lksikuioZ.kke~Ab;a eks{kek.kkukeftãk jkti¼fr%AA

vFkkZr~ bna 'kCn'kkL=ka eks{kk; vftãjkti¼fr% vfLr] rLeknè;s;a O;kdj.ke~A

2) ijeiz;kstue~ & vFk 'kCnkuq'kklue~&

Hkk";dkjks fooj.kdkjRokn~ O;kdj.kL; f}rh;a lk{kkr~ iz;kstua onfr ¶vFk'kCnkuq'kklue~ bfr] ;|fi vijs vkpk;kZ% ;r~ 'kkL=kkjEHkiz;kstulwpoaQ Hkxor%dkR;k;uL; okfÙkZdesrr~ bfrA Hkk";dkjL;Srn~O;kdj.kiz;kstuizn'kZuokD;fefronUrkS oSQ;Vukxs'kkS rq HkzkUrkS ,osfr vkgq%A Hkk";dkjs.k okfÙkZoaQ fofoz;rs ;r~vFksR;;a 'kCnks¿f/dkjkFkZ% iz;qT;rsA 'kCnkuq'kklua uke 'kkL=kef/Ñra osfnrO;e~AA

vf/dkj%¾izLrko%] vFkkZr~ izkjEHkL; |ksrd% v;eFk'kCn%] fuikrkuk×p |ksrdRoaokD;inh;s fu.khZra orZrsA O;kdj.kL; psneUoFk± uke 'kCnkuq'kklufefr] v=k"k"BhrRiq#"klekl%] v=k drqZjuqiknkukr~ mHk;izkIrkS deZf.k* bR;usu "k"Bh u]vfirq drZdeZ.kks% Ñfr* bR;usuSo "k"Bh Hkofr rFkk p lekl% 'kCnkuq'kklufefrA

1- ok-i-cz-dk-120 i`-la-177

132 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

v=k ^deZf.k p* bR;usu fu"ks/ks u mHk;izkIrkS deZf.k bR;L;So fu"ks/de~lw=kfenefLr] lw=kkuqiwfoZ?kfVrRokr~A

;|fi ikf.kfuuk ¶czkã.ksu fu"dkj.kks /eZ%¸ bR;kfnJqrs% lUè;ksiklukfnor~mÙkekf/dkfjizo`fÙklaHkokRiz;kstua uksDre~A dkR;k;usukfi ¶'kkL=kiwoZosQ iz;ksxsèkeZ%¸ bR;usu eè;ekf/dkfj.k% ijeiz;kstua nf'kZre~A Hkk";dkjLrq fooj.kdkj&RokUeUnkf/dkfj.kka izoÙk;s O;kdj.kL; lk{kkr~ iz;kstua onfr&vFk 'kCnkuq'kklue~A¶osQ"kka 'kCnkuke~ ykSfddkuka oSfndkuk×pA r=k ykSfddk% rkon~ xkSj'o% iq#"kksgLrh 'koqQfueZxks czkã.k bfrAA oSfndk% [kYofi&'kÂks nsohjfHk"V;sA bR;kfnArr% Hkk";dkjs.k mikÙks"kq 'kCnleqnk;s"kq eè;s LFkkyhiqykdU;k;su xkS'kCns vk'kfÄ~Dra;r~ vFk&xkSfjR;=k d% 'kCn%\ fl¼kUr:is.k mÙkfjra ;r~ lkLukykÄwyd&oqQn[kqjfo"kkf.kuka lEizR;;ks Hkofr l 'kCn bfrA

vFkok& izrhrinkFkZdks yksosQ èofu% 'kCn bR;qP;rs bfr lek/kukUrjefi nÙkaorZrsA izrhr'pklkS inkFkZ'p izrhrinkFkZ% l ,o izrhrinkFkZd% LokFksZ ^du~*inkFkZinL; rn~cks/osQ y{k.kk rnsoa izfl¼ks xokfninkFkZcks/d bR;FkksZ yH;rsAv=k èofu'kCnsu ddkjkfno.kkZRedks èofu% x`árs yksosQ insu v=k O;ogkjdrZ"kqeè;s bR;FkZ%A r|Fkk&^'kCna oqQ#* ek 'kCna dk"khZ%] 'kCndk;Z;a ek.kod% bfrèofua oqQoZÂsoeqP;rs rLekn~èofu% 'kCn%A v=k ^bR;qP;rs* bR;usuk¿fLeu~ i{ksHkk";Ñrk & vukLFkk lwP;rsA vr% 'kCnkuke~ vuq'kklueso O;kdj.kL; lk{kkr~iz;kstua orZrs rLeknso O;kdj.kL; vijÂke 'kCn'kkL=kfefrA

3) iz;kstukfu&j{kksgkxey?olansgk% iz;kstue~& Hkxoku~ Hkk";dkj% iz;kstu:is.kj{kk mQg vkxe y?kq vlansgk% bfr i×p iz;kstukfu izksDroku~A

j{kk& j{kkFk± osnkukeè;s;a O;kdj.ke~A yksik¿¿xeo.kZfodkjKks fg lE;Xosnku~ifjikyf;";rhfrAA

mQg%&mQg% [kYofi u loSZ% fyÄõS% l p lokZfHkfoZHkfDrfHkZosns eU=kk% fuxfnrk%Ars pk¿o';a ;Kxrsu iq#"ks.k ;Fkk;Fka foifj.kef;rO;k% rkÂkoS;kdj.k% 'kDuksfr;Fkk;Fka foifj.kef;rqe~A rLeknè;s;a O;kdj.ke~AA

vkxe%&vkxe% [kYofi&czkã.ksu fu"dkj.kks /eZ% "kMÄõks osnks¿è;srO;% Ks;'psfrAiz/kua "kMÄõs"kq O;kdj.ke~A iz/kus p Ñrks ;Ru% iQyoku~ HkofrA

y?kq%&y?oFk± pkè;s;a O;kdj.ke~A czkã.ksuk¿o';a 'kCnk Ks;k% bfrA u pk¿Urjs.kO;kdj.ka y?kquksik;su 'kCnk% 'kD;k% Kkrqe~A

vlUnsg%&vlUnsgkFk± pkè;s;a O;kdj.ke~A ;kfKdk% iBfUr&LFkwyi`"krhekfXu&ok:.kheuM~okghekyHksrsfrA rL;ka lUnsg%&LFkwyk pklkS i`"krh p LFkwyi`"krhLFkwykfu ok i"kUrh ;L;k ls;a LFkwyi"krhfr\ rka uk¿oS;kdj.k% Lojrks¿è;oL;fr

;fn iwoZinizÑfrLojRoa rrks cgqozhfg%A vFk leklkUrksnkÙkRoa rrLrRiq#"k bfrA

,oa izdkjs.k i×piz;kstukfu Hkk";dkjs.k izR;ikfnA ee lÄ~x`ghr&iz;kstus"kqr`rh;Øes ,rkfu orZUrsA rnuUrje=k 'kh"kZosQ vfUreks fcUnq% xkS.kiz;kstukfu bfr orZrs]O;kdj.k'kkL=kL; =k;ksn'k&vkuq"kfÄõdiz;kstukfu fo|Urs] Øes.kk=k fuoZfPe&

1) rs¿lqjk%&rs¿lqjk% bfr izFkea xkS.kiz;kstue~& rs¿lqjk gsy;ks gsy; bfr oqQoZUr%ijkcHkwoqLrLekn~ czkã.ksu u EysfPNroS ukiHkkf"kroS] EysPNks g ok ,"k ;ni'kCn%Avr% vè;srO;a O;kdj.ke~A

2) nq"V% 'kCn%& bna f}rh;a xkS.kiz;kstue~&

nq"V% 'kCn% Lojrks o.kZrks ok feF;k iz;qDrks u reFkZekgAl okXotzks ;tekua fgufLr ;FksUæ'k=kq% Lojrks¿ijk/kr~AA1

,oa :is.k Hkk";dkj% n`"VkUra izLrqroku~ v=k bUnz'k=kq% nq"V'kCniz;ksxkn~ Lo;esou"V%A nq"Vku~ 'kCnku~ ek iz;q{efg bfr vè;s;a O;kdj.ke~A

3) ;n/hre~&

;n/hre~ vfoKkra fuxnusuSo 'kC|rsAvuXukfoo 'kq"oSQ/ksA u rTToyfr dfgZfpr~AA

rLekr~ vuFkZoaQ ekf/xh"eghR;è;s;a O;kdj.ke~AA

4) ;Lrq iz;qÄ~Drs&

;Lrq iz;qÄ~Drs oqQ'kyks fo'ks"ks 'kCnkU;Fkko};ogkjdkysA lks¿uUrekIuksfr t;aij=k okX;ksxfoíq";fr pki'kCnS%A (nq";fr pki'kCnS%) d%A okX;ksxfonsoA oqQr,rr~\A ;ks fg 'kCnk×tkukR;I'kCnkuI;lkS tkukfrA ;FkSo fg 'kCnKkus èkeZ%],oei'kCnKkus¿I;/eZ%AA vFk ok Hkw;ku/eZ% izkIuksfrA Hkw;kalks¿i'kCnk% vYih;kal%'kCnk bfrA ,oSQdL; fg 'kCnL; cgoks¿iHkza'kk%A r|Fkk&^xks* fjR;L; 'kCnL;&xkoh xks.kh xksrk xksiksrfyosQR;kn;ks cgoks¿iHkza'kk%A vFk ;ks¿okX;ksxfon~ KkuarL; 'kj.ke~AA vr% lE;x~ iz;ksxk% Hkos;qfjfr rnFkZeè;s;a O;kdj.ke~A

5) vfo}kal%&bnefi xkS.kiz;kstua fo|rsA vfHkoknukfn"kq oSijhR;a u L;kr~ bR;srnFkZ&eè;s;a O;kdj.ka rFkk p Hkk";dkjksI;kg&

vfo}kal% izR;fHkokns ukEuks ;s u Iyqfra fonq%Adkea rs"kq rq foizks"; L=khf"ook;ega onsr~AA2

vfHkokns L=khor~ ekHkwr~ bR;srnFkZeè;s;a O;kdj.ke~A

1- egkHkk";&iznhi&izdk'k% izFkeks Hkkx% i`-la-212- egkHkk";&iznhi&izdk'k% izFkeks Hkkx% i`-la-31

134 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

6) foHkfDra oqQoZfUr&bna "k"Ba iz;kstue~A oqQ=k dhn`'kh foHkfDr% iz;ksDrO;k bfrKkuk; vè;s;a O;kdj.ke~ v=k Hkk";dkj% czohfr&;kfKdk% iBfUr&^iz;ktk%lfoHkfDrdk% dk;kZ%* bfrA u pkUrjs.k O;kdj.ka iz;ktk% lfoHkfDrdk% 'kD;k%drqZe~A vr% vè;s;a O;kdj.ke~A

7) ;ks ok beke~&;ks ok beka in'k% Loj'kks¿{kj'k'p okpa fon/kfr l vkfRoZthuksHkofrA vkfRoZthuk% L;ke bR;è;s;a O;kdj.ke~A

8) pRokfj&

pRokfj Ük`Äõk =k;ks vL; iknk}s 'kh"ksZ lIr gLrk lks vL;Af=k/k c¼ks o`"kHkks jksjohfrAegks nsoks eR;k± vkfoos'kAA1

bR;usu ekè;esu O;kdj.k}kjk eks{kRoa Li"VhÑrfefrA

9) mrRo%&bna uoea iz;kstua O;kdj.kL;] v=k onfr Hkk";dkj%&^mr Ro% i';Ânn'kZ okpeqr Ro Ük`.oÂ Ük`.kksR;suke~A*

mrks RoLeS rUoa folÏsAtk;so iR; m'krh lqoklk%AA

vFkkZr~ tk;k ;Fkk iR;s dke;ekuk lqoklk% LoekRekua foo`.kqrs] ,oa okfXonsLokRekua foo.kqrs] ,oa okXokfXonsA okÄ~uks foo.kq;kr~ vkRekufeR;è;s;a O;kdj.ke~A

10) lDrqfeo&Hkk";dkj% vkg&

^lDrqfeo frrmuk iquUrks;=k /hjk eulk okpeØrAv=kk l[kk;% l[;kfu tkursHkæS"kka y{ehfuZfgrkf/okfpAA2*

^lDrq*&lprsnqZ/kZoks Hkofr] dlrsokZ foijhrkf}dflrks HkofrA frrm*&ifjiouaHkofr&rro}k rqÂo}k rqÂo}kA /hjk*&è;kuoUr%A eulk*&izKkusuA okpeØr*&okpeÑ"krA v=kk l[kk;% l[;kfu tkurs*A

11) lkjLorhe~&

;kfKdk% iBfUr&^vkfgrkfXuji'kCna iz;qT; izk;f'pÙkh;ka lkjLorhfef"VafuoZisfnfrAA izk;f'pÙkh;k ek Hkwes* R;è;s;a O;kdj.ke~A lkjLorhe~A

1- egkHkk";&iznhi&izdk'k% izFkeks Hkkx% i`-la-352- egkHkk";&iznhi&izdk'k% i`-la-41

12) n'kE;ka iq=kL;&}kn'ka iz;kstue~

;kfKdk% iBfUr&^n'kE;qÙkjdkya iq=kL; tkrL; uke fonè;k¼ks"konk|UrjUr%LFkeo¼a f=kiq:"kkuwdeufjizfrf"Bra] rf¼ izfrf"Brrea Hkofr] };{kja prqj{kja okuke Ñra oqQ;kZÂ rf¼re~ bfr u pkUrjs.k O;kdj.ka ÑrLrf¼rk ok 'kD;kfoKkrqe~A n'kE;ka iq=kL;kA

13) lqnsoks vfl&

lqnsoks vfl o#.k! ;L; rs lIr flU/o%Avuqj{kfUr dkoqQna lwE;± lqf"kjkfeoAA

lqnsoks vfl o#.k!&lR;nsoks¿flA ;L; rs lIr flU/o%*A lIr foHkDr;%Avuq{kjfUr dkoqQne~*A dkoqQna&rkyqA dkoqQftZàk lk¿fLeÂq|r bfr dkoqQne~*A^lwE;± lqf"kjkfeo*A r|Fkk&'kksHkukewfr± lqf"kjkefXujUr% izfo'; ngR;soa rs lIrflU/o% lIrfoHkDr;LrkYouq{kjfUrA rsuk¿fl lR;nso%A lR;nsok% L;kes* R;è;s;aO;kdj.ke~A lqnsoks vflA

,oa izdkjs.k fuca/s¿fLeu~ egkHkk";ek/kjhÑR; vFk xq:ijEijke~ vfèkÑR;iz;kstukuka oxhZdj.ka fofgre~] 'kCnkuq'kkluL; egn~oSf'k"V~;a orZrs] vrks fu"d"kZ:is.kdFkf;rqa 'kDuqeks ;r~ laLÑrHkk"kk;k% O;kdj.keso iw.k± ;=k ;fYy[;rs rnsoksPpk;Zrs],dks fu;e% loZ=kA bR;kfndefi laLÑrHkk"kk;k% oSf'k"V~;a orZrsA vr% mDr×p&

;|fi cgquk/h"ks rFkkfi iB iq=k O;kdj.ke~ALotu% 'otuks ek Hkwr ldya 'kdya lÑPNÑr~AA

AA bfr 'ke~ AA

( 136 )

O;×tuko`fÙkfoe'kZ%& MkW- jktoqQekjfeJ%

lafonk vè;kid] eq-Lok-ih-]jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku

'kks/i=ks¿fLeu~ èoU;kyksdfn'kk O;×tukofÙk fo"k;s vuqlU/k=kk foospuaÑre~A

O;×tukofÙk% dkO;L; izeq[kks O;kikjks orZrsA b;a ofÙk% dkO;kykspoSQ% lkfgR;&'kkL=kfof‰jkfo"ÑrkA v;eso egkdos% eq[;ks O;kikj%A dfo% ykSfddkykSfddku~ okinkFkkZu~ dkO;s o.kZ;fr ijURo=kkfi ;fn dfouk ;Fkkn`"V% Jqrks ok vFkZ% dkO;s rFkSoo.;Zrs rfgZ u dks¿fi peRdkj% vk;kfrA vrks¿=k dfo% Lodh;;k izfrHk;k peRdkj&ekn/kfrA peRÑfrj=k vkuUnL; okfpdkAA ;Fkkgq% vfHkuoxqIriknkpk;kZ% ykspusvkuUnks fuoZR;kRek peRdkjkiji;kZ;%1A dkfynklkfnizHk`rhuka egkdkO;a dkO;k&yksposQH;% vkuUna nnkfr] l vkuUn% u okP;okpdHkkosu] u y{;y{kdHkkosu vfirqizrh;ekukFkZefgEuSo vk;kfrA izrh;ekukFkksZ¿lkS ukfHk/ko`Ù;k] u pkfi y{k.k;k cksè;rs;rksfg vfHk/k lk{kkr~ laosQfrreFk± cks/;frA ;L; 'kCnL; ;fLeÂFksZ lk{kkr~ laosQrks¿&lkofHk/k;k% fo"k;%A ;|fi y{k.kk okP;kFkkZfrfjDreFk± cks/;fr rFkkI;s"kk okP;kFkZ&lEc¼esokFk± izR;k;fr uklEc¼eFkZe~A vr ,okfHk/kiqPNHkwrk y{k.kk mDrk Jhef‰j&fHkuoxqIniknS%2A

èoU;kyksdL; izFkedkfjdk;ka dkO;L;kRek èofufjfr xzUFkdkjk% vkgq%] vL;k%dkfjdk;k% O;k[;k oqQoZrk vfHkuoxqIrsu fuxfnre~A vkRe'kCnL; rÙo'kCnsukFk±foo`.oku% lkjRoeij'kkCnoS{k.;dkfjRoa p n'kZ;fr3A vFkkZn~ v;a izrh;ekukFkZ%dkO;L; izeq[ka rÙoefLr] vLekr~ dkj.kknso dkO;a ykSfddokD;sH;%] ,oeso oSfnd&okD;sH;% foy{k.ka orZrsA v=k dkO;s oSy{k.;lEikfndk o`fÙk% O;×tuk vfLrAvfHkèkky{k.kkH;ka fuf'prL;SokFkZL; cks/kukr~ ehekalkfn"kV~'kkL=ks"kq ,r;ks% };ks:i;ksx%A

1- ykspus i`"B 372- ykspus i`"B 1593- ykspus i`"B 9

O;×tuko`fÙkfoe'kZ% 137

ijUrq lân;ân;kÈknosQ dkO;s izrh;ekukFkZL; ijekÈkndRosu LohÑrRoknfHkèkky{k.kkH;kau fuokZg%A v;a O;Äõ;kFkZ% ;su osQukfi 'kCnsu u cqè;rs vfirq vL; O;Äõ;kLFkZL;izdk'kd% d'pu ,o 'kCnks orZrsA ;Fkkg vkuUno/Zu% èoU;kyksosQ&

lks¿FkZLr};fDrlkeF;Z;ksxh 'kCn'p d'pu;Rur% izR;fHkKs;kS rkS 'kCnkFkkSZ egkdos%A1

vr,o vL; fof'k"VkFkZL; izdk'kuk; d'pu fof'k"V% dkO;O;kikj% vkyÄïkfjoSQ%LohÑr%A l p O;kikj% O;×tukO;kikjks orZrsA ,rL;k% O;×tuk;k% y{k.kfeRFka fofgraxqIriknS%A rPNfDr=k;ksitfurkFkkZoxeewytkrrRizfrHkklifof=krizfriÙk`izfrHkk&lgk;kFkZ|ksru'kfDrèoZuuO;kikj%2 vFkkZr~ mDr'kfDr=k;ksitfurks¿FkkZoxe ,o ewyarLekTtkrk] rL;SokFkZL; izfrHkklsu fujUrjizfriÙ;k ifof=krks ;% vkSfpR;ksn~cksèksulaLÑr%izfriÙkk] rL; ;k izfrHkk] rRlgk;k vFkZL; iz;kstukfny{k.kL; |ksru'kfDr% èouuO;kikj%A

;Fkk èoU;kyksosQ&

mDR;Urjs.kk'kD;a ;ÙkPpk:Roa izdk'k;u~'kCnks O;×tdrka fcHkzn~èoU;qDrsZfo"k;h Hkosr~A3

vU;k mfDr% mDR;Urja rsu mDR;Urjs.k izdk'kf;rqe~ v'kD;a ;Ppk:Roa izdk'k;u~'kCnks O;×tdrka fcHkzn~ èofuO;ins'kHkkx~ HkofrA lkfgR;niZ.kdkjL; fo'oukFkL;y{k.kfeRFkefLr&

fojrkLofHk/k|klq ;;k¿FkksZ cksè;rs ij%Alk o`fÙkO;Ztuk uke 'kCnL;kFkkZfndL; p4AA

vfHk/k|klq vfHk/ky{k.kkrkRi;kZfRedklq frl`"oso o`fÙk"kq fojrklq] Loa LoeFk±cks/f;Rok fuoÙkO;kikjklq lrh"kq ;;k oÙ;k vijks¿fHk/s;kfnO;frfjDr% oLRoyadkjjl&y{k.kks¿FkksZ cqè;rs lk 'kCnL; vFkZL; p o`fÙk% O;×tuk ukfedk mP;rsA bRFka pvfHkèks;kfnfHkÂkFkksZiLFkkidofÙkRoa O;×tukRofefrA dkO;s okP;kFkZLrq osQoyeqik;&ek=keso orZrs vkSif;dks¿FkZLrq izrh;eku ,oA dkO;K% rkoUra okP;kFk± xzg.kkfr ;koulkSokP;kFkZ% izrh;ekukFkZizdk'kus lgdkfjrkeoyEcsrA v;a izrh;ekukFkZ% egkdohuke~ok.kh"kq fof'k"Va LFkkua /kj;frA ;r% O;Äõ;O;×tdkH;keso lqiz;qDrkH;ka egkdfoRoykHkksegkdfouke~A ;Fkk èoU;kyksosQ&

1- èoU;kyksosQ 972- i`"B ykspus 603- èoU;kyksosQ i`"B 1554- lkfgR;niZ.ks i`"B 53

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fyÄFkZekg&izsj.kknkoFksZ fyÄ~ HkofrA ¶fofèkfueU=k.kkeU=k.kkèkh"VlEiz'uizkFkZus"kqfyÄ~ 5 bfr lw=kkr~A r=k fof/%&izsj.ke~] HkR;knsfuZÑ"VL; izoÙkZue~A fueU=k.ke~&fu;ksxdj.ke~]vko';osQ Jk¼HkkstuknkS nkSfg=kkns% izoÙkZue~ izsj.ksR;FkZ%A vkeU=k.ke~&dkepkjkuqKk]vèkh"Ve~&lRdkjiwoZdks O;kikj%] lEiz'u%&lEiz/kj.ke~] vuqefrokZA ;Fkk&vkxPNrqHkoku~ tya x`Êkrq] xPNfr psr~ Hkoku~ xPNfRoR;kn;%A

,rPprq"V;kuqxrizoÙkZukRosu okP;rk] yk?kokr~A rnqDre~µ

vfLr izorZuk:ieuqL;wra prq"oZfiAr=kSo fyÄ~fo/krO;% foaQ HksnL; foo{k;kAA

U;k;O;qRiknukFk± ok izi×pkFkZeFkkfi okAfo¼Ôknhukeqiknkua prq.kkZekfnr% Ñre~AA6

izorZukRoa p&izo`fÙktudKkufo"k;rkoPNsndRoe~A rPps"Vlk/uRoL;k¿Lrhfrrnso foè;FkZ%A u rq Ñfrlkè;Roa rL; ;kxknkS ,o ykHkkfnR;U;yH;Rokr~A u pcyonfu"VkuuqcfU/Roa] }s"kkHkkosukU;Fkkfl¼Rokr~A7

vkfLrddkeqdL; ujdlk/urkKkun'kk;keI;qRdVsPN;k }s"kkHkkon'kk;ka izoÙksO;Z&fHkpkjkPpA rLekfn"Vlk/uRoeso izorZukA8

1- ikf.kfu&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A1622- ikf.kfu&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A173- dkS.MHkV~V&oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkj%@ydkjkFkZfu.kZ;%A4- ikf.kfu&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A2A1115- ikf.kfu&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A11616- dkS.MHkV~V&oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkj%@ydkjkFkZfu.kZ;%A7- ikf.kfu&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A1738- ikf.kfu&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A156

146 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

izsj.kknkfoR;=k vkfnuk vkf'k";FksZ gsrqgsrqen~Hkkos pk¿FksZ fyÄ~ HkorhR;FkZ%A

yqÄFkZekg&Hkwrs&HkwrlkekU;s¿FksZ yqÄ~ Hkofr] ¶Hkwrs 1 bR;f/ÑR; ¶yqÄ~ 2 bfrlw=kkr~A v=k fo|ekuèoalizfr;ksfxRoa HkwrRoe~A rPp fØ;k;ka fuckZ/fefr fo|ekus¿fi?kVs] ?kVks¿Hkwfnfr iz;ksx%A fo|ekuèoalizfr;ksxh ?kVkfHkÂkJ;d% mRiÙ;k|uqowQyks O;kikjbfr cks/%A

dkyks f}fo/%&v|ruks¿u|ru'pA vk|fL=kfo/%&HkwrHkfo";}rZekuHksnkr~A vUR;ksf}fo/%&Hkwrks Hkfo";PpA r=k orZekus yV~A HkwrRoek=ks yqÄ~A Hkfo";Ùkkek=ks yV~A gsrqgsrq&en~Hkkok|f/dkFkZfoo{kk;keu;ksyZÄ~A vu|rus HkwrRosu foof{krs yÄ~] r=kSo ijks{kRo&foo{kk;ka fyV~A rkn`'ks Hkfo";fr yqV~A

yÄFkZekg&lÙ;kfefrA fØ;k vfrifÙk%&vfu"ifÙkLrL;ka xE;ekuk;ka] Hkwrs] Hkkfofugsrqgsrqen~Hkkos lfr y`fÄR;FkZ%] ¶fyÄ~fufeÙks y`Ä~fØ;kfriÙkkS 3 bfr lw=kkr~A fyÄksfufeÙka gsrqen~HkkokfnA ;Fkk&lqof"V'psnHkfo";r~ lqfHk{keHkfo";r~A ofÉ'psr~ izkTofy";&nksnuei{;fnR;kn;%A v=k oÉÔfHkÂkJ;dizToyukuqowQyO;kikjkHkko iz;ksT;kSnukfHkÂk&J;dfofDyÙ;uqowQyO;kikjkHkko bfr 'kkCncks/%A

1- rnso] 3A2A1102- rnso] 3A2A1103- rnso] 3A3A139

( 147 )

frfFk&funsZ'k % ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ lUnHkZ esa& MkW- vi.kkZ /hj

vflLVsUV izksisQlj] bu~fLV~V;wV vkWiQ,sM~okULV lkbkUlhl] MkVZeksFk] ;w-,l-,-

bl 'kks/i=k esa vuqlU/krk us vusd LFkyksa ls ysdj frfFk osQ fo"k;esa fopkj fd;k] fo'ks"kdj czkã.k xzUFkksa lsA

ekuo thou tUedky ls e`R;qi;ZUr dky* vFkkZr~ le; }kjk fu;fU=kr jgrkgSA deZdk.M iz/ku oSfnd laLÑfr esa ;K dh liQyrk osQ fy, ½f"k us dky osQlw{ekfrlw{e foHkktu dks Hkh vius fpUru esa fy;k gSA bl fopkj/kjk osQ izR;{k n'kZudeZdk.M osQ loksZÙke izfriknd ;tqosZnh; czkã.k xzUFkksa esa gksrs gSaA 'kqDy;tqosZnh;'kriFk czkã.k vkSj Ñ".k;tqosZnh; rSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa vkdk'kh; fi.Mksa }kjk izHkkfordky osQ vo;oksa vFkkZr~ laoRlj] ½rq] ekl] frfFk] vgksjk=k vkfn ls lEc¼ xgufpUru gSA ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa dfFkr bu lHkh vo;oksa esa ls izLrqr 'kks/&i=k esaosQoy frfFk&fo'ys"k.k ij gh izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA

frfFk osQ fo"k; esa vkjEHk djus ls iwoZ mYys[kuh; gS fd ;tqosZnh; czkã.kxzUFkksa esa frfFk* 'kCn dk loZFkk vHkko gSA eSdMkWuy vkSj dhFk us Hkh bl er dkleFkZu fd;k gSA1 osQoy ,srjs; czkã.k gh ,slk czkã.kdkyhu xzUFk gS] ftlesa frfFkdk y{k.k fn;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ pUnzek osQ vLr ,oa mn; gksus osQ dky dks frfFk* dgkgSA2 lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa esa dg ldrs gS fd pUnzek dh xfr ls izHkkfor dky dh bdkbZ^frfFk* dgykrh gSA orZeku le; esa pkUnz&ekl dk rhlok¡ Hkkx vFkok pUnzek dh,d dyk ^frfFk* dgh tkrh gSA3

1- (vuq-) jkeoqQekj jk;] oSfnd b.MsDl] pkS[kEck fo|kHkou] okjk.klh] 1962]Hkkx&1] i`- 345

2- ;ka i;ZLrfe;knH;qfn;kfnfr l frfFk%A ,srjs; czkã.k 23-103- "A lunar day (30th part of a whole lunation of rather more than 27 solar

days).", Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Bharatiya Granth

Niketan, Delhi, 2004, p.446; ¶pUnzdykesdka ;% dkyfo'ks"k% lk frfFk%A¸]okpLiR;e~] pkS[kEck laLÑr lhjht+] okjk.klh] 1990] prqFkZ Hkkx] i`- 3291

148 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

3600 ÷ 30 ¾ 120 (pUnzek dh ,d dyk)

120 ¾ ,d frfFk

ek/okpk;Z us frfFk* 'kCn ruq /krq ls fu"iÂ ekuk gSA muosQ vuqlkj pUnzek dhiw.kZ vkSj {k; gksus okyh dyk dk foLrkj djus okyk dky frfFk* dgykrk gSA1 ,slkekuk x;k gS fd lw;Z ls laxe osQ vuUrj tc pUnzek ckjg va'k osQ vUrj esa gksrkgS] rc izfr ckjg va'k dh ,d&,d frfFk gksrh gS2 vFkkZr~ izR;sd ckjg va'k vkxsgh tkus ij ,d frfFk c<+rh tkrh gSA frfFk&pØ dks bl izdkj tkuk tk ldrk gS3µ

00&&&120&&&240&&&360&&&>1800&&&1920&&&2040&&&>3600

(iw.kZeklh) (vekoL;k)

'kriFk vkSj rSfÙkjh; czkã.k osQoy pUnzek dh [kxksyh; xfrfof/;ksa vFkkZr~mlosQ mn;&vLr] pUnz&dykvksa] mlosQ lw;Z ls la;ksx] ml la;ksx ls mRiÂvekoL;k&iw.kZeklh osQ dkj.kksa ls gh ifjfpr gSA dg ldrs gS fd orZeku dky esaizkIr frfFk dk Lo:i bu czkã.kksa ls iw.kZr% fHkÂ gSA ijorhZ&dky esa T;ksfr"k xzUFkksaesa frfFk;ksa dh uank] Hknzk vkfn laKk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA lkFk gh izR;sd frfFk osQLokeh rFkk muosQ iQy&dFku dk o.kZu Hkh izkIr gS (nz"VO;&vkFkoZ.k T;ksfr"kizdkj.k&6_ ukjn&lafgrk prqFkksZ¿è;k;_ eqgwrZfpUrkef.k 'kqHkk'kqHkizdj.k bR;kfnA) ijUrq;tqosZnh; czkã.k xzUFkksa esa bl izdkj frfFk;ksa dh laKkvksa ,oa muosQ Lokfe;ksa dk dFkudnkfi ugha gSA ijorhZ&dky osQ leku izLrqr czkã.kksa esa {k;* frfFk dh ppkZ Hkh ughagSA ;|fi bu czkã.kksa esa orZeku&dky osQ leku izfrink] f}rh;k vkfn frfFk;ksa dkizpyu ugha Fkk rFkkfi ml dky esa ½f"k us vius iz;kstu gsrq oqQN&oqQN frfFk;ksadk ukedj.k vo'; izkjEHk fd;kA rRdkyhu izpfyr frfFkokpd 'kCnksa dk mYys[kgh bl vè;;u esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

1- frfFk'kCnLruksrs---o/Zekuka {kh;ek.kka ok] pUnzdykesdka ;% dkyfo'ks"k% lk frfFk%Adkyek/o] r`rh; izdkj] pkS[kEck laLÑr laLFkku] okjk.klh] 2005] i`- 92

2- gfjnÙk 'kekZ] T;ksfr"k fo'o&dks'k] lqcks/ ifCyosQ'kUl] fnYyh] 2000] i`-2443- "A tithi is the daily phase of the moon. For example, at new moon

(amavasya) the sun and the moon are separated by zero degress. We cansay they overlap. As they begin to separate the first tithi begins when thesun and the moon have separated by 12 degrees. The moon is now a tinyalmost inperceptible sliver. The secone tithi begins when they are sepa-rated by 36 degrees. The digit of the moon is now clearly visible. And soit goes until the sun and moon have separated by 180 degress. This tithi iscalled full moon, purnima.",http://www.sanskrit.org/www/astronomy/hinducalender.html

frfFk&funsZ'k % ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ lUnHkZ esa 149

rSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa Ñ".ki{k dh vfUre jkf=k vFkkZr~ vekoL;k osQ fy,^dkenq?kk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA1 fuoZpu dh n`f"V ls 'kriFk czkã.k esa ^vekolfr* }kjk vekoL;k* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk nh xbZ gSA dFku gS fd vekoL;k dh jkrdks pUnzek u iwoZ esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj u if'pe esa ijUrq og bl yksd esa vkdjtyksa vkSj vks"kf/;ksa es izfo"V dj tkrk gSA vr% ,slk ekuuk pkfg, fd nsorkvksa dkvÂ gksus osQ dkj.k vekoL;k dh jkr pUnzek ;gk¡ nsorkvksa osQ lkFk jgrk gS blhfy,vek olfr ls vekoL;k* uke iM+kA2 'kriFk esa izfrikfnr vekoL;k osQ bl vFkZ dhO;qRifÙk ek/okpk;Z us vek* vkSj olq* }kjk ekuh gSA mUgksaus vek dks lgHkko* vFkZesa rFkk olq dks bUnz* ,oa pUnz* vFkZ esa xzg.k fd;k gSA3 blls nks vFkks± dks Kkr fd;ktk ldrk gSA izFker% ftl jkr tyksa vkSj vks"kf/;ksa osQ lkFk (vek) pUnz (olq)jgrk gS] mls ^vekoL;k* dgrs gSA f}rh;r% o`=k osQ o/ osQ ckn tc bUnz (olq)nsorkvksa osQ ikl vk x;k] rc nsorkvksa us dgk ¶gekjk (vek) olq (bUnz) tks pykx;k Fkk] vkt lkFk jgrk gS 4 blhfy, pUnzek dks nsorkvksa dk olq*5 dgk gSA blizdkj 'kriFk esa vekoL;k dh mDr nks O;qRifÙk;ksa dks dkyek/o }kjk ljyrk ls Kkrfd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d vU; er osQ vuqlkj vekoL;k* 'kCn dk izfriknu feyrkgS&v>ek>oL;k vFkkZr~ ;gk¡ v* udjkRed gS] ek* pUnzek dk |ksrd vkSj oL;k*dk vFkZ (√ol) fuokl tkuuk pkfg,A6 vkIVs esa vek $ ol~ $ ;r~ ls vekoL;kdh O;qRifÙk dgh gSA7

O;qRifÙk osQ vfrfjDr vekoL;k osQ Lo:i osQ fo"k; esa dbZ er bu czkã.k&xzUFkksa esa dgs x;s gSaA 'kriFk esa vekoL;k dk vFkZ nwj gksuk ekuk x;k gSA dfFkr gSfd tc bUnz us o`=k dks ekjdj iki dks nwj fd;k] rc nsorkvksa us bUnz dks jl vFkkZr~

1- rS-czk- 3-10-1-1 (rSfÙkjh; czkã.k)2- ---ás"kka r|ns"k ,rka jkf=kfegkek olfr rLeknekokL;k ukeA 'k-czk- 1-6-4-5 ('kriFk

czkã.k & ekè;fUnuh)3- vek olqjL;kfeR;ekokL;sfrA dkyek/o] prqFkZ izdj.k] i`- 4084- rs nsok vczqou~A vek oS uks¿| olqoZlfr ;ks u% izkoRlhfnfr----A 'k-czk- 1-6-4-35- ---ls oS nsokuka oLoÂe~----A 'k-czk- 1-6-4-56- ¶The etymology of the word is clear from the combination of vek and

oL;k : v in the sense of 'negation' and ek µ a condensed form of pUnzekand oL;k > the root ol (fuokls) 'to dwell' i.e. that night in which the

moon is not visible.", Nargis Verma, The Etymologies In the Satapatha

Brahmana, Nag Publishers, Delhi, 1991, p. 127

7- okeu f'kojke vkIVs] laLÑr&fgUnh dks'k] pkS[kEck fo|kHkou] okjk.klh] 2007]i`- 74

150 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

lkÂkÕ; }kjk izlÂ fd;kA okLro esa ;g lkÂkÕ; iw.kZeklh dks cuk;k tkrk gS vkSjvekoL;k dks gfo :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA blh izdkj tc pUnz {kh.k gksus yxrk gS]rc ekuuk pkfg, fd nso bl pk¡n dks [kkus okys gSaA1 pw¡fd ;g pUnzek nsorkvksa dkvÂ gS blhfy, vekoL;k osQ fnu ;g pUnzek u iwoZ esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj u ghif'pe esaA2 fe=k vkSj o#.k dks i{k ekudj o.kZu gS fd vekoL;k osQ fnu ;g fe=kvkSj o#.k nksuksa fey tkrs gSa vFkkZr~ vekoL;k dh jkr dks fe=k o#.k esa oh;Z dksflaprk] ftlls pUnzek iqu% mRiÂ gksrk gSA iqu% mRiÂ gksdj pUnzek if'pe esapedrk gSA3 'kriFk osQ ,d vU; okD; esa vkSj vf/d Li"Vrk ls crk;k x;k gS fdvekoL;k osQ fnu pUnzek vkdk'k esa ugha jgrk ijUrq i`fFkohyksd esa vkdj ouLifrvkSj tyksa esa izfo"V gks tkrk gSA ouLifr vkSj tyksa osQ nw/ ls cuh vkgqfr }kjk iqu%pUnzek mRiÂ gksdj nwljs fnu if'pe esa pedrk gSA4 bl izdkj 'kriFk esafe=k&o#.k] bUnz&o`=k vkfn dFkkvksa }kjk vekoL;k&frfFk dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA

okLro esa vekoL;k&frfFk osQ ihNs tks oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k gS] og vHkh&rdmiq;ZDr ppkZ esa Li"V ugha dgk x;k gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ftl le; lw;Z vkSjpUnzek ,d lh/ esa vkrs gSa vFkkZr~ ftl le; nksuksa osQ HkksX;ka'k leku gksrs gSa] mlle; vekoL;k&frfFk gksrh gSA5 blh dkj.k vekoL;k&frfFk dks lw;Z dh jks'kuh esapUnzek fNi tkrk gSA bl oSKkfud rF; dk mYys[k 'kriFk esa Hkh gSA ;gk¡ of.kZr gSfd ;g tks rirk gS vFkkZr~ lw;Z og bUnz gS vkSj pUnzek dks o`=k tkuuk pkfg,A ;snksuksa ijLij 'k=kq gSaA igys nwj mRiÂ gksus okyk ;g pUnzek bl vekoL;k dh jkr dksrSjrk gq, lw;Z osQ eq¡g esa ?kql tkrk gSA rRi'pkr~ ;g lw;Z ml pUnzek dks xzl dj mn;gksrk gS vkSj ml jkr dks ;g pUnzek u iwoZ esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj u if'pe esaA vxysfnu lw;Z ml pUnzek dks pwldj ckgj isaQd nsrk gS vkSj pwlk gqvk og pUnzek if'peesa fn[krk gSA ;g pUnzek iqu% lw;Z osQ Hkkstu osQ fy, c<+rk gSA6 'kriFk dk ;g izlaxnks&rhu fopkjksa dks lesVs gq, gS&izFker% ;g lw;Z vkSj pUnzek dh xfr;ksa dh vksjlaosQr djrk gSA pUnzek osQ rSjus ls vfHkizk; mlosQ Hkze.k ls gS vFkkZr~ vekoL;k dhjkr pUnzek ?kwerk gqvk lw;Z osQ ut+nhd vk tkrk gSA nwljk mi;qZDr o.kZu esa pUnzek

1- ----ikIekua f}"kUra Hkzkr`O;a gfUr rFkks¿,o fot;rs¿Fk ;Rlau;R;kekokL;a oS lkaukÕ;e~---A 'k-czk- 2-4-4-15

2- ----nsokukeÂa ;PpUnzek% l ,rka jkf=ka {kh;rs rfLeU{kh.ks nnkfr---A 'k-czk- 2-4-2-73- 'k-czk- 2-4-4-18&204- ---,rka jkf=ka u iqjLrkÂ i'pkín`'ks rfnea yksdekxNfr l bgki'pkS"k/h'p izfo'kfr-

--A 'k-czk- 1-6-4-155- gfjnÙk 'kekZ] T;ksfr"k fo'o&dks'k] i`- 2446- 'k-czk- 1-6-4-18&20

dks nsorkvksa dk vÂ dgk gS] ;gk¡ nsork dk vFkZ lw;Z tkuk tk ldrk gSA rhljkvekoL;k&pØ Hkh Kkr gqvk D;ksafd of.kZr gS fd ;g pUnzek c<+rk gqvk iqu% Hkkstucurk gSA okLro esa pUnzek lksyg dyk okyk gSA pUnzek iUnzg fnu ?kVrk gS ijUrqlksygoha dyk esa og fLFkj jgrk gSA pUnzek dh ;g lksygoha dyk gh vekoL;k osQuke ls tkuh tkrh gSA1

rSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa pUnzek osQ iw.kZ gksus osQ lUnHkZ esa ^iw.kZekl*2 ,oa ^ikS.kZ&eklh*3 nksuksa 'kCn feyrs gSaA iw.kZeklh dh O;qRifÙk iw.kZ* 'kCn }kjk nsrs gq, rSfÙkjh;czkã.k esa o.kZu gS fd iw.kZeklh osQ fnu i`fFkoh lqUnj ;qorh osQ leku nhfIr;qDr gkstkrh gS rFkk bl fnu iw.kZ&pUnzek esa jgus okys nsorkvksa dh izlÂrk osQ fy, izkFkZukdh tkrh gSA4 pw¡fd pUnzek iw.kZeklh dh jkr dks iwjk gksrk gS blhfy, iwoZi{k dhvfUre jkf=k ikS.kZeklh* dgykrh gSA5 izk;% iwf.kZ $ ekl $ Ähi~ ls iw.kZeklh* 'kCndh O;qRifÙk izkIr gSA6 iw.kZeklh&frfFk osQ dkj.k osQ fo"k; esa oSKkfud dgrs gSa fdvekoL;k&frfFk dks lw;Z vkSj pUnzek ,d&lkFk gksrs gSa vkSj pw¡fd pUnzek dh xfr rhozgksrh gS blhfy, vekoL;k osQ mijkUr ;g vkxs c<+ tkrk gS] ftlls iw.kZeklh&frfFkosQ fnu os nksuksa ,d nwljs osQ vkeus&lkeus vk tkrs gSaA bl izdkj muesa 180(120 × 15) va'k dh nwjh gksus osQ dkj.k pUnzek (iw.kZeklh dh jkr) iwjk ut+j vkrkgS D;ksafd pUnzek ij lw;Z dk iw.kZ izdk'k iM+rk gSA c`gRlafgrk esa Hkh of.kZr gS fdizfrfnu lw;Z ls LFkku fo'ks"k vFkkZr~ nwj&nwj xeu djus osQ dkj.k pUnzek dh 'kqDyRoc<+rk gSA7

;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa vekoL;k ,oa iw.kZeklh dh fLFkfr dks vusd okD;ksa }kjkLi"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA okLro esa pUnzek gh vekoL;k ,oa iw.kZeklh dkeq[; vk/kj gSA iw.kZeklh vkSj vekoL;k esa vU; jkf=k;ksa dk leok; gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~iw.kZeklh esa pk¡n osQ c<+us dh (iwoZi{k) vkSj vekoL;k esa pk¡n osQ ?kVus dh(viji{k) dh jkf=k;ksa dk leUo; gksrk gSA8 nksuksa czkã.kxzUFk vekoL;k ,oa iw.kZeklh

1- i×pn'k dyk /zqoSokL; "kksM'kh dyk l jkf=kfHkjsok p iw;Zrs¿i p {kh;rs lks¿ek&okL;ke~---A 'k-czk- 14-4-3-22

2- iw.kZekla ;tkegsA rS-czk- 3-7-5-133- iw.kkZ i'pknqr iw.kkZ iqjLrkr~A mUeè;r% ikS.kZeklh ftxk;A rS-czk- 3-1-1-124- i`Foh lqopkZ ;qofr% ltks"kk%A ikS.kZekL;qnxkPNksHkekukA ogh5- rS-czk- 3-10-1-16- okeu f'kojke vkIVs] laLÑr&fgUnh dks'k] i`- 6307- izfrfnolesoedkZRLFkkufo'ks"ks.k 'kkSDY;ifjo`f¼%---AA c`gRlafgrk 4-48- ,rs g oS jk=khA lokZ jk=k;% leo;fUr ;k vkiw;Zek.ki{kL; jk=k;Lrk% lokZ% ikS.kZeklha

leo;fUr ;k vi{kh;ek.ki{kL; jk=k;Lrk% lokZ vekoL;ka leo;fUr---A 'k-czk- 11-1-7-4

152 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

osQ fy, i×pn'kh* 'kCn nsrs gSa] mudk ekuuk gS fd i×pn'kh esa pUnzek iw.kZ gksrkgS vkSj i×pn'kh esa pUnzek {kh.k gksrk gSA1 blh dkj.k 'kadj ckyÑ".k nhf{kr usvekoL;k vkSj iw.kZeklh dks frfFk osQ fo'ks"k.k ugha vfirq osQoy jkf=k osQ fo'ks"k.kosQ :i esa xzg.k fd;k gSA2 iw.kZeklh vkSj vekoL;k osQ pØ dh vksj laosQr djrsgq, 'kriFk czkã.k }kjk nks er fn, x, gSaA izFke erkuqlkj pUnzek :ih ^'k'k* dksnsorkvksa dk vÂ* dgk gSA of.kZr gS fd iw.kZeklh osQ fnu pUnzek dks fupksM+k tkrkgSA ftlosQ dkj.k og Ñ".ki{k (viji{k) esa tyksa vkSj vks"kf/;ksa esa izfo"V gks tkrkgSA i'kq ml vks"kf/ vkSj ty dks xzg.k djrs gSa] ftlls nw/ curk gS vkSj vekoL;kosQ fnu tks gfo curk gS] mlh ls pUnzek iqu% mRiÂ gksrk gSA3 f}rh; erkuqlkj dfFkrgS fd iw.kZeklh ij pUnzek dks ekjrs gSa vkSj vekoL;k ij eqDr djrs gSaA4 okLro esaslw;Z] pUnz vkSj i`fFkoh osQ Hkze.k&ekxZ ,oa xfr dks gh vekoL;k ,oa iw.kZeklh osQdkj.k tkuuk pkfg,A

;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa vekoL;k vkSj iw.kZeklh osQ lkFk&lkFk oqQN fof'k"VfrfFk;ksa dh Hkh ppkZ gSA ;gk¡ ^v"Vdk* vkSj ^,dk"Vdk* 'kCnksa }kjk v"Veh&frfFkdk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA nksuksa czkã.kksa esa c`grh NUn osQ NÙkhl (36) v{kjksa dhlekurk o"kZ dh ckjg iw.kZeklh] ckjg v"Veh vkSj ckjg vekoL;k ls dgh xbZ gSA5

rSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa v"Veh&frfFk dks vÂ dks ipkus ,oa 'kfDr & lEiÂ djus okyhrFkk dekukvksa dks nqgus okyh ekuk gSA6 'kriFk czkã.k osQ "k"B dk.M esa fo'ks"k :ils nks&rhu lUnHkks± esa v"Veh&frfFk dk dFku gSA ;gk¡ of.kZr gS fd v"Veh&frfFkiztkifr dh frfFk gSA ;g v"Veh&frfFk ;K dh n`f"V ls m[kk osQ lkn`'; gS D;ksafdm[kk osQ lkn`'; gS D;ksafd m[kk osQ vkB Hkkx gksrs gSaA m[kk vfXu dk ioZ gS vkSj

1- ---l p i×pn'kkgkU;kiw;Zrs i×pn'kki{kh;rs---A 'k-czk- 8-4-1-10]---rLekRi×pn'kkiw;Zek.kL; uwikf.k i×pn'kki{kh;ek.kL;A 'k-czk- 10-4-2-17_ rS-czk-1-5-10-5

2- 'kadj ckyÑ".k nhf{kr] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] mÙkj izns'k fgUnh laLFkku] y[kumQ]2002] i`- 60

3- 'k'k'pkUnzel bfrA pUnzek oS lkseks nsokukeÂa ra ikS.kZekL;kefHk"kq.kofUr lks¿iji{ks¿i---A 'k-czk- 11-1-5-3

4- pUnzela ?ufUr ikS.kZeklsukg ?uR;kekokL;suksRl`rfUr rLeknqRl`"Vks xkSnZf{k.kkA 'k-czk- 5-2-3-7

5- c`grh fg laoRljks }kn'k ikS.kZekL;ks }kn'kk"Vdk }kn'kkekokL;k-----A 'k-czk- 6-4-2-10_rS-czk- 1-5-12-2] rS-czk- 3-11-1-19

6- ikS.kZekL;"Vdk¿ekokL;kA vÂknk% LFkkÂnq?kks;q"eklq----dkenq?kk vf{krk%A rS-czk- 3-11-1-19

v"Veh&frfFk dks laoRlj dk ,d ioZ (tksM+) tkuuk pkfg,A1 bl izdkj czkã.k&dkyhu laLÑfr esa v"Veh&frfFk egÙoiw.kZ ekuh xbZ gSA

oLrqr% 'kriFk osQ bl dFku ls ;g Li"V ugha gks ik jgk fd ;g v"Veh&frfFk okLro esa Ñ".ki{k dh gS ;k 'kqDyi{k dhA ,xfyÄõ us v"Veh&frfFk dk xzg.kÑ".ki{k dh v"Veh osQ :i esa fd;k gSA2 bl lUnHkZ esa ;fn 'kriFk dk ,d okD;è;kuiwoZd ns[kk tk;s rks Hkh Ñ".ki{k dh v"Veh dk gh Kku gksxk D;ksafd ;gk¡mYys[k gS fd tks igyh iw.kZeklh gks] ml fnu i'kq dk vkyHku djuk pkfg,A tksigyh v"Veh gks ml fnu m[kk cukuk pkfg, rFkk igyh vekoL;k ij nh{kk ysuhpkfg,A3 bl izdkj iw.kZeklh osQ ckn v"Veh frfFk rRi'pkr~ vekoL;k dk dFkuLor% Ñ".ki{k dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA fryd] 'kadj ckyÑ".k nhf{kr] vkSj eS=ks;hns'kik.Ms us blh fopkj dk leFkZu fd;k gS4 ijUrq Lokeh lR;izdk'k ljLorh v"Vehdh fLFkfr osQ izfr vk'kafdr fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA mUgksaus v"Vdk* 'kCn dks iwf.kZek vFkokvekoL;k osQ ckn vkBosa fnu mRiÂ gksus okyh jkf=k osQ :i esa xzg.k fd;k gSA5

lk;.kkpk;Z us v"Veh frfFk dks ^Ñ".kk"Veh* dgdj lEcksf/r fd;k gS ijUrq blÑ".ki{k dh v"Veh&frfFk dks ek?k ekl esa vkus okyh ekuk gS6 D;ksafd ;tqosZn dhlafgrkvksa7 esa ^,dk"Vdk* 'kCn dk dFku izk;% ^ri* 'kCn osQ lkFk gqvk gSA ^ri*

1- ;}sok"Vdk;ke~A ioSZrRlaoRljL; ;n~"Vdk----A 'k-czk- 6-2-2-24] 6-2-2-23&252- ¶On the eighth day (after full moon) he collects (the materials for) the

fire-pan; for sacred to Prajapati is that day, the eighth (after full moon)...”,Julius Eggeling, The Satapatha-Brahmana, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi,

1963, part-III, p.180

3- ,r}S ;So izFkek ikS.kZeklhA rL;ka i'kqekyHkrs ;k izFkek"Vdk rL;keq[kka lEHkjfr ;kizFkekekokL;k rL;ka nh{kr¿,r}S ;kU;so laoRljL; izFkekU;gkfu---A 'k-czk- 6-2-2-30

4- ¶The word Ekashtaka is used to denote the eighth day of the latter (dark

half).”, Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, The Orion or Researches into

The Antiquity of The Vedas, Poona, 1893, p.47; ¶mi;qZDr okD; esa iwf.kZek osQckn v"Vdk vk;h gSA¸] 'kadj ckyÑ".knhf{kr] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] i`-61_ ¶Astaka

day is the eighth day after a full moon.”, Maitreyee Deshpande, The Con-cepts of Time in Vedic Ritual, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi,

2001, p.60¸5- “The Astaka must have been the eighth night either after the Purnima or

after the Amavasya.”, Satya Prakash, Founders of Sciences in Ancient In-dia, Delhi, 1965, p.465

6- rSfÙkjh;czkã.ke~ (JheRlk;.kkpk;ZfojfprHkk";lesre~)] (la-) iq"isUnz oqQekj] ukxizdk'kd] fnYyh] 2003] Hkkx&3] i`- 1219

7- ,dk"Vdk rilk rI;ekuk ttku xHk± efgekufeUnze~----A rSfÙkjh;&lafgrk 4-3-11-3_dkBd&lafgrk 39-10

154 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

loZFkk ek?k ekl dk |ksrd ekuk x;k gSA vr% ;tqosZnh; lafgrkvksa osQ vk/kj ij;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa of.kZr v"Vdk* vkSj ,dk"Vdk* ek?k Ñ".kk"Veh osQ lEcks/udgs tk ldrs gSaA

iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh dk o.kZu Hkh 'kriFk czkã.k osQ vusd izlaxksa esa ns[kus dksfeyrk gSA iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh dk ;kfKd&fØ;kvksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k egÙo gSA 'kriFkczkã.k us iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh dks laoRlj vFkkZr~ o"kZ dh igyh jkr ekuk gSA1

iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh osQ lUnHkZ esa ftKklk mBrh gS&izFker% iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh D;k gS\f}rh;r% D;k ;g ekl ls lEcfU/r frfFk gS\ bR;kfnA iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh* uke dkslqurs gh lcls igys eu esa ;gh mÙkj vkrk gS fd og iw.kZeklh tks iQkYxqu ekl esavkrh gSA vc iz'u ;g gS fd 'kriFk ,oa rSfÙkjh; czkã.kksa esa iQkYxqu vkfn eklksa osQukeksa dk dFku ugha feyrk] rks ;gk¡ iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fdl vFkZesa gqvk gS\ bl rF; dks rSfÙkjh; czkã.k }kjk tkuk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ mÙkjkiQkYxquhu{k=k dks laoRlj dh izFke jkf=k rFkk iwokZ&iQkYxquh u{k=k dks laoRlj dh vfUre jkf=kekuk gSA2 vr% iQkYxquh u{k=kksa esa pUnzek osQ iw.kZ gksus osQ dkj.k ½f"k us ml ekldks iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh dk uke fn;kA eS=ks;h ns'kik.Ms us Hkh ^iQkYxqu* 'kCn dksekl&vFkZ essa fy;k gS vkSj iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh dk dkj.k mÙkjkiQkYxquh u{k=k osQ la;ksxdks ekuk gSA3 è;krO; gS fd Ñ".k&;tqosZnh; lafgrkvksa4 ,oa 'kriFk czkã.k osQ lekurSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa dgha Hkh ^iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh* 'kCn ugha feyrkA

'kriFk czkã.k osQ osQoy ,d okD; esa oS'kk[k&vekoL;k dk mYys[k gSA5

iqu% iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh osQ leku ^oS'kk[k* 'kCn ekl dk |ksrd gS vFkkZr~ ogvekoL;k tks oS'kk[k ekl esa vkrh gS vkSj oS'kk[k ekl og gksrk gS] ftlesa fo'kk[kku{k=k esa pUnzek iw.kZ gksA ik'pkR; fo}ku~ ,xfyÄõ ,oa lk;.kkpk;Z us Hkh oS'kk[k* 'kCn

1- r}S iQkYxqU;kesoA ,"kk g laoRljL; izFkek jkf=k;ZRiQkYxquh ikS.kZeklh----A 'k-czk- 6-2-2-18

2- rS-czk- 1-1-2-83- “On the full moon day of the Phalguna mounth.....this day is in conjuction

with the Uttara Phalguni asterism, which is said to be the first night of theyear.”, Maitreyee Deshpande, The Concept of Time in Vedic Ritual, p.70

4- iQYxquhiw.kZekls nh{ksju~ eq[ka ok ,rr~ laoRljL;A rSfÙkjh;&lafgrk 7-4-8-1_iQYxquhiw.kZekl vk/s; ,r}k ½rwuka eq[ke~A dkBd&lafgrk 8-1_ dfi"By&dB&lafgrk 6-6_iQYxquhiw.kZeklks ok ½rwuka eq[kA eS=kk;k.kh&lafgrk 1-6-9

5- ;ks¿lkS oS'kk[kL;kekokL;k rL;kekn/hr-----A 'k-czk- 11-1-1-7

dks ekl osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA1

mYys[kuh; gS fd 'kriFk czkã.k esa iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh rFkk oS'kk[k&vekoL;kdk mijksDr dFku ½f"k osQ vkdk'k&voyksdu vFkok u{k=kksa esa pUnzek Hkze.k dkstkuus dh fØ;k dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA dguk mfpr gksxk fd ;|fi ;tqosZnh;czkã.kksa esa eklksa osQ uke ijorhZ dky ls fHkÂ gSa rFkkfi rRdkyhu laLÑfr esa iw.kZeklh,oa u{k=kksa osQ Kku osQ dkj.k u{k=kksa osQ vk/kj ij eklksa dk ukedj.k izpfyr gksukvkjEHk gks x;k FkkA izLrqr rF; ;tqosZnh; lafgrkvksa rFkk czkã.kksa osQ dky osQ vUrjdks Li"V djus osQ fo"k; esa fo'ks"k egÙo j[krk gSA rSfÙkjh;&lafgrk osQ ,d eU=k esafr";&iw.kZeklh dk mYys[k gSA2 iqu% bl eU=k esa u{k=k vkSj iw.kZeklh frfFk osQ la;ksxdh ckr dgh xbZ gSA vr% fuLlUnsg bl dky esa ;|fi ekl e/q] ek/o vkfn FksijUrq u{k=kksa dh pUnzek osQ lkFk ;qfr ij fopkj&foe'kZ vkjEHk gks x;k FkkA ftllseklksa osQ uke rks ogh jgs ijUrq frfFk;ksa osQ uke u{k=kksa osQ vk/kj ij j[ks tkus izkjEHkgks x;s vkSj dky&Øe ls ;gh frfFk;k¡ ekl osQ :i esa ifjofrZr gqbZA nz"VO; gS fdrSfÙkjh;&lafgrk esa dfFkr fr";&iw.kZeklh }kjk u{k=k vkSj frfFk dk xzg.k gksrk gS ijUrq'kriFk czkã.k esa of.kZr oS'kk[k&vekoL;k ls ekl vkSj frfFk xzká gSaA bl izdkjrSfÙkjh;&lafgrk vkSj 'kriFk czkã.k osQ eè; fo|eku dky&vUrj Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Kkrfd;k tk ldrk gSA fo}ku~ pS=k] oS'kk[k vkfn laKkvksa dk iz;ksx czkã.kksa esa cgqr deekurs gSa blfy, budk izpkj czkã.k&dky osQ vUr esa gqvk gksxkA3

;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa pUnzek dh fofHkÂ dykvksa dh vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kx;k gS] ;gk¡ dyk ls vfHkizk; pUnzek dh fofHkÂ n'kkvksa ls gSA lw;Z ,oa pUnzek ghpUnzek dh dykvksa dk dkj.k gSA nksuksa czkã.kksa esa pUnzek dh dykvksa osQ vk/kj ijjkf=k;ksa osQ uke izkIr gksrs gSa&vuqefr] jkdk] fluhokyh] oqQgwA4 ljkst fo|kyadkj us^jkdk* 'kCn dh fu"ifÙk √jk /krq ls nku vFkZ esa ekuh gSA mudk dguk gS fd laoRlj

1- “He may lay down the fires on the new moon which falls in the (month)

Vaisakha...”, Julius Eggeling, The Satapatha-Brahmana, Part-V, p.2;

¶fo'kk[kku{k=k;qDrk ikS.kZeklh ;fLeu~ ekfl l oS'kk[k_] rRlacf/uh ;k vekoL;krL;keXuh vkn/hrA¸] 'kriFk&czkã.ke~ (JheRlk;.kkpk;ZfojfprosnkFkZizdk'kk[;&O;k[;klesre~] JhgfjLokfeHkk";lesre~)] fnYyh] Kku ifCyf'kax gkml] 1987]Hkkx&4] i`- 2461

2- ----/Ùkks czãopZL;so Hkofr fr";kiw.kZekls fuoZisnzqnzks oS fr";% lkse% iw.kZekl%ArSfÙkjh;&lafgrk 2-2-10-1

3- 'kadj ckyÑ".k nhf{kr] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] i`- 1854- ---vuqeR;S p# jkdk;S p#% fluhokY;S p#% oqQáS p#----A 'k- czk- 9-5-1-38_

vUosokLek vuqefreZU;rsA jkrs jkdkA izfluhokyh tu;frA iztkLoso iztkoklq oqQá---A rS- czk- 1-7-2-1

156 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

ls iztk,¡ mRiÂ gksrh gS] vr% iztk,¡ mRiÂ djus (nsus) osQ dkj.k gh iw.kZ pUnze.Mylfgr iwf.kZek dk uke jkdk gSA1 vuqefr* osQ lUnHkZ esa of.kZr gS fd vuqefr lEcUèkhvkB dikyksa dks cukrk gSA ;g vuqefr gh bl ;K dks djus okys dks jkT; dhvuqefr nsrh gSA2 'kriFk osQ vuqlkj i`fFkoh gh lcdks dk;Z djus osQ fy, vuqefrnsrh gS] vr% i`fFkoh vuqefr gSA3 ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa izkIr jkf=k;ksa osQ ukeksa dkfrfFk;ksa osQ lkFk lEcU/ fuEu rkfydk }kjk tkuk tk ldrk gS&

pUæek dh dykvksa ij vk/kfjr pUæek dh dykvkssa ij vk/kfjrjkf=k;ksa osQ uke frfFk;ksa osQ uke

vuqefr 'kqDyi{k prqnZ'kh

jkdk iw.kZeklh

fluhokyh Ñ".ki{k prqnZ'kh

oqQgw vekoL;k

mi;qZDr bu jkf=k;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk fo}kuksa us vusd izdkj ls nh gSA vejdks"kdkjosQ vuqlkj osQoy ,d dyk&ghu jkf=k ^vuqefr* dgykrh gS] iw.kZ pUnzek dh jkr^jkdk*] osQoy ,d dyk;qDr jkf=k fluhokyh* rFkk pUnzek dh lHkh dykvksa ls jfgrjkf=k oqQgw* osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA4 ukjn&lafgrk osQ vuqlkj ;fn iw.kZeklh osQ fnujkf=k esa pUnzksn; gks] rks ml iwf.kZek dks vuqefr* dgrs gSa vkSj iw.kZeklh dks ;fn fnuesa pUnzek mfnr gks tk;s] rks og jkdk* iwf.kZek gksrh gSA blh izdkj ftl vekoL;kesa pUnzek n`f"Vxkspj gks] og fluhokyh* vekoL;k gksrh gS rFkk ftl vekoL;k esapUnzek fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk] mls ^oqQgw* vekoL;k dgk tkrk gSA5 oSfnd&dks'kdkj usvekoL;k osQ rhu Hkkx ekus gSa&muosQ vuqlkj vekoL;k dk izFke izgj fluhokyh*]vfUre nks izgj ^oqQgw* rFkk bu nksuksa osQ chp dk izgj ^n'kZ* dgykrk gSA6

1- ljkst ^nh{kk* fo|kyadkj] ,srjs; ,oa rSfÙkjh; czkã.kksa osQ fuoZpu] ukx izdk'kd]fnYyh] 1989] i`- 148

2- vuqeR;S iqjksMk'ke"Vkdikya fuoZifr----b;a ok vuqefr% b;esokLeS jkT;euqeU;rsA rS-czk- 1-6-1-1] 1-6-1-4&5

3- 'k- czk- 5-2-3-44- dykghus lkuqefr% iw.ksZ jkdk fu'kkdjs----lk n`"VsUnq% fluhokyh lk u"VsUnqdyk oqQgw%A

okeu] vejdks"k] izFke dk.M (dkyoxZ) 8&95- lk iw.kZekL;uqefrfuZf'k pUnzorh rq ;k---fluhokyh lsUnqerh oqQgwusZUnqerh erk---AA

ukjnlafgrk 4-28&296- pUnz'ks[kj mikè;k; ,oa vfuy oqQekj mikè;k;] oSfnd dks'k] ukx izdk'kd]

fnYyh] 1995] Hkkx&3] i`- 1525

mijksDr dykvksa osQ ekè;e ls prqnZ'kh frfFk dk Li"V dFku gSA 'kriFkczkã.k osQ vU; nks okD;ksa esa Hkh prqnZ'kh frfFk dk vizR;{kr% laosQr feyrk gSA of.kZrgS fd oqQN yksx (prqnZ'kh frfFk osQ) pUnzek dks ns[kdj dy (nwljs fnu) gksus okyhvekoL;k osQ miokl dh rS;kjh dj ysrs gSaA1 blh izdkj rSfÙkjh; czkã.k essa dgs x;s^O;"Vdk* vkSj mn~n`"V* 'kCn fof'k"V frfFk;ksa osQ izfriknd gSaA ;gk¡ iw.kZeklh ls iwoZfnu dks O;"Vdk* vkSj vekoL;k ls iwoZ fnu dks mn~n"V* dgk gSA2 'kadj ckyÑ".knhf{kr us O;"Vdk dks Ñ".k&izfrink vkSj mn~n`"V dks 'kqDy&izfrink vFkZ esa xzg.kfd;k gSA3

fu"d"kZr% dguk mfpr gksxk fd ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa vusd ,sls lUnHkZ gSa]ftuesa frfFk&fo'ys"k.k gSA vekoL;k] iw.kZeklh] v"Veh] iQkYxquh&iw.kZeklh] oS'kk[k&vekoL;k rFkk vU; jkf=k;ksa dk dFku ½f"k osQ vkdk'k voyksdu ,oa pUnzek osQ izfrltxrk dks n'kkZrk gSA izLrqr vè;;u czkã.k dky esa pUnzek ,oa u{k=kksa osQ la;ksxksaosQ lUnHkZ esa izkjEHk gqbZ psruk dks Hkh Li"V djrk gSA frfFk&fo"k;d mijksDr lHkh'kCn ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ dky&fu/kZj.k esa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk j[krs gSaA vekoL;k vFkokiw.kZeklh dks crkrs gq,] tc ½f"k (u{k=kksa osQ la;ksx osQ dkj.k) vekoL;k osQ lkFk^oS'kk[k* dk vkSj ikS.kZeklh osQ lkFk ^iQkYxquh* 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ,oa ,dk"Vdk]vuqefr] mn~n`"V vkfn dh ppkZ djrs gSa] rc muosQ ;s izlax czkã.k&dky osQ vfUrepj.k osQ izrhr gksrs gSaA ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa of.kZr ;g lHkh rF; fuf'pr gh T;ksfr"krFkk oSfnd xzUFkksa osQ dky&fu/kZj.k dh n`f"V ls vifjgk;Z gSaA

1- 'k- czk- 1-6-4-14] 11-1-4-12- ikS.kZekL;ka iwoZegHkZofrA O;"Vdk;keqÙkje~---vekokL;k;ka iwoZegHkZofrA mn~n`"V mÙkje~A

rS- czk- 1-8-10-23- 'kadj ckyÑ".k nhf{kr] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] i`- 61

( 158 )

oSfnd vlw;k Hkko dk ewÙkZ:i&vulw;k& MkW- chuk feJk

ch&23] v'kksd uxj foLrkj&;kstuki=kdkj&dkWyksuh] bykgkckn (m-iz-)

bl 'kks/i=k esa vuqlU/krk us vlw;k vkSj vulw;k osQ fo"k;ksa ijfo'ks"k :i ls izdk'k Mkyk gSA

^vlw;k* og Hkko gS ftlesa O;fDr nwljksa osQ xq.kksa esa nks"kksa dks ns[krk gS vFkkZr~bZ";kZ&}s"k Hkko ls ;qDr gksrk gSA bl vlw;k* Hkko ls 'kwU; O;fDr gh vulw;k* gSAvu~$vlw;k bu nks inksa osQ ;ksx ls cuk vulw;k* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS vlw;k* ls jfgrgksukA bl izdkj vulw;k ogh gS tks vlw;k ls jfgr ;k 'kwU; gSA

^vlw;k* 'kCn loZizFke ½Xosn (10-135) esa ,d ckj ^vlw;u~* osQ :i esaiz;qDr gqvk gSA ;gk¡ ij ,d oqQekj osQ eu esa vius firk osQ izfr ;g vlw;u~* dkHkko mRiÂ rks gksrk gS fdUrq iqu% LokHkkfod Lusgo'k bl Hkko dh 'kwU;rk gks tkrhgS vkSj oqQekj osQ eku esa vius firk osQ izfr vLi`g* (bZ";kZ }s"k foghu ;k izse) dkHkko mRiÂ gks tkrk gSA vius blh vulw;k Hkko osQ dkj.k oqQekj ;ejkt dks Hkh thrysrs gSaA ½Xosn osQ bl lwDr dh dFkk dk lkjka'k oqQN bl izdkj gSµ

dksbZ ,d oqQekj iqjkru&firjksa osQ jktk ;e osQ lkFk okrkZyki dj jgk gSA(dBksifu"kn~ osQ ukfposQr dh lqfofnr dFkk dk laHkor% ;gh lwDr jgk gksxk)A lwDrdh igyh nks ½pkvksa esa ,d oqQekj (laHkor% ufposQrk) fdlh vkSj (laHkor% ;e)ls dg jgk gSµ¶esjs firk us ;e osQ lkFk lw[kiwoZd fuokl djus okys esjs iwoZtksa osQLusg osQ dkj.k eq> ij vU;k; fd;k ftlls eSa igys cgqr Øksf/r gqvk Fkk ysfduLokHkkfod Lusg osQ dkj.k ckn esa esjs eu esa vius firk osQ izfr izse dk mn; gqvkA

rhljh rFkk pkSFkh ½pk esa ;e ml ½X:ih jFk dk o.kZu dj jgk gS ftlesacSBdj oqQekj ;e osQ ikl igq¡pk FkkA

ik¡poha ½pk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd firk us oqQekj dks thrs th gh ;e dkslefiZr dj fn;k FkkA blh dkj.k oqQekj osQ eu esa Øks/o'k vius firk osQ fy;s

oSfnd vlw;k Hkko dk ewÙkZ:i&vulw;k 159

^vlw;k* dk Hkko iSnk gks x;k FkkA blh LFky ij vuqns;h ;k vkuq"kafxd nku osQ :iesa ^lke* dk mYys[k gqvk gSA oqQekj us vius izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa ½X:ih jFk gh;e dks ns fn;k rFkk ml ij fodflr lke* Hkh mUgsa ns fn;kA ;s nksuksa nku ;e dkscgqr ilUn vk;s vkSj mlus oqQekj dks firk osQ opu ls eqDr djosQ llEeku okilHkst fn;kA¸

vfUre lkroha ½pk esa la{ksi esa ;e dk ,s'o;Z of.kZr gSA

bl lwDr dh nwljh ½pk esa ^vlw;u~* vkSj ^vLi`g;e~* 'kCnksa dk mYys[klkFk&lkFk gqvk gS&

¶iqjk.kk¡ vuqosrUra pjUra iki;keq;kAvlw;ÂH;pkd'ka rLek vLi`g;a iqu%AA¸

bl ½pk dk HkkokFkZ bl izdkj gSµ¶vius iwoZtksa osQ fy, lkSgknZ j[kdj blizdkj vuqnkj vkpj.k djus okys (esjs firk dks) eSaus bZ";kZ Hkko ls ns[kk fdUrq cknesa eq>s mlosQ fy;s izse Hkko (vLi`gk dk Hkko) mfnr gqvkA¸ blls Li"V gS fd^vlw;k* dk Hkko tc lekIr gks tkrk gS rHkh O;fDr esa Lusg ;k vLigk dk Hkko iSnkgksrk gSA fdlh osQ izse osQ o'khHkwr gksdj ;fn dksbZ vius vfr vkReh; ij vR;kpkjHkh djrk gS rks Hkh vR;kpkjh osQ izfr ^vlw;k* dk Hkko ugha vkuk pkfg;s vU;Fkkvlw;k dk Hkko ;fn vk Hkh tk; rks mls cykr~ gVkdj vLi`gk ;k izse dk Hkko euesa ykuk pkfg;sA ¶vLi`gk&u Li`gkA u×k~ leklA bPNkHkko%A mnklhu%A¸ vFkkZr~ Li`gk'kwU; gh vLi`gk gS rFkkµ

¶;FkksRiÂsu lUrks"k% dÙkZO;ks¿R;YioLrqukAijL; fpUrf;RokFk± lkLi`gk ifjdhfrZrkAA¸ (,dkn'khrRos)

vFkkZr~ euq"; dks vR;Ur LoYi oLrq ls lUrks"k dj ysuk pkfg;sA nwljs dh èkudh dkeuk ugha djuh pkfg;sA blh fLFkfr dks vLi`gk dgk x;k gSA

blh ½pk osQ ¶vlw;u~ 'kCn dk vFkZ vkpk;Z lk;.k us bl izdkj fd;k gSµ¶ijdh;&xq.ks"kq nks"kkukfo"oqQoZu~ vFkkZr~ nwljs osQ xq.kksa esa nks"kksa dks <w<+uk gh vlw;k*gSA bldk y{k.k o`gLifr us fn;k gS%&

¶u xq.kku~ xqf.kuks gfUr LrkSfr eUnxq.kkufiAukU;nks"ks"kq jers lkulw;k izdhfrZrkAA¸ (,dkn'khrRos)

vFkkZr~ tks xqf.k;ksa osQ xq.kksa dk guu ugha djrk] eUn xq.kksa dh Hkh Lrqfr djrkgS rFkk nwljksa osQ nks"kksa esa eu ugha yxkrk ogh ^vulw;k* gSA lEiw.kZ ½Xosn esa ek=k,d gh LFky ij ¶vlw;u~ 'kCn eu osQ ,d fodkj osQ :i esa vk;k gSA bl fodkj

160 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

dh 'kwU;rk gh ^vulw;k* gSµ¶ijxq.ks"kq nks"kkjksi'kwU;s ] rFkk ¶ukfLr vlw;k ;L; lvulw;¸ bfr okpLiR;e~A xhrk esa ¶J¼k¸ Hkko osQ lkFk bldk mYys[k gSµ¶J¼koku&ulw;'psfrA¸ J¼koku~ rFkk vulw; (nks"kn`f"V ls jfgr O;fDr) dks ije xfr izkIrgksrh gSA ½Xosn esa J¼k vkfn eu osQ lw{e vewrZ Hkkoksa dk Hkh ewrhZdj.k gekjs ½f"k;ksaus fd;k fdUrq vlw;k* Hkko dk ewrhZdj.k ugha izkIr gksrkA ½Xosn osQ ifjf'k"V la[;kckbl esa vulw;k dk mYys[k vf=k dh fiz;iRuh osQ :i esas gSA ½Xosn osQ n'kee.My osQ ipklhosa lwDr esa lw;kZfookg dk o.kZu gS ftlesa fookg osQ ckn o/w osQfy, vk'khZopuksa dk mYys[k gSA blh lwDr osQ vuUrj gh bl ifjf'k"V dks j[kk x;kgSA bl ifjf'k"V lwDr osQ lHkh N% eU=kksa esa o/w dks vk'khZokn fn;k x;k gS fdµ

¶vfo/ok Hko o"kkZf.k 'kra lkxza rq lqozrkArstLoh p ;'kLoh p /eZiRuh ifrozrkAA1AA

tu;}gqiq=kkf.k ek p nq%[ka yHksr~ Dofpr~AHkrkZ rs lkseik fuR;a Hkos¼eZijk;.k%AA2AA

v"Viq=kk Hko Roa p lqHkxk p ifrozrkAHkrqZ'pSo fir`HkzkZrqâZn;kuafnuh lnkAA3AA

bUæL; rq ;FksUæk.kh Jh/jL; ;Fkk fJ;kA'kadjL; ;Fkk xkSjh rn~HkrqZjfi HkrZfjAA4AA

v=ks;ZFkkuqlw;k L;kn~ ofl"BL;kI;#U/rhAdkSf'kdL; ;Fkk lrh rFkk Roefi HkrZfjAA5AA

/zqoSf/ iks";k ef; eáa Roknk `gLifr%Ae;k iR;k iztkorh la tho 'kjn% 'kre~AA6AA

;gka ij ik¡poh ½pk esa vuqlw;k dk vf=k dh iRuh osQ :i esa mYys[k fd;kx;k gSA ^vuqlw;k* 'kCn osQ fo"k; esa okpLiR;e~ esa mfYyf[kr gSµ¶vuqlw;k&L=khvuqlw;rs vuq$lw$D;i~A 'koqQUryklgpjh Hksns 'koqQ-A vuqlw;sR;sosQA¸ ;gha ij vulw;k*'kCn osQ fy;s Hkh mYys[k gSµ¶vf=keqfuiRU;ka p 'koqQUryklgpjhHksns 'koqQ-A¸ bllsLi"V gS fd vf=keqfu dh iRuh osQ fy, vulw;k rFkk vuqlw;k nksuksa gh uke iz;qDrgSaA

;gk¡ ij rstLoh] ;'kLoh] /eZijk;.k rFkk ifrozrk /eZiRuh osQ :i esa vuqlw;kdh x.kuk bUnzk.kh] y{eh] xkSjh] v#U/rh rFkk dkSf'kdiRuh lrh osQ lkFk dh xbZ gSAikSjkf.kd okÄ~e; esa ifrozrk osQ :i esa bldk mYys[k feyrk gSA vius deks± osQ }kjkgh yksd esa vulw;k dks [;kfr izkIr gqbZµ

¶vulw;sfr ;k yksosQ deZfHk% [;kfrekxrkA¸ (ok-jk-v;ks- 117-16)

vulw;kozr (dHkh fdlh osQ izfr }s"kHkko u j[kuk) dk ikyu djosQ bUgksauslEiw.kZ fo?u ck/kvksa dk uk'k fd;k gSA ikSjkf.kd mYys[kksa osQ vk/kj ij vulw;k¶dnZe¸ ½f"k dh ifrozrk iRuh nsogwrh dh ukS dU;kvksa esa f}rh; gSaA

rFkk ;gha ij ;g Hkh mYys[k gS fd vulw;k dk fookg vf=k ½f"k osQ lkFkgqvkA vè;kRe&jkek;.k osQ v;ksè;k dk.M osQ uosa vè;k; esa vf=k ½f"k jke ls viuhHkk;kZ vulw;k osQ fo"k; esa dgrs gSaµ

¶Hkk;kZ es¿rho lao`¼k áulw;sfr foJqrkAri'pjUrh lqfpja /eZKk /eZoRlykAA¸

okYehfd&jkek;.k esa v;ksè;kdk.M esa vf=k eqfu jke ls dgrs gSaµ

¶iRuha p reuqizkIrka o`¼kekeU=k; lRÑrke~AlkURo;kekl /eZK% loZHkwrfgrs jr%AA

vuqlw;ka egkHkkxka rkilha /eZpkfj.khe~Aizfrx`âh"o oSnsgheczohn`f"klÙke%AA¸ (ok-jk-v- 117-7&8)

;gha ij ½f"k viuh Hkk;kZ osQ lRdeks± dk o.kZu jke ls djrs gSa fdµnl o"kks±rd itZU;o`f"V u gksus ij yksd nX/ gksus yxk rc vulw;k us iQyewy mRiÂ fd;krFkk vkJe esa xÄõk dks izofrZr fd;k ;k izokfgr fd;kµ

¶n'k o"kkZ.;uko`"V~;k nX/s yksosQ fujUrje~A 117-9

;;k ewyiQys l`"Vs tkÉoh p izofrZrkAA 117-10

;g mxz ri'p;kZ djus okyh ,oa n`<+ fu;eksa okyh gSA nl gtkj o"kks± rdbUgksaus cM+h riL;k dh gSA blosQ ozrksa ls gh ½f"k;ksa osQ riL;k osQ ekxZ esa vkus okysfo?u nwj gq;s rFkk nsodk;Z gsrq ifjJe djrs le; nl jkrksa dh ,d jkf=k bUgksaus cukbZµ

¶mxzs.k rilk ;qDrk fu;eS'pkI;yaÑrkAA 117-10

n'k o"kZlgÏkf.k ;;k rIra egr~ ri%Avulw;kozrSLrkr izR;wgk'p fucfgZrk%AA 117-11

nsodk;Z&fufeÙka p ;;k laRojek.k;kAn'kjk=ka Ñrk jkf=k% ls;a ekrso rs¿u?kAA¸ 117-12

lhrk us tc budk n'kZu fd;k rc buosQ xk=k f'kfFky gks x;s Fks&

¶f'kfFkyka ofyrka o`¼ka tjkik.Mqjew/Ztke~AA¸ 117-18

162 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

lEiw.kZ lalkj dh iz.kE;] Øks/jfgr rifLouh osQ :i esa vulw;k dk o.kZugSµ

¶rkfeeka loZHkwrkuka ueLdk;k± rifLouhe~AvfHkxPNrq oSnsgh o`¼keØks/uka lnkAA¸ 117-13

vulw;k osQ iq=kksa osQ lEcU/ esa iqjk.kksa esa fHkÂ&fHkÂ mYys[k feyrs gSaA fo".kq&iqjk.k esa buosQ rhu iq=k crk;s x;s gSaµnÙkk=ks;] lkse rFkk nqokZlkµ

¶vulw;k rFkSok=kstZKs fu"dYe"kku~ lqrku~Alksea nqokZlla pSo nÙkk=ks;a p ;ksfxue~AA¸

(fo-iq-va'k 1 v- 10 'yksd 8)

budks vkf/nSfod dgk x;k gSA bu rhuksa dks czãk] fo".kq vkSj egs'k osQ va'kls mRiÂ dgk x;k gSA Hkkxor egkiqjk.k (Hkkx 8] 7) esa vulw;k osQ }kjk mudhmRifÙk dh dFkk gS fd ½{k ioZr ij iq=k izkfIr osQ fy;s ri djrs gq;s vf=k ½f"kls lUrq"V gksdj czãk] fo".kq] egs'k ,d lkFk vkdk'k esa izdV gq;s vkSj vf=k ½f"kls dgk fd ge rhuksa ,d gh bZ'oj osQ rhu :i gSaA ge rqe ij izlÂ gSa vkSj gerhuksa va'k :i ls rqEgkjs iq=k :i esa mRiÂ gksxsaA blosQ vuUrj czãk pUnzek :i esafo".kq nÙkk=ks; :i esa vkSj f'ko nqokZlk osQ :i esa vf=k osQ iq=k gq;sA bl izlax esa vU;iqjk.k blls Hkh vf/d foy{k.krk mifLFkr djrs gSa muosQ vuqlkj vf=k ½f"k dhifrozrk L=kh vulw;k dk czãk] fo".kq] egs'k rhuksa nso iq=kRo gksuk Lohdkj djrs gSAvkSj bu rhuksa nsoksa osQ va'k ls vf=k dks tks iq=k izkIr gqvk og ^nÙkk=ks;* dgyk;kAbl izlax dh dFkk oqQN bl izdkj gSµvulw;k vf=k ½f"k dh ifrozrk iRuh FkhAczãk.kh] y{eh vkSj ikoZrh us vius&vius ifr dks vulw;k osQ ikfrozR; dh ijh{kkysus osQ fy;s dgkA czãk] fo".kq] egs'k rhuksa nso vf=k ½f"k osQ vkJe esa fHk{kk ek¡xusosQ cgkus ls mifLFkr gq;s vkSj fuoZL=k gksdj fHk{kk nsus osQ fy;s dgkA vius rikscyls czãk] fo".kq] egs'k dks mifLFkr ns[kdj vulw;k us vius ikfrozR; osQ izHkko lsmu rhuksa dks ckyd cuk dj Lruiku djk;kA rc nsoifRu;ksa us vulw;k ls cgqrvuqu; fou; fd;kA mudh izkFkZuk ls vulw;k us rhuksa nsoksa dks ckY; Hkko ls eqDrdj nsfo;ksa dks vfiZr dj fn;kA vulw;k us rhuksa nsoksa dh izkFkZuk dh rc rhuksa nsoksaus vius ,d&,d va'k ls vulw;k dk iq=kRo Lohdkj fd;k bl izdkj nÙkk=ks; iq=kdh izkfIr vulw;k dks gqbZA bl dFkkud esa vUrj ;g gS fd nÙkk=ks; ,dek=k fo".kqosQ va'k ls mRiÂ ugha gSa oju~ muesa rhuksa nsoksa osQ va'k gSaA

Hkkxor esa (LdU/ 4] vè;k; 11) dnZe ½f"k dh iq=kh vulw;k ls pUnzek

dh mRifÙk vf=k osQ }kjk crykbZ xbZ gS ftlesa nÙkk=ks; vkSj nqokZlk Hkh lfEefyr gSaAvfXuiqjk.k (vè;k; 20 'yksd 12) esa n{kiq=kh vulw;k esa vf=k osQ }kjk lkseksRifÙkcrykbZ xbZ gSA dnZe eqfu dh dU;k tks vf=k dh iRuh Hkh vulw;k dgh xbZ gS] n{kdh dU;k dks Hkh vulw;k dgk x;k gS vkSj Hknzk'o dh jktdU;k Hknzk dks Hkh vulw;kosQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA czãk.M&iqjk.k (vè;k; 8 'yksd 77) esa Hknzk'pdh jktdU;k Hknzk esa pUnzek dh mRifÙk crykbZ xbZ gSµ¶Hknzk;ka tu;kekl lksea iq=ka;'kfLoue~A¸

czãk.Megkiqjk.k esa ½f"klxZo.kZu osQ vUrxZr (1-2-11-22) vulw;k osQ iq=kksaesa lkse (pUnzek) dks ifjxf.kr fd;k x;k gSµ¶vulw;k fotKs oS iapk=ks;kudYe"kku~AlR;us=k'p gO;'p vkiksewfÙkZ% 'kuS'pj%AA lkse'p iapeLrs"kkeklhr~ Lok;aHkqosrjsA;kensoSLlgkrhr% iapk=ks;k% izdhfrZrkAA¸ bl izdkj lR;us=k] gO;] vkiksewfÙkZ] 'kuS'pjrFkk lkse ;s ik¡pksa vf=kiq=k dgs x;sa gSA

vulw;k us vius ikfrozR; osQ izHkko ls nsoksa osQ va'k dks iq=k :i esa rks izkIrfd;k gh lkFk gh ,sls m¼j.k Hkh izkIr gksrs gSa tgk¡ vulw;k us vius ikfrozR; osQizHkko ls nsoksa dk rFkk euq";ksa dk fgr fd;kA

x#.kiqjk.k osQ vè;k; 142] eko±QMs;iqjk.k 16] LdUniqjk.k 5-3-169&172rFkk iÁiqjk.k l- 51 esa vulw;k osQ ikfrozR; ls lEcfU/r ,d dFkk bl izdkj of.kZrgSµ

¶dkSf'kd uked oqQ"Bjksxh] czkã.k dh iRuh 'kSO;k vius ifr osQ }kjk frjLdkjfeyus ij Hkh ifr dks nsork:i gh ekurh FkhA ,d ckj og ifr dh bPNkuqlkj ifrdks dU/s ij cSBkdj oS';k osQ ?kj tk jgh Fkh] jkf=k esa vU/dkj gksus osQ dkj.kdkSf'kd czkã.k dk iSj yxus ls lekf/jr ek.Mo ½f"k (tkS ykSg'kÄ~oqQ osQ mQijlekf/LFk Fks) dh lekf/ HkÄõ gks xbZ vkSj vlá osnuk ls mUgksaus Øks/o'k 'kki fn;kfd lw;ksZn; gksrs gh czkã.k dh e`R;q gks tk;sxhA ;g lqudj iRuh us vius ikfrozR;/eZ osQ izHkko ls lw;ksZn; gh ugha gksus fn;kA lw;ksZn; gksus osQ fy, nsoksa us vulw;k dhizkFkZuk dh rc vulw;k us vius ri osQ izHkko ls czkã.kh ls lw;ksZn; djkus osQ fy,dgk vkSj mlosQ ifr dks vulw;k us u;k lqUnj 'kjhj ;qDr thou iznku fd;kA¸

ikfrozR; dh vkn'kZ vulw;k okYehfd jkek;.k osQ v;ksè;kdk.M osQ ,d lkSl=kgosa lxZ esa ukfj/eZ rFkk ikfrozR; dh egÙkk osQ fo"k; esa lhrk ls dgrh gSafd&vius Lokeh uxj esa jgsa ;k ou esa] Hkys gksa ;k cqjs ftu fL=k;ksa dks os fiz; gksrsgSa] mUgsa egku~ vH;qn;'kkyh yksdksa dh izkfIr gksrh gSµ

164 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

¶uxjLFkks ouLFkks ok 'kqHkks ok ;fn ok'kqHk%A;klka L=kh.kka fiz;ks HkrkZ rklka yksdk egksn;k%AA¸

ifr oSQlk Hkh gks ukfj;ksa osQ fy, Js"B nsork osQ leku gSµ¶ijea nSora ifr%¸Avulw;k ifr ls c<+dj fdlh dks Hkh fgrdkjh cU/q ugha ekurhµ

¶ukrks fof'k"Va i';kfe ckU/oa foe`'kUR;ge~A¸

ifr ij 'kklu djus okyh] vlkèoh fL=k;ksa dks vi;'k dh izkfIr gksrh gSAlkèoh] iq.;deks± okyh fL=k;ksa dks LoxZ dh izkfIr gksrh gSA lrh /eZ dk ikyu djusokyh] ifr dks iz/ku nsork le>us okyh rFkk vius Lokeh dk izR;sd le; vuqlj.kdjus o lg/feZ.kh cuh jgus okyh fL=k;k¡ lq;'k vkSj /eZ nksuksa dks izkIr djrh gSAokYehfd dk vuqlj.k djrs gq;s rqylh us Hkh ekul esa vulw;k osQ eq[k ls lhrk dksikfrozR; /eZ dk mins'k yksd f'k{k.kkFkZ fnyok;k gSA dEc jkek;.k esa bl izlax dksNksM+ fn;k x;k gS ogk¡ dEc us ikfrozR; dk vkn'kZ ofl"B iRuh v#U/rh dks ekukgSA dEc jkek;.k (1-10-7) osQ vuqlkj ikfjokfjd thou dh liQyrk ifr&iRuh osQrqY;kuqjkx ij fuHkZj gSA ;g rHkh laHko gS tc ifr ,diRuhozrh gks vkSj iRuh ifrozrkAdEcu~ us viuh iRuh dks NksM+ vU; vaxuk dk Li'kZ u djus okyh Hkqtk dks ifo=kdgk gS (1-16-23)] fL=k;ksa osQ ikfrozR; dks x`gLFk/eZ dk vk/kj crk;k gS (1-9-70)] vkSj ikfrozR; dks bfUnz; fuxzg vkSj iapkfXu lsou djus okys rifLo;ksa dhriL;k ls dgha mPprj dgk gS (5-3-72)] ftlosQ izHkko ls vuko`f"V dk ladV nwjgksdj fu;fer o"kkZ gksrh gS (1-2-59) rFkk vius ifr osQ vfrfjDr vU; fdlh nsodks u ekuus okyh ifrozrkvksa osQ eu dks mUgksaus Jhfo".kq dh riksHkwfe osQ rqY; ifo=kcrk;k gS (1-8-16)A blh izdkj rqylh osQ jke Hkh ,diRuhozrh gSaµ

¶eksafg vfrl; izrhfr eu osQjhAtsafg liusgq¡ ijukfj u gsjhAA¸ (1-231-6&7)

dkslyoklh ,diRuhozrh gSµ

¶,dukfj ozr jr lc >kjhAA¸ (7-22-8)

ekul osQ vj.;dk.M esa lrh vulw;k lhrk dks mins'k nsus osQ cgkus lsukfjèkeZ esa ifrlsok dks izeq[k /eZ ekurh gSaµ

¶vfer nku HkrkZ c;nsghA v/e lks ukfj tks lso u rsghAAo`¼ jksxcl tM+ /ughukA va/ cf/j Øks/h vfr nhukAA,slsgq ifr dj fd,¡ viekukA ukfj iko teiqj nq%[k ukukAA,d /eZ ,d ozr usekA dk;W opu eu ifr in izsekAA¸

vulw;k pkj izdkj dh izfrozrkvksa dk mYys[k djrh gSaµ

¶tx ifrozrk pkj fof/ vgghaA osn iqjku lUr lc dgghaAA

mÙke osQ cl cl eu ekghaA liusgq¡ vku iq#"k tx ukghaAA

eè;e ijifr ns[kb oSQlsA Hkzkrk firk iq=k fut tSlsAA

/eZ fopkfj leqf> oqQy jgbZA lks fufd"V f=k; Jqfr vl dgbZAA

fcuq volj Hk; rsa jg tksbZA tkus v/e ukjh tx lksbZAA¸

ifr izfrowQy ukfj;ksa osQ nq"ifj.kkeksa osQ lEcU/ esa Hkh vulw;k us dgk gSµ

¶ifr oapd ijifr bfr djbZA jkSjo ujd dYi lr ijbZAA

fcuq Je ukfj ijexfr ybbZA ifrozr /eZ NkfM+ Ny xgbZAA

ifr izfrowQy tue t¡g tkbZA fo/ok gksbZ ikb r#ukbZAA

lgt vikofu ukfj ifr lsor lqHk xfr ygbAtlq xkor Jqfr pkj vtgw¡ rqyfldk gfjfg fiz;AA¸

okYehfd jkek;.k (v;ksè;k dk.M 118-9&11) esa lhrk vulw;k ls dgrh gSafd ifr gh xq# gSa & ¶uk;kZ% ifrxqZ#%¸ rFkk ifrlsok gh lcls cM+k ri gSµ

¶ifr'kwJw"kkÂk;kZLriks ukU;n~ fo/h;rsAA

lkfo=kh ifr'kqJw"kka ÑRok LoxsZ egh;rsArFkko`fÙk'p ;krk ,oa ifr'kwJw"k;k fnoe~AA

ofj"Bk loZukjh.kkes"kk p fnfo nsorkAjksfg.kh u fouk pUæa eqgwrZefi n`';rsAA¸

vulw;k us ifr osQ lkFk ouokl Lohdkj djus okyh lhrk dh iz'kalk dh rFkkmUgsa fnO;ekyk] vkHkw"k.k] oL=k ,oa fnO;kaxjkx iznku fd;k ftls lhrk us /kj.kfd;kµ

¶bna fnO;a oja ekY;a oL=kkHkj.kkfu pAvÄõjkxa p oSnsfg egkgZeuqysiue~AA¸ (ok-jk-v;ks- 118-18)

vulw;k us lhrk dks fo'odekZ osQ }kjk fufeZr nks fnO; oqQ.My Hkh iznkufd;sµ

¶fnO;s nnkS oqQ.Mys }s fufeZrs fo'odeZ.kkAnqowQys }s nnkS rL;S fueZys HkfDrla;qrkAA¸ (vè;kRejkek;.k 9-88)

166 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

vulw;k us lhrk dks vk'khZokn fn;k fd rqEgkjk uke ysdj lalkj esa fL=k;k¡ikfrozR; /eZ dk ikyu djsaxhµ

¶lquq lhrk ro uke lqfefj ukfj ifrozr djfgaArksfg izkufiz; jke dfgm¡ dFkk lalkj fgrAA¸

bl izdkj lalkj dk fgr pkgus okyh vulw;k vius vlw;k Hkko dh 'kwU;rkosQ dkj.k gh ifrozrk ukjh osQ :i esa yksd fo[;kr gqbZA oSfnd ½f"k dk vlw;k Hkkols jfgr (vulw;k) gksus dk lans'k ikSjkf.kd okÄ~e; esa vulw;k ukjh osQ :i esa fn[kkbZnsrk gS ftlus vlw;k Hkko ls jfgr gksdj ikfrozR; /eZ osQ ikyu dk lans'k fn;k vkSjifrozrkvksa esa Js"B ekuh xbZA vUr esa ,slh ifrozrk rFkk l¼eZ&laikfnuh vulw;k lseaxydkeuk gS fd oks oqQ'kyrk iznku djsaµ

¶ikfrozR;e;su;kReeglk czãkCtukHks'ojku~pozsQ izkÑrckydkfuo nnkS HkwdU;dk;S eqnkAj{kks¿U/dj.kkÄõjkxefi ;k l¼eZlEikfnuhlk uks¿=ksZx`fg.kh ruksrq oqQ'kya ukEuk¿ulw;k lrhAA¸

( 167 )

vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~& MkW- vuhrk 'kekZ

vuqns'kd] jk-la-laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh

vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks vuqlU/k=;k eè;edkO;eknk; vusosQ"kka fo"k;k.kkafoospua Ñre~ fo'ks"k:is.k vk/qfud dkO;L; mnkgj.k nÙke~A

dkfynklek?kHkkjfoJhg"kkZn;% egkdo;% vfrizfl¼k% lfUr laLÑrdkO;txfr;s"kka fo"k;s b;e~ lwfDr% lehphuk izfrHkkfr &

t;fUr rs lqÑfru% jlfl¼k% doh'ojk%AukfLr ;s"kka ;'k%dos tjkej.kta Hk;e~AA

dkfynklkfnuka egkdohuka dkO;a jE;a Js"Ba iBuh;e~ mÙkedkO;e~ ,o vfLrukfLr v=k foaQfpr~ lansgkolj% ijUrq vk/qfuosQ dkO;txfr rkn`'kh izfrHkk nqyZHkk ,oAvr,o vk/qfudkuka dohuka dkO;a iz/kur% eq[;r% p eè;edkO;L; ,o mnkgj.ke~A

dkfynkliwoZofrZuh] dkfynklh;k dkfynklksÙkjdkfydh p laLÑrlkfgR;/kjkijLijfoy{k.kk fHkÂk p orZrsA vr% [kz"V;ksufoa'k'krosQ vkèkqfudlaLÑrlkfgR;/kjkuohus foy{k.ks ekxsZ ina djksfrA v=k ukfLr fdefi vLokHkkfodRoe~A lkEizfrosQvfLeu~ le;lhfEu ,sfgdHkksxizo.krk;k% izcyk;ekuRokr~ ifjofrZr% thoucks/% rFkklkekftdh fLFkfr% vfr nzqrrjxR;k foofrZrkA vr% lân;ân;#pkS vfi ifjorZue~tkre~A vr,o vokZphulaLÑrlkfgR;'kSY;ka oSy{k.;a lqLi"Vr% ifjy{;ek.ka tk;rsA

jkek;.kegkHkkjrkfn"kq izfl¼eso o`ÙkeoyEC; lTtukns'pfjra lekfJR; okykSfddfeJdkO;kfu fojfprkfu vHkou~A vokZphus vfLeu~ le;s laLÑrlkfgR;/kjk%xfrizÑR;ks% ckgqY;su ifjorZus y{;ek.ks vfi oSQf'pr~ dfofHk% izkphuijEijkuql`R;jkek;.kegkHkkjriqjk.kkfnizfl¼a o`Ùka izkphua ok fdefi pfjreqithO; egkdkO;kfufojfprkfuA ;Fkk NTtqjke'kkfL=k.k% f'kodFkkere~*] MkW- jes'kpUnz'kqDyL; lqxejkek;.ka*rFkk ^JhÑ".kpfjre~* gfjnklfl¼kUrokxh'kL; ^#fDe.khgj.ke~* bR;kn;%A vfLeu~dkys ,rkn'ka 'kkL=kh;a egkdkO;efi fofufeZra foyksD;rs ;L;ksithO;a oLrq ¶vkRerÙoe~vfLrA MkW- dfiynsof}osfnuk jfpra ^vkRefoKkua* uke foa'kfrlxkZReoaQ egkdkO;a,rkn`'keso fo|rs ;=k vkReKkufo"k;dk% losZ fo"k;k% iz'uksÙkj:is.k leqiLFkkfirk%AbnkuhUrue~ bfro`Ùka rFkk pfjra voyEC; ckgqY;su fojfprkfu egkdkO;kfuA ;Fkk

168 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

lqcksèkpUnziUrL; >k¡lh'ojhpfjre~* Jhin~e'kkfL=k.k%] ysfuukere~* JhLo;aizdk'k'keZ.k%^JhHkDrpfjre~* Jhfo'oukFkosQ'koN=ks'kkfL=k.k% lqHkk"kpfjre~* Hkkjrh;LokrU=;ksn;%*{kekjkofojfpr% LojkT;fot;%* e/qdj'kkfL=k.k% xkfU/xkFkk* ';keo.kZf}osfnu% fo'kky&Hkkjre~* j?kqukFkizlknprqosZfnu% JhtokgjT;ksfr%* ijes'ojnÙkf=kikfBu% ¶jDrfgeky;e~lR;ozr'kkfL=k.k% bfUnjkxkfU/pfjre~* dfrpu lfUrA ,rs"kq dkO;xzUFks"kq lkEizfrdkukao`Ùkkuka pfjrkuka ok o.kZua Ñra dfofHk%A vfi p vkReu% firq% firkegL; ok pfjr&eoyEC; dfrpu egkdkO;kfu fojfprkfu voyksD;Urs vk/qfuosQ laLÑrlkfgR;sA,rkn`'ks"kq egkdkO;s"kq {kekjkoegkHkkxk;k vkReu% firq% Jh'kÄïjik.MqjÄõif.MrL;pfjreoyEC; jfpra 'kÄïjthouLFkkufefr] Jhfo|k/j'kkfL=k.k vkReu% firkegL;gjukenÙkL; pfjrek/kjhÑR; fufeZra gjukeke`rfefr p egkdkO;f}r;a fo'ks"kr%leqYys[kegZfrA ijUrq iz/kur% vk/qfuosQ dkO;txfr loZ=k eè;edkO;L;So izk/kU;aizkI;rs ;r% dkfynkllek uouoksUes"k'kkfyuh mÙkedkO;ltZu{kek izfrHkk vfrnqyZHkkA

izkphulaLÑrlkfgR;s laLÑregkdohuka loZfo/dkO;jpuklq jlksiLFkkueso ijafof'k"Va y{;eklhr~A Hkjrsu mDre~ &

¶ufg jlkn`rs df'pnFkZ% izorZrs

egkdkO;s jlfLFkfre~ vfHky{; Hkkegsukfi mDre~ &

;qDra yksdLoHkkosu jlS'p ldyS% i`Fko~QA &(1@21)

vkuUno/Zusukfi mDre~ &

izcU/tkrh;s dfodeZf.k losZ jlk% fr"Bs;q% ijUrq r=kSdL; jlL;vfÄõrkÄõhdk;kZA

;FkksDre~ &

izfl¼s¿fi izcU/kuka ukukjlfucU/usA,dks jlks¿ÄõhdÙkZO;Lrs"kkeqRd"kZfePNrkAA &(èoU;kyksd 3@21)

iqu% fo'oukFksu egkdkO;L; vfÄõjlfo"k;s fdefi fu;U=k.ke~ vkjksfire~ rsumDre~ &

ÜkÄõjohj'kkUrkukesdks¿Äõhjl b";rsAvÄõkfu losZ¿fi jlk% ----------------AA &(lkfgR;niZ.k 6@316)

fdUrq okYehfdÑrd#.kjliz/kujkek;.kL; egkdkO;Roe~ vO;kgra p izfl¼e~orZrsA ,rsu mÙkedkO;RoL; laHkkouk vf/dk vklhr~ fdUrq vk/qfudegkdkO;s"kqjlfo"k;oaQ oSy{k.;a n`';rsA izkphus"kq egkdkO;s"kq egkdos% izfrHkk mÙkedkO;ltZusjlksiLFkkius ;Ruorh vklhr~A lân;L; fp=kofÙkjfi jlkLoknus leqRlqdk O;xzk vHkor~ijUrq vk/qfuosQ"kq egkdkO;s"kq u fo|rs rFkkfo/% iz;Ru%A v/quk dfodeZlq lkekftd&

vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~ 169

iz'ukuka jkf"Vª;psrukuka izk/kU;a orZrsA iqjk rq vkpk;sZ.k eEeVsu dkO;izdk'ks o.;Zekus"kqfofo/s"kq dkO;iz;kstus"kq jlkLoknL;ksifj ija xkSjoe~ vkjksfire~A eEeVersu ldyiz;kstu&ekSfyHkwra leuUrjeso foxfyros|kUrje~ vkuUne~A vr% izkphuegkdkO;s"kq jlL; dkO;&lkSUn;ZL; p izk/kU;e~ vklhr~ vr% mÙkedkO;jpuk;k% egrh laHkkouk vklhr~A ijUrqvk/qfuosQ"kq egkdkO;s"kq lektxrkuka iz'ukuke~ miLFkkiua ckgqY;sukoyksD;rs vr% jlL;èous% ok loZLok;ekurk u fo|rsA

laLÑrlkfgR;L; egkdkO;ijEijk;k% mn~Hko;qxa dkfynkliwoZe~ vklhr~ ;fLeu~jkek;.kegkHkkjrs fojfprsA laLÑregkdkO;kuka vH;qRFkku;qxa rq dkfynklksn;su lgvk;kfr Jhg"kZi;ZUra fo|rs ,rfLeu~ dkys vHkwriwokZ vk'kkrhrk leqÂfr% latkrk lexz&laLÑrlkfgR;L; mÂrs% dkj.kHkwrk lq"BqlkekftdO;oLFkk vklhr~ Jhg"kkZuUrja egkdkO;&ltuxfr% {kh.krka izkIrk vk/qfuosQ dkys rq laLÑrHkk"kk;k% fLFkfr% 'kkspuh;k dk dFkkegkdkO;jpuk;k%A

dkO;Ñfr% lokZReuk dosfjPN;So rnfHkerjlkÄõrka /ÙksA dkO;a ;Fkk dkO;kfHkerajla /Ùks rFkSo rnfHkera yksdfp=k.ka] thoun'kZua rnfHkerka yksdlaosnuka /ÙksA èofudkj%vkuUno/Zu% ifjLiqQVa onfr ,rnso &

vikjs dkO;lalkjs dfojsd% iztkifr%A;Fkk¿LeS jksprs fo'oa rFksna ifjorZrsAA

Ük`Äõkjh psr~ dfo% dkO;s tkra jle;a txr~Al ,o ohrjkx'psÂhjla loZeso rr~AA

Hkkokupsrukufi psruoPpsrukupsruor~AO;ogkj;fr ;Fks"Va lqdfo% dkO;s LorU=kr;kAA

vusu o.kZusu ljLorhiq=kL; dos% fujÄ~oqQ'kRoa loZFkk Li"Va HkofrA izkphudkyhu&laLÑrdo;% ;Fkk fyf[kroUr% rFkSo vk/qfuddohuka izo`fÙk% bfr u vko';oaQ;qxifjorZua tkre~A dkO;izo`Ùk;% ifjofrZrk% n`';UrsA dfoRoekun.Mks¿fi df'pr~vikj% bo l×tkr%A thouL; losZ"kq {ks=ks"kq vfi fo'ouhMhdj.kL; izfr"Bk leoyksD;rsAHkkjrh;ys[kus n`';rs ;wjksih;ys[kuL; izHkko% izfrPNk;k pA vr% vk/qfuosQ laLÑr&dkO;txfr èofudkO;L; iwoZor~ leknjks u laHkkO;rs rFkk èofudkO;l`tu{kerk ulqyHkk rFkk ;Fkk vklhr~ laLÑrlkfgR;L; le`f¼dkysA ifj.kker% eè;edkO;L;izkpq;± lgtLokHkkfode~ vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;lkfgR;sA

vk/qfuddkyL; laLÑrdfo% Hkkjrh;% lÂfi fuf[kyHkwe.Myizfrfuf/% izrh;rsAVkWyLVk;&ysfuu&oSQusMhlekfJrkfu egkdkO;kfu iz.kh;Urs&^dusMh d#.kk×tfy%* MkW'kf'k/j 'keZ.k%] ysfyukere~* in~e'kkfL=keksn;L;A lR;ozr'kkfL=k.kk fojfpra cksfèklÙo&pfjra uke egkdkO;a cksf/lÙoL; izkDrutUeuka rFkkfUretUeu% o`ÙkkUra o.kZ;frA

170 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

'kdVkjO;ktsu usYlue.MsykdkjkoklO;Fkka lukru% dfo% izdk'k;rsA dfo% vfHkjkt&jktsUnz% vn"Vefi ckyh}hia gLrkeydhdjksfr exkÄïnwr&ckyhfoykl&;olkfgR;&'krdk&fnO;ktsuA dkfufpr~ vijkf.k egkdkO;kfu lfUr& (1) jDrfgeky;e~&ijes'ojnÙk&f=kikBh] (2) x.kifrlEHkoe~ & izHkqnÙk'kkL=kh] (3) fryd;'kks¿.kZo%ek/o% Jhgfjv.ks](4) lqHkk"kpfjre~&czãkuUn 'kqDy%] (5) usg:pfjre~&czãkuUn 'kqDy%] (6) Jhekyoh;dkO;e~&jkeoqQosj% ekyoh;%] (7) usg:;'k% lkSjHke~&cyHknz'kkL=kh] (8)jktsUnzizlknkH;qn;% iknÑ".kewfrZ 'kkL=kh] (9) rtZuh&nqxkZnÙk'kkL=kh] (10) esyurhFkZe~](11) efgee;Hkkjre~&MkW ;rhUnzfoeypkS/jh] (12) xaxklkxjh;e~&fo".kqnÙk% 'kqDy%](13) tokgjT;ksfr%&jktkjke 'kkL=kh] (14) xhrtokgje~&jkefd'kksjfeJ%] (15)fo'oekuoh;e~&fo|k/j'kkL=kh] (16) #fDe.khgj.ke~&dk'khukFk f}osnh] (17)jkenklpfjre~ rFkk Kkuso'ojpfjre~&if.Mr {kekjko] (18) uUnpfjre~ rFkkjkenkldkO;e~&lw;Zukjk;.k%] (19) d.kkZtqZuh;e~ rFkk egf"kZKkukuUnpfjre~&foUè;s'ojh&izlkn 'kkL=kh] (20) lrhpfjre~&osQ-,l- Ñ".kewfrZ] (21) vk;ksZn;e~&xaxkizlknmikè;k;%] (22) 'kqEHko/e~ MkW- Hkksyk'kadj O;kl%] (23) lhrkpfjre~ izks- jsokizlknf}osnh vU;kfu cgwfu egkdkO;kfu fojfprkfu vk/qfuosQ laLÑrlkfgR;sA jk"Vªh;Hkkouk;k%tkxj.ke~ ,o ewyHkwre~ mís';e~ vr% jlkfHkO;DrkS u rFkk #fp% ;Fkk vklhr~dkfynklkfndkysA lhrkpfjrdkj% izks- jsokizlkn f}osnh eEeViz.khrL; dkO;iz;kstuL;[k.Mue~ djksfr&

u ;'kls u /uk; f'kosrj{kfrÑrs¿fi p uso ÑfreZeAb;feeka HkjrkofulaLÑfra lqjxoha p fu"ksforqeqn~xrkAA

&(lhrkpfjre~)

fryd;'kks¿.kZodkj% Jhek/o% Jhgfj% v.ks dFk;frµ

yhyksÙkqax rjaxfp=kygjhu`Ùksu la'kksfHkrks;fLeu~ funZgfr izcks/oMokofÉLreks¿Kkute~Afo|kjRue;% ijkØeegkuØ% lq/ka /kj;u~lks¿;a yksdxqjks;Z'kks.kZo bgkxk/ks¿Lrq u% Js;lsAA

&(fryd;'kks¿.kZo% 1@24)

vyadkjlq"kekeafMrfena i|e~ eè;edkO;L; Js"Be~ mnkgj.ke~ vfLrA usg:&pfjrdkj% czãkuUn'kqDy% LoÑrs% mís';a o.kZ;u~ dFk;frµ

LokrU=;joiwR;ZFk± Loizk.kk% ;S% lefiZrk%Ars"kka 'kk'orlEeku:is;a dkO;;kstukAA &(usg:pfjre~ 1@35)

bnefi eè;edkO;L;ksnkgj.ke~ vfLrA izHkqnÙk'kkfL=k.kk fojfprs egkdkO;s^x.kifrlEHkos* xq.khHkwrk[;L; eè;edkO;L; n'kZua HkofrA vfLeu~ egkdkO;s vFkkZUrj&

U;kl&miek&mRizs{kknhuka vyadkjk.kka lq"Bq iz;ksx% n`';rsA mnkgj.kkFk±µ

eUna eUne;a fgekfu fdjfr L;kÂ æqra ;n~ O;;%AfoÙkk<~;Sjfi nh?kZnf'kZiq#"kSukZiO;;% lársAA

laj{;a /ucU/uSfuZt/ua ØhrhÑra psU/ue~Adks /"ksZn~ oupUnuSjfi fpra O;Fk± futa L;Unue~AA

&(x.kifrlEHkoe~] egkdkO;e~ 1@22)

v=k ^fgeky;% eUna eUna fgekfu fdjfr* bfr fo'ks"kdFkua f=kfHk% lkekU;dFkuS% lefFkZre~&(1) foÙkk<~;Sjfi nh?kZnf'kZiq#"kS% viO;;% u lárs] (2) /uaØhrhÑra bU/ua laj{;e~A (3) oupUnuSjfi fpra futa L;Unua d% O;Fk± /"ksZr~\ vr%vFkkZUrjkU;klkyadkjL;ksngj.ke~ bne~ eè;edkO;L; {ks=ks orZrsA

miekyadkjs.kkyaÑra fuEuksnkgj.ke~ nz"VO;e~&

^VSadku~* oØeq[kku~ 'k'kkadln`'kku~ uwRuku~ uokad'p okAdkjadkjfees glfUr dfior~ yadkfoVadku~ ;FkkAA

owQnZUrs fxfjÜk`Äõrks¿fi uVor~ jksgfUr ok rr~ iqu%AHkhrsHkhZfrdjk bes Hkjr&Hkw&iq=kk% ifo=kk ânkAA

&(x.kifrlEHkoe~ 1@20)

v=k fgeky;fLFkrkuka Hkkjrh;VSadkuka lSfudkuka p o.kZue~ miekyaÑra orZrsA

x.ks'k% ekSuekLFkk; fy[kfr O;kl% onfr pA n`"VkUrkyadkjs.k 'kksHkua fp=k.kadfo% djksfr µ

n`"VSdk izfrosf'kuh cgqonk ;k dksirksifiz;kAvU;L;ka p djksfr ;k izfrfnua ok:nokÄ~eks{k.ke~AA

'kkUrSdk rq x`gizekf"VZdj.kSeZXuk u yXuksÙkjsArn~n`';a u;ukxzr% fLFkrfena izkspqtZxR;ka tuk%AA

&(x.kifrlEHkoe~ 7@43)

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mHk;okljeè;xrk cHkkoriuk¿fi rnk ifjrkfiuhAfojgeUeFklEiqVihfMrk ruqrjk ofurso foHkkojhAA

&(:fDe.khgj.ke~ 4@19)

bne~ vyaÑfrlEiÂe~ mnkgj.ke~ eè;edkO;L;A vU;nsde~ mnkgj.ke~ nz"VO;e~µ

172 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

i;fl Hkwfj fo/k; fueTtua 'kqfprjk r:.kho cHkkS eghArjyrk nn`'ks n`f'k [katus /uetk;r dksdoqQpksÂfr%A

ik[k.Ma [k.M;u~ dfo% dFk;fr&

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vU;nsoaQ je.kh;e~ mnkgj.ka nz"VO;e~&

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dfo% uohuksiekukuka iz;ksxa djksfr&

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ekyksiekfo/kua n'kZuh;e~&

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:idkyadkjL; mnkgj.ke~ n'kZuh;e~&

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vfr'k;ksfDrlkSUn;± n'kZuh;e~&

veq;k fut:ilkxjs y?kqyko.;tys fueTtukr~Avforqa u;us foHkw"k.ka fofgra }hir;k LFkys LFkysAA

vU;snde~ mnkgj.ka vfr'k;ksfDrlkSUn;ZL;&

uSokn~Hkqra l ;fn fu>Zfj.kh cHkwo foanqfL=kykspudinZrVkfÂikrhA,dks¿fi es u;uuhjd.k% l[khuka fpÙks"kq ;r~ d#.klkxjrkeqisr%AA

f=kyksputVksn~Hkwr% fcUnq% l[khuka fpÙks"kq d#.klkxjrka miSfrA fcUnq% flU/q%HkofrA

dkO;fyaxsu la;ksx Ük`Äõkjjlèous%A pk{kq"ka fo/kua nz"VO;e~&

jkxks ;ef{k;qxys¿/jiYyoL;vU;ks¿U;ekoqQy;r% LiqQVefrZtkre~Ad% izR;;Lro frjksfgroLrqfuL;kr~ Ñ".kRoesrn/js u;u};L;AA &(:fDe.khgj.ke~ 13@71)

Ñ".kL; lSfudku~ o.kZ;u~ dfo% dFk;fr&

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,oeso jsokizlknf}osnhegksn;su fojfprs egkdkO;s eè;edkO;L; mnkgj.kkfuizHkwrkfu fo|UrsA bne~ lhrkpfjre~* ukeoaQ egkdkO;e~ vR;Urizfl¼e~A v=k vyadkj&;kstuk dkO;lkSUn;ZL; vfHko`¼;s lgk;dHkwrk orZrsA dkfufpr~ mnkgj.kkfu nh;UrsA

jkeHkjrfeyua o.kZ;u~ dfo% dFk;fr&

l jkeukek Hkxoku~ l ekuoLrFkk p df'pr~ HkjrsfrukeHkko~QAfofueZekrs fefyrkS fgekpyks egksnf/'pkfi ;Fkk¿¿;ZHkwfedke~AA

&(lhrkpfjre~ 1@2)

foiDoxHkk± iq=ko/wlhrka n`"V~ok ekrj% izlÂk% vHkou~&

foiDoxHkk± p o/wa n`xEcqfHkfuZtS% llaKk p fujh{; ekrj%Afu'k'olqZeqf"Verha ;Fkk egha rjafxrka oh{; Ñ"kk.kpsrukAA

&(lhrkpfjre~ 2@44)

tud% yooqQ'kkS n`"V~ok izlhnfr&

ekrkegL;kfi fouk Lo=kha nkSfg=k;ksgZUr! r;ks% izlkn%Atkrks uokIrizfroSQ% Lo'kkL=ks LoH;Lr;ks% 'kkL=kÑr% izlkn%AA

&(lhrkpfjre~ 10@29)

vFkkZUrjL; ,oaQ lqUnjksnkgj.ke~ nz"VO;e~&

vf; ekr:nL;rka Ro;k tudksia izfr dksi bZn`'k%Aufg oqQDoqQjf/Ñrks xtks cq/oU|ks Hktfr izfrfØ;ke~AA

&(lhrkpfjre~ 4@43)

:idkyadkjL; ,oaQ lqUnje~ mnkgj.ka n'kZ;uh;e~&

mjLlqrslka folltZ dkSlqeh% Ït% l rs rL; p ok"ifufeZrk%AveU;rkusu tuks u`iky;a xra rnk Lusglq/k iz;kxrke~AA

&(lhrkpfjre~ 1@29)

174 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

miekyadkjL; ân;kotZd% iz;ksx% nz"VO;%&

eq[ks"kq ekSuk vfi rs rnkuha eu%lq pkpY;Hk`rks fojstq%Aljksojk ;n~onuqÙkjaxk ijUrq eè;s pyehulaxkAA&(lhrkpjfre~ 9@12)

lhrk;k% fLFkrizKfLFkfra o.kZ;u~ dfo% dFk;fr&

f=kfHk% equhUæS% frl`fHk'p lwfHkoZrks cHkkls iq:"kksÙkeks¿=kA;Fkk f=kos.;k lfgr% iz;kx% f=kfHk% leqæS'p ;FkS"k ns'k%AA

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&(lhrkpfjre~ 9@2]3)

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eeSo fdURo=k ifjP;qrkReuL=kqfV;Zns"kk turkLR;f'kf{krkAfirq% l nks"k% f'k'kqjfÙk ;n~ fo"ka fHk"kx~fg okP;ks ;fn o/Zrs #tkAA

&(lhrkpfjre~ egkdkO;e~ 2@26)

;Fkk izkphulaLÑrlkfgR;s rFkSo vk/qfudlaLÑrlkfgR;s vfi n`';dkO;efifo|rsA n`';a dkO;a rnfLr ;Pp{kqfjfUnz;xzkáa HkofrA vL; u bna rkRi;Ze~ vfLr ;r~n`';dkO;s Jo.ksfUnz;L; mi;ksfxrk ,o u Hkofr] dFkksidFkuL; laoknL; Jo.kk;Jo.ksfUnz;L; lkgkÕ;a vfuok;Z:is.k Hkofr ,oA dFkuksidFkuJo.ksu fouk ukVdL;iw.kZjlkLoknua drq± u 'kD;rsA dks¿fi cf/j% Jo.ksfUnz;a fouk ukVdL; iw.kZjlkLoknusvleFkZ% HkofrA ijUrq Jo.ksfUnz;L; lkgkÕ;s vfi p{kqfjfUnz;L;So izk/kU;kr~ rr~ dkO;an';e~ bfr mP;rsA dkfynklL; vfHkKku'kkoqQUrya rFkk HkoHkwrs% mÙkjjkepfjra vfrizfl¼an';dkO;e~A izkphun';dkO;s"kq vfi eè;edkO;L; fo|ekurk vklhr~ rFkSo vk/qfudlaLÑrlkfgR;L; n';dkO;s"kq vfi eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoe~ vfLr ,oa ;rhUnzfoey&pkS/jhegksn;L; ^Hkkjrtude~* ukVoaQ izfl¼e~A ^Hkkjrfot;e~*] ^ohjizrki%* rFkkxkfUèkfot;e~ bfr ukVdkfu eFkqjkizlknnhf{krL; lfUrA lqlagrHkkjre~* ukVde~ iqYysy&jkepUnz Mw egksn;L; vfLrA ^foØkUrHkkjre~* (MkW- vkj- oh- 'kkfL=k egksn;L;)]^lekueLrq es eu%* (xk-ok- iylqys egksn;L;) iknn.M%* (MkW- ouekykHkokydjegksn;k;k%) bR;knhfu vusdkfu ukVdkfu fojfprkfu vk/qfuosQ laLÑrlkfgR;txfrA;s"kq losZ"kq eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa fo|rsA vk/qfuosQ laLÑrlkfgR;s fojfprkukaukVkdkuka la[;k Hkw;lh orZrs ;Fkk yksdukFkfeJegksn;su fojfpre~ ^oqQ;kZr~ lnkeÄõye~* jekdkUr'kqDyegksn;su fojfpre~ jsfMvks&ukVoaQ if.Mrjkth;e~* xaxklkxjh;e~*

egkdkO;e~ fo".kqnÙk'kqDysu fojfpre~A miekyadkjL; ,de~ mnkgj.ka nz"VO;e~&

'kq¼a lekf/fof/uk oiqjh'ojL;l|% ifo=kefrpk#rja pdkjAvUrLFknhfIrfudj|qfreRiznhisdkO;L; Hkkfr #fpja p ;Fkkfoèkkue~AA &(xÄõklkxjh;e~ 3@6)

'kadjL; r`rh;us=ka o.kZ;u~ dfo% dFk;fr&

us=ka r`rh;a xq#Hkkyns'ks cgsZ ;Fkk jktfr eè;foUnq%AxzUFks"kq /eZL; Ñra lHkDR;k iwtkizlaxs fryoaQ ;Fkk okAA

&(xÄõklkxjh;e~ 2@37)

vU;nsde~ mnkgj.ke~ nz"VO;e~&

T;ksRLuk lnk Luki;fr izlÂk djksR;q"kk lkEizreaxjkxe~AckykoZQfcEcS% ÑrHkkyfoUnq% Ükaxkfjrk lk lqHkxk o/wor~AA

&(xÄõklkxjh;e~ 2@24)

vyÄïkjef.Mra dkO;e~ eè;edkO;e~ ,o Hkofr Jhcksf/lÙopfjre~* egkdkO;alR;ozr'kkL=khegksn;su fojfpra n`';rs ;r% vyÄïkjk.kka lfÂos'k% izpqjr;k izkI;rsA,dfLeu~ 'yksosQ ,dkf/dkuka miekuka iz;ksx% n`';rs&

lkSnkfeuh ok¿¿fJrpUæ'kkyk yko.;oR;qRifyuho ckykAizlÂiw.ksZUnqerho jkdk leqTToyn~nhif'k[kso lk dkAA

&(Jh cksf/lÙopfjre~ 8@50)

vU;nsde~ mnkgj.ka nz"VO;e~&

xrZL;ksi;Zo"VH; gLr;qXea egkcy%Au fpjkRiouèoLres?kkPpUæ boksfnr%AA &(Jh cksf/lÙopfjre~ 4@37)

lkE;a lwp;u~ vU;nsde~ mnkgj.ka eè;edkO;L; O;kfIra lwp;fr vfLeu~egkdkO;s&

fof{kIrpsrk% LofuosQruLFk% dkekrqjks¿lkS cqcq/s u foaQfpr~AizeqX/xhrèofuyqC/'kY;a izfc¼lkjax bokorLFksAA

&(Jh cksf/lÙopfjre~ 6@5)

vFkkZUrjU;klkyadkjL; lqUnje~ mnkgj.kesoaQ voyksduh;e~&

bg foifn e;k rRlehis iz;s;;afu;reqfnrdhR;kZ rsu foÙka izns;e~Afo"keifrrfe"Va izs{; lRizhfreUr%

176 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

LotueqipjUr% izksÂ;UR;so lUr%AA &(Jh cksf/lÙopfjre~ 13@11)

^f'kojkT;ksn;e~* jk"VªHkfDrHkkokuqizkf.kraA fo'kkydk;laLÑregkdkO;a jlfl¼sudoh'ojs.k Jh/jHkk"djo.ksZdjiz.khrs f'kojkT;ksn;s egkdkO;s f'kojkT;a izfr dkUgksth&dFkueoyksduh;e~&

jpkLokrU=;y{;k'pj.kksigkja fpdh"kZls psÂj'kh"kZin~eS%ARoÂs=klÄïsrr`.khÑrkRek Loiq=k'kh"kkZ.;fi dfÙkZrk¿fLeAA

RoRdkaf{kra nq?kZVeI;dLekr~ lEiwjf;";kE;/quSo jktu~Aizfo'; nkokfXueqisR; okfC/a fu"is"; okfæa izfonk;Z okHkze~AA

&(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 20@29] 30)

jk"VªLokrU=;Ñrs Loiq=kL; f'kjlks¿iZ.kefi ns'kHkDrk% ok×NfUrA vokZphuegkdkO;s"kqvyÄïkjiz;ksxks izkx~oÂkfLrA rFkkfi f'kojkT;ksn;s vyadkjiz;ksxks izpqj:is.k izkI;rsAmiekn`"VkUrkS vyadkjkS dos% fiz;kyadkjkS Lr%A mnkgj.kkfu nh;Urs&

^f'ko% izrLFks tuosQu lk¼± t;ks t;suSo egksn;su*A&(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 7@1)

^fuxzkg l jktf"kZfodkjku~ bo la;eh*A &(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 16@28)

f'kolSfudku~ o.kZ;u~ miekukuka iz;ksx% Hkkfofot;kfHkO;×tu{kerka izn'kZ;fr&

x#Mk bo likZ.kka okujk bo j{klke~ cykdk bo ehukukaEysPNkuka f'kolSfudk%A &(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 9@14)

dos% miekuiz;ksxs Hkkjrh;sfrgkln'kZua rFkk izÑfrjaxuVhurZua n`';rs&

vkfgeky;eqnh.kZl|'kk% ohjo;Zfourkaf?kziadt%A;su esdylqrkrVs Ñrks g"kZghu bo g"kZo/Zu%AloZo.kZoqQylEHkokaxuk tUe&fl¼j.kjkxr% lnkA;=k 'kL=ke;osQfy'kkf;uh pf.MosQo nn`'ks¿fælaHkokAAeYyosQfylq fo'ks"kjkxr% 'kks.ke`Rd.k&fofyEiuSuZjk%A

&(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 1@30&32)

,oa Li"Va orZrs ;r~ eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa n`';rs vk/qfudlaLÑr&lkfgR;txfrA jk"Vªh;HkkoukfHkO;fDr% jE;:is.k Ñrk dfouk&

LokrU=;y{eh oqQynsork ukS c¼su ik'kS;Zoukf/isuArUeqDr;s¿LekfHkjuU;HkDrS% izoR;Zrka laxjl=kesoAA

&(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 57@29)

dfo% LodkO;a lathoujlk;ua dFk;fr&

jk"VªLokrU=;fu"Bkuka ns'kHkfDre;kReuke~AnqnkZL;grlÙokuka lathoujlk;ue~AA &(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ Hkwfedk)

f'kojkT;ksn;a egkdkO;e~ vuqieÑfr% orZrs ;=k eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa n';rsA

{k=kifrpfjra egkdkO;e~ MkW- mek'kadjf=kikfBegksn;su fojfpre~A bna jk"Vªh;&egkdkO;e~ vfLrA vyadkjiz;ksxs dfo% fu".kkr%A miekyadkjL; vf/dreiz;ksx%n`';rsA ;su dkO;Jho`f¼% ifjy{;rsA mnkgj.kkFkZe~&

fiihfydk ;Fkk¿uqfo¼HkksfxHkksxe.Myscykf/is rFkk izrhixk forsuq#|ee~Al ,d ,o oklqfd% lqes#cU/u{keksârkinkinU;i{ky{;ekRefoØeS%AA &({k=kifrpfjre~ 9@61)

:idkyadkjL; mnkgj.ka nz"VO;e~&

lUè;ks"k/iz;ksxs.k cyksxzTojfuxZesA{kh.kks¿I;s"kks egkjk"Vªks fn"V~;k LokLF;su o/Zrke~AA

&({k=kifrpfjre~ 12@143)

leklksfDr% vyadkj lq"Bq:is.k iz;qDr%&

fofPNÂrkjkHkj.kk 'yFkkrkZ O;LrkEcjk e`"Vi;ks/jJh%AfoHkkrehrk xxukfHklkja jkf=ktZgkS Eykueq[ksUnqjkxkAA

&({k=kifrpfjre~ 18@83)

vU;kfu mnkgj.kkfu lfUr vyÄïkjfoHkwf"krkfu ;=k eè;edkO;Roa izkI;rsAvkèkqfudusrkja izfr ,dk mfDr% voyksduh;k&

LokèofLFkj% leqn;Ureqiklrs¿oZQeaxh&djksfr fotgkfr tua Lofl¼;SAizkphaizxs uefr jkf=keq[ks izrhphauk;a fgrkfgriFks O;Fkrs euLohAA &({k=kifrpfjre~ 13@114)

Jhfryd;'kks.kZo% Jhek/oJhgfjegksn;su iz.khre~ egkdkO;e~ izfl¼e~A vL;fo"k;s lEikndkuka /kj.kk voyksduh;k&

usr`RoxkSjoa xk;r~ frydL; egkReu%AizFk;r~ Hkqfo loZ=k laLÑrL;kFkZxkSjoe~AA

dfoRoxkSjoa xk<a LFkki;r~ ek/oL; pAegkdkO;fena yksosQ Hktrkn~ xkSjoa Lo;e~AA

&(fryd;'kks¿.kZo r`rh;[kaM dh Hkwfedk i`"B 9)

178 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

dfo% Hkkjrân;fryde~ vyaÑrdkO;Hkk"kkiz;ksxs.k uefr&

/S;sZ.k Hkw/j bokEcqf/on~ xHkhjksA;LrstlkoZQ bo 'khrdj% 'k'khoAA

Kkusu xh"ifrfjoksÙke&deZ;ksxhAra HkkjrL; ân;a fryoaQ uekfeAA &(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZo% 1@9)

lekpkji=kL; lekpkjk.kka izfrfØ;k;k% xEHkhjO;×tuk vkyadkfjdHkk"kkiz;ksxs.kÑrk&

lkSnkfeuhizikrsu nX/%L;kr~ ikniks ;FkkAiBusuksDri=kL; nX/k lk lwpuk rFkkAA

&(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZo% 45@52)

vU;nsde~ mnkgj.ka nz"VO;e~&

lapkjiwrkfu fnxUrjkf.k ÑRokxr% if'peiq.;ns'ke~AHkkuq;ZFkk loZo.kkZuqjDrks ckyLrFkklTtuxhrdhfrZ%AA

&(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZuo% 56@163)

eè;edkO;L; vU;nsde~ mnkgkj.ka nz"VO;e~&

iq"ik.kka Lrodks Hkkfr rkjdk.kka lewgor~AiziqQYya deya r=k pUæek bo 'kksHkrsAA &(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZo% 2@9)

lekpkji=kk.kka egÙoa o.kZ;u~ dfo% dFk;fr&

o`Ùki=ka iztkgLrs izrksn bo orZrsAdrq± fnXn'kZua lE;x~ okftuka efU=k:fi.kke~Aflags xtZfr dkuus e`xx.kks HkhR;koqQyks /kofrAfo|qn~xtZueEcqns"kq oqQ#rs HkwR;ka tuku~ dkrjku~AA

jkT;s efU=ktus LodeZfoeq[ks lRif=kdkxftZre~Ayksd{kksHkfoo/Zua p oqQ#rs Hkhfra iztkdksitke~AA

&(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZo% 7@68] 69)

dfo% ns'kLokra=;e~ ve`rrqY;a eU;rs&

fouke`ra u fr"BfUr LoxsZ¿fi lqf[kuks¿ejk%Au lfUr lqf[kuks HkwE;ka yksdk% LokrU=;oafprk%AA

&(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZo% 56@14)

lqHkk"kpfjra egkdkO;a Jh fo'oukFkosQ'koN=kegksn;su fojfpre~A lqHkk"kpfjrsegkdkO;s vyadkjk.kka lgtiz;ksx% n'kZuh;%&

LojkT;i{kkH;qn;su HkwRok RoLoLFk ,okxztloZdkj%AdfVa reqUewyf;rqa ccU/ oaQlks ;Fkk xksoqqyokflÑ".ke~AA

&(lqHkk"kpfjre~ 5@23)

v=k ikSjkf.kdksiekuL; dykRedjhR;k iz;ksx% Ñr%A vU;nsde~ mnkgj.ka nz"VO;e~&

rrks¿Uo/kou~ futxqIrpkjSfoZ¼sxzt% ozqQ¼ brLrr'pALokfHk% iquoZU;gfja xzghrqa iykf;ra O;k?kz bo Lotkykr~AA

vU;nsde~ mnkgj.ke~ nz"VO;e~&

rfLeu~ foekus¿f{kinknrhrs 'kksdkoqQyk HkkjrHkwlqiq=kk%A;n~H;ka tMkH;ka olfra fuo`Ùkk% jkes oua ;kr bokrZikSjk%AA

vewrsZu ewrZL; miek;k% mnkgj.ke~ nz"VO;e~&

oLrqtkreHkor~ lqnqyZHkeR;o';feg thouk; ;r~AizR;ga izoo`/s egk?kZrk izko`"kho lfjnEcqfoxzg%AA

vfLeu~ egkdkO;s¿fi eè;edkO;L; fo|ekurk orZrs bfr Li"Ve~A xkfUèkpfjraegkdkO;a lk/q'kj.kfeJegksn;su iz.khre~A xkfU/fo"k;s pEikj.ktuinturk;k% mn~xkj%n'kZuh;%&

;Fkk jfo% larela djS%fujL; fo|ksr;rs¿f[kya txr~ArFkk Hkoku~ Loh;ri%izHkkorks fouk';rku~ u% lqf[krku~ fpja fØ;kr~AA &(xkfU/pfjre~ 8@194)

xkfU/egksn;% jkeukeegÙoa eqDroaQBsu Lohdjksfr&

u yksosQ fo|rs rkor~ ikroaQ rr~ {k.kkÂ ;r~AlhrkjkeLe`rsuZ';sr~ lkSjsfjo djSLre%AA &(xkfU/pfjre~ 10@30)

vfLeu~ egkdkO;s vyadkjk.kka iz;ksx% Ñr% dos% miekyÄïkj% fiz;ks orZrsA,de~ mnkgj.ke~ nz"VO;e~&

vk;Zos'korka r=k ujk.kka HkkjrkSdlke~An'kZua otZ;UR;srs HkkLdjL;so dkSf'kd%AA &(xkfU/pfjre~ 6@45)

v=k dfo Loi{ka lw;Zor~ foi{ka mywdor~ dFk;frA vyadkjs.k oLrqèous%mÙkee~ mnkgj.ke~ bne~A

180 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

Jh usg:pfjra egkdkO;a JhczãkuUn'kqDyegksn;su fojfpre~A vfLeu~ egkdkO;s&¿fi eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa n`';rsA mngkj.kesoaQ nz"VO;e~&

rLekn~ fookgfof/ukfi enh;dk;Zjks/ks Hkos|fn rÂ ;qDre~AiRuh fopkj#fpjk] ifrdk;Zn{kk lalkj&lkxj&leqÙkj.kk; iksr%AA

&(Jhusg:pfjre~ 10@22)

Lo:ijkuha o.kZ;u~ dfo% dFk;fr&

u Hkofr Le dnkfi p dksiuk u piyk u p yksHkijk;.kkAvuqcHkwo les"kq futkRerka lejlk ljlk dforso lkAA

vfLeu~ egkdkO;s vyadkjk.kka leqfprlfÂos'k% Ñr%A vyadkj;kstuk ulk;klÑrkA mnkgj.kesoaQ nz"VO;e~&

deyk olfr LekL; ân;s LFkyifn~euhAeU;s rLekn~ n/kjk¿lkS rr~Le`rh LFkyin~ede~AA

'ys"kkuqizkf.krkFkhZifjla[;k;k% fp=k.ka nz"VO;e~&

o`f¼fuZrEcs"kq xq.k'p gkjs ;=kkaxukuka ij:irkLrsAlo.kZnh?kksZ turklq ;=k la;ksx;ksx'p dVk{keks{ksAA

&(Jhusg:pfjre~ 7@5)

vFkkZUrjU;klkyadkjL; ,oaQ eksgde~ mnkgj.ka nz"VO;e~&

fnO;kReuka iq.;p;SLriksfHk% LokrU=;ykHkLRoHkoTtukuke~AfoÙka fouk fdUrq u lkS[;yC/h fjDrks ?kVks ukigjsr~ fiiklke~AA

ewrsZu vewrZL;] vewrsZu ewrZL; rFkk ewrsZu ewrZL; miek fo|rs vfLeu~ egkdkO;sA;Fkk&

lejlk ljlk dforso lkA &(Jhusg:pfjre~ 4@13)

forrlL;iQyk /fj.kho lkArnuqdkefi uwrurka xrkAA &(Jhusg:pfjre~ 4@11)

,oe~ Li"Vfen~ ;r~ eè;edkO;L; vusdkfu mnkgj.kkfu lfUr vfLeu~ egkdkO;sAHkxon~xhrka izfr Jhusg:egksn;L; vuqjkx% lq"Bq:is.k dfouk vfHkO;aftr%&

JhÑ".kpUæ&eq[k&fuxZr&fnO;rÙoaxhrksDreso ee thoulk/oaQ L;kr~Axhrklq/ka ifjfuih; HkokE;tÏalalkj&lkxj&leqÙkj.kk; lTt%AA &(Jhusg:pfjre~ 14@4)

vU;s"kq egkdkO;s"kq vfi eè;edkO;L; ,o O;kidRoa Hkforqa laHkkO;rs ;r%dkfynklln`'kk% do;% nqyZHkk ,o vk/qfuosQ laLÑrtxfr ;s"kka Ñfr"kq mÙkedkO;L;izkpq;± Hkforqa laHkkO;rs ijUrq vk/qfudlaLÑrlkfgR;e~ vusdn`"V~;k le`¼e~ vfLrAvfHkuolaLÑrlkfgR;s¿fi 'kk'orrÙokuka ekuoewY;kuka p fu:i.ka fo|rs ;s"kka ifjikyusuO;fDrlektjk"Vªfo'okuka dY;k.ka lqfuf'prekfLrA ;Fkk xÄõk;k% iwoZlafprtyafpjdkyi;ZUra foÑra u Hkofr rFkSo dkfynklknhuka iwoZlafpra ijeJ¼kg± jlflDralkfgR;e~ v|kfi iq.;kuka v[k.MiQyfeo Loknq ,o orZrsA vyadkjk.kka lkSUn;± fo|rs,oA xq.khHkwrO;Ä~X;L; fu:i.kefi izkI;rsA vr% eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa fo|rsvkèkqfudlaLÑrdkO;txfrA izkphuksiekukuka uohuhdj.ke~ vk/qfudksiekukuka lekos'k%izkI;rsA pk#Ro;qDrokP;kFkZ% pk#Ro;qDr O;aX;kFkZ% jlHkkokn;% p orZUrs vr% je.kh;rkizkI;rsA

bRFka Li"Vfena ;r~ laLÑrlkfgR;s izkphudkyknkjH; v|kof/ fufeZrs dkO;seè;edkO;L; izk/kU;a izkI;rs ;r% xq.khHkwrO;Ä~X;L; fofHkÂ:ik.kka n'kZua ckgqY;suizkI;rsA dkfynklkfnjlfl¼dfo"kq vyaÑr'kSyhi{kikfr"kq ek?kJhg"kkZfn"kq rFkk vkèkqfuddfo"kq vfi eè;edkO;L; pk#Roa O;kidRoa p fo|rsA èofuizfr"Bkid% vkuUn&o/Zuks¿fi vkÑ"V% n`';rs eè;edkO;a izfr ;su l% bRFke~ mins"Vqa izsfjr% vHkor~&

izlÂxEHkhjink% dkO;cU/k% lq[kkogk%A;s p rs"kq izdkjks¿;eso ;ksT;% lqes/lkAA &(èoU;kyksd% 3@35)

;s dkO;izcU/k% izlÂxEHkhjink% vkÈkndk'p HkofUr rs"kq xq.khHkwrk[;a eè;e&dkO;a lqcqf¼uk dfouk lEiknuh;e~A èousfjo eè;edkO;L; ;kstuk;S jpuk;S vfroSnXè;e~ visf{kre~A xq.khHkwrO;Ä~X;L; èous'p iFkk dkO;dkjk.kka izfrHkk vuUrrkaizkIuksfr uoRoek;kfrA

èous;Z% lxq.khHkwO;Ä~X;L;kèok iznf'kZr%AvusukuUR;ek;kfr dohuka izfrHkkxq.k%AA &(èoU;kyksd% 4@1)

vyadkjpk#RolefUorO;Ä~X;kFksZu ifjiw.k± eè;edkO;a fofHkÂkyÄïkjfoHkwf"krkuo;qorh bo lân;ku~ vkd"kZfrA eè;edkO;L; jpukdkjk% vk/qfuddo;% egkdo;%,o lfUr bfr vlfUnX/e~A

( 182 )

laLÑr lkfgR; osQ xok{k ls >k¡drk i;kZoj.krFkk orZeku lUnHkZ

& vfer oqQekj feJ

'kks/ Nk=k] jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku]xaxkukFk >k ifjlj] bykgkckn (m-iz-)

bl 'kks/i=k esa vuqlU/krk us i;kZoj.k osQ egÙo dks laLÑr lkfgR;esa fdl izdkj o£.kr fd;k bl fo"k; dks fn[kk;k gSA

laLÑr lkfgR; osQ vxk/ ikjkokj esa i;kZoj.k dh f'k{kk osQ jRu vijEikj :iesa mPNfyr gks jgs gSaA laLÑr lkfgR; osQ vf[ky czãk.M&Hkk.M osQ xok{k lsvoyksdu djus ij ;g ykspu&xkspj gksrk gS fd leLr thoksa vkSj i;kZoj.k dklEcU/ vU;ksU;kfJr vFkok vfoukHkko gSA ;g e/qj lEcU/ vktUe ;k xHkZdky lsgh ugha vfirq l`"V~;kjEHk ls gh jgk gSA

lEiw.kZ tSoe.My osQ prqfoZ/ tho (tjk;qt] v.Mt] Losnt ,oa mn~fHkTt)izÑfr osQ ØksM esa gh fodflr] lEof¼Zr ,oa foyflr gks jgs gSa D;ksafd ekuoh;psruk czãk.Mh; psruk ls rknkRE; j[krh gSA czã ls fufeZr fofp=k fp=k&fpf=kr bllalkj esa prqfoZ/ thokRek;sa Hkwe.My eap ij eapu dj ¶deZ dk Hkksx] Hkksx dkdeZ] ;gh tM+ psru dk vkuUn¸ iFkkuqxkeh gksrs gq, u;u iFk fiu¼ ls gks jgsgSaA

lkEizfrd Hkwe.Myh;dj.k osQ ;qx esa vk/qfud Kku foKku&ifjKku n{krk dhijkdk"Bk ij dne j[krk gqvk lk ekuo bl c`gr~ lalkj :ih ;U=k dk ,d vaxHkwrgksrs gq, Hkh Lo;a esa ,d lEiw.kZ ;U=k Lo:i gksdj ;kfU=kd ;qx esa ;U=kor~ thouO;rhr dj jgk gSA ekuo viuh izKk dk yksgk euokrk gqvk] leLr thoksa ij 'kkludjrk gqvk] izÑfr :ih uVh osQ lkFk Hkh NsM+&NkM+ dj jgk gSA fo'o osQ lHkh ns'kksaosQ ifjisz{; esa flagkoyksdu djus ij ,slk izrhr gksrk gSA vk;kZorZ esa Hkkjr ns'k osQ(Hkk¾Kku esa] jr¾rYyhu] fuefTtr) euhf"ktu] ½f"kx.k] czãf"kZx.k viuh&viuh

laLÑr lkfgR; osQ xok{k ls >k¡drk i;kZoj.k rFkk orZeku lUnHkZ 183

ifj.kr izKk osQ vuqlkj ekuo tho dk ije y{; ¶vkReuks eks{kkFk± txf¼rk;p¸ vFkkZr~ vius eks{k osQ lkFk lalkj dk fgr djus osQ vkn'kZ dks Hkh j[kkA

bl yksdfgrdkfj.kh Hkkouk esa vkn'kZHkwr izÑfr&uVh] txÂkf;dk] lsfodk]lg/eZpkfj.kh] ek;kfouh vkfn'kfDr&Lo:ik fofo/ HkkokfHkO;aftr FkhA Hkkjrh; n'kZu'kkL=k osQ oqQyewy vkfn n'kZu&lka[;n'kZu osQ iz.ksrk dfiy eqfu (dnZe&nsogwfr osQiq=k) us rks izÑfr osQ rsbZl foÑfr;ksa lfgr iq:"k osQ la;ksx ls iapfoa'kfr rÙo tU;lalkj dk ifjp; nsdj izÑfr iq:"k osQ lE;o~Q Kku ls gh f=kfo/ nq%[kksa(vkfèknSfod] vkf/HkkSfrd] vkè;kfRed) ls ,sdkfUrd ,oa vkR;fUrd fuofÙk vFkkZr~eks{k dk ekxZ fn[kyk;kA bl eaxy Hkko esa i;kZoj.k lapsruk ifjiq"V ,oa ifjiksf"krgSA

leLr n'kZu :ih ufn;k¡ ftl Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk :ih ifjokj esa vkdj foyhugks tkrh gSaA bl ifo=k nk'kZfud xzUFk esa tho] ijekRek] txr~] izÑfr] foÑfr vkfndk lw{ekfrlw{e foospu fd;k x;k gSA bldks osQoy Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us gh ughavfirq fo'o osQ egku~ nk'kZfudksa us viuh&viuh izKk&fud"k ij j[kdj fo'kn~foospuk fd;kA

ukosZ osQ izfl¼ nk'kZfud ¶vusZuhl¸ dgrs gS fdµ¶Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esaof.kZr tks v"V/k izÑfr (i`Foh] ty] rst] ok;q vkdk'k] cká ,oa eu] cqf¼]vgadkj vkUrfjd) gS] blesa ckgjh izÑfr dh gypysa balku dh vkH;Urfjd izÑfrdks fgyk,&Mqyk, fcuk ugha jgrhA¸ bl lR; dks vusZuhl us vius rÙofpUru esaiw.kZr;k Lohdkj fd;k fd ekuo thou osQ leLr fØ;k&dyki fdlh u fdlh :iesa i;kZoj.k ls lEc¼ gSA bl ¶lIr'krh lafgrk¸ esa ;ksxs'oj Jh Ñ".k Lo;a dks leLro`{kksa esa vuU; o`{k v'oRFk (ihiy) dh laKk nsrs gq, dgrs gS fd&

¶eSa lc o`{kksa esa ihiy dk o`{k gw¡] nsof"kZ;ksa esa ukjn eqfu gw¡] xU/oksZ esafp=kjFk gw¡ vkSj fl¼ksa esa dfiy eqfu gw¡A1¸

Hkkjrh; oSfnd Kku lEink dk voyksdu djus ls n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS fdizkÑfrd i;kZoj.k vkSj ekuo thou osQ lEcU/ cgqr gh Hkkoiw.kZ ,oa e/qj FksA ½XosnosQ fgj.;xHkZ lwDr esa fgj.;xHkZ ls i×pegkHkwrksa dh mRifÙk ekuh x;h gSA

¶fgj.;xHkZ% leorZrkxzs HkwrL; tkr%ifrjsd vklhr~A¸2

1- v'oRFk% loZo`{kk.kka nso"khZ.kka p ukjn%AxU/okZ.kka fp=kjFk% fl¼kuka dfiyks eqfu%AA (Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk&10@20)

2- ½Xosn&10-121-1

184 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

lkeosn esa egf"kZx.k 'kq¼ ty dks viuh euh"kk&izKk ls voyksdu dj izkFkZukdjrs gSaA

¶'kÂks nsohjHkh"V;s vkiks HkoUrq ihr;sA 'ka ;ksjfHkÏoUrq u%A¸1

;tqosZn osQ bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kn~ esa nè;Ä~ vFkokZ ½f"k Hkh i;kZoj.k osQ lalkèkuksaosQ fu"dke lnqi;ksx dh f'k{kk nsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd&

¶bZ'kkokL;fena lo± ;fRd×p txR;ka txr~Arsu R;Drsu Hkq×thFkk% ek x`/% dL;fLo¼ue~AA¸2

vFkoZosn osQ vuqlkj i;kZoj.k osQ ikap ?kVd rÙo lUrqfyr jgdj gh lUrqfyrokrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA vr% ekuo dks buesa vlUrqyu ugha djuk pkfg,AoSfnd ½f"k;ksa us Lo;a dks izÑfr dk vfoHkkT; vax ekuk gS vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ j{kkFkZlnSo leiZ.k Hkko O;Dr fd;k gS tSls fd&

¶lw;ksZ es p{kqokZr% izk.kks¿Urfj{kekRek i`fFkoh 'kjhje~AvLr`rks ukekge;efLe l vkRekua fun/s |kok&i`fFkohH;ka xksihFkk;A¸3

bl vj.; laLÑfr esa o{kksa dh iwtk dks xkSjo le>k tkrk FkkA tSls fd o{kjktihiy (vgfuZ'k izk.kok;q iznkrk) dks nso o`{k dh laKk nsuk vkSj mlesa loZnsoe;Rodk fo/ku mifu"knksa rFkk iqjk.kksa osQ vkyksd esa fn[krk gS tSls fd LdUniqjk.k esa dgkx;k gS fd&

^ewyczãk Ropkfo".kq% 'kk[kk:æks egs'oj%Ai=ks&i=ks p nsokuka o`{kjkt% ueksLrqrsAA*

½Xosn esa lkseyrk ,oa vFkoZosn esa iyk'k (<kd) o`{k dks iwT; ekuk x;kgSA ek¡ 'khryk dk okl iyk'k o`{k esa ekuk x;kA 'keho`{k dks loZikiuk'kudkjh ,oafo'ks"kr% 'kfuxzg dh rqf"V ,oa Ñik izkfIr dk gsrq ekuk x;k gS tSls&

^'keh 'ke;rs ikia 'keh yksfgrd.Vde~A/kj;s¿tqZu ck.kkuka 'keh o`{kueksLrqrsAA*

blh izdkj uoxzgksa dh rqf"V gsrq vyx&vyx o`{kksa dh iz/kurk cryk;h x;hgSA vfXuiqjk.k esa rks ins&ins o`{kksa vkS"kf/;ksa vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ vU; ?kVdksa dklqfoLr`r o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA

1- lkeosn iz- 3-132- ;tqosZn&40-13- vFkoZosn&5] 9] 7

eRL;iqjk.k esa rks ekr&fir½.k ls eqDr gksus osQ gsrqHkwr iq=kksRifÙk ls Hkh 'krkf/d xquk efgek o`{kkjksi.k dh cryk;h x;h gS&

¶n'kowQilek okih n'kokih leks ßn%A1

n'kßn% leks iq=k% n'kiq=kkr~ leks æqe%AA¸

vFkkZr~ n'k oqQvksa osQ cjkcj ,d ckoM+h] nl ckoM+h osQ leku ,d rkykcvkSj n'k rkykcksa osQ cjkcj ,d iq=k vkSj nl iq=kksa osQ cjkcj ,d o`{k gSA*

vkfndfo okYehfd iz.khr vk"kZdkO; jkek;.k egkdkO; rks i'kq] i{kh] tUrq]ikni] o`{kksa osQ laj{k.k dh egkxkFkk gh gSA i;kZoj.k dh lapsruk ls ijeiwr blvkfndkO; dh mRifÙk gh ØkSap i{kh osQ tksMs+ esa ls ,d osQ O;k/ osQ }kjk o/ djusdh izfrfØ;k osQ :i esa gqbZA tks tho&tUrqvksa osQ laosnuk dh ijkdk"Bk dks O;Drdjrk gS ;Fkk&

^ek fu"kkn izfr"Bka Roexe% 'kk'orh lek%A2

;RØkS×pfeFkquknsdeo/h% dke eksfgre~AA*

;g egf"kZ okYehfd dk vkSnk;Z loZtukuqdj.kh; gSA izfFkr T;ksfrfoZn ojkgfefgjiz.khr ¶c`gRlafgrk¸ esa oqQvk¡ dgk¡ [kksnk tk;\ cxhps dgk¡ yxk;s tk;\ bl ijfoLrr o.kZu fd;k x;k gS vkSj bl vè;k; dk uke gh ¶owQikjke vè;k;¸ j[k fn;kx;k gSA blosQ vykok euq us Hkh ouLifr;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk oS'k|&Hkko ls foospufd;k gSA bUgksaus jkf=k&csyk esas o`{kksa osQ uhps tkus dk fu"ks/ fd;k gS&

¶jk=kkS p o`{kewykfu nwjr% ifjotZ;sr~A¸3

D;ksafd o{k jkf=k esa CO2 (dkcZuMkbZ&vkDlkbM) dk mRltZu djrs gSa] tks fd

LokLF; osQ fy, gkfuizn gSA

egf"kZ okRL;k;u Ñr ^dkelw=k* dh t;eaxyk Vhdk esa iq"i osQ fo"k; esaje.kh; 'yksd fy[ks x;s gSa tSls fd&

iq"iL; /kj.ka dkfUro/Zua dkedkjde~Avkst% Jho/Zd×pSo ikixzgfouk'kue~AA

dkenso osQ ik¡pksas ck.k iq"iksa ls gh miyf{kr gSa&

1- osnksa esa i;kZoj.k&n;k nos i`"B&72- okYehfd jkek;.k&ckydk.M3- euqLe`fr&4] 73

186 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

vjfoUne'kksoaQ p pwra p uoekfydkAuhyksRiya i×pSrs i×pck.kLrq lk;dk%AA

bUgh e/qj Hkkoksas dks O;Dr djrh yksd laLÑfr ij nf"Vikr~ djs rks ;g lk{ksiizpyu gS fd tks O;fDr gjs o`{kksa dks dkVrk gS*] og fu%lUrku gksdj ejrk gS*] ;gije fu"ks/kKk gh gSA vusd vapyksa esa T;s"Bekl dh vekoL;k dks miokl j[kdjoV o`{k dh iwtk dh tkrh gSA rqylh o`{k dks vkaxu esa yxkdj Hkoeks{kiznk ekudjmudh iwtk dh tkrh gS] eU=k i<+dj rqylh i=k rksM+dj HkksT; inkFkks± esa Mkyus lsgh Hkkstu dh iw.kZrk ekuh tkrh gSA blosQ vykok vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa viuh izFkk osQvuq:i fookg osQ mijkUr egq, osQ isM+ ij flUnwj yxkdj loZnk lqgkfxu gksus dh;kpuk dh tkrh gSA vU; {ks=kksa esa gy"k"Bh osQ fnu efgykvksa }kjk oqQ'kk] iyk'k]>jcsjh] ck¡l vkfn dks lesfdr dj mudh iwtk djosQ ozr j[kdj lUrkuksa osQ nh?kZthohgksus dh dkeuk dh tkrh gSA gfj izcksf/uh ,dkn'kh osQ fnu vk¡oys osQ o`{k osQ uhpsgh Hkkstu idkuk o iwtu djus dh izFkk loZfofnr gh gSA f=kewfrZ Lo:i ekudjf=kny foYoi=k dks rki=k; uk'kdkjh ekudj egknso dh iwtk vkfn fo/k;sa i;kZoj.klaj{k.k dh jh<+ fl¼ gksrh gSaA oSfnd laLÑfr rks vj.; laLÑfr dk Lo.kZdky ghFkkA tgka ounsoh vj.;kuh dh izkFkZuk vfuok;Z Fkh tks ouekrk izÑfr dh gh i;kZ;FkhA tks thoksa] tUrqvksa] ouLifr;ksa osQ thou dh iksf"kdk] lajf{kdk ,oa fodkl dhvk/kj FkhA tSlk fd czãk dk Hkwfe osQ izfr mn~xkj nz"VO; gS&

¶ekrk% Hkwfe iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%¸1

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fo'o izfl¼ fo'kkydk; egkdkO; egkHkkjr esa egf"kZ osnO;kl us Hkh i;kZoj.kvkSj thoksa dk lEcU/ vÄõkfÄõHkko gh Lohdkjk gS tSls fd&

ps"Vk ok;q% [kekdk'k% mQ"ekfXu% lfyya æo%Ai`Foh pk=k la?kkr% 'kkjhja ik×pHkkSfrde~AA

1- vFkoZosn&i`fFkohlwDr&12-1-12

blh izdkj egkHkkjr osQ Hk`xq&Hkkj}kt laokn osQ ekè;e esa ekuo efLr"d esamRiÂ gksus okyh fofo/ izdkj dh 'kadk dk mUewyu dj o`{kksa dh leLr fØ;k,¡ekuo osQ lkis{k crk;h x;h gS vkSj vUrr% o`{kksa osQ dkVus dk fu"ks/ fd;k x;k gSfd&

,rs"kka loZo`{kk.kka Nsnua uSo dkj;sr~ApkrqekZls fo'ks"ks.k fouk ;Kkfn dkj.ke~AA

;s o`{k Hkh euq"; dh rjg ns[krs gSa D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh oYyjh vius ik'oZorhZlgdkj vkfn o`{k dk gh os"Vu djrh gS vU;=k ugha tkrh gSA

o`{k lqurs Hkh gSa D;ksafd ckny osQ xM+xM+kgV vkfn osQ Jo.kksijkUr Hk;&Hkhro`{k osQ i=k&iq"i vkfn uhps fxjs tkrs gSaA

o`{k Li'kZ dk vuqHko Hkh djrs gSa D;ksafd ¶Nq;h&eq;h¸ uked yrk Li'kZ osQi'pkr~ ,d uoks<+k ukf;dk osQ leku laoqQfpr gks tkrh gSA foaQfpr dky esaLo&voLFkk dks izkIr gks tkrh gSA

o`{k ?kzk.k 'kfDr lEiÂ gksrs gSa os lw¡?krs Hkh gSa D;ksafd fdlh Hkh iQynkj o`{kosQ fudV owQM+k vkfn vif'k"V inkFkks±] HkV~Bs vkfn dh fpefu;ksa osQ gksus ls iQy vkukcUn gks tkrk gSA iQyghu o`{kksa esa o`{kk;qosZn dh vkS"kf/;ksa osQ mipkj ls iQy yxus'kq: gks tkrs gSaA

blh izdkj o{k ¶iknS% lfyyikukPp¸ vFkkZr~ ewy ls ty dk iku Hkh djrsgSaA ?kVi.khZ vkfn ikS/s izR;{k Hkkstu djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa tcfd vU; o`{k vizR;{kr%izdk'k&la'ys"k.k dh fØ;k ls iw.kZ Hkkstu djrs gSaA

oSfnddkyhu iqjk.kdkyhu lw=kdkyhu ijEijkvksa dk ;kFkkrF; o.kZu viuhlkoZdkfyd thoUrrk ls v|kof/ laLÑr lkfgR; osQ dfo;ksa dh okX/kjk dk fo"k;cudj vck/ xfr ls cg jgk gSaA

¶dkO;s"kq ukVoaQ jE;a r=k jE;k 'koqQUryk¸ lwfDr dks pfjrkFkZ djrk gqvkfo'o izfl¼ loZtu 'yk?; fo'o eap ij eafpr ukVd ¶vfHkKku 'kkoqQUrye~¸osQ iz.ksrk] izÑfr NVk osQ lw{e nz"Vk egkdfo dkfynkl osQ leLr dkO;ksa esa([k.MdkO;};] egkdkO;};] ukVd=k;) tSlh i;kZoj.k dh psruk dk lapkj oDrk]nz"Vk] cks¼k vFkok Jksrk dks gksrk gS oSlk vU;=k dgha fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSA euks&'kkjhfjd lkSUn;Z dh blh /kjk esa fueXu gq, teZu dfo xsVs dh vkeqDr d.B 'yk?kkdks 'yksdc¼ dj MkW- oklqnso fo".kq fejk'kh oqQN ;w¡ dgrs gSa&

188 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

¶lkSUn;Z ;fn ok×Nfl fiz;l[ks 'kkoqQUrya lsO;rke~A¸

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fojg dkrj vkJe osQ thoksa dh n'kk dk Hkh o.kZu dkfynkl dh okpk lsân; ls vNwrh ugha jg tkrh gS&

¶fgj.kksa us oqQ'k osQ xzkl dks mxy fn;s gS] eksjksa us ukpuk NksM+ fn;kgS vkSj yrk;sa vk¡lw osQ :i esa ihys iÙks gh fxjk jgh gSaA¸1

blh rjg d.o 'koqQUryk dk ex ls Lusg ,oa Hkfxuh dk lEcU/ yrk&HkfxuhouT;ksRLuk dks crkrs gq, dgrs gSa fd&

¶voSfe rs rL;ka lkSn;ZLusge~A¸2

rkr d.o ls 'koqQUryk dgrh gS&¶rkr! ,"kksVti;ZUrpkfj.kh xHkZeUFkjko/w;Znk vu?kizlok Hkofr] rnk eáa defi fiz;fuosnf;r`oaQ foltZf;";FkA¸3

;gk¡ e`fx;ksa osQ fufoZ?u izlo gksus dh lwpuk nsus dk laosQr vxk/ tho&izseoQks bafxr djrk gSA rHkh rks 'koqQUryk dh fonkbZ osQ oDr ex&'kkodksa osQ ckjs esa d.odgrsa gSa fd&

1- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~&4@9 i`-213 O;k-&dfiynso f}osnh&ikrqa u izFkea O;oL;fr tya ;q"ekLoihrs"kq ;kuknÙks fiz;e.Mukfi Hkorka Lusgsu ;k iYyoe~Avk|s o% oqQlqeizlwfrle;s ;L;k HkoR;qRlo%ls;a ;kfr 'koqQUryk ifrx`ga loSZjuqKk;rke~AA

1- (vfHk- 4@12 i`- 217 O;k- dfiynso f}osnh)mn~xfyrnHkZdoyke`X;% ifjO;drcrZuk e;wjk%Avil`rik.Mqi=kk eqapUR;Jw.kho yrk%AA

2- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~ 4@87 i`- la-&219 O;k- dfiynso f}osnh3- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~ 4&i`- 221 O;k- dfiynso f}osnh

¶oqQ'kkxzks ls eq[k fo/ tkus ij baxqnh dk rsy yxkdj ';kekd (lk¡ok]pkoy) osQ eqfV~B;ksa ls ikys x;s e`x 'koqQUryk dk ekxZ gh ugha NksM+rs gSa 1

blls Ñrd iq=kksa dk okRlY; vfHkO;aftr gksrk gSA

,sls gh i;kZoj.k dh f'k{kk ls lEi`Dr jkek;.kksithO; nwrdkO; esa fljekSjlgt e`nqy e×tqy euksHkko iwr es?knwr dkO; Hkh HkkSxksfyd vkfn o.kZu esa vf}rh;LFkku j[krk gS D;ksafd es?knwr esa jkefxfj vkJe (fp=kowQV) ls ysdj vydk uxjhmTtf;uh rd osQ HkkSxksfyd Hkze.k o`ÙkkUr esa i;kZoj.k f'k{kk lq[kn vkSj vkuUnjl&ikf;uh gSA

,slk gh e/qj lwfDr dyjo xqf×tr unh] ou] ioZr miR;dkfn dk ân;dkjho.kZu dj dkfynkl "kM~ ½rqvksa esa mn~Hkwr iq"iksa ls laofyr vydk dh ukf;dkvksaosQ vu?klkSUn;Z dk o.kZu djrs gSaA o`{kksa] tUrqvksa osQ izfr o.kZu ân;&vUr%Li'khZ rdgks tkrk gS tc os ;{k eq[ksu ;f{k.kh osQ Ñrd iq=kksa esa dnEc] eUnkj] lkfjdk]jDrk'kksd vkfn ij viuh lw{e n`f"V Mkyrs gSa] tSls fd&

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vle; esa Hkh o`{kksa dh iqf"ir gksus osQ fy, dfo&izflf¼ vxzfyf[kr :iesa fnXnf'kZr gSµ¶fiz;axq lqUnfj;ksa osQ Li'kZ ls fodflr gksrk gS] coqQy lqUnfj;ksaosQ x.Mw"k lspu ls] v'kksd dkfefu;ksa osQ oke&ikn osQ izgkj ls] fryd ns[kusls] oqQjcd vkfyaxu ls] eUnkj ueZ okD;ksa ls] pEid lqUnj vkSj dksey g¡lh

1- (vfHk- 4&14 i`"B la- 222 O;k[;k&dfiynso f}osnh);L; Ro;k cz.kfojksi.kfeaxqnhukarSya U;f"kP;req[ks oqQ'klwfpfo¼sA';kekdeqf"Vifjof/Zrdks tgkfrlks¿;a u iq=kÑrd% inoh e`xLrsAA

2- dkfynkl&es?knwr&mÙkjes?k&18jDrk'kksd'pyfdly;% osQlj'pk=k dkUr%izR;klÂkS oqQjcdo`rsekZ/ohe.MiL;A,d% l[;kLro lg e;k okeiknfHkyk"khdk{kR;U;ks onuefnjka nksgnPNn~eukL;k%AA

190 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

ls] vke eq[k dh gok ls] ues: xhr ls] df.kZdk lqUnj ukf;dk osQ u`R; lsfodflr gksrs gSA¸1

bl rjg es?knwr i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk egku mn~?kks"k gSA tks iwoZes?k ls cká izÑfrrFkk mÙkjes?k esa vkUrfjd izÑfr dk ân;gkjh o.kZu djrk gSA

blh izdkj ½rqlagkj [k.MdkO; Hkkjrh; "kM~&½rqvksa ij voyfEcr euksjevk[;ku gSA blesa fnXn'kZu ek=k osQ fy, eUeFk dk fe=k ½rqjkt olUr dk lkdkjo.kZu nz"VO; gS&

æqek% liq"ik% lfyya lin~eksfL=k;% ldkek% iou% lqxfU/%A2

lq[kk% iznks"kk% fnolk'p jE;k% loZ fiz;kspk:rja olursAA

¶j?kqoa'k¸ egkdkO; esa ¶ikoZrh }kjk o`{kksa dks lUrku osQ ln`'k ikyus dko.kZu feyrk gSA f'ko Hkh mUgsa vius iq=kor~ ekurs gSaA taxyh gkFkh nsonk: osQrus ls jxM+&jxM+ dj viuh duiVh [kqtykus yxk] blls mld Nky fNyx;hA ikoZrh th dks mruk gh 'kksd gqvk ftruk nSR;ksa osQ ck.kksa ls ?kk;ydkfrZosQ; dks ns[kdj gqvk FkkA¸3

blosQ vfrfjDr Hkh fgj.kksa dks ?kkl vkfn f[kykuk vkSj o{kksa dks Ñrd iq=kor~ikyus dk o.kZu gSA

j?kqoa'k egkdkO; osQ =k;ksn'k lxZ esa v[k.M jRu lEHkkj lkxj dks o"kkZ osQ gsrqes?k osQ mRiknd :i esa O;k[;ku iwoZd txr dk ikyu djus okys fo".kq dh laKknh x;h gS&fo".kksfjokLekuo/kj.kh;e~---------

laLÑr lkfgR; esa izÑfr osQ lw{e nz"Vk x|lezkV egkdfo ck.k dk viukvuU;re LFkku gSA dknEcjh dFkk esa dknEcjh o.kZu] egk'osrk orkUr] tkckfy&vkJeo.kZu osQ izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z dh NVk lân;&ân;ksa osQ fy, vR;Ur euksgj gks tkrh gSAg"kZpfjr vk[;kf;dk esa ân; osQ vUr%Lryh; izÑfr izse osQ Ï"Vk rFkk ekuo dhvUr%izÑfr dk cká izÑfr ls vuwBk leUo; LFkkfir djus okys yksduk;d rqjax

1- (dkfynkl es?knwr&mÙkjes?k 'yksd&29 O;k[;kdkj cztsUnz oqQekj)L=kh.kka Li'kkZr~&fiz;axqfoZdlfr coqQylh/qx.Mw"klsdkr~iknk?kkrkn'kksdfLrydoqQjcdkS oh{k.kkfyaxukH;ke~AeUnkjks ueZokD;kr~ iVqe`nqglukPpEidks oD=kokrkr~pwrks xhrkÂes:foZdlfr p iqjks urZukRdf.kZdkj%AA

2- ½rqlagkj&6-23- j?kqoa'k egkdkO; f}rh; lxZ%

mikf/ foHkwf"kr ck.kHkV~V us izHkkdjo¼Zu dh chekjh ls vkgr ;'kkserh osQ ekè;e lso{kksa osQ izfr vius i;kZoj.k ls lEcfU/r nkf;Ro vkSj lapsruk dh vfHkO;fDr djok;hgSA tks fd Lo;a esa o`{kkjksi.k ,oa ou laj{k.k dh ijkdk"Bk gSA ;'kkserh vfXuizos'kosQ iwoZ o`{kksa ls {kek ek¡xrh gqbZ dgrh gS fd&

¶rkr pwr! fpUr;kRekua izolfr rs tuuhA oRl tkrhxqPN! xPNkE;kiPNLoeke~A e;k fouk|kukFkk Hkofl] Hkfxfu nkfMeyrs! jDrk'kksd! e"kZ.kh;k%iknizgkjk% d.kZiwj x.Mw"kxzg.knqyZfyr! n"Vks¿fl oRls! fiz;axqyfrosQA xk<ekfyaxek nqyZHkk Hkokfe rsA Hkæ Hkou}kjklgdkjdA nkrO;ks fuokirks;k×tfyjiR;&eflA¸1

vFkkZr~ ¶iq=k vkez! vc rqEgkjh tuuh tk jgh gSA oRl tkrhxqPN! tkrh gw¡]fonk nks! cgu nkfMeyrk] esjs fcuk rw vkt vukFk gks jgh gSA jDrk'kksd! tks esjs pj.kizgkj gS vkSj d.kZiwj cukus osQ fy, rqEgkjs iYyo rksM+s gS] mu vijk/ksa dks ekiQdjukA gs fiz; iq=k! vUr%iqj osQ NksVs&NksVs coqQy] efnjk osQ x.Mw"k ysus esa nqyZfyr]vc rsjk vfUre n'kZu gSA iqf=k fiz;axqfydk! eq>s dldj vkfyÄõu djks] nqyZHk gks jghgw¡! gs Hknz! Hkou}kj osQ lgdkj rq>s eSaus viR; le>k gS tyk×tfy nsukA¸

egkdfo HkoHkwfr Ñr d:.k jl iz/ku izfl¼ ukVd mÙkjjkepfjr esa nsoufn;ksa xaxk] xksnkojh] relk] eqjyk dk ekuohdj.k dj ekuo ls vxk/ izse ,oaounsoh oklUrh dk fp=kowQV vH;kxr jke dk o`{kksa ls Lokxr djokuk vR;Ur ghje.kh; gSA Nk;kad (mÙkjjkepfjr r`rh; vad) esa lhrk osQ Ñrd iq=kksa dfjdyHk]dnEc] e;wj] fgj.k dk izxk<+ izse iqjLlj o.kZu vkSj lhrk dk galks osQ lkFk dkSrqdfp=k.k nz"Vk] Jksrk] cks¼k dks vkuUnkfrjsd rd igq¡pk nsrk gS tSlk fd&

¶vfi xzkok jksfnR;fi nyfr otzL; ân;e~A¸vr% laLÑr lkfgR; osQ fo'kky Hk.Mkj esa izÑfr fp=k.k gh i;kZoj.k psruk

gSA laLÑr lkfgR; vowQikj esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ jRu vUrLry rd vifjfer ek=kkesa U;kflr gSA bu xksfir Kkuksa dk vUos"kd }kjk vukoÙkhdj.k mldh izKk dk vHkklek=k fl¼ gksrk gSA vr% fo'o osQ oSKkfudksa] cqf¼thfo;ksa] lekt'kkfL=k;ksa] jktusrkvksai;kZoj.kfonksa] lkfgR;dkjksa dks viuh uhj{khj foosfduh n`f"V ls fujh{k.k leh{k.kdjuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g laLÑr lkfgR; 'kk'or ewY;ksa] uSfrdrk vkfn dks vUr%latks;sgq, LodY;k.k ,oa Lo/eZ ikyu gh ugha vfirq fo'odY;k.k ,oa fo'o/eZ osQvkn'kZ dks LFkkfir djus okys iwoZtksa }kjk iznÙk ,d /jksgj gSA

1- g"kZpfj=k&ck.kHkV~V mPN~okl&7

192 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k osQ lkoZdkfyd funku osQ fy, gesa vius izkP;lkfgR; dk vkyksMu&foyksMu djuk gh gksxk D;ksafd orZeku dh tM+ lnSo vrhr esajgrh gS vkSj iQy Hkfo"; esaA vr% i;kZoj.k osQ laj{k.k tSlh /kj.kk laLÑr lkfgR;osQ fo'kky Hk.Mkj esa gS oSlk lexz fo'o esa nwljk izkphu lkfgR; miyC/ gh ughagksxkA

lkEizfrd Hkksxoknh iFk&izo`Ùk ;qx esa izÑfr dks 'k=kq eku dj mlls la?k"kZ esagh fot; ik ysus dks gh viuk thou ekurs gSaA lH;rk dh fodkl ;k=kk osQlkFk&lkFk foykflrk] LokFkhZiu] yksyqirk] fgalko`fÙk Hkh fujof/ vkSj fujolku lhizrhr gks jgh gSA vk/qfud Kku&foKku n{k fofo/ O;olk; esa fujr O;olkf;;ksa osQ}kjk foLFkkfir iSQDVªh] dkj[kkus] dEifu;k¡ ekuks vV~Vgkl djrh gqbZ lh utj vk jghgSaA muls fudyus okys dpjs] vif'k"V inkFkZ /qvk¡ CO, CFC, SO

2 vkfn leok;

ls la?k"kZ djrk gqvk i;kZoj.k (thou j{kd dop) vkRej{kk gsrq iqdkjrk gqvk utjvk jgk gSA tho&tUrqvksa dk ne lk ?kqV jgk gSA usrk&jktusrk gkl djrs fn[kkbZ ns jgsgSA oSnsf'kd lH;rk dk vk/qfud fodkl dh gksM+ esa vxzlj oS|ksa] vfHk;Urkvksa]iSQDVªh ekfydksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k gh ifjofrZr gks x;s gSaA

fofo/ fo"k;ksa osQ Kkrk bldh lalkj dks lc oqQN fo"k; (Hkksx) gh n`f"V lsns[k djosQ budh n`f"V tc igkM+ksa ij iM+h rks igkM+ksa osQ Nkrh ij ce&foLiQksV djogka vkokl vkSj xxu pqEch bekjrsa] ekWy] gksVy vkfn clkus dh Bku yhA

ioZrksa ls >jus okys izikrksa dh je.kh;rk dks ns[kk rks ogk¡ mldh vfojy èkkjkdks ck¡/dj fo|qr osaQnz dh LFkkiuk dj nhA txg&txg i`Foh dk lhuk phj&phjdj ty la;U=kksa] tyowQiksa dh LFkkiuk dj nksgu djus yxkA brus ij Hkh tc bPNk'kkUr ugha gqbZ rks budh nf"V oukPNkfnr izns'kksa ij iM+h vkSj ouksa dh vU/k/qa/ dVkbZdjrk gqvk xkaoksa] dkj[kkuksa dks clkrk gqvk oU; thoksa dk f'kdkj djrk gqvk muosQfuthZo ru (yk'k) dks [kkrk gqvk viuh loZHk{kh izo`fÙk dk ifjp; nsus yxkA ouksaosQ iq"ikPNkfnr izns'kksa osQ euksgkjh iq"iksa dks ns[k dj mlesa fiz;tuksa dks migkj esansus okys xqynLrs utj vkus yxs vkSj tc enqty osQ Ïksr ciQhZyh igkfM+;ksa dks ns[kkrks ciZQ dh iSQDVªh lewg dh LFkkiuk dk fnO; LoIu fn[kus yxkA LokRe&izKk lsfoKku :ih ojnku dks izkIr gks tkus osQ ckn rks vk/qfud ekuo us viuk vkik gh[kks fn;kA og eqEcbZ tSls lokZf/d tu leqnk; okys 'kgjksa esa leqnz ftldh xEHkhjrk;k 'kkariu fo'ofofnr gS mldks Hkh ujheu&IokWbUV tSls LFkyksa ij vkèkqfud la;a=kksals ty dks ihNs <osQyrk gqvk cfLr;ksa dks clkrk gqvk pyk tk jgk gSA

foKku izkS|ksfxdh vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ fodkl osQ lkFk rks euq"; vkSj

i;kZoj.k esa ekuksa 'k=kqrk dk Jhx.ks'k gh gks x;k D;ksafd euq"; ubZ izkS|ksfxdh dkfodkl dj izkÑfrd ifjfLFkfrd ra=k osQ ctk; eSu esM bZdks flLVe* essa thus yxkAMh-Mh-Vh- vkfn jklk;fudksa osQ mi;ksx ls Hkw&iznw"k.k rFkk Dyksjhu lYisQV] ckbZdkcksZusV] ukbVªsV] lksfM;e] eSXuhf'k;e] iQkLisQV vkfn osQ vk;u dk foekspu euq";gh djrk gSA dkj[kkuksa ls fudyus okyk dpjk vkSj xUns ty osQ ukyksa osQ ekè;e lstyk'k;ksa >hyksa ufn;ksa dks iznwf"kr fd;k tk jgk gSA tgjhys feFkkby :i esa ikjs dkfoekspu] rsyokgd ty;kuksa ls [kfut rst dk lkxjh; ty esa fjlko] lhls dkfoekspu ?kqys gq, vdkcZfud rRoksa dk fofHkÂ ek=kk esa feJ.k vkfn ty iznw"k.k osQdkj.k gSaA

fofdj.k iznw"k.k vf/d :i esa izHkkodkjh gSA tkiku esa 1945 esa ukxklkdhvkSj fgjksf'kek ij fxjk;s x;s ijek.kq ce blosQ ToyUr izek.k gSaA

mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd i;kZoj.k lUrqyu dk vO;ofLFkr gksus dk ghifj.kke ty iznw"k.k] ok;q iznw"k.k] èofu iznw"k.k] fofdj.k iznw"k.kA Hkw&iznw"k.k osQdkj.k vdky] ck<+] HkwdEi vkfn HkkSfrd vkink;sa ykspu xkspj gks jgh gSaA thouj{kd dop] vkstksu ijr osQ {kj.k dh fLFkfr Hk;kog cuh gqbZ gSA 5 twu dks fo'oi;kZoj.k fnol eukus vkSj thou osQ ije drZO;ksa ij vey djus ls vk/qfudlkoZHkkSfed dEI;wVjhÑr ;qx yksdfgrdkfj.kh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr gSA izÑfr izsei;kZoj.k laj{k.k tSls fo"k;ksa dks ikB~;Øe esa ykxw djus ls Hkkoh vkinkvksa ls futkrik;h tk ldrh gSA izkÑfrd rRoksa osQ izfr fnO; Hkkouk ls fuyksZHk R;kx] nkukfn mnkÙkekuoh; xq.k mRiÂ djus ls i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gks ldrk gSaA yk[kksa o"kZ iwoZ gekjsegf"kZ;ksa osQ mn~?kks"k ekrkHkwfe% iq=kks¿ga ifFkO;k%* laLÑfr dks LFkkfir djuk gksxk vkSjthou dk ije y{; vkReuks eks{kkFk± txf¼rk; p* dks ekuuk iM+sxkA rFkSo i;kZoj.kls lEcfU/r jkf"Vª;&vUrkjkf"Vª; iz;kl liQyrk osQ f'k[kj ij igq¡p ldrs gSa]tu&tu dks Lo dÙkZO;ksa dks le>uk vfuok;Z gS&

djsa ns'k osQ lHkh ukxfjdfut dÙkZO;ksa dh leh{kkA

gksxk fuekZ.k vkstksu ijr dkikdj i;kZoj.k dh f'k{kkAA

( 194 )

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vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"k.kfu:firkyÄïkjleh{kk 195

oknL;k=k LohÑfr%A Hkkjrh;k dkO;fu>Zfj.kh ;su lqxeekxsZ.k izogekuklhr~] ;ks okYehfd&egf"kZ.kk izfn"V% O;kldkfynklHkkjfoek?kJhg"kZif.MrjktkfnfHk% ifj"Ñr% vk/qfuoSQ%jfrukFk>koVqdukFkf[kLrs'ksoMsizHkfrfHk'pkuqÑr% dkO;'kkL=ka p veqeso dkO;Lo:i&euq'kkfLrA fdUrq vk/qfuosQ¿fLeu~ oS'ohdj.k;qxs foKkukuqxrkFkZdkeksiktZuSdjrs Hkwe.Mysfo'oO;kIr;k ykSdk;frdfl¼kUrleFkZdik'pkR;thoy'kSY;k izkP;ijEijklq fo?kfVrklq]thouksn~ns';s"kq ifjofrZrs"kq dfolEiznk;ks¿fi izHkkforks¿Hkwr~A Hkkjrh;srjlaLÑfrizHkkforS%fdfofHk% izkP;ek"kZekxZeqYyÄ~?; uO;kuka fo"k;k.kka uohukuka izoÙkhuk×pkoyEcua foèkk;dkO;iz.k;uekjC/e~] rnuqlkjefHkuodkO;O;k[;kuk; 'kkL=kksYys[kizofÙkjI;qnHkwr~A dkO;k&yÄïkfjdkdkO;lR;kyksdkfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=kkn;ks¿uSosQA uO;dkO;'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksUes"kdkxzUFkk izdkf'krk vHkou~A ijEijk;keL;ka dfoojL;kfHkjktjktsUnzfeJL; vfHkjkt;'kks&Hkw"k.kk[;% xzUFk% lekykspdlekts lfo'ks"ka pfpZrks¿Hkwr~A ifjp;'kjhjkRefufeZfr&izdh.kZrÙok[;s"kq i×pksUes"ks"kq foHkDrs¿fLeu~ xzUFks vk|s"kq prq"kwZUes"ks"kq dkO;'kkL=ks;FkkijEijkekpk;SZ% izfrifnrkuka dkO;rÙokuka lÄïyua ÑrefLrA izFkes dkO;iz'kalk&iz;kstudkj.ky{k.kHksnkn;%] f}rh;s 'kCnkFkZrPNDR;kfnoaQ jhfrofÙkxq.kkyÄïkjkfnizrh;ekukFkksZ&iLdkjdkf.k dkO;rÙokfu] r`rh;s dkO;kRer;k iwoZpk;Zizfrf"Bkfirkuka jlkyÄïkjjhfr&oØksfDR;kSfpR;èoU;kfnrÙokuka iqujoyksdua] èous% dkO;Rerk;k% leFkZua] prqFksZ pn';JO;x|i|kfnLo:iÑrdkO;Hksnkuka izkphukfu lkEizfrddkO;uq:ikf.k p y{k.kkfufyf[krkfu lfUrA i×pes feJo;ZL; ekSfyoaQ fpUrueoyksD;rsA r=k ½rqioZlaLdkj&jksRlokfnlEc¼fofo/yksdHkk"kkizpfyrxhrkuqxrlaLÑrHkk"kkfuc¼xhrkuka oSnsf'kdjhR;uqxr&dforkuka NUnkseqDrjpukuk×p dkO;HksnRosu y{k.kksnkgj.kiqj%lja O;k[;kua fo/k; fuf[kyL;yksddkO;L;kfHkuodkO;'kkL=kizkek.;a ifjdYI;kpk;sZ.k LoekSfydfpUrufno~Q izknf'kZA

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196 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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198 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

bfr xzUFkÑf}jfprtkudhthouegkdkO;knqÂhra f}rh;eqnkgj.kefi fpUR;esoAv=k xzUFkÑrksDre~&¶v=kkfi ,dL;k ,o tkuD;k% i×pksiekukfu leqnkârkfuvrks ekyksiekA¸ lR;e~ i|s¿fLeu~ tkuD;k% pkUnzhdykToyn~èkqrk'kyrkekykèkjklqrknhfui×pksiekukfu lfUr] fdUrq losZ"kkeqiekukuka leku/eZfunsZ'kkHkkokÂk=k ekyksiek peRÑfran/kfrA lkekU;r;ksieky{k.kyf{krk;ka ekyksiek;keqiekucgqRoeso fo'ks"k%] miekuS% lglk/kj.k/esZ.kkfi HkkO;eso] l p izfl¼Roknqiek;ka DofpÂksiknh;rs] fdUrq ekyksiek;ke&fuok;Zeso vusdksiekulk/E;ZizfriÙ;FkZe~A lks¿fi f}fo/% ,dks¿usd'pA ;=kSdesolk/kj.k/e± iqjLÑR;kusdksiekulkn`';a o.;Zrs r=kSdlk/kj.k/feZdk ekyksiek] ;=k pizR;qiekua fHkÂ ,o lk/kj.kks /eZ miknh;rs r=kkusdlk/kj.k/feZdk lEHkofrA ;FkksnkârkeEeVsu&%

vu;suso jkT;JhnSZU;suso eufLorkAeEykS lkFk fo"kknsu ifn~euho fgekEHklkAA (dkO;izdk'k&410)

bR;=kkusdksiekukuka Eykfu:ia lk/kj.k/e± iqjLÑR; ekyksiek fu"ikfnrkA

T;ksRLuso u;ukuUn% lqjso endkj.ke~AizHkqrso lekÑ"VloZyksdk furfEcuhAA (dkO;izdk'k&411)

bR;=k T;ksRLuk;k% u;ukuUna lqjk;k endkj.krka izHkqrk;k'p lekÑ"VloZyksdRoa/e± iqjLÑR; furfEcU;k lg ekyksiek dfYirkA

izÑrs dysosfr i|s¿usdlk/kj.k/eZorh ekyksiek dYif;rqa 'kD;rsA r=k izFkeks&iekuHkwrpkUnzhdyk;k% 'kCnksikÙksu LiqQVpk#'kksHkkRosu lkn`';a lEHkofr] fdURoU;s"kkaèkqrk'kyrkekyk/jklqrknhuka iFko~QiFkxisf{krkuka lk/kj.k/ekZ.kkeqiknkue=k ukfLrA loksZ&iekukuqxrL; rkn`'klk/kj.k/eZL; izfl¼~;HkkoknqÂ;uefi dÙkq± u 'kD;rsA vrks /e±foukSiE;izrhrsjHkkokr~ loZFkk nks"kxzLrSos;eqiekA

uuq ¶izeksgfo¼a fon/s tua lk¸ bR;qDRok dfouk /eZfunsZ'k% Ñr ,oA,desok=k izeksgfo¼Rok/ua leku/ehZÑR; lkn`';fo/kua dosjfHkizsrfefr psÂ] u [kyqToyn~èkqrk'kyrkekyk/jklqrk|qiekukfu izeksgk/k;dRosu iwoZizrhrkfuA èkqrk'ksu lgekykyr;ks% DoSd/eZrk\ fd×p mies;HkwrtkuD;k miekur;ksDrk /jklqrk rnfHkÂk]tkuD;so èkjklqrk vr ,dL;So inkFkZL;ksiekuksies;Rok/kuefi O;FkZesoA bRFke=kmiekukuka ekyk rq orZrs fdUrq ekyksiekyÄïkjks ukfLrA

,oeso mies;ksiek;k mnkgj.kefi y{k.kghuesokfLrA xzUFkÑrk iwokZpk;ZÑray{k.keuw|&%

ok.kh eqDrso ;L;klhn~ eqDrk ok.kho fueZykAdjik=k;rh'kkua oUns dk'khfoHkw"k.kke~AA (vfHkjkt&109)

bR;qnkgj.keqiU;Lre~] ¶v=k ok.kheqDr;ks% i;kZ;s.kksiekuksies;Roa lqLi"Veso¸bR;qDRok=kksies;ksiekÄõhÑrk] fdURo=k lR;fi i;kZ;s.kksies;ksiekuRoe~ mies;ksiek;k vyÄïkjrkukfLrA dFkfefr psnqP;rsµmies;ksiek;ka fHkÂokD;;ks% fuc¼;ks% };ks% inkFkZ;ks% i;kZ;s.kks&ies;ksiekuRoa r`rh;ln`'kO;oPNsniQyoaQ ;nk Hkofr rnSo rL;k vyÄïkjrk] rnHkkospeRdkjkHkkoknyÄïkjrk uSoA ;FkksDra eEeVsu&%

¶brjksiekuO;oPNsnijk mies;suksiek bfr mies;ksiekA¸(dkO;izdk'k&91 o`fÙk)

ldykyÄïkfjdlEerfena rrh;ln'kO;PNsndRoa izÑrksnkgj.ks u izrh;rsA r|Fkk¶;L; dk'khfoHkw"k.kL; djik=kLokfeuks ok.kh eqDrk bo eqDrk p ok.khofueZyk vklhr~ ra oUns bfr dfofoof{krs¿FksZ ok.kheqDr;ks% i;kZ;s.kksies;ksiekuRoa rqorZrs fdUrq rr~ rrh;ln'kO;oPNsna u iQyfrA dFkfefr psnqP;rs&djik=kLokfeuka ok.khrq fueZyk vklhr~ fdUrq rRln`'kh ;k eqDrk dfouksDrk lk dk\ LokfeiknlEcfU/uhdkfi fo'ks"keqDrk] vU;k lekU;eqDrk ok\ LokfeiknlEc¼r;k u dkfi fo'ks"keqDrkizfl¼k ;k rs"kka ok.kho fueZyklhr~A lekU;eqDrk psr~ rL;k% osQoyLokfeiknok.khln'kRoau lEHkofr] yksosQ rRln`'kkukeU;eqDrkuka lEHkokr~A vr% uk=k r`rh;ln`'kO;oPNsn%iQyfrA ;Fkk Lokfeiknkuka ok.kh fueZyr;k eqDrkfHkÂinkFkZlkn`';a u n/kfr Le rFkSoeqDrk;k vfi djik=kLokfelEcU/su ok.khfHkÂinkFkZlkn`';a ;fn u L;kr~ rnSo ijLij&ln`'k;ksju;ksokZ.kheqDr;ks% r`rh;ln`'kO;oPNsn% lEHkkO;sr~A l p u lEHkofr eqDrk;k%djik=kLokfelEcU/kHkkokr~ vr% vyÄïkjrkfoghus;eqies;ksiekA

2) leklksfDr%&%

izLrqrs¿izLrqrL;So dk;ZfyÄõfo'ks"k.kS%AleS;Z=k lekjksi% lk leklksfDr#P;rsAA (vfHkjkt&126)

y{k.kfena fpUR;e~A izkP;kpk;SZ% izLrqrs¿izLrqrO;ogkjL; lekjksis leklksfDrjÄõhÑrk]v=k rq izLrqrs¿izLrqrlekjksis leklksfDrfjR;qDra] rÂksfpra O;ogkjlekjksi ,o leklksDrs&jFkZykHkkr~A vfi p leS% dk;ZfyÄõfo'ks"k.kS% izLrqrs¿izLrqrL;So O;ogkj% lekjksif;rqa'kD;rs ukU;L;] vr% y{k.ks¿fLeÂU;;ksxO;oPNsnk; fufo"V% ,odkjks O;FkZ ,oAvL;k xzUFkkÑrk ;nqnkgj.keqiLFkkfira rÙorho fpUR;e~A ;Fkk&%

lek;krk bek o"kkZ% ';kekxzS% Loi;ks/jS%Aik;;UR;% i;Lrw.k± iztkH;ks ekr`oRlyk%AA (vfHkjkt&126)

200 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

¶v=k iz;qDr'kCnkuka f'y"Vr;k o"kksZifj tuU;k O;ogkjlekjksi%ifjLiqQV%A¸ bR;qDRok xzUFkÑrk=k ;k leklksfDr% fu.khZrk lk uSo] v=k rq f'y"Vksiek&yÄïkj% U;kÕ;%A leklksfDr% dFka usfr psnqP;rs&v=k ekr`oRlysfro"kkZfo'ks"k.kHkwrsuinsukizLrqrL; tuuhinkFkZL;ksiekur;k okP;Rokr~A leklksDrkS f'y"Vfo'ks"k.kek=klkeF;kZr~izLrqrs¿izLrqrO;ogkj% lekjksI;rs] vizLrqrks fo'ks";inkFkZ% 'kCnsu ukfHk/h;rsA ;FkksDraeEeVsu&%

¶izÑrizfrikndokD;su f'y"Vfo'ks"k.kekgkRE;kr~ u rq fo'ks";L;kfilkeF;kZr~ ;nizÑrkFkZL;kfHk/kua lk leklsu la{ksis.kkFkZ};dFkukr~ lelksfDr%A¸(dkO;izdk'k okeuh&61)

leklksDrkS vizÑrL; okP;Roa fu"ks/;rk if.MrjktsukI;qDre~&¶;=k RoizÑr&O;ogkj ,o 'kCn'kfDra lgsr u RoizÑr/ehZ r=k leklksfDr%A¸ (jl- rrh; Hkkxi`-&228)

izÑrksnkgj.ks ekròRlysR;usu o"kkZfo'ks"k.kHkwrsu insu vizLrqrks tuuhinkFkksZokP;rkekuhr%A l p ;Fkk&ekròRlysR;L; inL; f}fo/% lekl% lEHkofr&ekrfjoRlyk] ekrso oRlysfr pA vu;ks% izFkeks uksi;qT;rs fo'ks";Hkwrk;ka o"kkZ;ka ekrfjoRlykRoL;kuqi;qT;ekuRokr~] u [kyq o"kkZ;ka ekr`fo"kf;.kh oRlyrk lEHkofrA ekrsooRlysfr f}rh; mi;qT;r ,o] oRlyrka leku/ehZÑR; ekrq% o"kksZiekuRosukUo;lEHkokr~AbRFke=k O;Äõ;r;kisf{krks¿izLrqrks fo'ks";Hkwrks ekrinkFkZ% izLrqrL;ksiekur;k okP;rkekuhr%Afo'ks";s okP;s rf}'ks"k.kkukefi okP;Roeso] vr% ';kekxzi;ksèkjdj.kdi;%iku:iL;o"kkZtuU;ks#Hk;ksjfi O;ogkjL; okP;Rokr~ leklksDrs% xU/ks¿I;=k ukfLrA ¶iztkH;%';kekxzS% Loi;ks/jS% rw.k± i;% ik;;UR;% (vr ,o) ekròRlyk bek o"kkZ%lek;krk%¸ bfr okD;kFksZ f'y"Vleku/eZorh leklxk okpdyqIrksieSok=k ekU;ekU;kA,oeso&%

vknkS izlk| dye×tqyxqf×trS% LoS%Li`"V~ok ruqa ln;ef×prgknZâ|ke~AeYyheqikÙkjtla ljlka lxU/kaHkq×taLRoeso lqÑrh Hkqfo Hk`Äõ n`"V%AA (vfHkjkt&126)

bfr i|s leklksfDra lk/;rk xzUFkdkjs.k ;nqDra rr~ Rorho fpUR;e~A rsuksDra;Fkk&¶v=k izLrqr;kseZYyhHk`Äõ;ksO;Zogkjlekjksiks¿izLrqr;ksukZf;dkuk;d;ks#ifjf'y"VinefgEuk Li"Vr;k izrh;r ,oA¸

vjs Hkxou~! v=k u [kyq vizLrqr;ks% ukf;dkuk;d;ks#ifj izLrqreYyhHk`Äõ&

O;ogkjlekjksi%] vfi rq eYyhHkÄõ;ks#ifj ukf;dkuk;dO;ogkjlekjksiks fo|rsA HkorkloZFkk foijhreqDre~A leklksDrkS izLrqrs¿izLrqrO;ogkj% lekjksI;rs u RoizLrqrs izLrqrO;ogkj%A

3) vfr'k;ksfDr%&%

fl¼Ros¿è;olk;L;kfr'k;ksfDrfuZx|rsA (lk-n- 10@693)

bfr lkfgR;niZ.kksDra y{k.ke~ ¶vè;olk;fl¼Ros¿fr'k;ksfDrfuZx|rs (vfHk-&118) bR;soa :is.k fdf×pRifjoÙ;Z xzUFkÑrkfr'k;ksfDryZf{krk] mnkâra p LoksiKfenai|e~&

leqÂrRoknoralrkÄõrk euksKuklsfr foHkkO; fu"Ñfre~Avgks izfrLif/Zr;k r;So foaQ i;ks/jkS rqÄõrjkS cHkworq%AA

(vfHkjkt&118)

O;k[;kr×p&¶v=k uklki;ks/j;ks% izfrLi/kZlEcU/s¿fo|ekus¿fi lEcUèk%df'pnqidfYir ,oA¸ (vfHkjkt] i`-119)

v=kkfr'k;ksfDrfu.kZ;s egrh HkzkfUr%A u [kYo=k vlEcU/s lEcU/:ikfr'k;ksfDr%]vfi rq i;ks/j;ks% LokHkkfodh rqÄõrk uklkLif/ZRosu lEHkkfork vrks¿=k mRizs{kkLiqQVr;k izrh;rsA ;Fkksnkâra if.Mrjktsu&%

fnokfu'ka okfjf.k d.Bn?us fnokdjkjk/uekpjUrhAo{kkstrk;S fdeq i{eyk{;kLri'pjR;EcqtiÄ~fDrjs"kkAA

(j-x-f}-Hkk-i`-&726)

v=kkEcqtkuka LokHkkfodks¿fHkfnokdja okfjfuokl% i{eyk{;k o{kkstrkizkfIriQyRosulEHkkfor% vrks¿=k ;FkksRizs{kk rFkSo izÑri|s¿fi ¶vgks izfrLif/Zr;k r;so fde~¸bfr 'kCnksikÙksu ldkoqQiz'usu ;kSous i;ks/j;ks% LokHkkfodh rqÄõrjrk ukfld;k izfrLifèkZr;klEHkkforksRizs{kkeso lk/;fr u Rofr'k;ksfDre~A

vlEcU/s lEcU/:ikfr'k;ksfDrLr=k Hkofr ;=k ;fn'kCnsu psPNCnsu ok vlEHkfouks&¿I;FkZL;ksDrkS dYiua fØ;rsA ;FkksDra eEeVsu ¶;|FkksZDrkS p dYiue~ bR;L; HksnL;O;k[;kus&¶;|FkZL; ;fn 'kCnsu psPNCnsu ok mDrkS ;r~ dYiue~ vFkkZr~vlEHkfouks¿FkZL; lk r`rh;kA¸ ;Fkk&%

jkdk;kedyÄïa psne`rk'kks% Hkosn~ oiq%ArL;k eq[ka rnk lkE;ijkHkoeokIuq;kr~AA (dk-iz-okeuh i`-632)

O;k[;kr×pks|ksrdkjs.k&¶iwokZ¼sZ iw.ksZUnkS dyÄïkHkkoL;klEcU/s¿fi lEcUèk%

202 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

dfYir%] mÙkjk/sZ lkE;lEcU/lEHkos¿fi rnlEcU/% ijkHkoinsu lwfpr% ,o×pk&lEcU/s¿fi lEcU/ bfr f}fo/s;e~A¸ (dk-iz- okeU;keqn~/`re~&632)

;Fkk pksnkârklEcU/s¿fi lEc/:ikfr'k;ksfDrfoZ'oukFksu&%

;fn L;kUe.Mys lDrfeUnksfjUnhoj};e~Arnksieh;rs rL;k onua pk:ykspue~AA (lk-n- 10&693)

v=ksUnkfoUnhoj};L;klEcU/s¿fi ;fn'kCnsu lEcU/% lEHkkfor%A lefFkZrk pif.Mrjktsukfi&¶;=kklEcU/s¿fi lEcU/ks o.;ksZRd"kkZFkZ%A¸ ;Fkk&

frfej'kkjnpfUnjrkjdk% deyfoæqepEiddksjdk%A;fn feyfUr dnkfi rnkuua [kyq rnk dy;k rqy;kegsAA

(j-x-i`-13 Hkkx&r`rh;)

v=k ;fn'kCnsu jtrknhuka ijLijklEcU/s¿fi lEcU/% dfYir% l pkuuL;k&rqyuh;rka xe;u~ rL;ksRd"ksZ i;ZoL;frA bRFka ikjEifjdy{k.kkuqlkje=k ukfr'k;ksfDr%AHkorkfi rnso y{k.keÄõhfØ;rs psr~ dFkfeneiO;k[;kue~\ ukÄõhfØ;rs psr~ dFkaijEijkuqikyue~A

,oeso Hksns¿I;Hksn:ik;k vfr'k;ksDrs#nkgj.kefi fpUR;esoA ;Fkk xzUFkÑrksnkâre~&%

fodpoqQeqnus=kk ;wfFkdke×tqgklkljflte`nqdk.MkrkezgLrkfÄ~?kz;qXekAr#f'k[kjoqQyk;ksfÂæif{kiztYiklefHkljfr pUæa xqtZjs"kq f=k;kekAA (vfHkjkt] i` 119)

v=k oqQeqn;wfFkdkljfltr#if{kHksns lR;fi f=k;kekukf;dkÄõRoknHksndYiu;kfr&'k;ksfDr%A

v=kkfr'k;ksfDrlk/uk; Ñrfena O;k[;kueukyksfprkyÄïkj'kkL=kr;kR;Ura HkzkUre~ArPpsÙFke~&¶f=k;kek pUæefHkljfr¸ bR;fLeu~ okD;kFksZ lefHklj.kfln~è;Fk± f=k;kek;kaukf;dkjksiks¿isf{kr%] l p u 'kCnksikÙk% fdURokFkZ%] fodpoqQeqns"kq us=k;ks%] ;wfFkdk;kae×tqgklL;] ljflte`nqdk.Ms"kq gLr;qXeL; mfÂæif{k"kq p iztYiL;kjksiknolh;rsAbRFke=k fo'ks"k.ks"kq vkjksI;ek.kk% 'kkCnk%] fo'ks";Hkwrk;ka f=k;kek;ka ukf;dkjksi'pkFkZ%]vrks¿=k ¶JkSrk vkFkkZ'p rs ;fLeÂsdns'kfoofrZ rr~ bR;sdns'kfoofrZ:idy{k.kkuqlkja:idkyÄïkj% LiqQV%A bne=k è;krO;e~&Hksns¿I;kgk;kZHksndYiuk;ka :ioaQ] fuxh;kZè;olkuspkfr'k;ksfDr%] lkjksiky{k.kkLFkys ;=k fo"k;fo"kf;.kks:Hk;ks:fDrLr=k :ide~] lkè;&olkukLFkys ;=k fo"kf;.kh fo"k;L; fuxj.ka fØ;rs r=kkfr'k;ksfDr% bR;qHk;ksju;ks%

fofoDrfo"k;rk;kekpk;SZ% O;k[;krk;ka dFka Hkork :idLFkys¿fr'k;ksfDrfuZ.khZ;rsA¶vè;olk;fl¼Ros¸ bfr y{k.keqDRok vè;olk;L; lkè;rk;ka dFkefr'k;ksfDr%lkè;rs\ fo'oukFkL;sna O;k[;kua è;krO;a&¶fo"k;fuxj.ksukHksnizfrifÙkfoZ"kf;.kks&¿è;olk;%] rL; pksRizs{kk;ka fo"kf;.kks¿fuf'prRosu funsZ'kkr~ lkè;Roe~] bg rqfuf'prRosu izrhfrfjfr fl¼Roe~A¸ (lk-n-&10&693)

4) fo'ks"kksfDr%&%

fo'ks"kksfDrLrFkkgsrkS lR;Hkko% iQyL; pA (vfHk- 133)

bR;fo'ks"kksDR;k ;FkkijLija fo'ks"kksfDra y{kf;Rok xzUFkÑrk i|feneqnkâre~&

okR;ksRFk/wfyfup;SoZfudk ijhrk HkXuk% izHk×tuj;SLrjoLleUrkr~Ao"kkZfu"k}jo'kk}lq/k¿I;xE;k uwua fojf×pÑi;So e`xks¿orh.kZ%AA

v=k okR;k/wfyizHk×tuo"kkZfu"k}jkfnizk.kladVdkj.ks"kq lRLofi exizk.kgkfu:i&dk;kZHkkoo'kkn~ fo'ks"kksfDr%A (vfHkjkt&133)

v=k O;k[;kusu i|s¿fLeu~ ;ks¿;a fo'ks"kksfDrlk/uks|ksx% Ñr% l vkirrksfo'ks"kksfDra xe;fr] fdUrq fopkjs Ñrs e`xizk.kgkfu:idk;kZHkkoL; n`<rjdkj.kL;dfouSo U;LrRokr~] fo'ks"kksfDr% peRdkfj.kh uSoA voyksD;rka&¶uwua fojf×pÑi;Soe`xks¿orh.kZ%¸ bR;qDRok HkorSo e`xizk.kgkfu:idk;ZL; izfrcU/oaQ fojf×pÑik:iadkj.keqiU;Lre~A rnfi uwufefr fu'p;okposQukO;;su vU;;ksxO;oPNsnosQu ,odkjs.kp HkoRiz;qDrsu exizk.kj{k.ks fojf×pÑik;k gsrqRoa fuf'puksfrA Hkkjrh;laLÑrkS bZ'ojsPNkcyh;lhfr* opus losZ"kka n`<izR;;%] vr% lRLofi foiqydkj.ks"kq bZ'ojsPNkHkkos dk;±uSo HkofrA v=kkfi e`xizk.kgkus% dkj.ks"kq lRlq fojf×pÑr:icyo¼srkS fo|ekusdFke=k ;Fkky{k.ka fo'ks"kksfDrHkZforqegZfrA fd×p lRLofi dkj.ks"kq e`xks u e`r bfrfo'ks"kksfDrj=k lfr gsrkS iQykHkko:ik O;k[;krk] fdUrq dosLrkRi;Zek=k fo'ks"kksDR;kèkkusu izfrHkkfr] izR;qr fojf×pÑik;k egÙoksn~?kkVus orZrsA vr ,o dfouk uwufeR;L;,odkjL; p iz;ksx% Ñr%] e`xj{k.ks osQoyesdesofojf×pÑik:ia dkj.ka i;kZIrfefrdfofoo{kk=k fo/s;r;k LiqQVSoA

oLrqrLrq ;kU;=k e`xizk.kgkus% okR;k/wfrizHk×tuo"kkZnhfu dkj.kkfu mikÙkkfurkfu izk.kgj.kdkj.kkfu u HkofrA u [kyq okR;k izHk×tuÑrr#ikrsu o"kZ;k iÄ~fdy;sy;kok exizk.kgkfu% tk;rsA rFkk lfr izfro"k± tk;ekuS% izÑfrfodkjSjsfHk% exfojfgrs;a Hkw%L;kr~A vrks uk=kkyÄïkj% u p dkO;Roe~A

204 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

5) ifjdj%&%

mDrS% ifjdj% izksDrLlkfHkizk;SfoZ'ks"k.kS%A (vfHkjkt&129)

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1- r=kSo 155

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216 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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1- m.kkfndks"k%] 2-682- egkHkk";e~] ijLi'kkfÉde~] i`- 433- okD;inh;e~] 1-1324- ¶rLeS l gksokp] }s fo|s osfnrO;s bfr g Le ;n~ czãfonks onfUr] ijk

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2- ¶prq%lkgÏh lw=kk.kka i×plw=kfooftZrkA v"Vkè;k;h ikf.kuh;k lw=kSekZgs'ojS%lg¸AA Lojfl¼kUrpfUnzdk] dk- 15

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4- ik-v-] 4-1-15- ik-v-] 4-1-766- rf¼r'kCn% leLrina fo|rs&rsH;ks fgrk% rf¼rk% (prqFkhZrRiq#"klekl%)A rfnfr

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8- ik-v-] 4-1-77

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1- ik-v-] 5-4-1602- egkHkk";e~] iLi'kkfÉde~] i`-303- dkfynklh;k rf¼rkUrje.kh;rk] i`-544- ik-v-] 51-595- ik-v-] 4-1-936- ^lUrfrxksZ=ktuuoqQykU;fHktukUo;kS*AA vejdks"k%] 2- czãoxZ% 1] ¶vkRetLru;%

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7- ^viR;a ikS=kizHk`fr xks=ke~*A ik-v-] 4-1-1618- ^thofr rq oa';s ;qok*A ik-v-] 4-1-163

220 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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ukeokfp'kCnr%&

^rL;kiR;e~* (v"Vk- 4-1-93) bR;iR;kFksZ ^v.k~*izR;;su fu"iÂk% 'kCnk%&

ik.Mo%& ik.MksjiR;a iqeku~ (;qf/f"Bjkn;%) µ egkHkkjre~] 1-2-13

'kkUruo%& 'kkUruksjiR;a iqeku~ (Hkh"e%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-178

ekuo%& euksjiR;a ekuo% µ e-Hkk-] 6-11-17

oSoLor%& fooLorks¿iR;a iqeku~ (euq%) µ e-Hkk-] 6-12-1

;kno%& ;nksjiR;kfu xks=kkiR;kfu ok (;nqoa'kh) µ e-Hkk-] 6-19-41

ek/o%& e/ksjiR;kfu xks=kkiR;kfu ok (Ñ".k%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-173

ek/oh& e/ksjiR;a xks=kkiR;a ok L=kh (lqHknzk) (^fV<k.k×kú* (v"Vk-4-1-15) bfr ^Ähi~*) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-151

tkÉoh& tÉksjiR;a L=kh (xÄõk) µ e-Hkk-] 6-18-31

^vr b×k~* (v"Vk- 4-1-95) bfr lw=ks.kkiR;kFksZ ^b×k~* izR;;su fu"iÂk% 'kCnk%&

æksf.k%& nzks.kL;kiR;a iqeku~ (v'oRFkkek) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-32

lkSenfÙk%& lksenÙkL;kiR;a iqeku~ (HkwfjJok) µ e-Hkk-] 6-9-8

xkoYxf.k%& xoYx.kL;kiR;a iqeku~ (l×t;%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-350

ykSeg"kZf.k%& ykseg"kZ.kL;kiR;a (mxzJok) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-5

lkSfr%& lqrL;kiR;a lkSfr% (mxzJok) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-7

^½";U/do`f".koqQ#H;'p* (v"Vk- 4-1-114) bfr lw=ks.kkiR;kFksZ] ^v.k~* izR;;sufu"iÂk% 'kCnk%&

1- ^Hkzkrfj p T;k;fl*A ik-v-] 4-1-1642- ik-v-] 4-1-93

/krZjk"Vª%& /`rjk"VªL;kiR;a iqeku~ (nq;ksZ/ukn;%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-116

oklqnso%& olqnsoL;kiR;a iqeku~ (Ñ".k%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-130

oSfp=koh;Z%& fofp=koh;ZL;kiR;a (/`rjk"Vªkn;%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-225

ikfjf{kr%& ifjf{krL;kiR;a (tuest;%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-91

oa'kokfpr%&

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Hkkjr%& HkjrL;kiR;a xks=kkiR;a ok (Hkjroa'kh) µ e-Hkk-] 6-9-24

^vu`";kuUr;sZú* (v"Vk- 4-1-104) bfr xks=kkiR;s¿×k~ izR;;%&

ikS=k%& iq=kL;kiR;a ikS=k% µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-347

^½";U/do`f".koqQ#H;'p* (v"Vk- 4-1-114) bR;.izR;;ks¿iR;kFksZ&

Hkkj}kt%& Hkj}ktL; xks=kkiR;a iqeku~(nzks.k%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-305

HkkxZo%& Hk`xksjiR;a xks=kkiR;a ok (ij'kqjke% P;ou'p) µ e-Hkk]- 1-2-170

xkSre%& xksreL;kiR;a xks=kkiR;a ok(Ñikpk;Z%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-32

L=khokfp'kCnr%&

^L=khH;ks <o~Q* (v"Vk- 4-1-120) bfr lw=ks.kkiR;kFksZ ^<o~Q* izR;;%&

oSurs;%& fourk;kjiR;a iqeku~ (x#M%) µ e-Hkk-] 6-18-30

ækSins;%& ækSi|k viR;a iqeku~ (nzkSi|k% i×piq=kk%) µ e-Hkk-] 6-9-6

^}~;p%* (v"Vk- 4-1-121) bfr lw=ks.k viR;kFksZ ^<o~Q*&

dkSUrs;%& oqQUR;k viR;a iqeku~ (oqQUR;k% =k;% iq=kk%] fo'ks"k:is.kk¿tqZu%) µe-Hkk-] 6-9-27

^'kqHkzkfnH;'p* (v"Vk- 4-1-123) bfr lw=ks.kkiR;kFksZ ^<o~Q*&

xkÄõs;%& xÄõk;k viR;a iqeku~ (Hkh"e%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-94

^br'pkfu×k%* (v"Vk- 4-1-122) bfr ^<o~Q*&

ok".ksZ;%& o`".ksjiR;kfu xks=kkiR;kfu ok (Ñ".k%] lkR;dhR;kn;%) µ e-Hkk-]1-1-196

^vo`¼kH;ks unhekuq"khH;ú*] (v"Vk- 4-1-113) bR;.k~&

lkSHkæ%& lqHknzk;k viR;a iqeku~ (vfHkeU;q%) µ e-Hkk-] 6-9-6

^rL;kiR;e~* (v"Vk- 4-1-92) bfr ^v.k~* bfr ck/f;Rok ^}~;p%* (v"Vk- 4-1-

222 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

121) bfr ^<o~Q*] ra ck/f;Rok ^rL;sne~* (v"Vk- 4-3-120) bR;.k~&

ikFkZ%& i`Fkk;k v;e~ iqeku~ (;qf/f"Bjkn;%) µ e-Hkk-] 6-9-25

^fnR;fnR;kfnR;iR;qÙkjink..;%* (v"Vk- 4-1-85) bfr viR;kFksZ .;%&

nSR;%& fnrsjiR;e~ µ e-Hkk-] 6-18-30

vkfnR;%& vfnrsjiR;e~ µ e-Hkk-] 6-18-21

tuinokfp'kCnr%&

^lkYos;xkU/kfjH;ka p* (v"Vk- 4-1-167) bfr lw=ks.k xkU/kfj$v×k~¾xkUèkkjLrrks^'kkÄõZjokú* (v"Vk- 4-1-73) bfr ^Ähu~*&

xkU/jh& xkU/kjh.kkeiR;a L=kh (/`rjk"VªL; L=kh) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-216

^tuin'kCnkr~ú* (v"Vk- 4-1-166) bfr lw=ks.kk¿×izR;;%&

lSU/o%& flU/ksjiR;a iqeku~ (t;nzFk%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-198

^oqQokZfnH;ks .;%* (v"Vk- 4-1-151) bfr ^.;%*&

dkSjO;%& oqQ:.kka jktk¿iR;a ok µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-95

{kf=k;okfp'kCnr%&

^tuin'kCnkr~ú* (v"Vk- 4-1-166) rrks ^'kkÄõZjokú* (v"Vk- 4-1-73) bfr Ähu~&

ik×pkyh& i×pkykukeiR;a L=kh (nzkSinh) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-44

^o`¼sRdkslykú* (v"Vk- 4-1-69) bfr ×;Ä~] ^fL=k;keofUrú* (v"Vk- 4-1-174)bfr yqo~Q] ^brks euq";tkrs%* (v"Vk- 4-1-65) bfr Äh"k~&

oqQUrh& oqQUrsjiR;a L=kh µ e-Hkk-] 6-20-44

{kf=k;okfpu%@tuinokfpuks yqo~Q&

^oqQ#ukfnH;ks .;%* (v"Vk- 4-1-151) bfr ^.;* izR;;% (,dopus)&

dkSjO;%& oqQ:.kka jktk viR;a ok µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-95

^oqQ#ukfnH;ks .;%* (v"Vk- 4-1-151) bfr .;* izR;;%] ræktL; cgq"kq rsuSok&fL=k;kfe*fr (v"Vk- 2-4-62) yqx~ cgqopus&

dkSjo%& oqQ:.kka jktkuks¿iR;kfu ok µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-29

oqQ#.kke~& v=kkfi ^.;* izR;;L; yqo~Q µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-13

^tuin'kCnkr~ú* (v"Vk- 4-1-166) bfr ^v×k~* ^ræktL;ú* (v"Vk- 2-4-62)bfr yqo~Q&

i×pkyk%& i×pkykuka jktkuks¿iR;kfu ok µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-294

xks=kkiR;s yqo~Q&

^mRlkfnH;ks¿×k~* (v"Vk- 4-1-86) bfr v×izR;;izkXnhO;rh;kFksZ"kq] ^;×k×kks'p*(v"Vk- 2-4-64) bfr lw=ks.k xks=kl×KdL; cgqopus yqo~Q&

Hkjrk%& HkjrL;kiR;kfu xks=kkiR;kfu ok µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-92

viR;s tkrkS&

^{k=kkn~ ?k%* (v"Vk- 4-1-138) bfr ?k* izR;;%] rL; LFkkus vk;usú* (v"Vk- 7-1-2) bfr lw=ks.k ^b;~* vkns'k%&

{kf=k;%& {k=kL;kiR;a {kf=k;% µ e-Hkk-] 6-2-27

viR;s u] vfirq tkrkS&

^eukstkZrko×;rkS "kqo~Q p* (v"Vk- 1-1-161) bfr v×k~* vFk p ;r~* izR;;kS rFkkp "kqxkxe%&

ekuq"k%& euksjiR;a tkrkS µ e-Hkk-] 6-5-11

euq";%& euksjiR;a tkrkS µ e-Hkk-] 6-5-11

vUrjkiR;s xks=kRokjksi%&

^xxkZfnH;ks ;×k~* (v"Vk- 4-1-105) bfr xks=kkiR;s ;×k~*] v=k vUrjkiR;s xks=kRokjksi%A

tkenXU;%& tenXusjiR;e~ (ij'kqjke%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-168

ikjk'k;Z%& ijk'kjL;kiR;e~ (O;kl%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-270

,oa izdkjs.kk=k LFkkyhiqykdU;k;suk¿iR;izdj.kkUrxZrkfu egkHkkjrh;kU;qnkgj.kkfuizn';Z ikf.kfufojfprk;ke"Vkè;k;ka Ñrks foe'kZ% izLrqr%A

fu"d"kZ%&

fo'os¿fLeu~ ikf.kuh;O;kdj.ka lqizfl¼esoA O;kdj.kL; loZ'kkL=kksidkjdRoafofnresoA vrks fonq"kka eè;s b;eqfDr% izfl¼So&¶dk.kkna ikf.kuh;×p loZ'kkL=kksidkjde~ Aikf.kuh;rU=ks rf¼rkUriz;ksxL;k¿rho Hkkf"kdekgkRE;eSfrgkfldekgkRE;×pkfLrA ;Fkk&^fiz;rf¼rk nkf{k.kkR;k%*A izkphudkys rf¼rkUr'kCnkuka cgqiz;ksx vklhr~] fdfURonkuharf¼riz;ksxk fnukuqfnua {kh;UrsA ,rka nqnZ'kka n"V~ok O;koqQyk% iz;ksxeeZKk nq%[ksu onfUr&¶xhrkLrf¼rkUrk erk% izfØ;ktk grk% lfU/cU/k yqÄ'p iz;ksxk%A bnkuhUrukuka tukukaizo`fÙk% ÑnUrs lqcUrs dnkfpfÙkÄUrs AA

224 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

egkHkkjresdeSfrgkfloaQ loZfo'kky×p dkO;e~] vfLeÂk[;kuksik[;kuSLlg 'krlgÏa'yksdkLlfUrA cgqfo/LFkys¿iR;kFkZdizR;;kUr'kCnkuka iz;ksxks fofgrks¿fLeu~ JhosnO;kl&egf"kZ.kkA viR;kFkZd&xks=kk¿iR;kFkZd&;qok¿iR;kFkZdizR;;kUr'kCnk% lfEeyfUrA rs"kkeFkZ&oSf'k"VÔiqjLlja foospufeg izLrqre~A vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ksA

izkphudky;soeklhr~ ;r~ firqukZEuk lgSoSdL; izR;;L; ;kstusu ckydL; ukeHkofr LeA fo'oL; lokZlq Hkk"kklq ,rkn'ka lkeF;± ukfLr] ;kn'ka lkeF;± laLÑrHkk"kk;k&efLr] ;nsdL; izR;;L; ;kstusu firqukZe Lej.kefi Hkosr~] lgSo yk?koefi Hkosr~Av|Ros¿fi egkjk"Vª&xqtjkr&nf{k.kHkkjrs iq=kL; ukEuk lgSo firqukZEu% Lej.kefiHkofrA vrks¿fLeu~ 'kks/i=ks¿iR;izdj.kkUrxZrkfu egkHkkjrh;kU;qnkgj.kkfu izn';Z ikf.kfu&fojfprk;ke"Vkè;k;ka Ñrks foe'kksZ fofgr%A

lUnHkZxzUFklwph&

izkFkfedÏksrkafl&

d) lk{kkr~&Ïksrkafl&

1- v"Vkè;k;hlw=kikB% (ikf.kfueqfuiz.khr%)] jkeyky diwj VªLV] cgkyx<]lksuhir] gfj;k.kk % 1988

2- dkf'kdk (Jhokeut;kfnR;fojfprk)] la- fot;ikyks fo|kokfjf/%] jkeyky&diwjVªLV] cgkyx<+] lksuhir] gfj;k.kk % la-1_ 1997

3- dkf'kdkofÙk% (okeut;kfnR;kS) ¹prqFkZi×pe"k"Bkè;k;kRedf}rh;Hkkx%º] O;k-ia- bZ'ojpUnz%] pkS[kEck laLÑrizfr"Bkue~] uonsgyh % 2010

4- egkHkkjr (JheUegf"kZ osnO;kliz.khr) (lEiw.kZ] N% Hkkxksa esa)] vuq-&if.Mrjkeukjk;.k 'kkL=kh ik.Ms;] xksfoUnHkou dk;kZy;] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj % la- 5_2026&2044 fo-la-

5- O;kdj.kegkHkk";ke~ (egf"kZir×tfy%] T;ksRluk* leq‰kflre~) (prqFkksZ¿è;k;%)]Vhdkdkj%&MkW- gfjukjk;.kfrokjh] pkS[kEck ifCyf'kax gkmQl] uonsgyh %2009

6- oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh (HkV~Vksftnhf{kr%] ckycksf/uhrÙocksf/uhlEofyrk)]la-&fxfj/j'kekZ prqosZn% ijes'ojkuUn'kekZ p] eksrhykycukjlhnkl] ubZ fnYyh% la- 10_ 2001

7- O;kdj.kegkHkk";ke~ (HkxoRir×tfyfojfpre~] uokfÉde~) vuq-&pk#nso 'kkL=kh]eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] uonsgyh % la- 8_ 2012

[k) vlk{kkr~&Ïksrkafl&

1- bZ'kkfn ukS mifu"kn~] O;k- gfjÑ".knkl xks;Undk] xhrkizsl xksj[kiqj (m-iz-) %la- 30_ 2067 fo-la-

2- m.kkfndks"k%] O;k- ia- bZ'ojpUnz] pkS[kEck laLÑr izfr"Bku] fnYyh % 2008

3- ½Xosnlafgrk] ukx izdk'kd] uonsgyh % 2003] r`rh;laLdj.ke~A

4- /krqikB% (ikf.kfueqfufojfprk)] ia- jkeyky diwj VªLV] jsoyh (lksuhir&gfj;k.kk) % 2006

5- ikf.kuh;f'k{kk] O;k- f'kojkt vkpk;Z% dkSf.MUU;k;u%] pkS[kEck fo|kHkoue~]okjk.klh % 2008

6- euqLe`fr%] MkW- mfeZyk jLrksxh] ts-ih- ifCyf'kax gkmQl] fnYyh % 20057- ;tqosZn&vFkoZosnHkk";e~ (fgUnh&Hkk"kkuqoknlfgr)] O;k- ia- cq¼nso fo|kyÄïkj%]

xksfoUnjke gklkuUn] ubZ fnYyh % 20088- ;kKoYD;Le`fr% (ferk{kjkO;k[;k)] O;k- MkW- xÄõkljk; jk;] pkS[kEck laLÑr

izfr"Bku] fnYyh % 2013

9- okD;inh;e~ (czãdk.Me~) (HkrZgfj%] lksiKoR;k vEckd=;kZ p lEHkwf"kre~)]lEiw.kkZuUnlaLÑrfo'ofo|ky;%] okjk.klh % 1988

f}rh;dÏksrkafl&

d) laLÑrxzUFkk%&

1- ik.Ms;%] jkekKk] O;kdj.kn'kZuHkwfedk] ljLorhHkou&vè;;uekyk&11] lEiw.kkZ&uUnlaLÑrfo'ofo|ky;%] okjk.klh % la- 2_ 1982

[k) fgUnhxzUFkk%&

1- vxzoky] oklqnso'kj.k] ikf.kfudkyhu Hkkjro"kZ (v"Vkè;k;h dk lkaLÑfrvè;;u)] pkS[kEck fo|kHkou] okjk.klh % la-2_ 1969

2- ehekald] ia- ;qf/f"Bj] laLÑr O;kdj.k 'kkL=k dk bfrgkl (Hkkx 1&3)]jkeyky diwj VªLV] cgkyx<] lksuhir] gfj;k.kk % 2057 fo-la-

x) 'kks/izcU/k%&

1- feJ] jek'kadj%] egkHkkjrs¿ikf.kuh;iz;ksxk.kka foe'kZ%] la-la-fo-fo- okjk.klh %1980

2- 'kekZ] MkW- t;dkUr%] dkfynklh;k rf¼rkUrje.kh;rk] vejxzUFkifCyosQ'kUl]uonsgyh % la- 1_ 2003

( 226 )

tSu ijEijk esa vk;qosZn dk oSf'k"V~;& MkW- Hkokuh 'kadj 'kekZ

vuqns'kd] 'kS{kf.kd foHkkxjkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh

bl 'kks/i=k esa vuqlU/ku drkZ us vk;qosZn dk fdruk egÙo jksxksa osQfuokj.k esa gS bldks n'kkZ;k gSA

vk;qosZn

vk;qosZn dks thou dk foKku vkSj dyk dgk x;k gSA blesa thou dhnk'kZfud vkSj tho&oSKkfud leLr n'kkvksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS] vkSj blesa jks/d rFkkjksxuk'kd vkS"kf/ vkSj 'kY;fØ;k lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSaA vk;qosZn izkphu Hkkjr dh,d LokLF; dyk gS ftldk mís'; gS ekxZ vkSj lk/uksa dk fnXn'kZu djkdj LokLF;dh j{kk djuk] rFkk thou dks lq[kh vkSj ijksidkjh cukukA1

vk;qosZn dk rkRi;Z

vk;qosZn dk rkRi;Z gS fd vk;q dk Kku gksuk vFkkZr~ thou dh igpku djukA'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus dk foKku gh vk;qosZn gSA tSu ijEijk esa pkSng iwoksZ esa izk.kkok;quked iwoZ gS ftlesa vkpk;Z vdyad osQ vuqlkj (rÙokFkZokfrZd 1@20)2 dk;fpfdRlkvkfn vkB vaxksa osQ :i esa lEiw.kZ vk;qosZn =kwr'kkfUr osQ mik;] fo"kfpfdRlk(tkaxqfyizØe) vkSj izk.k&viku vkfn ok;qvksa osQ 'kjhj /kj.k djus dh n`f"V lsfoHkktu dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA vk;qosZn osQ ;s vkB vax gSa&dk;fpfdRlk(esfMflu)] 'kY; rU=k vkSj okthdj.k;U=kA fpfdRlk osQ leLr fo"k;ksa dk lekos'kbu vaxksa esa gks tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ izk.kok;q esa 'kjhj'kkL=k vkSj fpfdRlk'kkL=k bu nksuksafo"k;ksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA oLrqr% vk;qosZn dk iz.k;u gh vdky] tjk vkSj eR;q dksmfpr mik;ksa }kjk jksdus osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA

1- tSu vkxe lkfgR; esa Hkkjrh; lekt i`-la- 308&102- rÙokFkZokfrZd 1@20

tSu ijEijk esa vk;qosZn dk oSf'k"V~; 227

egkohj fuokZ.k osQ yxHkx 160 o"kZ rd iwoks± dk Kku FkkA JqrosQoyh HkznckgqleLr iwoZ Kkuh FksA ij fo'kk[kkpk;Z rd vkrs&vkrs yxHkx 200 o"kZ es pkj iwoks± dkKku yqIr gks x;k vkSj fiQj vkxs og Hkh lekIr gks x;kA dyk] fo|k] ;U=k&rU=k lscpk 'ks"k Hkkx vU; vaxksa esa lekfo"V gks x;kA blfy, n`f"Vokn dks fofPNÂ ekuktkus yxkA vax izfo"V osQ bl ckjgosa Hksn ls gh fnxEcj ijEijk osQ vkxe xzUFk gSaAmiyC/ vkxe lkfgR; esa vk;qosZn ls lEc¼ lkexzh dks LFkkukax foikd mÙkjkè;;uvkfn lw=kksa esa izkIr gSA mÙkjkè;;u osQ vuqlkj iapdeZ] oeu fojspu vkfn dk izpyucgqr FkkA 'kjhj ls eksg u djuk tSu eqfu vkpkj lafgrk dk vfHkÂ vax gSA blfy,lk/q lkèoh Jkodksa ls dksbZ fpfdRlk ugha djkrsA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g vko';d gS fdos viuh fpfdRlk Lo;a djsaA rnFkZ fpfdRlk'kkL=k dk Kku vko';d gSA ewy :iesa ;g ykSfdd fo|k osQ :i esaa FkkA ij tc mldk nq#i;ksx gksus yxk rks lk/qvksadks ykSfdd fo|kvksa dk lh[kuk ;k mi;ksx djuk fuf"k¼ gks x;kA iQyr% n`f"Vokndk gh yksi gksuk 'kq: gks x;kA iwoZ n`f"Vokn dk prqFkZ Hksn FkkA

vk;qosZn dks ukS ikiJrksa esa fxuk x;k gSA /UoUrjh bl 'kkL=kh osQ izorZd FksAmUgksaus vius foHkax&Kku ls jksxksa dk irk yxkdj oS|d'kkL=k dh jpuk dh] vkSj ftuyksxksa us bl 'kkL=k dk vè;;u fd;k os egkoS| dgyk;sA ckr] fiÙk] 'ys"e vkSjlfÂikr ls gksus okys jksxksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA vk;qosZn dh vkB 'kk[kk,¡ ekuh x;hgSa&dkSekjHkR; (ckydksa osQ Lruiku lEcU/h jksxksa dk bykt)] 'kkY;gR; (r.k] dk"B]ik"kk.k] yksgk] vfLFk] u[k vkfn 'kY;ksa dk m¼j.k)] dk;fpfdRlk (Toj] vfrlkjvkfn dk mi'keu)] tkaxqy (fo"k?kkrd rU=k)] Hkwrfo|k (Hkwrksa osQ fuxzg dh fo|k)]jlk;u (vk;q] cqf¼ vkfn c<+kus dk rU=k) vkSj ckthdj.k (oh;Zo/Zd vkS"kf/;ksa dk'kkL=k)A

jksxksa osQ izdkjvkpkjkax lw=k esa 16 jksxksa dk mYys[k gS ;Fkk&xaMh (xaMeky] ftlesa xzhok

iwQy tkrh gS)] oqQ"B (dks<+)] jkt;{ek] viEekj] dkf.k; (dk.;] vf{kjksx)]f>fe; (tM+rk)] oqQf.k; (ghukaxRo)] [kqfTt; (oqQcM+kiu)] mn~jjksx] ewdiuk]lw.kh; ('kjhj dk lwt tkuk) fxyklf.k (HkLed jksx)] oscb (dEiu)] ih<lfIi(iaxqRo)] flyho; ('yhiniQhyikao dk jksx)] vkSj e/qesgA

jksx vkSj O;kf/ esa vUrj crk;k x;k gSA jksx ls euq"; nsj esa e`R;q dks izkIrgksrk gS] fdUrq O;kf/ ls mldk 'kh?kz Hkj.k gks tkrkgSA1 foikdlw=k esa lksyg izdkjdh O;kf/;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS%&'okl] dkl ([kkalh)] Toj] nkg] oqQf{k'kwy]

1- foikd lw=k i`- 307

228 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

HkxUnj] v'kZ] vth.kZ] n`f"V'kwy] eq/Z'kwy] vjkspdA (Hkkstu esa v#fp)] vf{kosnuk]d.kZosnuk] d.Mw ([kqtyh)] tyksnj vkSj oqQ"B (dks<+)A

vU; jksxksa esa nqOew; oqQyjksx] vkejksx] uxjjksx] eaMyjksx] 'kh"kZosnuk] vkS"Bosnuk]u[kosnuk] narosnuk] 'kks"k ({k;)] dPNw] [klj ([kljk)] ikaMqjksxk] ,d&nks&rhu&pkjfnu osQ vUrjky ls vkus okyk Toj] bUnzxzg] /uqxzZg] LdUnxzg] oqQekjxzg] ;{kxzg]Hkwrxzg] m}sx] ân;'kwy] mnj'kwy] ;ksfu'kwy vkSj egkekjh oYxqyh (th epykuk)]fo"koaqQHk (iqQfM;k) dk mYys[k gSA

jksxkRifÙk osQ dkj.k

LFkkukaxlw=k1 esa jksxkRifÙk osQ ukS dkj.k crk;s gSa%&vR;Ur Hkkstu] vfgrdkjHkkstu] vfrfunzk] vfr tkxj.k] iqjh"k vkSj ew=k dk fujks/] ekxZ&xeu] Hkkstu dhvfu;ferrk vkSj dkefodkjA tSu vkxeksa esa dgk gS fd iqjh"k osQ jksdus ls ej.k] ew=kosQ fujks/ ls n`f"Vgkfu vkSj oeu osQ fujks/ ls oqQ"Bjksx dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA

blh izdkj ls ftunÙklwfj fojfpr ^foosdfoykl* xzUFk esa vk;qosZn dkoSf'k"V~; crk;k x;k gSA vk;qosZn osQ fo"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa fy[kk gSa%2&

izÑfra Hks"kt O;kf/a lkRE; nsga cya o;%Adkya ns'ka rFkk ofÉ foHkoa izfrpkjde~AA

fotkuu~ loZnk lE;o~Q iQyna yksd;ks}Z;ks%AvH;ls}s|oaQ /heku~ ;'kks/ekZFkZfl¼;sAA

lkekU;r;k jksx dh izÑfr] vkS"k/] O;kf/] lkRE;] 'kjhjcy] vk;q] dky] ns'k]tBjkfXu] oSHko vkSj izfrpkjd&bruh ckrksa dks cjkcj tkudj cqf¼eku~ /eZ vkSj èkuosQ ykHk osQ fy, fujUrj vH;kl djuk pkfg,A

oS|d 'kkL=k esa vkB vÄõksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA

dk;ckyezgksn~èokZÄõ 'kY;na"Vk tjkfo"kS%A,rSj"VfHkjÄõS'p oS|oaQ [;kre"V/kAA

vk;qosZn osQ vkB vÄõ izfl¼ gSa& 1- dk; fpfdRlk] 2- ckyfpfdRlk] 3-HkwrfpfdRlk] 4- mQèokZÄõfpfdRlk] 6- 'kY;fpfdRlk] 6- fo"kfpfdRlk] 7- jlk;uvkSj 8- okthdj.kA

tBjL;kuy% dk;ks ckyks ckyfpfdfRlre~Axzgks Hkwrkfnfo=kkl mQèokZÄõewèoZo'kks/ue~AA

1- LFkkukÄõlw=k la- 9-6672- foosdfoykl i`-la- 197&198

tSu ijEijk esa vk;qosZn dk oSf'k"V~; 229

'kY;a yksgkfn na"VkgstZjkfi p jlk;ue~Ao`"k% iks"k% 'kjhjL; O;k[;k"VÄõL; ys'kr%AA

dk; vFkkZr~ tBjkfXu osQ fodkj ls gksus okys jksxksa dk fuokj.k dk;fpfdRlkgSA ckyd dks gksus okys jksx dk fuokjk.k ckyfpfdRlk gSA Hkwrfi'kkpkfndksa osQ minzoksadk fuokj.k HkwrfpfdRlk esa fd;k x;k gSA xzhok ls mQij eq¡g] ukfldk] d.kZ] us=k] fljvkfn osQ jksxksa dk mik; djuk mQèokZÄõfpfdRlk gSA 'kY; ;k phjiQkM+ ls jksxksipkjdjuk 'kY;fpfdRlk gSA o`¼koLFkk dks jksdus vkSj ;qokoLFkk dks v{kq..k j[kus osQmik; jlk;u dgs tkrs gSa tcfd vf/d dky rd L=khlÄõkfn gks losQ] ,slk mik;okthdj.k dgs tkrs gSa ,slk mik; gSA ,sls vk;qosZn osQ vkBksa gh vÄõksa dh foospukgksrh gSA

bl izdkj ls ge ikrs gSa fd tSu vkxe lkfgR; esa tks vk;qosZn dh ijEijkfeyrh gS mldk vusd #iksa esa orZeku le; rd izkIr gks jgk gSA ysfdu vk;qosZn'kkL=k orZeku esa ek=k vkSj lqJqr lafgrk dk yksxksa osQ }kjk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA tcfdvko';drk gS fd tSu vkxeksa vkSj ikfy f=kfiVkosaQ esa tks fpfdRlk osQ fofo/ Lo#i;k lw=k feyrs gSa mlosQ vuqlkj [kkst gksuh pkfg,A

( 230 )

oktlus;izkfr'kk[; inikB izfØ;k dhosnO;k[;k esa vko';drk

& MkW- t;izdk'k ukjk;.k

lgk;dkpk;Z] jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkku] ubZ fnYyh

bl ys[k esa vuqlU/ku drkZ us oktlus; izfr'kk[; esa inikB osQfo"k; esa cgqr vPNk fpUru fd;kA

izkfr'kk[; osn dk y{k.kxzUFk gSA blosQ }kjk osn osQ cká Lo:i fufnZ"V fd;ktkrk gSA mPpkj.k] Lojfo/ku] lfU/] LFkku&LFkku ij ßLo dk nh?kZ fo/ku vkfnlafgrkvksa osQ ikB ls lEcfU/r leLr fo"k;ksa dk izkfr'kk[; xzUFkksa esa lkÄõksikÄõfoospu fd;k x;k gSA izkphu Hkkjr esa laLÑr Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k bUgha izkfr'kk[;ksa lsizkjEHk gksrk gSA oSfnddky esa O;kdj.k 'kkL=k osQ mn;&vH;qn; dk lwpd izkfr'kk[;lkfgR; gh gSA

izkfr'kk[; osQ inikB esa lafgrkikB ,oa ØeikB fuekZ.k osQ fu;e] voxzg osQLFky] ifjxzg osQ izdkj] osnkè;;u fof/ vkfn fo"k;ksa dk lqlEc¼ rFkk oSKkfud jhfrls fo/ku izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj izkfr'kk[; xzUFk] f'k{kk ,oa O;kdj.k lEcUèkh,sls xw<+ fo"k;ksa dk xgu vè;;u izLrqr djrs gSa tks vU;=k nqyZHk gSA vr ,ooktlusf; izkfr'kk[; osQ Hkk";dkj mOoV us izkfr'kk[; 'kkL=k dks f'k{kk ,oa O;kdj.k'kkL=k dk ifjiks"kd cryk;k gSA1 oSfnd xzUFkksa osQ vUrKkZu osQ fy;s ftl izdkjfu#Dr xzUFk mi;ksxh gS mlh izdkj osneU=kksa osQ ckáLo:i osQ Kku osQ fy;sizkfr'kk[; xzUFkksa dk Kku furkUr vko';d gSA

oktlusf; izkfr'kk[; osQ i×pe vè;k; esa inikB dk foospu fd;k x;k gSAoktlusf;izkfr'kk[; dk oSf'k"VÔ Hkk"kk 'kkL=k dh n`f"V ls egÙoiw.kZ gSA fo"k; dkizfriknu fo'kn~] ryLi'khZ rFkk Hkk"kk oSKkfud i¼fr ij voyfEcr gS ikf.kfu usv"Vkè;k;h esas bl izkfr'kk[; osQ mi/k] mnkÙk] vuqnkÙk] Lofjr] vkezsfMr] yksi]vi`Dr] vkfn ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dks xzg.k fd;k gSA vr% izkfr'kk[; ikf.kfu lsiwoZorhZ gSA bldk dky foØe'krd ls v"Ve 'krd ekuk tk ldrk gSA

1- ok-izk- 1@96 ij moV Hkk";

oktlus;izkfr'kk[; inikB izfØ;k dh osnO;k[;k esa vko';drk 231

'kqDy;tqosZn dk dkR;k;u eqfu }kjk iz.khr oktlusf;izkfr'kk[; ,d ek=kmiyC/ izkfr'kk[; gSA bl izkfr'kk[; esa v"V vè;k; gSA ftlesa ifjHkk"kk] Loj] rFkklaLdkj bu rhuksa fo"k;ksa dk lfoLrkj o.kZu gSA oktlusf;izkfr'kk[; esa eq[;r% N%fo"k;ksa dk fopkj izLrqr fd;k x;k gS&(1) o.kZfopkj] (2) Lojfopkj] (3)lfUèkfopkj] (4) inikBfopkj] (5) ØeikBfopkj] (6) osnkè;;ufopkjA

inikBfopkj

lafgrk osQ eU=kksa osQ inksa dks vyx&vyx dj nsuk gh in&ikB dgykrk gSAizkfr'kk[;dkjksa us inksa osQ }kjk laf/ fu;eksa osQ vk/kj ij lafgrk osQ eU=kksa osQ fuekZ.kdh fof/ dks cryk;k gSA lafgrk ikB inikB dk ewy gS rFkk osnksa osQ }kjk lafgrkikBosQ fuekZ.kksa dh fof/ izkfr'kk[;ksa osQ fo/ku dh fof'k"V fo/k gSA blh dkj.k buxzUFkdkjksa us laf/ fu;eksa osQ lkFk&lkFk inikB fo"k; esa Hkh fo/ku fd;k gSA fdlheU=k osQ vHkh"V vFkZ dk Kku eU=kxr inksa osQ Kku osQ fcuk lEHko ugha gSA vr,oeU=kkFkZ Kku osQ fy;s mlesa iz;qDr inksa dk Kku vifjgk;Z gSA blh mís'; dh iwfrZ osQfy;s izkfr'kk[;dkjksa us in&ikB fo"k;d izfØ;k dk fo/ku fd, gSaA

oktlusf;izkfr'kk[; oktlusf; lafgrk osQ inikB ij vk/kfjr gSA ;g inksa dksfl¼ ekurk gS vkSj fl¼ inksa ls lafgrk ikB osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy;s fu;eksa dk fo/kudjrk gSA oktlusf; izkfr'kk[; esa inksa dh flf¼ ugha dh x;h gS D;ksafd os igysls gh fl¼ gSaA eU=kxr vfHk"VkFkZ fu/kZj.k osQ fy;s inksa osQ lkekU; Lo:i dk KkuoDrk dks gksuk vko';d gSA vr ,o in dk y{k.k] pkj izdkj osQ in ,oa muosQy{k.k] in ikB esa bfrdj.k dk fo/ku] fLFkrksifLFkr dk Lo:i] voxzg dk foLr`rfo/ku bR;kfn fo"k;ksa dk izfriknu oktlusf;izkfr'kk[; osQ izFke ,oa prqFkZ vè;k;osQ dfri; lw=kksa rFkk lEiw.kZ i×pe vè;k; esa fd;k x;k gSA

inikB dk egÙo ,oa iz;kstu

oktlusf; izkfr'kk[;1 osQ vuqlkj osnkè;;u ;fn o.kZ] v{kj] foHkfDr vkSj inosQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mldk Lo;a iBu nwljksa osQ vè;kiu ,oa nwljksa ls Jo.kdjuk iq.;izn gksrk gS2A lw=kdkj vkpk;Z dkR;k;u us bl lw=k esa inikB dh egÙkkosQ lkFk gh mlosQ iz;kstu vkSj vko';drk dh vksj Hkh lÄïsr fd;k gSA 'kkL=kdkjksaus inikB osQ dfri; fof'k"V iz;kstu ;FkkLFkku cryk;s gSa] tks bl izdkj gS&

1- nwrks fu½ZR;k bnektxke bfr i×peFkZisz{kk ok "k"BÔFkZizs{kk ok¿dkjkUre~A ijks fu½ZR;kvkp{o bfrA prqFkZizs{ksdkjkUre~A fu#Dr- 1@17

2- inizÑrhfu loZpj.kkuka ik"kZnkfuA fu#Dr 1@17 i`-82

232 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

1- oktlusf; izkfr'kk[;1 osQ Hkk";dkj mOoV dk dFku gS fd lafgrkxr eU=kksa osQvFkZ dk lqLi"V Kku in&ikB ls gksrk gSA bldh iqf"V esa Hkk";dkj moV usvkpk;Z ir×tfy dk er mn~/`r fd;k gS] ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd fo}kuO;fDr dks in vius vFkZ dk Kkiu djkrs gSaA in* osQ vFkks± dh tkudkjh gkstkus ij os (in ,oa mlosQ vFkZ) tqVdj okD;kFkks± dk cks/ djkrs gSaA bl izdkjin osQ vk/kj ij inkFkZ dk ifjKku rFkk inkFkZ ifjKku osQ vk/kj ij okD;kFkZdk Kku gksrk gS2A

2- oktlusf; izkfr'kk[; osQ prqFkZ vè;k;3&(4@107) osQ vuqlkj in&ikB dkiz;kstu inksa osQ vfUre vkSj vkfn o.kks± dk Kku] 'kCn osQ oSfnd 'kq¼ :idk Kku] mnkÙkkfn Loj ,oa vFkZ dk Kku gS4A

3- lfUnX/ LFkyksa esa in* dk ewyLo:i D;k gS bldk Li"VKku in&ikB ls ghlEHko gS D;ksafd blesa lafgrk dk foPNsndj nsus ls ewyo.kZ rFkk lfU/leq‰oo.kZ dk Li"V ifjKku gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&^rÂ%* in ½Xosn lafgrk esa,dkf/d ckj vk;k gSA inikB osQ vè;;u osQ fouk ;g lUnsg cuk jgrk gSfd ^re~ u%* in gS5 ;k ^rr~ u%* in gSA

4- eU=kxr inksa esa lqfIoHkfDr osQ lUnsg dk fu.kZ; gksuk in&ikB dk vU;reiz;kstu gSA vkpk;Z ;kLd us mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V fd;k gS fd ½Xosn lafgrkesa fu½ZR;k in nks LFkyksa ij gSA blesa ls uS½ZR;k% ;g folxkZUr in gS fu½ZR;vkp{k (½-la- 8@8@22@1) bl lafgrk ikB osQ LFky esa prqFkhZ dk vFkZ ekuktkrk gS6 D;ksafd ;gk¡ in&ikB esa fu½ZR; ;g ,dkjkUr in gSA bl izdkj ;gfl¼ gS fd eU=kxr foHkfDr dk fu.kZ; in ikB ls gksrk gSA

5- in ikB osQ }kjk in osQ izÑfr&izR;; dh egÙoiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS]ftlls vFkZ esa cM+h lgk;rk feyrh gSA

6- laLÑrO;kdj.k osQ fodkl dh vk/kjf'kyk oSfndinikB gSA O;kdj.k dkeq[;iz;kstu 'kCnksa dh O;kÑfr djuk] vFkkZr~ 'kCnksa dh bdkbZ;ksa dks iFko~Q&iFko~QdjosQ le>kuk gSA inikB esa lfU/] Loj] lekl] milxZ] /krq] izx`â;

1- vFkZ% ine~A ok-izk- 3@22- ok-izk- 4@233- rnso 3@1194- fLFkrksifLFkreox`áL;A ok-izk- 4@1815- ok-izk- 4@181 ij moV Hkk";A6- voxzg dk mnkgj.k bl izdkj gS&la-ikB&ozrirs (la-ik- 1@5) inikB&ozrir bfr

ozr irsA

izkfrifnd] izR;;] foHkfDr vkfn dk fo/kukuqlkj i`FkDdj.k fd;k tkrk gSAlafgrk ikB izÑfrHkwr vifjorZuh; vk/kj gSA blesa lfU/ vkfn dk inikB esafo'ys"k.k O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa ,oa fo/kuksa dks fodflr djus dk ewy Ïksr gSA

7- oSfnd'kCn jkf'k dh lqj{kk osQ fy;s inikB dk fo'ks"k egÙo gS D;ksafd inikBosQ vk/kj ij gh ØeikB rFkk tVk ikB] ekyk ikB vkfn vkB foÑfr ikBksadk izpyu gqvk gS ftuosQ }kjk osnksa osQ o.kZ ,oa Lojksa dk vfopy ,oafoLe;dkjh j{kk gqbZ gSA

8- vk/qfud fopkjd osneU=kksa dh izkekf.kdrk fl¼ djus esa Hkh in&ikB dkslgk;d ekurs gSA izkfr'kk[;ksa osQ fu;eksa osQ vk/kj ij inikB gS1A vr%inikB fo"k;d fu;eksa dk Kku izkfr'kk[; osQ ifj'khyu esa vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZgSA

inikB osQ eq[; fl¼kUr

1- lafgrk osQ fufeÙk ls inksa esa gksus okys lHkh fodkjksa dks gVkdj in osQ 'kq¼:i;k foÑfr dks izLrqr djukA vr,o lafgrk osQ fufeÙk ls gksus okys nh?kkZHkkoxq.k] o`f¼] yksi] vuqukfldLoj] vuqLokj] Hkko] folxZ] fodkj] "kRo .kRoHkko vkfn dks gVkdj inikB esa inksa dk vlafgr :i fn;k tkrk gS2A

2- inksa esa NkUnl~ Lo:i tks lkekU;r;k O;kdj.k fu;e ls lefFkZr ugha gS mldksLi"V djukA ok-izk- 3@19 ls vè;k; lekfIr i;ZUr vUr%inh; fodkjksa dkfo/ku fd;k x;k gS3A ok-izk- 4@23 osQ }kjk ;g fo/ku fd;k x;k gS fd ,sls(NkUnl~) fodkj;qDr in dks inikB esa igys dguk pkfg;s rnuUrj vf/dkjhLo:i dk ikB fo/kukuqlkj djuk pkfg;sA

3- ok-izk- osQ i×pe vè;k; esa voxzg dk fo/ku gSA mu fo/kuksa osQ vuqlkjin&ikB esa rÙkr~ LFkyksa dk bfrdj.k lfgr ikB gksrk gS4A

4- ok-izk- 4@166&170 rd laØe izdj.k esa dfFkr fo/kuksa osQ vuqlkj lafgrkikB osQ tks in xfyr gks tkrs gSa mudk inikB esa xzg.k ugha gksrk gSA

1- ;tqosZn osQ inikB esa gh lHkh izx`á vkSj fjfiQr inksa dk fLFkrksifLFkr ikB gksrkgSA vU; osnksa esa lkekU;r;k izx`á ,oa fjfiQr inksa ls osQoy bfr lfgr mifLFkrikB fd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq ;fn lekl esa izx`á ,oa fjfiQr gksrs gSa rks mudkfLFkrksifLFkr ikB gksrk gSA

2- fLFkrksifLFkr 'kCnsu os"Vdks¿fHk/h;rsA ok-izk- 1@147 ij moVA3- ok-izk- 4@214- tc foltZuh; vfoÑr vFkok vU; fodkjksa esa ifj.kr gksrk gS rks og vfu#Dr

fjfiQr dgykrk gSA

234 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

mDr pkj rF;ksa dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, 'kqDy;tqosZn dh nksuksa 'kk[kkvksa esalafgrkxr inksa dk inikB fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ ,d eU=k dk lafgrk ikB ,oainikB nz"VO; gSA

lafgrk&ikB

ekuks egkUreqrekuks vFkZdEeku m{kUr eqreku mf{kre~Aekuks of/% firja eksr ekrja eku% fiz;kLrUoh #æjksfj"k%AA

(la-ikB&16@15)

ek%A u%A egkUre~A mrA vHkZde~A m{kUre~A mf{kre~A o/ks%A firje~Afiz;k%A rUo%A :æ%A jksfj"k%A fjfj"k¿bfr fjfj"k%AA (i-ikB&16@15)

bl mnkâr inikB esa&

1- lafgrk ikBxr lHkh inkUr inkfn lfU/ fodkj gVkdj 'kq¼ inksa dk ikB fd;kx;k gSA

2- eU=k dk vfUre in fjfj"k% ok- izkfr- osQ }kjk NkUnl~ nh?kZ izkIr djuk gSA vr%inikB esa NkUnl in Lo:i dks LorU=k jhfr ls i<+dj mldk U;k; lafgr:i os"Vd ls cryk;k x;k gSA

3- mnkâr eU=k esa vox`á in u gksus osQ dkj.k voxzg dk vHkko gSA

4- lafgrk ikB esa ek* vkSj u%* ;s nks in dbZ ckj vk;s gSaA vr% iqujko`r gksusls bu inksa dk (izFke ckj dks NksM+dj) vU;=k f}rh; vkfn vko`fÙk esa yksidj fn;k x;k gSA

in&ikB esa LokjÄïu

inikB esa izR;sd in dk viuk izÑfrLoj fpfÉr gksrk gSA iwoZorhZ rFkk ijorhZinksa osQ Loj osQ izHkko ls tks Loj&fodkj mRiÂ gksrs gSa] mudks gVk fn;k tkrk gSAvoxzg] izx`á] fjfiQr] ,oa NkUnl~ fodkj;qDrinksa esa fo/kukuqlkj fLFkrksifLFkr(vFkkZr~ bfr dj.k lfgr in dh f}jko`fÙk) ikB gksrk gSA f}jko`fÙk dk eè;xr bfr*in fuikr gksus osQ dkj.k loZFkk vk|qnkÙk jgrk gSA izFke vko`fÙk dk inkUrh; o.kZ^bfr* osQ lkFk lfU/;qDr gksdj mnkÙkkfn Lojfo"k;d lfU/;ksa dks Hkh fu;ekuqlkj izkIrdjuk gS rFkk bfr dk vfUre o.kZ f}rh; inko`fÙk osQ izFkeo.kZ osQ lkFk fu;ekuqlkjo.kZ&lfU/ ,oa Loj&lfU/ izkIr djrk gSA ;Fkk&¶vkrUokusH;%¸ ;g lafgrk ikB(16@22) dk :i bldk in&ikBh; fLFkrksifLFkr :i bl izdkj gS& vkrUokusH;¿bR;k

rUokusH;% (inikB)* ;gk¡ o.kZ lfU/ osQ lkFk bfr osQ iwoZorhZ inkUrh; ^H;%* dkLofjr bdkj dh mnkÙkrk osQ dkj.k vuqnkÙk gks x;k gS rFkk fr* osQ bdkj osQ lkFkf}rh;ko`fÙk% dk iwoZi| vkdkj viuh vuqnkÙkrk dks NksM+dj Lofjr gks x;k gSA

ok-izk- 1@148&150 osQ fo/kuksa osQ vuqlkj f}rh;ko`fÙk dk mÙkj i|kfnlokZuqnkÙk gksrk gS rks iwoZi| osQ vk/kj ls Lojlaf/ ;qDr i<+k tkrk gSA ;fn mÙkj i|eè;ksnkÙk gksrk gS] rks og viuh LorrU=k lÙkk osQ vuqlkj LojkfÄïr fd;k tkrk gSfdUrq vUrksnkÙk mÙkji| LFky esa mÙkji| osQ iwoZorhZ ,dkf/d o.kZ vuqnkÙk jgrs gSarks mnkÙk ls iwoZorhZ o.kZ esa gh vuqnkÙk dk LokjkÄïu gksrk gSA ;Fkk lokZuqnkÙk mÙkji|&ofÉrefefrofÉree~A (i-ik-) eè;ksnkÙk mÙkji|&m.kkZlw=ks.ksR;w.kkZlw=ks.k (i-ik-)rFkk vUrksnkÙk i|nzks.kdy'ks bfr nzks.kA dy'k% (i-ik-)A

inikB esa fLFkrksifLFkr

fLFkrksifLFkr 'kCn ^fLFkr* vkSj ^mifLFkr* in osQ ;ksx ls fu"iÂ gksrk gSAblfy;s bls fLFkrksifLFkr dgrs gSaA fLFkr] mifLFkr] ,oa fLFkrksifLFkr ;s nks in dksi<+us dh rhu 'kSfy;k¡ gSaA in dk LorU=k :i ls mlosQ ewy:i esa mPpkj.k djukfLFkr dgykrk gSA ;Fkk&b"ksA RokA (i-ik-) vkfn ewy in dks bfr osQ lkFk lfUèk;qDri<+uk ^mifLFkr* dgykrk gSA ;Fkk izkrfjfrA in dks bfr osQ LFkk mifLFkr :i lsigys i<+dj iqu% mlh in dks fLFkr :i ls fo/kukuqlkj v[k.M ;k f}[k.M esa i<+ukfLFkrksifLFkr dgykrk gSA vFkkZr~ bfrdj.k dks eè; esa j[kdj in dks f}jko`fÙk djukfLFkrksifLFkr gSA ;|fi 'kCnØe dh n`f"V ls fLFkr :i osQ ckn mifLFkr in :ii<+uk lkekU;r;k gksuk pkfg;s fdUrq lekl osQ fu;ekuqlkj vYi vp~ okyk fLFkr'kCn iwoZ fuikfrr gqvk gSA blfy;s O;ogkj esa igys mifLFkr ikB vkSj ckn esa fLFkrikB gksrk gS fLFkrksifLFkr dks gh Hkk";dkjks us ^osf"Vd* 'kCn ls Hkh dgk gSA

fLFkrksifLFkr osQ fo/ku

ok- izk- esa fLFkrksifLFkr osQ fo/ku nks LFkyksa esa izfrikfnr fd;s x;s gSaA ,dinikB osQ vf/dkj esa gS] nwljk Øe ikB osQ vf/dkj esaA inikB osQ vf/dkj esatks fo/ku gS os ikno`fÙk osQ eè; esa bfrdj.kkxe fo/kukRed gSA Øe ikB osQvfèkdkj esa tks fo/ku gS os fLFkrksifLFkr 'kCn ls fo/kukRed gSA

ok- izk- (4@21) dk fo/ku gS fd Øe izdj.k esa dfFkr fLFkrksifLFkrlEcfUèk inksa dh vko`fÙk in ikB esa djuh pkfg;sA inko`fÙk osQ eè; esa bfrdj.k osQvkxe dk fo/ku ok-izk- (4@818&20) esa fd; x;k gSA inko`fÙk ,oa blosQ eè; esabfr dj.k dk vkxe bu nksuksa dk iQfyr :i in&ikBuh; fLFkrksifLFkr ikB gSAftldk fooj.k bl izdkj gS&

236 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

1- izx`álaKd inksa osQ inikB esa ^ppkZ* mlh in dk iquoZpu ckn esa gksus ijeè; esa bfr dk vkxe gksrk gSA (4@281) mnkgj.k&}s (la-ikB 17@84) }s bfr}s (i-ik-)

2- lafgrko esa vfu#Dr fjfiQr inksa osQ inikB esa ^ppkZ* ckn esa gksus ij eè;esa bfr dk vkxe gksrk gSA (4@19) mnkgj.kkFkZ&iqu% (la-ik- 4@15) iqufjfriqu% (in ikB)A

la-ikB 4@15 esa 6 ckj iqu% in vk;k gSA muesa rhu iqu% in dk folxZ lafgrkesa jsiQ fodkj ;qDr gS vkSj rhu iqu% in osQ folxZ vfoÑfr gS vFkkZr~ vfu#¼gSA vr% inikB esa vfu:Dr rhu iqu% inksa osQ eè; bfr dk vkxe gksrk gSA

3- vUr% in nh?kZHkko vkSj fouko (ew/ZU;Hkko) fodkj;qDr inksa dks iqujkofÙk osQeè; esa bfr dk vkxe gksrk gSA (4@20) mnkgj.k 1- ekegku% (la-ik-17@51) ekegku%A ekegku bfr ekegku% (i-ik-) lq"kko&lq"kkoA lq"kkosfrA

^ekegku%* lq"kko* mnkgj.kksa esa Øe'k% vUr% in nh?kkZHkko ,oa ew/ZU; Hkkogqvk gSA vr% ok- izk- 4@23 osQ vuqlkj in ikB esa igys fodkj lfgr :ii<k x;k gS vkSj rnUrj vfodkjh :i ls frdj.k i<k x;k gSA

inikB esa voxzg

voxzg dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ i`Fko~Q djukA ok- izk- osQ Hkk";dkj moV osQ vuqlkjnks inksa dk i`FkXxzg.k (ukuk in:irk ls izn'kZu) djuk voxzg gS1A inikB esa leklosQ leLr inksa rFkk dfri; leklsrj inksa ls izÑfr vkSj izR;; dks ;Fkk fu/kZfjrlaosQr] fpÉ }kjk i`FkDdj.k osQ fy;s izkfr'kk[;ksa esa voxzg laKk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kgSA voxzg }kjk ftl in dk foHkktu fd;k tkrk gS mls voxá vFkok bÄõ; dgrsgSaA

voxzg ikB dh 'kSyh

;tqosZn osQ 'kqDy ,oa Ñ".k nksuksa Hksnksa esa vox`á inksa dk ikB bfr dj.kulfgr (los"Vd) fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ vox`á in dks igys bfrdj.k lfgr i<ktkrk gS vkSj rnuUrj mldk voxghr (nks [k.Mksa esa foHkDr) :i i<k tkrk gSA ;Fkk& Ñ".kxzho% (la-ik- 24@1) Ñ".kxzho bfr Ñ".kA xzho% (i-ik-) ½Xosn lafgrk ,oavFkoZosnlafgrk leklkoxá inksa dk los"Vd ikB ugha fd;k tkrk gS vfirq ogk¡ mlin dks nks [k.Mksa esa vox`ghr (i`FkDÑr) djosQ eè; esa fojke nsrs gq, i<k tkrkgSA ;Fkk iqjksfgre~ (½-la-ik-) iqj¿fgre~ (i-ik-) lkeosn osQ ikB essa igys iwjk in

1- };ks% in;ks% i`FkXxzg.keoxzg% ukukxzg% bR;FkZ%A ok-izk- 5@1

i<k tkrk gS rnuUrj mldk vox`ghr :i i<k tkrk gSA os"Vd ;k bfr dj.k ;gk¡Hkh ugha gksrk gSA ;Fkk gO;nkr;s (lke-la-ik-) gO;nkr;sA gO;¿nkr;s (i-ik-)A

voxzg osQ fu;e

1- ok-izk- dk lkekU; fo/ku gS fd leLr izdkj osQ lekl inksa esa voxzg gksrkgS1A mnkgj.k 1- fo"kq:ie~ (la-ik- 6@20) fo"kq:ifefr fo"kqA :ie~A (i-ik-)A

2- o.kZokpd 'kCn ,oa la[;kokpd 'kCn osQ leklinksa esa fodYi ls voxzg gksrkgSA(5@15) mnkgj.k i×pn'k (la-ik- 18@20) i×pkn'ksfr i×pn'k (i-ik)A

3- cgqin lekl esa voxzg ;Fkk iztkifr (la-ik- 31@12) iztkifrfjfr iztk%ifr%A (i-ik-)A

4- liZnsotusH;% in esa iwoZin ls voxzg gksrk gS (5@4) mnkgj.k&liZnsotusH;%(la-ik- 30@8) liZnsotusH;¿bfr liZA nsotusH;%A

5- /kq dk vFkZ j[kus okys ;dkj osQ ckn esa gksus ij LojkUr izkfrifnd ls voxzggksrk gSA (5@10) mnk- o`"kk;eku% (la-ik- 20@39) o`"kk;ek.k%A o`"kk;ek.k bfro`"kkA ;ek.k% (i-ik-)A

voxzg osQ viokn

1- izfr"ks/kFkZd u×k~ fuikr osQ lkFk voxzg ugha gksrk gSA (5@24) ;Fkk & vj{kek(la-ik- 11@21) v{kjlk (i-ik-) bl mnkgj.k u×k~ lekl gqvk gS ftldkLo:i ;g gS fd u j{klk vj{klkA

fu"d"kZr% bl oktlusf; izfr'kk[; osQ inikB izfØ;k foospu ls Li"V gS fdlafgrk osQ eU=kksa osQ mPpkj.k osQ fy;s inikB dh egrh vko';drk gSA vr% gesainikB osQ fu;eksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj lafgrk&ikB djuk pkfg;sA

lUnHkZxzUFklwph

1- ½Xosn izkfr'kk[;] MkW- ohjsUnzoqQekj oekZ] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh1972

2- ½Xosnizkfr'kk[;e~] vuqoknd&MkW- ohjsUnz oqQekj oekZ] pkS[kEck laLÑrizfr"Bku] fnYyh&1986

1- lekls¿oxzgks ßLo ledky%A ok-izk- 5@1

238 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

3- oktlus; izkfr'kk[;% ,d vuq'khyu] izks- ;qxyfd'kksj feJ] lEiw.kkZuUnlaLÑr fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] 1997

4- 'kqDy;tqosZnizkfr'kk[;e~ vFkok oktlusf;izkfr'kk[;e~] MkW- ohjsUnz oqQekjoekZ] pkS[kEck laLÑr izfr"Bku] ubZ fnYyh&7] iqueqZfnzr la- 1997

5- Ñ".k;tqosZn izkfr'kk[;% ,d vuq'khyu] MkW- m"kk 'kekZ] dyk izdk'ku]okjk.klh] 2005

6- rSfÙkjh;izkfr'kk[;e~] O;k[;kdkj&ia- lq'khy oqQekj ikBd] la-Mk- tequkikBd] pkS[kEck laLÑr lhjht vkfiQl] okjk.klh 2007

7- rSfÙkjh;izkfr'kk[;e~] Jh oh- osadVjke 'kekZ] enzkl fo-fo-] 1930

8- vFkoZosn izkfr'kk[;] MkW- lw;ZdkUr] esgjpUn y{e.knkl] ykgkSj] 1934

( 239 )

Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,dfpUru

& MkW- HkwisUæ oqQekj jkBkSj

VhplZ dkWyksuh] osQ'koiqjk dksVk (jkt-)

bl 'kks/ys[k esa vuqlU/kudrkZ us fofHkÂ oS'ksf"kd fo"k; osQ fo"k;ksaij fpUru fd;k gSA

fo/krk dk vfUre laLdj.k ekuo gSA euu'khyrk mldk izeq[k xq.k gS] ftllsog fujUrj fopkj/kjkvksa ,oa ekU;rkvksa osQ fo"k; esa fpUru euu djrk jgrk gSA blfpUru&euu dk izeq[k vk/kj vkè;kfRed rRo gSa] ftldh vorkj.kk gsrq fl¼kUrksadks [kkstuk gS tks ekuo osQ fy, eks{k izkfIr esa lgk;d cu losQA n'kZu 'kCn dhO;qRifÙk Lo;a bl vk'k; dks vfHkO;Dr djrh gSA n`';rs¿ususfr n'kZue~ vFkkZr~ftlosQ }kjk ns[kk tk;s] ogh n'kZu gSA oLrqr% Li"V gS fd ftlosQ }kjk fdlh Hkh oLrqosQ ewyHkwr rkfRod Lo:i osQ Kku ls voxr gks] og n'kZu gSA ;gk¡ LokHkkfodftKklk mRiÂ gksrh gS fd & fdlosQ }kjk oLrq osQ ewyHkwr rkfRod Lo:i dks tkuktk;s\ bl iz'u dk lek/ku egf"kZ ;kKoYD; dk ;g mins'k gS&

vkRek ok vjs æ"VO;%] JksrO;%]eUrO;%] fufnè;kflrO;%A

vkReuks ok vjs n'kZusu] Jo.ksu]eR;k] foKkususna lo± foKkra HkofrAA

vr% vkRek osQ n'kZu] Jo.k] euu rFkk foKku ls ijekReLo:i T;ksfr dklk{kkRdkj djuk gh n'kZu* gSA

Hkkjrh; euh"kk us ftu vkè;kfRed fof/;ksa dk vUos"k.k fd;k gSA os gh fHkÂ&fHkÂ n'kZuksa osQ :i esa izfl¼ gSa] tks vkfLrd o ukfLrd fopkj/kjk ls foHkkftr gSAbl foHkktu ijEijk dk Js; egf"kZ euq dks gS] ftUgksaus ukfLrdks osnfuUnd% dgdjfookfnr izlax dks fojke fn;k gSA bl izdkj osn dh izkekf.kdrk dks Lohdkj djus

240 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

okys n'kZu vkfLrd n'kZu osQ uke ls vfHkfgr fd;s x;s gSA blosQ vUrxZr U;k;&oS'ksf"kd] lka[;&;ksx] ehekalk&osnkUr n'kZu vkrs gSA blosQ foijhr osn esa fo'okl uj[kus okys] mldh fuUnk djus okys n'kZu ukfLrd n'kZu osQ uke ls tkus tkrs gS tkspkokZd&tSu rFkk ckS¼n'kZu gSA bls fuEufyf[kr vkjs[k ls vfHkO;Dr djrs gS&

Hkkjrh; n'kZu

vkfLrd ukfLrd

1 U;k;

2 oS'ksf"kd ykSfdd fopkjksa ls mRiÂ 1 pkokZd

3 lka[; 2 tSu

4 ;ksx 3 ckS¼

5 ehekalk oSfnd fopkjksa ls mRiÂ

6 osnkUr

Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud fopkj/kjk dk vkfLrd er osQ vUrxZr fo|eku U;k;&oS'ksf"kddh nk'kZfud ijEijk vfr izkphu :i ls Lohdkj dh tkrh gSA bu nksuksa n'kZuksa osQfo"k; esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd roZQ rFkk 'kkL=kkFkZ dk ;qx U;k; ,oa oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dh ijEijk ls gh ekuk tkrk gSA roZQ dh ;g vo/kj.kk vk"kZ n'kZuksa esa gh ughavfirq tSu ,oa ckS¼ n'kZuksa esa U;k; osQ izHkko ls fodflr gqbZ gSA

oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d fpUru

oS'ksf"kd 'kCn osQ fofo/ vFkZ &

(1) e- d.kkn iz.khr oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk eq[;k/kj mldk fo'ks"k inkFkZ gSA fo'ks"k'kCn dk vFkZ O;oPNsnd* gSA bl ekU;rk ls fo'ks"k 'kCn dh mRifÙk&fof'k";rs¾loZrks O;ofPN|rs] ;su l fo'ks"k% vFkkZr~ O;oPNsndrk lk/E;Z rFkk oS/E;Z dhvf/d ;qfDr laxr gSA vr% oS'ksf"kd 'kCn dh fuEufyf[kr nks O;k[;k,¡ vk-<qf.<jkt 'kkL=kh us oS'ksf"kd lw=kksiLdkj xzUFk dh izLrkouk esa crkbZ gS&

& fo'ks"kkH;ke~ (prqFkhZ f}opus) ¾ O;oPNsndkH;ke~ lk/E;ZoS/H;kZEizHkorhfroS'ksf"koaQ n'kZue~] oS'ksf"kdks nk'kZfud%A

Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 241

& fo'ks"kkH;ke~ (rrh;k f}opus) ¾ O;oPNsndkH;ka O;ogjrhfr oS'ksf"koaQ n'kZue~]oS'ksf"kdks nk'kZfud%A1

(2) oS'ksf"kd uke osQ ewyHkwr ^fo'ks"k* in dk vFkZ&rRofu'p;iwoZd O;ogkjdjukA bl 'kkL=k esa ,slk fd;k x;k gS] blh dkj.k oS'ksf"kd uke iM+k gSA

(3) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu }kjk izfrikfnr inkFkks± esa i×pe inkFkZ fo'ks"k dh fof'k"VdYiuk gh blosQ ukedj.k dk ewyk/kj gSA2

(4) ^"kM~&n'kZu leqPp;* dh o`fÙk esa ef.kHknz us uS;kf;dksa dh vis{kk nzO;&xq.kvkfn rRoksa dh O;k[;k gksus osQ dkj.k gh bls oS'ksf"kd dgk x;k gSA3

(5) æO;a ukoqQyeqTToyks xq.kx.k% dekZf/oaQ 'yk?;rsAtkfrfoZIyqfrekxrk u p iqu% 'yk?;kfo'ks"kfLFkfr%AA1AA

lEcU/% lgtks xq.kkfnfHkj;a ;=kkLrq lRizhr;sAlkUoh{kku;os'edeZoqQ'kyk JhU;k;yhykorhAA2AA4

;gk¡ oYyHkkpk;Z us 'yk?;kfo'ks"kfLFkfr% dgdj bl rF; dh vksj laosQr fd;kgS fd bl n'kZu esa n'kZukUrj foy{k.k fo'ks"k inkFkZ dh O;k[;k gksus osQ dkj.kbldk uke oS'ksf"kd iM+k gSA

(6) mn;ukpk;Z us viuh fdj.kkoyh esa rRofu'p;iwoZd O;ogkj djus okyksa dksoS'ksf"kd dh mikf/ nh gSA muosQ er esa fo'ks"k 'kCn O;oPNsn vFkkZr~rRofu'p; dk okpd gS&fo'ks"kks O;oPNsn% rRo fu'p;%] rsu O;ogjrhR;FkZ%A5

(7) U;k;&lka[; vkfn n'kZuksa dh rqyuk esa nzO;kfn inkFkks± osQ miiknu esa mRd"kZ ,oafo'ks"k gksus osQ dkj.k bl 'kkL=k dk uke oS'ksf"kd uke iM+k gSA ;g ekU;rkphuh fo}ku izks- mbZ osQ vuqlkn gSA6

(8) uS"k/h;pfjre~ osQ 22osa lxZ osQ 36osa i| esa nzO;] xq.k vkfn inkFkks± osQ rRoKkid gksus osQ dkj.k bl n'kZu dks oS'ksf"kd dgk gSA ;g er egkdkO; osQizfl¼ O;k[;kdkj Jh ukjk;.k HkV~V dk gSA7

1- oS'ksfZ"kdlw=kksiLdkj i`-&12- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu O;k[;kdkj mn;ohj 'kkL=kh Ñr i`-&73- uS;kf;osQH;ks nzO;xq.kkfnlkexz;k fof'k"Vfefr oS'ksf"kde~A "kMn'kZulaxzgo`fÙk] i`-&44- U;k;yhykorhd.BkHkj.k&lfoo`fÙkizdk'kksn~Hkkflrk] i`-&55- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u i`-&76- Vais. Phil. P.4

7- uS"k/h;pfjre~ i`&142

242 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

(9) oS'ksf"kd lw=k osQ vokZphu Hkk";dkj pUnzdkUr rdkZyadkj us oS'ksf"kd ukedj.kosQ ihNs er fn;k gS&;fnna oS'ksf"koaQ uke 'kkL=kekjC/a rr~ [kyq rU=kkUrjkr~fo'ks"kL;kFkZL; vfHk/kukr~A1 vr% Li"V gS fd bl n'kZu esa fof'k"V rRoksadh O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA

(10) MkW- jk/kÑ".ku dk er gS fd oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dks ;g uke ^fo'ks"k* 'kCn osQdkj.k fn;k x;k gSA2

(11) ^vU;=k vUR;sH;ks fo'ks"ksH;%* bl lw=k osQ vuqlkj vUR; fo'ks"k inkFkZ osQlkFk lEc¼ ftl n'kZu esa gS] ogh oS'ksf"kd n'kZu gSA vfHkizk; ;g gS fd vU;fdlh n'kZu esa fo'ks"k inkFkZ dh ekU;rk ugha gSA vr% fo'ks"k inkFkZ dhfoospuk osQ dkj.k gh bl n'kZu dks oS'ksf"kd uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA3

(12) eks{k osQ lUnHkZ esa U;k; n'kZu dk er gS fd&nq%[k dh vkR;fUrd fuo`fÙk eks{kgSA4 oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa vkRek osQ v'ks"k fo'ks"k xq.kksa osQ iw.kZ:is.k foy;u dkseks{k dgk x;k gSA5 vr% fo'ks"k xq.kksa dk voyEcu dj eks{k dks dgus ls vU;n'kZuksa ls bl n'kZu esa fo'ks"k gSA bl izdkj fo'ks"k ,o oS'ksf"kd% bl LokfFkZd^Bo~Q* izR;; osQ }kjk fu"iÂ oS'ksf"kd laKk nh xbZ gSA6

(13) fefyUnziz'u] yadkorkjlw=k] yfyrfoLrj vkfn ckS¼ xzUFkksa esa bldh mRifÙklEcfU/r iz'u ij nf"Vikr djsa rks Kkr gksrk gS fd U;k;n'kZu osQ fl¼kUrksa dksHkh oS'ksf"kd osQ uke ls mn~/`r fd;k x;k gSA7

(14) MkW- 'kf'kizHkkoqQekj us oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZfu:i.k uked xzUFk esa oS'ksf"kdukedj.k osQ ihNs fofo/ xzUFkksa ls rF; izLrqr fd;s x;s gSA mUgksaus fy[kk gSfd&bl n'kZu osQ vusd uke izpfyr gS&dk.kknn'kZu] vkSywD;n'kZu] iSywdn'kZuvkfnA ijUrq lokZf/d yksdfiz; ,oa izfl¼ uke oS'ksf"kd gh gSA8

(15) ^la;qDrleok;knXusoS'ksf"kde~*9 vFkkZr~ ;gk¡ bldk vFkZ i`Fko~Q* djus okyk;k ^fo'ks"krk* crk;k gSA ;g d.kkn osQ lw=kksa esa of.kZr lw=k gSA

1- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d vè;;u] i`&62- Hkkjrh;n'kZu (f}rh; Hkkx) MkW- jk/kÑ".ku~] i`-&153- oS'ksf"kd lw=k 1@2@64- rnHkko'pkioxsZ U;k;lw=k 4@2@85 i`-&282] 835- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u&i`-241] 426- oS'ksf"kdlw=k 1@2@6 rFkk izek.ke×tjh i`-&87- roZQlaxzg vk- Jhfuokl 'kekZ] i`-&18- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&59- oS'ksf"kdlw=k 10@2@7

(16) ikf.kfu us v"Vkè;k;h esa oS'ksf"kd 'kCn dh mRifÙk fo'ks"k* 'kCn ls crk;h gSAftldk vFkZ gS&^fo'ks"kijdxzUFk*A1

(d) izHksn%A izdkj%A O;fDr%A vfr'kf;rsA 'kCndYinzqe Hkkx&42

([k) izesnsA izdkjsA O;DrkSA fryosQA inkFkZHksnsA O;kI;/esZA vyÄïkjizHksnsA

okpLiR;lw=k Hkkx&6] i`-&4923A3

(x) (foxr% 'ks"kks ;Lekr~&izk-c-) vthc] iq"dy] izHksn vkfnA laLÑr fgUnh'kCndks'k&i`-&9174

vaxzsth esa oS'ksf"kd uke osQ fy, ^Hksnoknh* in dk iz;ksx Hkh blh rF; dksizekf.kr djrk gSA5

,f'k;kbZ n'kZu dks'k esa rks Li"Vr% bl oS'ksf"kd uke dk vk/kj oSf'k"V~; fopkj;k Hksncqf¼ dks gh ekuk x;k gS rFkk bl Hksn&izfriknu dk egRo Hkh Li"Vfd;k x;k gSA6

bl izdkj vUr esa] lokZf/d izkekf.kd rF; rks ;g mHkjdj vkrk gS fdHkkjrh;n'kZu ijEijk esa txr~ dh mRifÙk esa ewy dkj.k ekus x;s ik¡p lw{eHkwrksa dklefUor ,d uke fo'ks"k* gSA ml fo'ks"k dk lokZÄõiw.kZ foospu djus osQ dkj.k bln'kZu dk uke ^oS'ksf"kd* iM+k gSA

oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dh 'kkL=k o vkpk;Z ijEijk

(1) oS'ksf"kd lw=k

oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osQ laLFkkid o iz.ksrk egf"kZ d.kkn gSA blosQ dk';i] mywd]vkSywD;] iSyqd vkfn vij uke gS bl fo"k; esa fofo/ xzUFk izkekf.kd rF; izLrqrdjrs gSA7 budk le; fuf'pr :i ls Kkr ugha gksrk gS ijUrq vf/dka'k fo}kuksa dker gS fd ;s xkSre ls izkphu FksA8 d.kkn eqfu ijeriLoh] mPpdksfV osQ oSjkX;oku]f'kyksPN ofÙk okys] ije oSKkfud vkSj egku rkfoZQd egf"kZ FksA ;g brus fojDr vkSj

1- v"Vkè;k;h 4@3@1162- 'kCndYinzqe Hkkx&4 i`-&4363- okpLiR; lw=k Hkkx&6 i`-&49234- laLÑr fgUnh 'kCndks'k okeuf'kojke vkIVs i`-&9175- Differentialist-Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol.X. P.-327

6- Dictionary of Asian philosophies, By St. Elmo Naumaan IR, p.-186

7- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u i`-&3&58- iz'kLriknHkk";] i`-&7] 8

244 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

R;kxh Fks fd f'kykd.k cukdj [kkrs FksA mlh ls budk uke d.kkn iM+k&d.kku~vÙkhfr d.kkn%A1

egf"kZ d.kkn fufeZr oS'ksf"kd lw=k nk'kZfud lkfgR; dk vewY; xzUFk jRu gSAbl n'kZu esa nzO;&xq.k&deZ&lkekU;&fo'ks"k&leok; bu N% inkFkks± dk roZQiw.kZizfriknu fd;k x;k gSA bu inkFkks± dks lk/E;Z oS/E;ZiwoZd tku ysus ls eks{k dh izkfIrekuh xbZ gSA ;Fkk & /eZfo'ks"kizlwrkn~ æO;xq.kdEeZlkekU;fo'ks"kleok;kukainkFkkZuka lk/E;ZoS/E;kZH;ka rÙoKkukfÂ%Js;le~A2 oS'ksf"kd lw=k n'k vè;k;ksa esafoHkDr gSA izR;sd vè;k; esa nks foHkkx gS] ftUgsa vkfÉd uke fn;k x;k gSA blesalw=kksa dh la[;k 370 gSA ijek.kqokn dk fl¼kUr egf"kZd.kkn dh gh nsu gS] ftlosQvk/kj ij gh oSKkfudksa us vkt vusdksa vL=kksa vkSj vk;q/ksa dk fuekZ.k dj fy;sa gSAbl fl¼kUr osQ vk/kj ij fo'o esa vusd vk'p;Ztud ifjorZu gq, gSA bldk y{;/eZ dh O;k[;k djuk gSA bl n'kZu dh ewy izLFkkiuk ;g gS fd Ks; lalkj dh ewyr%oLrqxr ,oa okLrfod lÙkk gSA blosQ vuq;k;h bldh cqf¼xr O;k[;k djus dk iz;kldjrs gSA os izR;sd vfLrRoeku oLrq dks inkFkZ dgrk gSA3 ;s inkFkZ N% gS&nzO;] xq.k]deZ] lkekU;] fo'ks"k rFkk leok;A bUgsa Hkko inkFkZ dgk tkrk gSA oS'ksf"kdn'kZu izR;{kvkSj vuqeku bu nks izek.kksa dks ekurk gSA bl n'kZu osQ fo"k; esa ,d yksdksfDr izpfyrgS&

f}Ros p ikdtksRirkS foHkkxs p foHkkxtsA;L; u L[kfyrk cqf¼Lra oS oS'ksf"koaQ fonq%AA4

vFkkZr~ iDdk oS'ksf"kd mls dgrs gSA ftldh cqf¼ fnRo dh la[;k osQ fo"k;esa ikdt mRifÙk osQ fo"k; esa rFkk foHkkx ls mRiÂ gksus okys foHkkx osQ fo"k; esaL[kfyr ugha gksrhA oLrqr% vfHkizk; ;g gS fd bl n'kZu esa bldh egÙkk fo'ks"k :ils gSA oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa ij fofo/ fo}kuksa us viuh&viuh O;k[;k,a izLrqr dh gS] muesafuEufyf[kr O;k[;k,a izLrqr dh gS&

(d) okD;

bl Vhdk dk mYys[k tSu ys[kd egkrkfoZQd eYyoknh us vius }kn'kkju;pØ*esa fd;k gSA bldk laLÑr :ikUrj cM+kSnk ls izdkf'kr oS'ksf"kd lw=k osQ ifjf'k"V esafeyrk gSA u;pØ esaa ,d okD; gS & vlRlEcU/ifjgkjkFk± fu"Bk lEcUèk;ksjsd&

1- O;kseorh] i`-&202- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj] i`-&163- roZQlaxzg (rUohO;k[;k) i`-&18 (Hkwfedk)4- loZn'kZulaxzg] i`-&360

dkyRokr~ bfr okD;a lHkk";a iz'kLrks¿U;Fkk O;kp"VsA blosQ O;k[;kdkj flag lwjhus Hkh mDr Hkk"; dks ¶vL; okD;L; O;k[;kxzUFk%¸ dgdj okD; dh lÙkk dksizekf.kr fd;k gSA1

okD; Vhdk ij ,d Hkk"; feyrk gS rFkk bu nksuksa ij iz'kLrefr dh Vhdkfeyrh gSA ftldk uke iz'kLrefr Vhdk gS] ;g mYys[k mi;qZDr m¼j.k esa gS &dkj.k leosrL; oLrqu% mÙkjdkya lÙkk lEcU/% bfr cgwuke ere~] oLrwRifÙkdky,osfr rq okD;dkjkfHkizk;ks¿uql`rkS Hkk";dkjS%] fl¼L; oLrqu% Lo&dkj.kS%lÙk;k p lEcU/ bfr izk'kLrerks¿fHkizk;%A2

cM+kSnk ls izdkf'kr oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osQ ifjf'k"V esa vuwfnr fnÄ~ ukxkpk;Z osQizek.k leqPp; rFkk ftusUnz cqf¼ dh fo'kkykeyorh uke osQ fooj.k osQ vk/kj ijoqQN vU; O;k[;kvksa dk Hkh laosQr feyrk gSA buesa izeq[k :i ls Jk;Ld Ñr O;k[;kdk ukeksYys[k feyrk gSA3

(x) jko.kHkk";

ineukHkfeJ us fdj.kkoyh HkkLdj esa] xksfoUnizHk us czãlw=k'kkadj Hkk";O;k[;kjRu izHkk esa] vuqHkwfrLo:ikpk;kZ us izdVkFkZfooj.k esa jko.kÑr jko.kHkk"; dkmYys[k fd;k gSA ;Fkk&}kH;ka };.kqdkH;kekjC/s dk;sZ egRoa n`';rs] rL; gsrq% izp;ksuke izf'kfFkyko;o la;ksx% bfr jko.k Ñrs Hkk";s n`';rs bfr fpjUru&oS'ksf"kd n`"V~;kbne~A4 fdj.kkoyh esa ftl Hkk"; dk ukeksYys[k feyrk gS] og i|ukHk feJ dh nf"Vesa jko.k Hkk"; gh gSA5 ukfLrd fopkj/kjk dh cgqyrk gksus osQ dkj.k jko.kHkk"; yqIrgks x;k gSA ;g er fo}r lekt esa izpfyr gSA Journal of Oriental Of

Research Vol.III pp. 1-5 esa fy[kk gS fd & oS'ksf"kdks dk vèkZoSukf'kd uke blhHkk"; osQ fl¼kUrksa osQ dkj.k iM+k FkkA

(?k) dVUnh Vhdk

bl Vhdk dk mYys[k u;pØ dh U;k;kxekuqlkfj.kh o`fÙk esa feyrk gSA6

1- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u i`-&11 (miksn~?kkr)2- ogha] i`-&123- iz'kLriknHkk"; i`-&184- czãlw=k'kkadjHkk"; ij jRuizHkkVhdk lw=k la-&2@2@115- fdj.kkoyh] i`-&56- u;pØo`fÙk i`-&149] 50

246 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

(Ä) vk=ks; Hkk";

vk=ks; dks oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa dk Hkk";dkj cryk;k x;k gSA tSu nk'kZfudksa us budkfunsZ'k vusd LFkyksa ij fd;k gSA oS'ksf"kd xzUFkksa esa Hkh vusd LFkyksa ij vKkrdrZdo`fÙk esa vk=ks; dh ppkZ miyC/ gS1 ijUrq ;g xzUFk vuqiyC/ gSA

(p) Hkk";

izek.kleqPp; dh ,d o`fÙk esa ,d vU; Hkk"; dk Hkh mYys[k gSA blesaoS'ksf"kd lw=kksa dh LorU=k O;k[;k gSA ;Fkk&vlkSÂefiHkk";ÑnfHkfgrefLr] bfUnz;kFkZ&lfÂd"kZ% izR;{ke~ vkReeu% lfÂd"kksZ okA2

(N) o`fÙk

pUnzkuUn us viuh oS'ksf"kd o`fÙk esa] ftusUnz cqf¼ us viuh fo'kkykerorh esarFkk 'kadj feJ us vius miLdkj esa ,d o`fÙk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA3

(t) Hkkj}kto`fÙk

U;k;dUnyh dh Hkwfedk esa bl o`fÙk dk mYys[k e-e-i- foUè;s'ojh izlkn'kkL=kh us fd;k gSA ;g o`fÙk vuqiyC/ gSA4

(>) pUækuUno`fÙk

bl o`fÙk dk iz.k;u pUnzkuUn us oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa ij fd;k gS] ftldk izdk'ku1961 bZ- esa cM+kSnk ls gqvk gSA5

(×k) d.kkn lw=k fucU/

HkV~V oknhUnz us oS'ksf"kd lw=k ij ,d Vhdk fy[kh gS] ftldk uke d.kknlw=k]fucU/ Vhdk gSA bldk laosQr xq:oj vuUrykyBkoqQj cM+kSnk ls izdkf'kr pUnzkuUno`R;uqxr oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osQ miks¼kr esa fd;k gSA6

1- U;k;dUnyh&e-e- foUè;s'ojhizlknf}osnh dh izLrkouk] i`-&7&102- izek.kleqPp; o`fÙk i`-&174] 1953- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d n'kZu i`-&17 (miksn~?kkr)4- iz'kLriknHkk";] i`-&20 (Hkwfedk)5- ogh----- i`-&21 (Hkwfedk)6- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u i`-&18 (miksn~?kkr)

(V) fefFkykfo|kihB o`fÙk ;k O;k[;k

vKkrdrZd ;g o`fÙk 1957 bZ- esa fefFkyk fo|kihB njHkaxk ls izdkf'kr gqbZgSA ;g O;k[;k uoe vè;k; osQ izFke vkfÉd rd gh miyC/ gSA1

(B) oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj

eSfFkyh nk'kZfud 'kadjfeJ osQ }kjk oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa ij 1500 bZ- esa miLdkj*uked O;k[;k fy[kh gS] tks lokZf/d izpfyr ,oa uO; U;k; ls vksr&izksr gSA

bu izkphu O;k[;kvksa osQ vfrfjDr pUnzdkUr rdkZyadkj dk Hkk";] t;ukjk;.kroZQ i×pkuu dh foo`fÙk] j?kqnso dk O;k[;ku] gfjizlkn 'kkL=kh dh oSfndo`fÙk vkfnx.kuh; gSA

(2) inkFkZ/eZlaxzg

oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk loZizfl¼ lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ xzUFk iz'kLrikn dk inkFkZèkeZlaxzg gSA ;g xzUFk iz'kLriknHkk"; osQ uke ls izfl¼ gSA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu xr nzO;&xq.k&deZ vkfn izfrik| fo"k; brus lkekftd rFkk oSKkfud gS fd ekuo lekt vkSjmudh ekU;rk dks viuk;s fcuk O;ogkj gh ugha pyk ldrk gSA blfy, vkpk;Z usoS'ksf"kd n'kZud xr lw=kksa osQ izfrik| fo"k;ksa dks viukdj ,d ^inkFkZ/eZlaxzg*uked LorU=k xzUFk fy[kk gSA

oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa dh vis{kk blesa dbZ uwru fl¼kUrksa dk lekos'k gS&

& l`f"V ,oa lagkj izfØ;k dk o.kZuA

& rst }kjk ikd izfØ;k ,oa vU; Hkwrksa ij mldk izHkkoA

& lka[;fl¼kUr dk foospuA

& nwjRo vkSj lehiRo fl¼kUrA

& la;ksx foHkkx dh n'kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.kA

& ijkFkkZuqeku fu:i.kA

& xfr izfØ;k dh n'kkvksa dk o.kZuA2

blesa fo'ks"kr% ijek.kqokn] txr~ dh mRifÙk rFkk izy;] izek.k rFkk xq.kksa dkfoLr`r foospu mifLFkr fd;k x;k gSA bZ'oj dh LFkkiuk dk Js; iz'kLrikn dks ghfn;k tkrk gSA iz'kLriknHkk"; ij vusd vkpk;ks± dh Vhdk,¡ miyC/ gksrh gS&

1- ogh----- i`-&19 (miksn~?kkr)2- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&11 (fo"k;s izos'k)

248 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

(d) O;kseorh

O;ksef'kokpk;Z dh ;g Vhdk lIre 'krkCnh esa fy[kh xbZ ,d LorU=k jpukgSA

([k) fdj.kkoyh

mn;ukpk;Z us Hkk"; osQ jgL;ksn~?kkVu osQ fy, ,d fo}rkiw.kZ O;k[;k^fdj.kkoyh* fy[kh gSA ;s U;k; rFkk oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osQ vusd egRoiw.kZ xzUFkksa osQjpf;rk gSA fdj.kkoyh ij ojnjkt rFkk oknhUnz us Hkh Vhdk;sa fy[kh gSA

(x) U;k;dUnyh

;g Vhdk Jh /jkpk;Z }kjk iz.khr gS] ;g oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUrksa osQ fy, izek.kHkwrVhdk gSA

(?k) U;k;yhykorh

JhoRlkpk;Z }kjk Hkk"; ij of.kZr ;g Vhdk vuqiyC/ gSaA

(Ä) U;k;yhykorh

blosQ iz.ksrk oYyHkkpk;Z gSA ;g Vhdk oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUrksa dk vkxkj gS vkSjbldh izflf¼ fdj.kkoyh osQ leku gh gSA1

(p) lsrq

in~eukHk feJ Ñr ;g Vhdk nzO; xzUFk rd miyC/ Vhdk xzUFk gSA

(N) d.kkn jgL;

bl xzUFk osQ iz.ksrk 'kadj feJ gSA ;g Vhdk xzUFk dh vis{kk oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUrksadk izfriknd LorU=k xzUFk gSA

(t) lwfDr

txnh'kHkV~Vkpk;Z Ñr ;g Vhdk nzO; inkFkZ rd myC/ gSA

(>) Hkk";fud"k

Hkkjrh;n'kZu iqLrd esa cynso mikè;k; us bl Vhdk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ;gefYyukFk lwfj dh Vhdk gS tks vuqiyC/ gSA2

1- Hkkjrh;n'kZu] cynso mikè;k;] i`-&2202- Hkkjrh;n'kZu] i`-&221

(3) n'kinkFkhZ

bl oS'ksf"kd xzUFk osQ iz.ksrk pUnzefr gSA blesa nzO;&xq.k&deZ&lkekU;&fo'ks"krFkk leok; bu N% inkFkks± osQ vfrfjDr 'kfDr] v'kfDr] lkekU;fo'ks"k vkSj vHkkouke ls pkj uohu inkFkks± dk o.kZu gSA budk le; lIre 'krkCnh ls iwoZ dk gSA1

(4) lIrinkFkhZ

U;k; oS'ksf"kd osQ fl¼kUrksa dks fuckZ/ xfr ls vkxs c<+kus okys vkpk;ks± esaf'kokfnR; feJ Ñr lIrinkFkhZ dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA blh ls f'kokfnR; feJ dk ukevej gqvk gSA ;|fi xzUFkdkj us U;k;ekyk] gsrq[k.Muy{k.kekyk vkfn xzUFkksa dkfuekZ.k Hkh fd;k gSA gsrq[k.Mu xzUFk esa mikf/okfrZd vkSj vFkkZifÙkokfrZd ukedf'kokfnR; osQ vU; nks xzUFkksa dh ppkZ gSA f'kokfnR; dk y{k.kekyk xzUFk izk;% yqIrgks pqdk gSA f'kokfnR; feJ dk le; mn;ukpk;Z (1025&1100 bZ-) osQ i'pkr~cknsUnz (1100&1225 bZ-) ls iwoZ dk gSA ikWVj us budk tUe (1100&1150 bZ-) eè;ekuk gSA2

lIrinkFkhZ osQ uke ls gh Li"V gks tkrk gS fd buesa nzO;] xq.k] deZ] lkekU;]fo'ks"k] leok; vkSj vHkko dk foospu gqvk gSA ;|fi oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa lIrinkFkks±dh ekU;rk gS fiQj Hkh f'kokfnR; feJ ls igys fo}kuksa us d.kknlw=k dk vuqlj.k djrsgq, N% inkFkks± dk foospu fd;k gSA xzUFkdkj us Lo;a fy[kk gS fd&rs p æO;xq.kdeZlkekU;fo'ks"kleok;kHkkok[;k%lIrSoA3 bUgha lIr inkFkks± osQ vk/kj ijxzUFkdkj us vius xzUFk dk uke lIrinkFkhZ j[kk gSA

ia- f'kokfnR; xzUFkkjEHk esas lkaLÑfrd ijEijk dk ikyu djrs gq, Hkxoku 'kadjo xq# dks iz.kke djrs gSA lIrinkFkhZ esa f'kokfnR; feJ us 1&55 lw=kksa rd mís';[k.M ekuk gS rFkk 56 ls 163 osa lw=k rd y{k.k izdj.k ekuk gSA f'kokfnR; us xzUFkdh lekfIr ij fy[kk gS&

lIr}hik/jk;kor~ ;kor~ lIr/jk/jk%ArkoRlIrinkFkhZ;eLrq oLrq izdkf'kuhAA4

vr% Li"V gS fd lIrinkFkhZ oS'ksf"kdn'kZu osQ lEiw.kZ fl¼kUrksa dk ikf.MR;iw.kZ <ax ls cks/ djkus esa iw.kZr;k l{ke gSA

1- ogh----- i`-&2182- MkW- HkwisUnz jkBkSj] 'kks/i=k izdkf'kr laLÑrfoe'kZ if=kdk] fnYyh] i`&13- lIrinkFkhZ] i`-&34- ogh------ i`-&153

250 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

(5) izek.ke×tjh

izek.ke×tjh loZnso lwfj dh ,d vuqie Ñfr gSA izek.ke×tjh in dkO;qRifÙkH; vFkZ gS&izek.ka izÑra 'kkL=ke~A rr~ ikniLFkkuh;e~ rL;s;a e×tjhoYyjh vfHkuoiYyoLFkkuh;sfr vFkkZr~ izek.k dk vFkZ oS'ksf"kd 'kkL=k gS mldk;g e×tjh Hkwr xzUFk gSA1 izek.ke×tjh oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk ,d izkekf.kd vkSj izkphuizdj.k xzUFk gSA blesa oS'ksf"kdn'kZu osQ lIrinkFkks± dk foospu fo'ks"k :i ls fd;kx;k gSA bldk ewy izfrik| Hkh lIrinkFkZ gh gS] tks Hkko&vHkko osQ Hksn ls yf{krgS izek.ke×tjhdkj us&vfHk/s;% inkFkZ%A l HkkokHkkoHksnsu f}/k iwoksZ fof/fo"k;%A l "kks<+k æO;kfnHksnsuA vFkkZr~ inkFkZ tkuus ;ksX; gSA og Hkko vkSj vHkkoosQ Hksn ls nks izdkj dk gS] Hkko inkFkZ fof/ dk fo"k; gSA ;gk¡ fof/ ls rkRi;Z gSfu"ks/ jfgr] ;Fkk nzO;xq.k vkfnA Hkko inkFkZ nzO;kfn osQ Hksn ls N% izdkj dk gSA2

vkRek] cqf¼] ijek.kq 'kCn tSls jgL;iw.kZ fo"k;ksa ij xzUFkdkj dk fopkj;FkkFkZr% iz'kaluh; gSA f}Ro la[;k] ikdt xq.k rFkk foHkkxt foHkkxkfn nq:g fo"k;ksadk ljyrk ls izfriknu fd;k gSA oS'ksf"kdks osQ izR;{k vkSj vuqeku izek.k ij izÑrxzUFk esa foLr`r ppkZ dh xbZ gSA xzUFkdkj us vuqeku izek.k dk foLrkjiwoZd foospufd;k gSA vuqeku bl xzUFk dk izk.kLo:i gSA vU; izek.kksa dk mDr nksuksa izek.kksa esavUrHkkZo fn[kk;k x;k gSA LFky&LFky ij ckS¼ksa us fopkjksa dk cgqr gh vkstLoh Hkk"kkessa [k.Mu fd;k x;k gSA mfpr LFkyksa ij ehekald rFkk osnkfUr;ksa osQ er dk Hkh[k.Mu gqvk gSA U;k;er dk ;Fkkolj [k.Mu djrs gq, oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUrksa dhn`<+rkiwoZd O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA vUr esa] vkpk;Z us rRoKku ls fu%Js;l~ (eks{k) dhmRifÙk fn[kkbZ gS&vkRekdnkfpr~'ks"kfo'ks"kxq.k'kwU; vfuR;&fo'ks"kxq.kRokr~ ikfFkZo&ijek.kqofnfrA ukdk'ksO;fHkpkj% rL;kfi rFkk lk/ukr~A3

izek.ke×tjh ij rhu Vhdk;sa gS] ;s Øe'k% Jhen~ v};kj.;] okeuHkV~V rFkkcyHknz feJ osQ }kjk fojfpr gSA izek.ke×tjh ij iz'kLriknHkk"; dk cgqr vf/dizHkko feyrk gSA izks- vuUrykyBDoqQj us Li"V 'kCnksa esa fy[kk gS fd&iz'kLrikn dklaf{kIr :i gh izek.ke×tjh gSA4 bl izdkj oS'ksf"kdn'kZu osQ lEiw.kZ fl¼kUrksa dkikf.MR;iw.kZ <ax ls cks/ djkus esa izek.ke×tjh xzUFk l{ke gSA

1- izek.ke×tjh cyHknz Vhdk] i`-&32- izek.ke×tjh i`-&1053- Origion and Development of the Vaisesika System p.-308

4- U;k;oqQlqek×tfy i`-&1 (Hkwfedk)

(6) y{k.kkoyh

Hkkjrh;n'kZu dh izfrHkkvksa esa mn;ukpk;Z izfl¼ nk'kZfud fo}ku gSA budktUe 10oha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa fefFkyk esa e.kjks.kh* uked xzke esa mPp czkã.koqQy esa gqvk FkkA buosQ tUedky osQ fo"k; esa fookn ugha gS D;ksafd y{k.kkoyh xzUFkesa Lo;a us fy[kk gS&

rdkZEcjkizizfers"orhrs"kq 'kdkUrr%Ao"ksZ"kwn;u'pozsQ lqcks/ka y{k.kkoyheAA1

y{k.kkoyh xzUFk esa lIrinkFkks± dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA inkFkZ dh ifjHkk"kk& vfHk/s;% inkFkZ% nh gS vFkkZr~ vfHk/s;Ro gh inkFkZ dk lkekU; y{k.k gSA2

mn;ukpk;Z us nzO;] xq.k] deZ] lkekU;] fo'ks"k] leok; rFkk vHkko bu lkr inkFkks±dk ukeksYys[k fd;k gSA mUgksaus nzO; osQ rhu y{k.k izLrqr fd;s gS tks rkfoZQd n`f"Vls 'kq¼ gksrs gq, ikfjHkkf"kd n`f"V ls dfBu gS & v=k xq.kkR;UrkHkkokuhèkdj.kaæO;e~A ewrZRojfgrleosrleosrRojfgrewrZRojfgrHkosrtkfren~ ok xUèkkleosr&xxukjfoUnleosrtkfren~ okA xU/kleosrxxukjfoUnleosrtkfren~ okA3 xq.k osQfo"k; esa vkpk;Z dk er gS fd&xq.kRo ls leok; lEcU/ gksuk gh lHkh xq.kksa dk brjO;koÙkZd /eZ vFkok y{k.k tkuuk pkfg,] vFkkZr~ xq.kRo uked lkekU; fo'ks"k osQlkFk ftudk leok; lEcU/ gS] os gh xq.k gS blhfy, os brj inkFkZ nzO;kfn ls fHkÂgSA4 deZ osQ izlax esa vkpk;Z us fy[kk gS&la;ksx esa vleosr] la;ksx osQ vleokf;esa leosr jgus okyk deZ gSaA5 lkekU; leosr jfgr lc vkJ;ksa esa vU;ksU;kHkko dklekukf/dj.k leosr gS & leosrjfgrlokZ&U;ksU;kHkkolekukf/dj.ka leosralkekU;e~A6 leosrRojfgrlokZU;ksU;kHkkolekukf/dj.;jfgr leosr~ gh fo'ks"kinkFkZ gSA7 leok; og inkFkZ gS tks vizkIr ugha] izkIr gh inkFkZ gksrs gS] mudh izkfIrfuR; gksus ij leok; dgk tkrk gSA8 vHkko u×k~ vFkZd Kku dk fo"k; gS u×k~vFkZizR;;fo"k;ks¿Hkko%A9 bl izdkj lIr inkFkks± dh flf¼ gksrh gSA

1- y{k.kkoyh] i`-&12- y{k.kkoyh] i`-&2&33- ogh---- i`-&164- ogh---- i`-&245- ogh----- i`-&256- ogh---- i`-&257- ogh----- i`-&25] 268- ogh----- i`-&269- U;k;oqQlqek×tfy (fgUnh O;k[;k) i`-&18 (Hkwfedk)

252 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

bl y{k.kkoyh osQ vfrfjDr mn;ukpk;Z osQ xzUFkksa esa iz'kLrikn Hkk"; ijfdj.kkoyh Vhdk] U;k;lw=k ij U;k;okfrZdrkRi;Z Vhdk ifj'kqf¼ Vhdk xzUFk fy[kk gSAbudk ,d xzUFk vkRek osQ foospu izlax esa gS] ftldk la{ksi esa o.kZu bl izdkj gSA

(d) vkReRofoosd

vkRerRofoosd esa pkj ifjPNsn gSA izFke rhu ifjPNsnksa esa ckS¼ksa osQ erksa dk[k.Mu fd;k x;k gSA vfUre ifjPNsn esa vkRerRo dh flf¼ dk iz;kl fd;k gSAblosQ milagkj esa mn;ukpk;Z us fy[kk gS&

cgqrjijrU=kizkUrjèokUrHkhfrfLrferifFkdj{kklkFkZokgsu ;Rukr~bneqn;djs.k U;k;yksdkxekuka] O;f×tra oReZ eqDrs%AA

ukL; 'yk?kkedfyrxq.k% iks"k;u~ izhr;s u%AdksU/Sf'pÂLrqfr'krfo/kS f'kfYiu~ L;kr~ izd"kZ%AA

fuUnkeso izFk;rq tu% fdUrq nks"kkfÂ:I;Aizs{;kaLrL; L[kfyropua izh.k;snso Hkw;%AA1

([k) U;k;oqQlqek×tfy

izÑr U;k;oqQlqek×tfy xzUFk mn;ukpk;Z dk lcls vf/d egRoiw.kZ xzUFk gSAbl xzUFk dh jpuk osQ fy, mUgsa dY;k.kjf{kr dh bZ'ojHkaxdkfjdk ls izsj.kk izkIr gqbZAblesa bZ'oj dh flf¼ rFkk Kku vkSj izek.k dk foospu gSA eaxy'yksd esa bZ'oj dhflf¼ osQ fo"k; esa fy[kk gS&

lRi{kizlj% lrka ifjeyizks}ks/c¼ksRloksAfoEykuks u foenZus¿e`rjlizL;UnekèohdHkw%AbZ'kL;S"k fuosf'kr% in;qxs Hkaxk;ek.ka Hkze&Ppsrks esa je;Rofo?ueu/ks U;k;oqQlqek×tfy%AA1AA2

bl xzUFk esa ik¡p LrEcd gSA ftlesa bZ'oj dh flf¼ rFkk fofHkÂ erksa dheq[;r% foospuk gSA bl xzUFk dkfjdk vkSj mudh O;k[;k esa foHkDr gSA xzUFkdkj usxzUFk osQ vUr esa dkeuk dh gS fd bl xzUFk dh jpuk ls fdlh vkfLrd ;k ukfLrddk Hkys gh midkj u gks ijUrq gekjk ;g iz;Ru Hkxoku~ dks rks vo'; gh izlÂdjsxkA

bR;s"k uhfroqQlqek×tfy:TToyJh];Z}kl;snfi p nf{k.kokedkS }kSA

1- ogh----- i`-&22- U;k;oqQlqek×tfy] i`-&213

uks ok rr% fdeejs'kxqjksxqZ:Lrq]izhrks¿LRosu inihBleiZ.ksuAA1

bl izdkj ;g vkdj xzUFk gS vkSj U;k; osQ if.Mrksa dk ijh{kk fud"k gSA blosQmQij izdk'k] edjUn vkfn vusd Vhdk&izVhdk fy[kh x;h gSA Jh gfjnkl HkV~Vkpk;Zus bldh ewy dkfjdkvksa ij ljy o lqcks/ O;k[;k fy[kh gSA

(7) U;k;yhykorh

bl ekSfyd xzUFk jRu dh jpuk Jh oYyHkkpk;Z us dh gSA U;k;yhykorhoS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk ,d xzUFk gSA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZfu:i.k iqLrd esa MkW-'kf'kizHkkoqQekj dk er gS fd ;g iz'kLriknHkk"; dh Vhdk u gksdj ,d LorU=k xzUFkgh izrhr gksrk gS] Hkys gh yhykorh uked dh iz'kLriknHkk"; dh dksbZ O;k[;k jghgksxh] ijUrq og vuqiyC/ gSA ;g xzUFk pkS[kEck laLÑr lhjht ls izdkf'kr gqvk gSA2

U;k;yhykorh pkj ifjPNsnksa esa foHkDr gS&1- foHkkxifjPNsn] 2- oS/E;ZijfPNsn] 3-lk/E;ZifjPNsn rFkk 4- izfØ;kifjPNsnA xzUFkkjEHk osQ eaxykpj.k esa vkpk;Z usiq:"kksÙke Hkxoku~ vFkkZr~ fo".kq dks ueLdkj fd;k gS&

ukFk% l`tR;ofr ;ks txnsdiq=k%izhR;k rr% ijefuoZfÙkekn/kfrArLeS ue% lgtnh?kZÑikuqcU/&yC/f=krÙoruos iq:"kksÙkek;AA1AA3

vkpk;Z us inkFkks± dh la[;k N% ekuh gS] ijUrq vHkko dks Hkko&fHkÂ lIreinkFkZ osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA4 iwoZi{kh us re] 'kfDr] Kkrrk] oSf'k"V~;]vkèkkjkèks; Hkkolkn`'; bu N% rRoksa osQ inkFkZRo gksus dh vk'kadk;sa vfHkO;Dr dh5

rks mudk fuokj.k vkpk;Z us bl izdkj fd;k gS&

reµ;fn uhy:i re gS] ,slh izrhfr gh reksfo"kf;.kh gS] rks :i gh re gS] re dksbZi`Fko~Q izes; ugha] ;gh fl¼ gksrk gSA

'kfDrµ'kfDr Hkh vfrfjDr inkFkZ ugha ekuh tk ldrh] pw¡fd mlosQ vfrfjDrinkFkZRo esa dksbZ izek.k ugha gSA

1- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&14] 152- U;k;yhykorh] i`-&1] 23- "kMso inkFkkZ-------vHkko'p oDrO;ks fu%Js;lksi;ksfxRokHkkoizi×por~A U;k;yhykorh

i`-&10&164- ogh----- i`-&18&285- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZfu:i.k] i`-&30] 31

254 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

KkrrkµKkrrk Hkh lIr inkFkks± osQ vfrfjDr inkFkZ ugha gS] vr% mls Hkh fujkÑr ghtkuuk pkfg,A

oSf'k"V~;µbls i`Fko~Q inkFkZ ugha eku ldrs] D;ksafd mldk u rks ?kVkHkko esa vkSj ugh Hkwry esa vuqHko gksrk gS] vfirq og Kku Lo:i gh gSA

vk/kjk/s;Hkkoµbls Hkh inkFkZ dh Js.kh esa ugha j[kk tkrk] D;ksafd xq#Ro (xq.k) dkizfrcU/d eku ysus ij gh fuokZg gks tkrk gSA

lkn';µlkekU; esa vUrHkwZ gksus osQ dkj.k lkn'; dks iFko~Q inkFkZ ugha ekuk tk ldrkgSA bl izdkj oYyHkkpk;Z us mDr rRoksa osQ inkFkkZUrjRo dk fujkdj.k dj ;ghfl¼ fd;k gS fd inkFkZ (Hkko) N% gh gSA1

(8) ekueuksgj

U;k;&oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osQ egRoiw.kZ izkphure xzUFkksa esa okfnokxh'ojkpk;Z Ñrekueuksgj dk mYys[kuh; LFkku gSA ekueuksgj 'kCn ls gh vfHkizsr gS fd&ekuS%euksgj% vFkok euksgjkf.k ;=k vFkok ekusuiw.kZ euks ekueu% rL; gjks gÙkkZnef;RokA2 bl vfHkizk; dks vkpk;Z us izfrokfnxoZiz'kkUr;s 'kCn ls vfHkO;Dr fd;kgSA ekueuksgjkpk;Z us lukru ijEijk dk ikyu djrs gq, fpRLo:fi.kh 'kfDr dksueLdkj fd;k gS&

ueLrL;S egkHkwrc¼ku~ ve`rlsoukr~Aeksp;R;oqQyLFkkfi ;k 'kfDrf'pRLo:fi.khAA3

ueLdkjkRed eaxykpj.k osQ i'pkr~ vkpk;Z us Lofo"k; rFkk xzUFk iz.k;u osQfo"k; esa fy[kk gS fd dFkk ('kkL=k ppkZ) esa xjtrs gq, okfn x.kksa osQ xoZ dks 'kkUrdjus osQ fy, Jh okxh'ojkpk;Z osQ iq=k okfnokxh'oj osQ }kjk ekueuksgj uked nqxZexzUFk dk iz.k;u fd;k tk jgk gSA bl xzUFk esa 10 izdj.k gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS&

flf¼ izdj.k fo'ks"k izdj.k

nzO; izdj.k leok; izdj.k

xq.k izdj.k vHkko izdj.k

1- ekueuksgj (Hkqous'ojh) fgUnhO;k[;k] (Hkwfedk) i`-&82- ogh---- i`-&14

uksV&ekueuksgjdkj dk le; ckjgohj 'krkCnh rFkk tUeLFkku d.kkZVd izns'k ekukx;k gSA

3- ogh---- i`-&21&24 (Hkwfedk)

deZ izdj.k inkFkZ fujkdj.k izdj.k

lkekU; izdkj.k eks{k izdj.kA1

okfnokxh'oj us vHkko dks i`Fko~Q inkFkZ Lohdkj dj fy;k gS fdUrq re dksi`Fko~Q nzO; u ekudj vHkko:i gh fl¼ fd;k gS rFkk fuEu N% osQ inkFkkZUrjRo dkfujkl fd;k gS & 'kfDr] Kkrrk] fof'k"Vrk] fo"k;] lkn`'; rFkk iz/kuA

'kfDrµblosQ ln~Hkko esa dksbZ izek.k u feyus ls 'kfDr vfrfjDr inkFkZ ugha gSA

Kkrrkµdkj.k dh lkexzh gh Kku fo"k; dh fu;ked gS] vr% Kkrrk inkFkZ ugha gSA

fof'k"VrkµKku tud lkexzh dh fofp=krk ls gh fo"k;xr fof'k"Vkfn dh miifÙkgks tkrh gS] blls fof'k"Vrk inkFkZRo dk fujkdj.k gks tkrk gSA

fo"k;&fo"k;hµmlosQ fu;ked dk;Zdyki ls gh Kku vkSj vFkZ dk fu;e cu tkusls fo"k;&fo"k;h dksbZ i`Fko~Q inkFkZ ugha gSA

lkn';µlkn'; dks vfrfjDr inkFkZ blfy, ugha ekurs D;ksafd mlesa dksbZ izek.k ughagSA

iz/kuµ;g inkFkZ lka[;lEer gS bldk dksbZ lk/d izek.k miyC/ u gksus lsfujkdj.k tks tkrk gSA2

fu"d"kZr% Li"V gS fd ekueuksgj oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk ,d vewY; xzUFk jRu gS]ftlesa U;k; n'kZu dh ijEijk dk Hkh fuokZg mfpr :i ls feyrk gS lkFk gh vU;n'kZuksa osQ er&erkUrjksa dk rkfoZQd 'kSyh esa o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA vkpk;Z us inkFkZ dhifjHkk"kk u nsdj oS'ksf"kd lEer N% Hkko inkFkZ rFkk vHkko inkFkZ dks of.kZr dj cqf¼xq.k osQ vUrxZr izek.k ehekalk dks foLrkj iwoZd le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vUrr%izR;{k rFkk vuqeku izek.k dks gh ekU;rk iznku dh gSA re nzO; dh vflf¼ 'kfDrvkfn dk fujkl rFkk eks{k izdj.k dh foospuk xzUFk esa nk'kZfud ehekalk dks iw.kZ djjgh gSA

(9) Hkk"kkifjPNsn

blosQ iz.ksrk fo'oukFkU;k;i×pkuu gSA xzUFk esa 168 dkfjdk;sa gS] ftlesaoS'ksf"kdn'kZu osQ fl¼kUrksa dk lqpk: :i ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA Hkk"kk ifjPNsn ijvkpk;Z us vius fiz; f'k"; jktho osQ midkjkFkZ U;k;fl¼kUreqDrkoyh Vhdk fy[khgSA blesa e-d.kkn izfrikfnr fl¼kUrksa dk foospu feyrk gSA3

1- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k&i`-&31] 322- Hkkjrh;n'kZu] i`-&2223- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj] i`-&13

256 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

(10) roZQdkSeqnh

blosQ iz.ksrk ykSxkf{kHkkLdj gSA budk fLFkfrdky 17oha 'krkCnh dk gSA ;gxzUFk y?kqdysoj ls ;qDr U;k; oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ls lEcU/ j[krk gSA U;k;fl¼kUrksa osQizfriknu vkSj 'kSyh esa ;g uO; U;k; dk vuqlj.k djrk gSA oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUrksa osQizfriknu esa iz'kLrikn Hkk"; dk vuqlj.k djrk gSA

(11) oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj

fo}PpwMkef.kJh'kadjfeJfojfpr ;g xzUFk oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa dh O;k[;k izLrqrdjrk gSA budk tUe 14oha 'krkCnh ;k oqQN o"kZ i'pkr~ ekuk x;k gSA1 budk tUeLFkku lfjlo xzke gS tks fcgkj osQ njHkaxk ftys esa fLFkr gSA buosQ fuokl LFkku osQlehi ,d iks[kjk gS] ftls ^pekbuiks[kjk* dgrs gSA2

'kadj feJ us lHkh 'kkL=kksa dk vè;;u vius firk ia- HkoukFk feJ ls ghfd;k FkkA ;g lHkh 'kkL=kksa ij leku vf/dkj j[krs Fks ijUrq U;k;&oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dkikf.MR; izn'kZu budh vizfrgr izfrHkk dk ewrZLo:i gSA blhfy, Jh feJ osQO;k[;k xzUFkksa osQ vfrfjDr U;k; oS'ksf"kd 'kkL=k ij buosQ LorU=k xzUFk Hkh gS] ftuesaHksnjRu izeq[k gSaA3 ftldk ljLorh Hkou] okjk.klh ls 1933 bZ- esa gqvkA Jh 'kadjfeJ osQ n'kZu o dkO; ls lEcfU/r 15 xzUFk izkIr gksrs gSA4

oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa ij fy[kk x;k ,d Vhdk xzUFk gSa mUgksausLo;a fy[kk gS fd&¶eSa lEiw.kZ izkphu rFkk uohu uS;kf;dksa osQ erksa dk laxzg djusokyh miLdkj uked O;k[;k dj jgk gw¡A l;ksxknHkko%deZ.k%A5¸ miLdkj Vhdk &ewÙkZla;ksxsudeZdkj.kL;osxxq#Rokns% izfrcU/kr deZ.kks¿Hkkoks¿uqRiknks u Rok&dk'kkHkkokr~ rL; O;kidRokr~A rLeknkdk'kkUo;ks¿U;Fkkfl¼ ,o ukdk'kfufeÙkrkalk/;rhR;FkZA6

bl izdkj vkpk;Z dk ikf.MR; miLdkj esa in&in ij leqiyC/ gS vkSjfo'ks"k :i esa eaxyokn] eqfDrokn] la'k;fu:i.k] O;kfIrokn] ikdizfØ;k] f}RoizfØ;krFkk cgqla[;k Lo:i dk foospu nz"VO; gSA7 dydÙkk ls izdkf'kr ifj"dkj* bldh

1- ogh----- i`-&102- ogh----- i`-&113- ogh---- i`-&14] 154- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj] i`-&3 (Hkwfedk)5- oS'ksf"kdlw=k&2@1@236- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj] i`-&1477- ogh---- i`-&16

Vhdk gS tks e-e- i×pkuuroZQjRu us fy[kh gSA1

(12) roZQlaxzg

vÂaHkV~V dh vR;Ur yksdfiz; jpuk roZQlaxzg gS rks izkjfEHkd Lrj ij U;k;&oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh ewy vo/kj.kkvksa ls ifjp; djkrh gSA xzUFkdkj us Lo;a fy[kk gS&

fu/k; âfn fo'os'ka fo/k; xq#oUnue~Ackykuka lq[kcks/k; fØ;rs roZQlaxzg%AA2

roZQ;Urs izfrik|Urs bfr rdkZ% æO;kfnlIrinkFkkZ%] rs"kk rdkZ.kka laxzg%bfr roZQlaxzg%A bl O;qRifÙk osQ vuqlkj oS'ksf"kd n'kZukfHker nzO;] xq.k] deZ]lkekU;] fo'ks"k] leok; vkSj vHkko uked lIr inkFkZ roZQ gS] lexz fo'o esa ewy:i ls ;s inkFkZ lkr gh gS] ftuosQ vUnj lalkj dh leLr oLrq,¡ lekfgr gSArD;ZUrs¿ususfr roZQ% izek.ke~ vFkkZr~ ftlosQ }kjk izes;ksa dk Kku izkIr fd;k tkrk gS]og roZQ gSA izek.kksa ls izes;ksa dh flf¼ gksus osQ dkj.k izek.k dks roZQ ekuk tk ldrkgSA bl O;qRifÙk osQ vuqlkj U;k;kfHker izR;{k&vuqeku&mieku rFkk 'kCn bu pkjizek.kksa dk foospu gSA3

roZQlaxzg osQ vUr esa mYys[k gS fd µ losZ"kka inkFkkZuka ;Fkk;FkeqDrs"oUr&HkkZokr~ lIrSo inkFkkZ bfr fl¼e~A

dk.kknU;k;er;ksckZyO;qRifÙkfl¼;sAvÂEHkV~Vsu fonq"kk jfprLroZQlaxzgAA4

vr% Li"V gS fd lalkj osQ leLr inkFkZ iwoZdfFkr lkr inkFkks± esa gh;FkklEHkko vUrHkwZr gks tkrs gS] vr% inkFkZ lkr gh gS] buls vfrfjDr dksbZ vU;inkFkZ ugha gSA bUgha inkFkks± osQ lE;o~Q Kku ls euq"; dks vH;qn; ,oa fu%Js;l~ dhizkfIr gksrh gS] ftlls vkR;kfUrd nq%[k dh fuo`fÙk gksrh gSA

vÂHkV~V us roZQlaxzg osQ mQij ^roZQlaxzgnhfidk* uked Vhdk fy[kh gS tksU;k;&oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk vfxze lksiku gSA blesa ijek.kqokn l`f"VizfØ;k] ikdizfØ;kizHkfr izk;% U;k; oS'ksf"kd lEer fl¼kUrksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA blesa ehekaldckS¼] pkokZd] osnkUr ls ysdj iwoZi{k dk Hkh rkfoZQd jhfr ls [k.Mu fd;k gSA

1- ogh---- i`-&172- roZQlaxzg (eaxy'yksd)] i`-&13- roZQlaxzg (rUohO;k[;k) i`-&21 (Hkwfedk)4- ogh--- i`-&132

258 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

roZQlaxzg ij yxHkx 30 Vhdk,¡ laLÑr] fgUnh rFkk vaxzsth esa miyC/ gksrh gSaA1

(13) inkFkZe.Mue~

os.khnÙk Ñr inkFkZe.Mue~ oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk ,d izkekf.kd xzUFk gSA bl xzUFkdk izdk'ku i- xksiky'kkL=kh usus us fd;k FkkA tks 1930 bZ- esa cukjl ls izdkf'krgqvk gSA os.khnÙk 18oha lnh esa xqtjkr izkUr essa ohjs'oj osQ ?kj mRiÂ gq;s FksAinkFkZe.Mue~ osQ vfrfjDr buosQ 12 xzUFk jRu gSA Jh os.khnÙk us inkFkZrRofu:i.kesa [kf.Mr inkFkks± dk iqu% e.Mu fd;k gSA blfy, bl xzUFk dk uke inkFkZ e.Mue~iM+k gSA

inkFkZe.Mudkj us JhÑ".k dh oUnukdj fufoZ?u xzUFk lekfIr dk vk'khokZnizkIr fd;k gSa mUgksaus fy[kk gS&

ekrja nf/foeUFkuknjka oh{; uUnru;L; â";r%AJh gjs% LiqQjnrho papyk nk;Urq nqfjra n`xPpykAA2

os.khnÙk us nzO;] xq.k] deZ] /eZ vkSj vHkko ;s ik¡p inkFkZ ekus gSA tks HkkoinkFkZ gSA buesa nzO;ksa dh la[;k 9 gS&æO;a rq JqfrlEera i`fFkO;kfn uoSo gSA vFkkZr~Jqfr lEer nzO;&i`fFkoh] ty] rst] ok;q] vkdk'k] dky] fno~Q] vkRek vkSj euA3

xq.kksa dh la[;k 24 u ekudj 19 ekuh gSA os i`FkDRo] ijRo] vijRo rFkk la[;k dksxq.k ugha ekurs rFkk /eZ&v/eZ osQ LFkku ij ,d vn`"V dks gh Lohdkj djrs gSA4

deZ osQ izlax esa ^deZxeuk[;eso* vFkkZr~ xeu gh deZ gS] fy[kk gSA5 os.khnÙk us/eZ inkFkZ osQ 9 Hksn crk;s gS tks la[;k] lkekU;] fo'ks"k] oSf'k"V~;] fo"k;rk] dk;ZRo]dkj.kRo] LoRo ,oa 'kfDr gSA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa bl izdkj dk fpUru vyx gh izrhr

1- roZQlaxzg osQ vfrfjDr vkpk;Z osQ n'kZu lEcfU/r vU; egRoiw.kZ xzUFk gSA ftldkukeksYys[k fuEu gS&(d) roZQlaxzg osQ mQij ^roZQlaxzgnhfidk* uked VhdkA([k) t;nso fojfpr ^rRofpUrke.;kyksd* xzUFk ij fl¼k×tuVhdkA(x) mn;ukpk;Z osQ ^U;k;ifjf'k"V* ij izdk'kVhdkA(?k) ^czãlw=k* ij ferk{kjkVhdkA(Ä) ^rU=kokfrZd* osQ mQij lqcksf/uhlq/klkjVhdkA(p) ^v"Vkè;k;h* dh ferk{kjkVhdkA(N) dkR;k;u osQ 'kqDy;tqosZnizkfr'kk[; ij Hkk";AA

2- inkFkZe.Mue~] i`-&13- ogh---- i`-&364- ogh---- i`-&365- inkFkZe.Mue~] i`-&36

gksrk gSA1 vHkko osQ fo"k; esa lalxkZHkko rFkk vU;ksU;kHkko ;s nks Hksn Lohdkj fd;s gSA2

xzUFk osQ vUr esa os.khnÙk us xzUFk iz;kstu vkSj le; dk fu:i.k fd;k gSA xzUFkiz;kstu osQ fo"k; esa fy[kk gS fd tks bZ'ojoknh ugha gS ;k tks ukfLrd gS muosQ lghekxZ osQ fy, geus ewy fVIi.kh fy[kh gS] mu yksxksa osQ vuqxzg osQ fy, inkFkZe.Mue~uked xzUFk fy[kk x;k gSA vr% Li"V gS fd xzUFkdkj us vKkuh tuksa dks lr~ ekxZdh vksj izo`Ùk djus osQ fy, xzUFk dh jpuk dh gSA

blosQ vfrfjDr oS'ksf"kd n'kZd ij O;k[;k xzUFk izkIr gq, gS] ftudk foospuvk/qfud laLÑr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (lIre [k.M) esa izkIr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ij mudkukeksYys[k djus dk iz;kl gS&

Ø-la- vkpk;Z VhdkxzUFk izdk'ku le;

1- mÙkewj ohjk?kokpk;Z jlk;u O;k[;k 1958 bZ-

2- Lokeh gfjizlkn oSfnd o`fÙk 1961 bZ-

3- czãeqfuifjozktd czãeqfu Hkk"; 1962 bZ-

4- dk'khukFk 'kekZ inkFkZ O;k[;k 1972 bZ-

5- t;ukjk;.kroZQi×pkuu foo`fÙk 1867 bZ-

;g O;k[;k 'kadjfeJ iz.khr oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj ij fy[kh xbZ gSA

6- i×pkuu HkV~Vkpk;ZroZQjRu ifj"dkjVhdk 1906 bZ-

7- pUnzdkUr rdkZyÄïkj rRokoyh 1866 bZ-

8- I;kjsyky vkRet Hkk";kuqokn% 1886 bZ-

9- nsonÙk 'kekZ Hkk";kuqokn 1886 bZ-

10- Vh mÙkewjohjjk?kokpk;Z oS'ksf"kd jlk;ue~ 1958 bZ-

11- nSf'kdfr:eySrkrkpk;Z lqxek 1979 bZ-3

ijUrq bl izlax esa FkksM+k d"V Hkh Li"V gksrk gS fd inkFkZe.Mue~ osQ i'pkr~U;k; oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ijEijk esa inkFkZ osQ lEcU/ esa dksbZ ekSfyd fopkjksa okyk xzUFkmiyC/ ugha gksrk gSA

oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk n'kZulkfgR; esa vonku

lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; n'kZu okÄ~e; esa U;k; ,oa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu izo`fÙk&fuo`fÙk

1- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&352- inkFkZe.Mue~] i`-&27] 283- vk/qfud laLÑr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (lIre [k.M) i`-&540 ls 570 rd

260 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

mHk;ksUeq[k lkekftd thou osQ lqpk: l×pkyu gsrq loksZPp LFkku ij izfr"Bkfir gS];g /zqo lR; gSA dgk Hkh x;k gS&

;LrosZQ.kkuqlU/Ùks l /eZ osn usrj%Adk.kkna ikf.kuh;×p loZ'kkL=kksidkjde~A1

d.kknn'kZu ,oa ikf.kuh;O;kdj.k leLr'kkL=kksa osQ midkjd gksrs gSA ftlizdkj 'kCnksa osQ ;FkkFkZLo:i dk fu.kZ; djus gsrq ikf.kuh; O;kdj.k ijeksi;ksxh gSmlh izdkj inkFkks± osQ Lo:i fu.kZ; gsrq d.kkn Ñr oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dh mikns;rklokZfr'kk;h gSaA

egf"kZ d.kkn iz.khr oS'ksf"kd lw=k gh bl n'kZu dk ewyk/kj gSA oS'ksf"kd lw=k10 vè;k;ksa esa fuc¼ gS] izR;sd vè;k; esa nks&nks vkfÉd gSA muesa of.kZr fo"k;ksa dkØe fuEu gS&

izFke vè;k; & inkFkZdFkuA

f}rh; vè;k; & nzO;dFkuA

r`rh; vè;k; & vkRek&euA

prqFkZ vè;k; & 'kjhjkfnA

i×pe vè;k; & deZA

"k"B vè;k; & /eZA

lIre vè;k; & xq.k leok;A

v"Ve vè;k; & izR;{kizek.kA

uoe vè;k; & vHkkogsrqA

n'ke vè;k; & vuqekuA

(1) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu izkjfEHkd inkFkZ&fo|k dk fooj.k izLrqr djrk gSA bl n'kZu esasloZizFke /eZ dks ekU;rk iznku dh gS & ;rks¿H;qn;fu%Js;lflf¼% lèkeZ%A2 /ekZuq"Bku ls vUr%dj.k dh 'kqf¼ gksrh gS] vUr% dj.k 'kqf¼ ls oSjkX;vkrk gS] oSjkX; ls ;ksxkH;kl gksrk gS vkSj ;ksxkH;kl ls rÙo dk lk{kkRdkjgksrk gSA bl izdkj rÙoKku osQ fy, o.kkZJe /eZ dk ikyu o èkekZuq"Bkuvko';d gSA /eZ esa osnksa dks gh izek.k ekuk x;k gS & r}puknkEuk;L;izkek.;e~A3

1- roZQlaxzg O;k[;kdkj vkpk;Z Jh fuokl 'kekZ] i`-&1 (izLrkouk)2- oS'ksf"kdn'kZue~] i`-&43- "kM~n'kZuleqPp;] i`-&16

(2) /eZ vkfn iq:"kkFkZ prq"V; dh flf¼ inkFkks± osQ rRoKku ls gksrh gSA ;Fkk &/eZfo'sk"kizlwrkn~ æO;xq.kdeZlkekU;fo'ks"kleok;kuka inkFkkZuka lèkE;Z&oSèkE;kZH;krÙoKkukfÂ%Js;le~A1 vr% bl n'kZu esa HkkSfrd ,oa vkè;kfRedinkFkks± dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA

(3) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZ osQoy vfHk/s; gh ugha] Ks; Hkh ekus x;s gSA vr%inkFkZ osQ lEcU/ esa oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ;gh gS fdmlus inkFkZ dh fopkjfujis{k rFkk oLrqxr lÙkk fl¼ dh gSA

(4) oS'ksf"kd dk inkFkZoxhZdj.k rFkk ijek.kqdkj.kokn] HkkSfrdokn ,oa {kf.kdoknls Js"B gS vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu osQ fodkl Øe esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Lrj gSA

(6) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu osQ vuqlkj inkFkZ osQ nks Hksn gS&Hkko rFkk vHkkoA Hkko inkFkZnzO;] xq.k] deZ] lkekU;] fo'ks"k rFkk leok; gSA bu lkr inkFkks± osQ vUrxZrfo'o dh izR;sd oLrq vk tkrh gSA

(7) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa i`Foh] ty] rst] ok;q] vkdk'k] dky] fno~Q] vkRek vkSj eu;s ukS izdkj osQ nzO; ekus x;s gSA

(8) i`fFkoh uked izFke nzO; dh ppkZ ls Li"V gksrk gS fd i`fFkohRo tkfr dhflf¼ o{kkfn osQ LFkkojRo vFkok txeRo lEcU/h fo'ys"k.k rFkk ikfFkZo 'kjhjdh ik¡p HkkSfrdRo fo"k;d foizfÙkifÙk esa oS'ksf"kd nk'kZfudksa us foy{k.k ;qfDrdkS'ky ,oa rRo n`f"V izLrqr dh gSA ^o`{kkfn* esa Hkh thou gS] ;g oS'ksf"kdekU;rk vk/qfud ouLifr foKku ls Hkh lefFkZr gSA

(9) foKku osQ lcls cM+s peRdkjiw.kZ fo"k; ijek.kqokn dk vkfo"dkj oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ls gqvk gSA bl fl¼kUr osQ vk/kj ij fo'o esa vusd vk'p;ZtudifjorZu gq, gSA

(10) U;k; oS'ksf"kd n'kZu vlRdk;Zokn dks ekurs gSA dk;Z mRifÙkiwoZ vlr~ gS] ogvius dkj.k esa fo|eku ugha jgrk gSA dk;Z ubZ mRifÙk gS] uwru l`f"V gS vkSjmRifÙk ls gh mldh lÙkk dk izkjEHk gksrk gSA blfy, bls vkjEHkokn Hkh dgkx;k gSA

(11) vkRek dks oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa Kku dk vkJ; dgk gSA vkRek vuUr gS] D;ksafdizfr 'kjhj fHkÂ&fHkÂ gSA bZ'oj dks Hkh blh nzO; osQ vUrxZr j[kk x;k gSAoS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk egRo vkRek o ijekRek osQ Lo:i fu:i.k esa ugha] vfirqmudh flf¼ ,oa flf¼ izdkj esa gSA2

1- iz'kLriknHkk";] i`-&22- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&69] 70] 603

262 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

(12) vfUre nzO; eu* osQ foospu esa oS'ksf"kd nk'kZfudksa us euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.kdk lw=kikr fd;k gS vr% Kkuk;kSxi| :i eu% lk/d gsrq ,oa eu osQ v.kqRorFkk vuUrRo lEcU/h ;qfDr;k¡ gh bl n'kZu dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA1

(13) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa xq.k nzO; osQ fLFkj] vifjorZuh; /eZ ekus x;s gSA xq.kksa dhla[;k pkSchl gS] blls de ;k T;knk ugha gSA

(14) xq.k lk/E;Z osQ fu:i.k volj ij xq.kksa osQ ;kon~nzO;HkkfoRo&v;kon~ nzO;&HkkfoRo lkekU;xq.koÙo rFkk fo'ks"kxq.koRo dh ppkZ nk'kZfud n`f"V lsegRoiw.kZ gSA blosQ vfrfjDr xq.k ,oa xq.kh ,d gh vf/dj.k esa jgus ij Hkhi`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q inkFkZ gSA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh ekSfyd dYiuk leok; ijvkèkkfjr gksus ls ;g fl¼kUr mYys[kuh; gSA2

(15) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa xq.k ,d LorU=k inkFkZ gS tcfd oqQN n'kZuksa esa xq.k dksLorU=k inkFkZ Lohdkj u dj mls xq.kh ls loZFkk vfHkÂ ekuk gSA

(16) jl xq.k osQ vUrxZr dbZ oS'ksf"kdkpk;ks± us ty dh uhjlrk dk fopkj fd;kgS] ijUrq ;g er [k.Mu ijEijk dk f'kdkj gqvk gS] D;ksafd jl ty dk izèkkuxq.k gSA ty esa ;fn jl dks Lohdkj u fd;k tk;s rks 'kjhj dk Hkj.k iks"k.kgh furkar fujk/kj rFkk vlaHko gks tk;sxkA3

(17) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk egRoiw.kZ HkkSfrd fl¼kUr ikdizfØ;k gSA ihyqikdokn ,oafiBjikdokn lEcU/h lw{efookn dk lkjrRo ;gh gS fd nzO; osQ :i] jl]xU/ vkfn xq.kksa dh ifjorZuh;rk dh O;k[;k dh tk losQA

(18) vis{kk cqf¼ ls f}Rok|qRifÙk izfØ;k ,oa la[;k dk oLrqr% lr~ Lo:i HkhoS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh egRoiw.kZ LFkkiuk gSA bl fo"k; esa xf.krh; n`f"V ls la[;kosQ Lo:i ,oa oS'ksf"kdkfHker ekU;rk dh rqyuk djosQ ;g izfrikfnr fd;kx;k gS fd oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUr loZFkk xf.kr'kkL=kh LFkkiuk osQ vuq:i gh gSA4

(19) ijek.kqvksa osQ ikd dks ekuus okys (ihyqikd)] ?kV osQ fo?kfVr gq, fcuk ghmldk ikd ekuus okys (fiBjikd) erkuq;kf;;ksa esa tks oSpkfjd nf"Vdks.k gS]og yksdizpfyr mfDr ls ;qDr gks pqdk gS&

f}Ros p ikdtksRirkS foHkkxs p foHkkxtsA;L; u L[kfyrk cqf¼% ra oS'ksf"koaQ fonq%AA5

1- ogh---- i`-&6032- ogh----- i`-&6033- ogh--- i`-&6044- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu&rqyukRed vè;;u] i`-&735- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&604

(20) oS'ksf"kderkuqlkj Kku (cqf¼) vkRek dk Lo:i ugha] vkxUrqd xq.k gS tksmlesa 'kjhj la;ksx ls mRiÂ gksrk gSA

(21) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dh izek.kehekalk cqf¼ xq.k osQ vUrxZr gSaA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa nksgh izek.k ekus x;s gS & izR;{k rFkk vuqekuA buosQ vfrfjDr izek.kksa dk bUghanks izek.kksa esa vUrHkkZo gks tkrk gSA1

(22) Le`fr] vk"kZKku] LoIu ,oa LoIukfUrd vkfn Kku izdkjksa osQ foospu esa bln'kZu dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gSA2

(23) ^xq#Ro* xq.k dk oS'ksf"kd izfrikfnr Lo:i n`f"Vxr djus ij O;Dr gksrk gSfd vk/qfud foKku esa U;wVu osQ xq:Rokd"kZ.k fl¼kUr uke ls izfl¼egRoiw.kZ fl¼kUr dk ewy vk/kj ;gh gSA3

(24) Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa izkek.;okn ,d cgqr egRoiw.kZ fo"k; jgk gSA U;k;oS'ksf"kdus Lor% izkek.;okn dk [k.Mu djosQ ijr% izkek.; dk leFkZu djrk gSA4

(25) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa laLdkj xq.k osQ rhu Hksn crk;s x;s gS&osx] Hkkouk rFkkfLFkfrLFkkidA

(26) 'kCn xq.k osQ fo"k; esas oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh fo'ks"k ekU;rk ;g gS fd mls vkdk'knzO; dk lk/d gsrq ,oa fo'ks"kxq.k dgk x;k gS rFkk osn dks vikS:"ks; ekuusij Hkh 'kCn osQ vfuR;Ro ij cy fn;k x;k gSA

(27) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa deZinkFkZ dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA deZ osQ ik¡p Hksn gS&mR{ksi.k] vi{ksi.k] vkoqQ×pu] izlkj.k rFkk xeuA roZQlaxzgnhfidk esa Hkze.kvkfn deks± dh vkpk;ks± us 'kadk mBkbZ gS] mldk vUrHkkZo vÂEHkV~V us xeuesa gh fd;k gSaA bu foHkktuksa dks MkW- n;kuUn HkkxZo us vR;Ur oSKkfud crk;kgSA5

(28) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu us lkekU; dks inkFkZ fl¼ djus dk liQy ,oa lkFkZd iz;klfd;k gSA blosQ Hksnksa dk izfriknu Hkh fd;k x;k gS] ijUrq tkfr ck/d rRoksadk fu:i.k vFkok tkfr ,oa mikf/ dk vUrj bl n'kZu dh lw{e roZQ fo|kdks ,d egRoiw.kZ nsu gSA

1- loZn'kZulaxzg] i`-&3602- iz'kLriknHkk";] i`-&174&1803- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZfu:i.ke~] i`-&6044- ogh----- i`-&6045- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u] i`-&205&207

264 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

(29) fo'ks"k inkFkZ oS'ksf"kd lEiznk; dh ,d nsu gSA bl lEiznk; ls vfrfjDrlEiznk; okyks us fo'ks"k dks loZFkk vLohdkj dj fn;k gSA3

(30) leok; lEcU/ dh dYiuk U;k;&oS'ksf"kd dk ,d fof'k"V fl¼kUr gSA blhij U;k; oS'ksf"kd dh lkjh nk'kZfud izfØ;k vk/kfjr gSA ;g leok; fuR;lEcU/ gSA ;gk¡ fuR; ls rkRi;Z gS fd ;g dk;Z dh mRifÙk osQ fcuk mRiÂugha gksrk rFkk dk;Z osQ uk'k osQ fcuk u"V ugha gksrkA4

(31) vHkko dh i`Fko~Q LohÑfr oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh ,d egRoiw.kZ ekU;rk gSA U;k;oS'ksf"kd n'kZu bls cká inkFkZ osQ :i esa Lohdkj djrk gSA

(32) U;k; oS'ksf"kd er esa l`f"V ,oa izR;; dk fl¼kUr egRoiw.kZ gSaA

(33) ;ksx dk y{k.k djrs gq, oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa dgk gS fd eu dh bZ'oj esa fLFkfrgksus ij ftrus Hkh deZ fd, FksA mudk iQy Hkksxus osQ i'pkr~] u;s deks± osQvkjEHk u gksus osQ dkj.k nq%[kksa dk vHkko gks tkrk gSA ;gh voLFkk ;ksx dhdgykrh gSA

(34) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku ;g gS fd ekuo thou dk mís';vH;qn; vkSj fu%Js;l~ dks izkIr djuk gSA ftu deks± dks djus ls ykSfdd oSHkovkSj vkfRed dY;k.k izkIr gksrk gS] ogh /eZ vFkkZr~ thou dk drZO; gSA1

(35) egf"kZ d.kkn us eks{k osQ fo"k; esa fy[kk gS fd tc vn`"V osQ vHkko gksus ijdeZ pØ dh xfr dk vius gh vki vUr gks tkrk gS rc vkRek dk 'kjhjls lEcU/ VwV tkrk gS vkSj tUe ej.k dh ijEijk Hkh mlh osQ lkFk cUn gkstkrh gS] lkFk gh lc nq%[kksa dk uk'k gks tkrk gS] ;gh eqfDr gSA2

(36) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA3

bl izdkj Li"V gksrk gS fd oS'ksf"kdn'kZu vR;Ur mi;ksxh ,oa LokHkkfodn'kZu gSA bl n'kZu dh LokHkkfod mi;ksfxrk ;g gS fd blosQ inkFkZ ,sls vuqHko fl¼gS fd ge vius nSfud O;ogkj esa Hkh lgt :i ls bUgha inkFkks± dk mi;ksx djrsgSA O;kogkfjd gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk ;g roZQ osQ vk/kj ij oSKkfud fLFkfr dk mn~Hkkoudjrs gSA

1- roZQlaxzg (rUohO;k[;k) i`-&1192- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu rqyukRed vè;;u] i`-&1573- roZQlaxzg (rUohO;k[;k)] i`-&1264- rnukjEHk vkReLFk eufl 'kjhjL; nq%[kkHkko% l ;ksx%AA6AA oS'ksf"kd lw=k 5@2@265- Hkkjrh;n'kZu'kkL=k dk bfrgkl] i`-&622

blosQ vfrfjDr budh egÙkk blls Hkh fl¼ gksrh gS fd lk/kj.k iq:"k lalkjesa vklDr jgrs gS] Dys'k dh vuqHkwfr gksus ij Hkh lkalkfjd mik;ksa osQ voyEcu esagh mudh izo`fÙk gksrh gSA mlh ekxZ ls ;g mins'k fn;k tk;s rks vkSj vf/d liQygksrk gSA blfy, izÑr n'kZu esa O;kogkfjd inkFkks± osQ ;FkkFkZ Kku dks eks{k dk mik;cryk;k gSA1 bl mik; osQ voyEcu esa tulk/kj.k dh Hkh vf/d v:fp ughagksxhA vr% mi;qZDr mik; osQ vuqlj.k osQ }kjk ge yksxksa dks ije iq:"kkFkZ fu%Js;l~dk vf/xe djuk pkfg,A

1- Hkkjrh;n'kZu] :ikyh JhokLro] i`-&145

( 266 )

fu#DrosnkÄõs Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwrfl¼kUr%& izks- jkts'ojfeJ%

oqQ#{ks=k&fo'ofo|ky;%] oqQ#{ks=ke~

fucU/s¿fLeu~ fu#Drs osnkÄõs p Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwr% fl¼kUr%foe`"Vks fo|rsA

izk;% loZfo/Kku&foKkukuka ewyÏksrLLo:is osns xzhdnk'kZfudkuka Hkk"kkfo"k;d&lÄïsrsH;ks cgq izkxso Hkk"kk&fpUruL; izo`fÙkchZt:is.k n`Xxkspjh&HkofrA loZizFkee`XosnsHkk"kkfo"k;oaQ lwDr};eqiyH;rsA1 osns¿fLeu~ Hkk"kkfodklL; frÏ% voLFkk%&(1)vO;DrHkk"kk (2) vkfneO;DrHkk"kk (3) okLrfodHkk"ksfr lÄïsfrrk%A2 Hkk"kkfoKku&L;sfrgkls oSfnd&½f"kfHkjsoknkS LiqQVr;k 'kCnL; foHkkxprq"V;L; ppkZ Ñrklhr~A3

rRdkyhu&Hkkjrh;&½"kh.kka Hkk"kkfo"k;osQ fpUrus Hkk"kk;k% mRiÙksjfi p rL;k% Lo:i&lEc¼k% osQpu lÄïsrk vfi yH;UrsA lalkjL;kfoHkkZos.k lg rs ok.;k#RifÙkjfi nsosH;,o LohoqQoZfUr] vfi p r ,rnI;ÄõhoqQoZfUr ;ns"kk oko~Q Hkwrkuka O;ogkjk; leqn~Hkwrkfo|rsA4 lqlaLÑrk okxso iz;ksDrO;k* bR;fLeu~ fo"k;s¿fi rs"kke"kh.kkesrkn'kh vklhno&/kj.kk ;r~] ;Fkk /hjk% fo}kal% frrmuk lDrwu~ iwRoksiHkq×trs] rFkSo izKku;qDrsu eulkokpa ifo=khÑR;] vFkkZr~ lE;x~fopk;Z funqZ"Va ÑRok ok rL;k O;ogkj% dj.kh;%] ;rksásrkn'khokxso dY;k.kdkfj.kh HkofrA5 rs"kke"kh.kkesrkn'ka fpUrua Hkk"kk&fpUruL;kèkkj&

1- nz"VO;] ½-] 10-71_ 10-125 lwDrA2- rnso] 1-164-45 %

pRokfj oko~Q ifjferk inkfu rkfu fonqczkZã.kk ;s euhf"k.k%Axqgk =khf.k fufgrk usÄõ;fUr rqjh;a okpks euq";k onfUrA

3- rnso] 1-164-45 % pRokfj oko~Q ifjferk inkfu-A4- ogh] 8-100-11 %

nsoha okpetu;Ur nsokLrka fo'o:ik% i'koks onfUrAlk uks eUnzs"kewt± nqgkuk /suqokZxLekuqilq"VqrSrqAA

5- ogh] 10-71-2 %lDrqfeo frrmuk iquUrks ;=k /hjk eulk okpeØrAv=kk l[kk;% l[;kfu tkurs HknzS"kka y{ehfuZfgrkf/ okfpAA

fu#DrosnkÄõs Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwrfl¼kUr% 267

Hkwfefjfr oDrqa 'kD;rs] lEHkor% reoyEC;So ijofrZdkys Hkk"kkfpUruL; ijEijkfodflrk izrh;rsA

osns¿U;=kkfi dfri;s"kq eU=ks"kq ok.;k% xq.kku~] rL;k mPpkj.k&izfØ;sR;kn;ks¿filÄïsfrrk fo|UrsA1 brksI;f/oaQ] osQ"kqfpr~ eU=ks"o;efi lÄïsr miyH;rs] ;ÙknkuhUrusdkys O;oârHkk"kklq eU=kkfHkO;Dr;s ½f"kfHk% iz;qT;ek.kka Hkk"kka ekud:ikeqjjhÑR;rL;k fo'ys"k.kefi fØ;rs Le2 rFkk oSfndLrqfr"ofi rL;k O;ogkj% fØ;rs LeA3

^vO;kÑrHkk"kk;k O;kdj.kfeUnzs.kkfo"Ñrfefr*] ½XosnL; eU=kL;SdL; (3-34-10)Hkk";s osadVek/osukI;qfYyf[kre~A4 rs nsok bUnzeczwofÂeka uks okpa O;koqQohZfr*] rkfeUnzkseè;rks¿oØE; O;kdjksÙkLekfn;s O;kÑrk okxqP;rs* bR;qfYy[kUrh Ñ".k&;tqosZn&lafgrk¿firF;fena LiqQVa izek.k;frA5 eU=ks"osrs"ofHkO;Drkfu Jqfropukfu Li"Vr% lÄïsr;fUr] ;r~rkRdkfydk euhf"k.kks Hkk"kk;k vo;o:ikf.k lE;o~Qr;kocksf/roUr%] vfi p rs rL;kfo'ys"k.ks] lw{ekè;;us p izo`Ùkk vklu~A inkuka [k.M'kks foHkktus (O;kdj.ks) 'kCn&O;qRiÙ;FkZ×p] ewy/kRoFkZifjKkus¿Uos"k.ks ok rs"kka izo`fÙkjklhfnR;L; izHkwrlÄïsrk vfin`XiFkek;kfUrA mnkgj.kkFkZfeUnzL; Ñrs O;oârS% iqjUnj%* (½- 1-102-7_ 2-20-7_ 3-54-15_ 5-30-1_ 8-1-7&8 bR;kn;%) ^ijk"kkM~* (10-74-6) bR;kfnfHk% inS% LiqQVaizrh;rs] ;r~ 'kCn&jpuk;ka fo|eku&izÑfr&izR;;ks% ifjdYiu;k oSfnd&½"k;% iw.kZr%ifjfprk vklu~A ,rLekn~ O;frfjDre`Xosns ^f{k* bR;srLekn~/krksjf/dj.ks fu"iÂL;^f{kfr* bR;L; inL; fuoklkFksZ iz;ksx% (7-88-7)6] vFk p rLekr~ /krks% deZf.kfu"iÂL; ^f{kfr* bR;L; inL; 'kklukFksZ (5-37-4)7 iz;ksxks¿fi rF;fena lÄïsr;fr];nsdLeknso ewy/krksfuZ"iÂkuka inkuka fHkÂizR;;o'kkn~ fHkÂdkjdo'kk}k tkrL;kFkZxrHksn&L;kfi fo"k;s rs tkufUr LeA ,oa O;qRifÙkijdrÙokuka :ioSf'k"V~;fena oSfndxzUFks"kwÙk&jksÙkja LiqQV:is.k nz"Vqa 'kD;rsA brksI;f/oaQ osns 'kCnkuka inkuka ok lfEeJ.keiokjf;rqeFk

1- nz"VO;] ½-] 1-182-4_ 5-63-6_ 8-100-112- nz"VO;] ½-] 10-71-3 %

;Ksu okp% inoh;ek;u~ rkeUofoUnÂ`f"k"kq izfo"Vke~ArkekHk`R;k O;n/q% iq#=kk rka lIr jsHkk vfHk la uoUrsAA

3- ogh] 10-125-3 % vga jk"Vªh laxeuh olwuka fpfdrq"kh izFkek ;fK;kuke~A4- ogh] 3-34-10 in osadVHkk";&okp'pkO;kÑrk] fo&uquqns O;kpdkjA5- rSfÙk-la-] 6-4-7 %

okXoS ijkP;O;kÑrk¿Hkor~] rs nsok bUnzecwzofÂeka uks okpa O;koqQohZfr&&&&&rkfeUnzks eè;rks¿oØE; O;kdjksÙkLekfn;a O;kÑrk okxqP;rsA

6- ½-] 7-88-7 % /zqoklq Roklq f{kfr"kq f{k;Urks&&&&&A7- ogh] 5-37-4 %

u l jktk O;Fkrs ;fLefÂnzLrhoza lksea ficfr xksl[kk;e~AvlRouSjtfr gfUr o`=ka {ksfr f{krh% lqHkxks uke iq";u~AA

268 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

p inkuka ewyksPpkj.kL; laj{k.kkFk± inikBkfnfHkeZU=kxr&(okD;xr&) inkuka iFkDdj.ksi`Fko~QKkus ok ½f"kfHk;Z% iz;klks fofgr%] lks¿fi Hkk"kkfo'ys"k.kL; izkjfEHkoaQ izk;ksfxoaQp :ieklhfnfr Lohdrq± 'kD;rs] ;rksfg 'kCn&O;qRifÙk% leklfoxzg'pkL;k/kjks¿fLrAHkk"kk;k% rÙofo'ys"k.kL;kL; izo`Ùks% LiqQVks oSKkfud'p fodkl% f'k{kkxzUFks"kq] vFk pizkfr'kk[;xzUFks"kq n`Xxkspjh HkofUrA ,rs fo'olkfgR;s èofufoKkuL; izkphurek xzUFkk%lfUrA

osnxzUFkkukeuUrja Hkk"kk&fpUruL; fnukuqfnua o/Zekua dkfBU;a lek/krqeso lEHkor%Hkkjrh;SeZuhf"kfHkosZnkÄõkU;kfo"Ñrkfu vklu~A oLrqrLRosrs"kka 'kqHkkjEHkks osnL; lE;xocksèkuk;SoÑr vklhr~A osnkÄõs"osrs"kq ;kLdfojfpra fu#DrosnkÄõeI;sdefLr] ;L; Hkk"kk'kkL=kL;k&è;;u{ks=ks egnqi;ksfxRoa loZfofnresokfLrA LdUnLokfeu vkjH;k/qfudO;k[;ki¼rsjk&fo"dkjd&teZu&fo};Z&jkWFki;ZUreFk p rs"kkeuq;kf;u%] izk;% losZ osnHkk";dkjk fu#Dr&L;So :ifo'ks"ka rqyukRedHkk"kkfoKkuek/`R; osnkFkZizopua leqfpra eU;UrsA ik'pkÙ;&fonq"kks jkWFkegksnL; teZuegkdk'ks%*] vFk p xzklekuegksnL;* oSfnddks"k%* ;qxkuqowQyalkrR;a LFkki;UrkS] fu?k.VqladyuL;] vfi p rL;ksifj fu#DrO;k[;k;k% lkn`';aèkkj;UrkS izrh;srsA vk/qfudHkk"kkfoKkua nso'kkL=k×p oLrqrLrq vk/qfuoaQ fu#Dr'kkL=kesokfLrAvko';drkuqlkjs.kSrkfu 'kkL=kkf.k ,drks Hkk"kk'kkL=kh;&fpUruijEijk;k fodklL; Kkuadkj;fUr] vijr'p fodflrKkuL; ifjj{k.keFk pksi;ksxkuqowQya rL; izlk/ueqifn'kfUrAHkk"kk'kkL=kL; fodkls Lodh;i¼R;k% izfriknukr~] vfi pkxkfefonq"kka iFkizn'kZusulgSo egÙoiw.kZlkexzhiznkuknkpk;Z;kLdL; ;ksxnkua LrqR;esokfLrA ,rLekRdkj.kknsooSfndeU=ks"kq inkFkZKkuk; okD;kFkkZocks/uk; pkL; fu#DrxzUFkL;kR;qi;ksfxRoa lqfofnresoA1

;Fkk f'k{kk&xzUFkSjFk p izkfr'kk[;xzUFkSoSZfndinkuka 'kq¼:ikf.k leoLFkkrqa eguh;%iz;klks fofgr% rFkSo dkykUrjs rs"kka ewykFkZeoxUrqa lgk;xzUFk:is.k fu?k.VqukEuk 'kCndks'kkukafuekZ.ka izpfyre~A ,rs xzUFkk fo'oL;ksiyC/okÄ~e;s izkphurek% dks'kk% eU;UrsA 'kCn&foKkukFkZfoKku;ks'p izFke vkpk;ksZ ;kLd% ,rku~ fu?k.VqxzUFkkuf/ÑR; Loh;a izfl¼axzUFka fu#Dra* jfproku~A ;|fi ;kLdkRiwo± }kn'kfu#Drdkjk vklu~] ;s"kkeqYys[k% rsuLo;eso Ñr%] ijUrq foKkuL;kL;ksiyC/izkS<rek Ñfr;kZLdL; fu#DrxzUFk ,o] ;ksHkkjrh;Hkk"kk'kkL=kL; es#n.M% LohfØ;rsA fuoZpukRedi¼R;k 'kCnkuka ijks{kkfrijks{kkFkkZ.kk&eocks/dHkwrRoknsoS"k O;kdj.k'kkL=kL; iwjdxzUFkks¿ÄõhÑr%A2 vrks O;kdj.kL; dkRLU;Z&xzUFkHkwrRokfÂ#Drs O;kdj.kL; Hkk"kkfo"k;dL; ok osQ"kkf×pr~ rÙokuka lekos'kks¿uk;klsuSotkr%] ;Fkk&'kCnfuR;rk] inprq"V;e~] fuikrksilxkSZ] lokZf.k ukekU;k[;krtkfu] dkfufp&

1- fu#-] 1-15 %vFkkihneUrjs.k eU=ks"oFkZizR;;ks u fo|rsAvFkZeizfr;rks ukR;Ura LojlaLdkjksís'k%A

2- fu#-] 1-15 % rfnna fo|kLFkkua O;kdj.kL; dkRLU;± LokFkZlk/oaQ pA

nsok[;krtkfu ok] bR;knhfuA1 ,oekpk;Z;kLosQuSoknh fu#Drs Hkk"kkfo"kf;dh O;kidnf"V&#iLFkkfirkA Hkk"kk;k% ØfedfodklL;] rnqRifÙklajpukfo"k;s pkfLeu~ xzUFks izFkeaoSKkfudn'kk ehekalk Ñrk fo|rsA lEHkor% oSfndxzUFks"kq lÄïsfrra Hkk"kkijdeUrO;esok=k;kLdL; izsj.kk;k% dkj.ka izrh;rsA vkpk;Z'kkdVk;uL; ereqn~/jrkpk;Z;kLosQuSo fl¼kUr,"k% izfrikfnrks ;r~*A dLekPpu /krksjso 'kCnL; fu"ifrHkoZfr*A2 'kCnkuka fuoZpukFkZ&ekpk;sZ.kkusu o.kkZxeo.kZfoi;Z;&o.kZfodkj&o.kZuk'k&/kRoFkkZfr'k;;ksx:ioaQ i×pd&esrr~ izeq[k vk/kjks¿uqer%A3 izFke% izreks cHkwo* (fu- 2-22) bR;usu dFkusuklkosoknkSHkk"kkfoKkuL; ra fl¼kUra lÄïsfrroku~&] ;n~ èoU;kRedifjorZuo'kkÂwru'kCnkuka lf"V&HkZofr*] ijUrq Hkk"kkoSKkfud&fo'ys"k.ksu rL; 'kCnL; ewy:ia Kkrqa 'kD;rsA

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Hkk"kksRifÙk%

Hkk"kk;k mRifÙkfo"k;s fonq"kka erSD;a u fo|rsA Hkkjrh;&ijEijk;ka dfri;s fo}kal&'pSukeh'ojÑrka LohoqQoZfUr] osQpukU;s fo}kalLrq èousjL;k mRifÙka eU;Urs] vijs posQpukpk;kZ% Hkk"kk;k fodkloknfl¼kUresokL;k mRiÙks% dkj.keÄõhoqQoZQfUrA4 ijUrq fo"k;s¿&fLeÂkpk;Z;kLdL; erefrO;kogkfjoaQ izrh;rsA rnuqlkjs.k tkxfrdO;ogkjk;So yksosQoLrwuka ukedj.ka fØ;rs] ;rks áU;k% i¼r;% d"Vlkè;k% lfUr] vFkok lw{eHkkokukefHk&O;DrkoleFkkZ HkofUr_ vrks O;kidHkwrRokPNCnk ,o ljyr;k Hkkokuka oLrwuk×p

1- ,rnFkZ nz"VO; fu#Dr dk izFke vè;k;A2- fu-] 1-11 % r=k ukekfu vk[;krtkfu bfr 'kkdVk;u% uS#Drle;'pA3- dkf'kdkdkj (6-3-109) dk dFku &

o.kkZxeks o.kZfoi;Z;'p }kS pkijkS o.kZfodkjuk'kkSA/krksLrnFkkZfr'k;su ;ksxLrnqP;rs i×pfo/a fu#Dre~AA

4- nz"VO;] Taraporewala; Elements of the Science of language, Divine Theory,

Bow-bow Theory.

270 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

|ksrdk HkofUrA1 vkpk;Z;kLdL;kfHkersukusu LiqQVa izfrHkkfr] ;r~ ^Hkk"kk ekuoÑrkfo|rs u Roh'ojÑrsfr* rL; fu'p;%A LokfHkera n<hdÙkqZelkS iqu% roZQesdeqiLFkki;fr];fn O;kogj.ks izpfyrs Hkwrs lR;so dL;fpPNCnL; O;qRifÙk% fØ;rsA2 O;frfjDresrLekr~^inkU;k[;krtkuhfr* fl¼kUrks3¿ihRFka lÄïsr;fr ;n~ O;kikjk ,o (fØ;k ,o) 'kCnkuqn~&Hkko;fUrA izdkjkUrjs.k rF;fenesoa oDrqa 'kD;rs] ;r~ df'pPNCn% izFkea rkor~ fØ;k;k(O;kikjs.k) lEc¼ks Hkofr rnk izpfyrks HkofrA vrks ekuoO;kikjk% (fØ;k%) izFker%'kCnsu lEc¼k HkofUr psPNCnks¿;a èofuuk (O;×tu;k)] y{k.k;k :iosQ.k ok osQukfiizdkjs.k ok Lodh;eFk± izdV;sr~A

vkpk;Z;kLdks Hkk"kk;k mn~Hkofo"k;s¿uqdj.kfl¼kUrefi Lohdjksfr] ;ks orZekus;qxs Hkk"kkfoKkukUrjxrs èofu&vuqdj.k*:is.k izfl¼%A4 'kCns"ouqÑfrfl¼kUrks ukLrhfr*5

iwoZi{k:is.k&fu#Drs vkpk;kSZieU;oL; ereqn~/`R; vkpk;Z;kLd% rL; foijhra izk;%i{kh.kka ukekfu 'kCnkuqdj.k ,o fu/kZfjrkfu HkoUrhfr* Lodh;efHkereqiLFkki;frA6

Lodh;s fu#DrosnkÄõs¿U;=kkfi ;kLosQu 'kCnkuqÑfrfl¼kUr% dfri;'kCnkukeqRifÙkdkj.kaLohÑr%A7 ;kLdknuUrjekpk;Zikf.kfujI;O;Drèoukouqdj.kfl¼kUra LohdjksfrA8 vusuizdkjs.kkpk;ksZ ;kLdks euq";k.kka fØ;k (O;kikjkn~) ,o 'kCnksRifÙke~ vÄõhdjksfrA Hkk"kk&foKkuL;sfrgkls fl¼kUr ,"k Hkk"kksRiÙkseZwyHkwrfl¼kUr bfr oDrqa 'kD;rs] ;% leqfpr&lk/ukHkkokr~ rnkuhUrus dkys u fodflrks¿Hkor~A

èofu&foKkue~

Hkk"kkfoKkuL;kÄõesoaQ èofufoKkuefLr] ;fLeu~ èofu&ifjorZuL; fofHkÂ&fu;ekukafl¼kUrkuka ok foospua HkofrA fu#Dr'kkL=kL;kè;;usuSoa Kk;rs ;ÙkfLeu~ lqnwjs dkys¿fi&vkpk;Z;kLdks u osQoya èofu&ifjorZuL; fl¼kUra tkukfr Le] izR;qr fo"k;s¿fLeu~rL; fujh{k.keR;Ura egÙoiw.kZeFk pk/qfudHkk"kkfoKkuL;kuqlU/kukuka loZFkkuqowQya orZrsArnuqlkja èofu"kq tk;ekukfu ifjorZukU;srkfu lfUr &

1- fu-] 1-2 % O;kfIreRokÙkq 'kCnL;A v.kh;LRokPp 'kCnsu laKkdj.ka O;ogkjkFk± yksosQArqyuh;] dkO;kn'kZ] 1-2% bneU/re% ÑRLua tk;sr Hkqou=k;e~A

;fn 'kCnkà;a T;ksfrjklalkja u nhI;rsAA2- fu-] 1-14 % Hkofr fg fu"iÂs vfHkO;kgkjs ;ksxifjf"V%A3- ogh] 1-12 % r=k ukekfu vk[;krtkfu bfr 'kkdVk;u% uS#Drle;'pA4- nz"VO;] Dr. Gune : Comperative Philoslogy, p.17

5- fu-] 3-18 % u 'kCnkuqÑfrfoZ|r bR;kSieU;o%A6- ogh] 3-18 % dkd bfr 'kCnkuqÑfr%] rfnna 'koqQfu"kq cgqye~A7- ogh] 5-22 % fdro% foaQ rokLrhfr 'kCnkuqÑfr%A8- v"Vk-] 5-4-57 % vO;Drkuqdj.kkn~ };tojkA

(I) vkfnLoyksi%

yksiks¿;a Lojk?kkro'kkn~ Hkofr] ;rks fg dfLeaf'pr~ Lojs cyfo'ks"kkn~ cyk?kkro'kk}kLojk.kkeijk.kkeqPpkj.kyksiks HkofrA ¶vFkkfi vLrs% fuo`fÙkLFkkus"kq vkfnyksiksHkofr¸1 bR;qDRokpk;Z;kLdks fu#Drs¿L; lÄïsra Ñroku~A

(II) eè;eLojyksi%

vkpk;ksZ ;kLd% yksiesueqi/kyksi2 bfr mDRok lÄïsfrroku~] ;Fkk tXerq%(√xe~>tXerq%)] tXeq% (√xe~>tXeq%) bfrA

(III) vUrLojyksi%

vkpk;Z;kLdL; ers yksiks¿;a ;ksxkReoaQ ifjorZuefLrA ¶vFkkfi vUryksiksHkofr]3 ;Fkk xRok] xre~ (√xe~>xRok] xre~) bR;usu opusu fu#Drs¿L;ksYys[kksfo|rsA

(IV) vkfnfoi;Z;%

yksis¿fLeu~ o.kkZukea'kr% lehdj.kea'kr'p fo"kehdj.ka HkofrA vkpk;Z;kLd%¶vFkkI;kfnfoi;Z;ks Hkofr] ;Fkk T;ksfr% ?ku¸4 (√|qr~>T;ksfr%_ √gu~>?ku%)bR;usu dFkusuSua lÄïsr;frA

(V) vk|Urfoi;Z;%

èofu&ifjorZuesrn~ ^o.kZfoi;Z;* bR;qP;rsA ¶vFkkI;k|Urfoi;Z;ks HkofrLrksd% jTtq% fldrk bfr¸5 mDRok fu#Drs ;kLosQu ifjorZuesrr~ lÄïsfrre~] ;Fkk&√Jqr~>Lrksd%_ √l`t~>jTtq%_ √dl~>fldrk] bR;kn;%A

(VI) eè;eLojkxe% (LojHkfDr%)

vkpk;ksZ ;kLd% ifjorZuesua o.kksZitufefr dFk;frA6 ;|fi èofuifjorZuesrr~inL; eè;s LojkxeL;So fo/kua djksfr] ijUrq O;×tukukekxeks¿I;L;kUrxZrs lekfgrksfo|r bfr fo}kal% LohoqQoZfUrA ;Fkk&√vl~>vkLFkkr~_ √o`>}kj%_ √HkzLt~>Hk:tvFkok Lo.kZ%>lqo.kZ bR;kn;%A

1- fu-] 2-12- ogh] 2-13- ogh] 2-14- ogh] 2-15- fu] 2-16- ogh] 2-1 % vFkkfi o.kksZitu% vkLFkkr~] }kj%] Hk:tk bfrA

272 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

(VII) lEizlkj.ke~

;~] o~] j~ izHkR;/ZLojk.kka LFkkus Øe'k% b] m] ½ bfr ifjorZua lEizlkj.keqP;rsA1

èofu&ifjorZuL;kusu fof/uk¿fi ;kLd% iw.kZr% ifjfpr vklhr~A fo"k;s¿fLeu~ fu#DrsizdkjkUrjs.k rsuksDra ;|=k LojknO;ofgrks¿UrLFko.kkZ% (;~] j~] y~] o~) /krksjUrfLFkZrkfo|Urs] r=k f}izÑrhuka ('kCnkuka) LFkkua Hkofr2] ;Fkk & bf"V% (√;t~>bf"V%)_ mQfr%(√vo~>mQfr%)_ e`nq% (√ezn~>e`nq%)_ i`Fkq% (√izFk~>i`Fkq%) bR;kn;%A

vusuizdkjs.k èofu&ifjorZuL; fofHkÂkfHk% jhfrfHk% lqfoKks ;kLd% Lodh;fu#Dr&osnkÄõL; f}rh;s¿è;k;s fo"k;s¿fLeu~ lE;Xr;k fufnZ'kfrA vk/qfuosQ Hkk"kkfoKkusèofuifjorZuesrr~ f}fo/a foosfpre~ & (i) Lo;eqRiÂa ifjorZueFk p (ii) ijksRiÂaifjorZue~A vkpk;ksZ ;kLd% ifjorZueqHk;a lksnkgj.ka foosfproku~A

:i&foKkue~ (Morphology)

'kCn&jpukHkk"kkfoKkus fo'ks"ka LFkkua Hktrs] ;rks fg 'kCnSjso okD;jpuk Hkofr]okD;L; p lokZf.k inkfu ijLija la;kstf;rqes"kq ('kCns"kq) lEcU/rÙoL;ko';drkorZrs] rnk rs ('kCnk%) okD;s"kq iz;qT; okD;kFk± izdk'k;fUrA ,rLekRdkj.kknso rs"kq:iifjorZua HkofrA 'kCnkuka rs"kka fofHkÂ:ik.kkeè;;ueso :ifoKkueqP;rsA vkpk;Z;kLdL;fu#Drs¿fi rRdkyL; fodflr:ifoKkuL; ifjp;% izkI;rsA

fu#DrosnkÄõs inkuka fuoZpuizlÄõs rs"kka izÑfr&izR;;:ikuo;oku~ foHkT;]rs"kkeo;okukeFkkZuqlkja leqnk;:is.k inkukeFkkZocks/ mifn"V%A vkpk;Z;kLdks ukek[;krksi&lxZfuikrk'psfr prq"kqZ leqnk;s"kq 'kCnkuka oxhZdj.ka Ñroku~A3 prq"osZrs"kq oxsZ"kq losZ'kCnk% lekfgrk fo|UrsA vYila[;krÙoknqilxkZ fuikrk'p u osQoya rsu ifjxf.krk%]lE;x~ foosfprk'pkfiA4 :i&ifjorZua ifjHkkf"krqekpk;Z;kLosQu ^O;;fefr 'kCnksAO;oâr%] vFk p ;s"kq 'kCns"kq :iifjorZua lEHkkO;a] rs 'kCnk% rsu n`"VO;;fefr insulÄïsfrrk%A5 prqoZxsZH;ks¿of'k"Vk% 'kCnk vO;;kfu bR;lkS LohdjksfrA Hkk"kk;ka izeq[kaeU;ekukuka ukek[;krinkuka (laKkfØ;kinkuka) :iifjorZuL;k/kj% rs"kq fo|ekua lEcUèk&rÙoesokfLrA rnuqlkja fyÄõ&opu&dkjdk.;k/R; laKk&(uke)&inL; foHkfDrfuekZ.keFkp fØ;kinL; dky&opu&iq#"ksR;s"kka |ksruek=keso lEcU/&rÙoL; izeq[ka dk;± HkofrA

1- v-] 1-1-45 % bX;.k% lEizlkj.ke~A2- fu-] 2-2 %

rn~ ;=k LojknuUrjkUrLFkkUr/kZrq Hkofr] rn~ f}izÑrhuka LFkkufefr izfn'kfUrA3- fu-] 1-1 % r|kU;srkfu pRokfj intkrkfu ukek[;krs pksilxZfuikrk'pA_ n"VO;%

ogh] 1-12 % bfr bekfu pRokfj &&&&A4- ogh] 1-3&11 iknA5- ogh] 1-8 % rRdFke~ vuqnkÙkizÑfr uke L;kr~\ n`"VO;;a rq HkofrA

;kLdL; fu#Dr&xzUFks laKk'kCnku~ izfr lEcU/rÙoL;ksi;q ZDrkfu lokZf.kdk;kZf.k lÄïsfrrkfu fo|UrsA xzUFks¿fLeu~ LFkys"ousosQ"oequk 'kCnrks foHkDrhuk1eFk popukuk2eqYys[k% Ñr%A fu#DrL; lIres¿è;k;s rq lokZ foHkDr; mfYyf[krk% lfUrA3

fØ;kinkuka lEcU/rÙoL; ppkZ LiqQV:is.k fu#Drs u n`XxkspjhHkofr] ijUrq izFke&eè;e&mÙkesfr =k;k.kka iq#"kk.kka ukEuksYys[k miyH;rsA4 dkyL; fo"k;s ;|fi ;kLdks/`rekSuks n`';rs] ija rs"kka iz;ksxS% LiqQVa Kk;rs ;r~ fØ;k;k vL; rÙoL;kI;lkS foKvklhr~A

,rLekn~ O;frfjDra 'kCnkuka la;ksxsu tkrkuka leLrinkuka fo"k;s¿I;kpk;Z;kLosQufopkfjre~A Li"Vr% rsu LohÑra ;r~ 'kCnjpuk f}fo/k fo|rs & (i) izFke%èkkrksfuZ"iÂk% 'kCnk% (ii) f}rh;'p iwoZfu"iÂ'kCnS% iqufuZ"iÂk% 'kCnk%A vkpk;Z;kLosQuSrs'kCnk% Øe'k% ^Ñr~* & ^rf¼r* bR;fHk/kusukfHkfgrk orZUrsA rf¼r'kCnkukesrs"kkafuoZpufo"k;s¿lkofrlroZQ% izfrHkkfr] rLekr~dkj.kkÙkq leLrinkukesrkn'kk.kka fuoZpukFkZeusufo/kuesoaQ lEikfnra] ;r~ lekl&foxzgs.kknkS inkfu i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q ÑRok] rnk rs"kkafuoZpua dÙkZO;fefrA5

,oa 'kCnkuka oxZprq"V;a] ukeinkuka foHkfDr%] opueFk p fØ;kinkuka iq#"k]bR;kfn&lEcU/rÙosH;ks tk;ekukuka dk;kZ.kka lÄïsra oqQoZrkpk;Z;kLosQu rkRdkfydL;:i&foKkuL; ifjp;ksifLFkkfir%A oS;kdj.kk vfi infoHkkxkfnfHk% loZFkk¿fHkKkvklu~A ;|fi ;kLdÑrL; inprq"V;L; lÄïsr vkpk;Zikf.kfuuk u Ñr%] ijUrq rL;lw=ks"kq lkekU;r;k 'kCnkuka pRokjks Hksnk miyH;UrsA ¶pRokfj Ük`Äõk =k;ks¿L;iknk%¸(½- 4-58-3) vfi p ¶pRokfj oko~Q ifjferk inkfu¸ (½- 1-164-45)bR;u;kseZU=k;ksO;kZ[;kizlÄõs egkHkk";dkjs.k ir×tfyuk¿fi inkukesrs pRokj% leqnk;kuker mfYyf[krk% lfUrA6 ¶pRokfj oko~Q ifjferk-¸ (½- 1-164-45) bR;L;

1- ogh] 1-17 %^nwrks fu½ZR;k bnektxke* & i×pE;FkZizs{kk ok "k"B~;FkZizs{kk ok vk% dkjkUre~A*ijksfu½ZR;k vk p{o*& prqF;ZFkZizs{kk ,sdkjkUre~A

2- ogh] 2-24 %vfi f}or vfi cgqor~A r|r~ f}or~ mifj"Vkr~ rn~O;k[;kL;ke%A vFk ,rn~ cgqorA

3- ogh] 7-1 % r=k ijks{kÑrk% lokZfHk% ukefoHkfDrrfHk% ;qT;ursA4- ogh] 7-1 % izFkeiq#"kS'p vk[;krL;A_

ogh] 7-2 % vFk izR;{kÑrk% eè;eiq#"k;ksxk%A_ogh] 7-2 % vFk vkè;kfReD;% mÙkeiq#"k;ksxk%A

5- fu-] 2-2 %vFk rf¼rlekls"kq ,dioZlq p vusdioZlq p iwo± iwoZe~ vijeija izfoHkT; fuczwZ;kr~A

6- v"Vk-] 1-1-1] iLi'kkfÉd % pRokfj Ük`Äõkf.k&intkrkfu ukek[;krksilxZfuikrk'pA

274 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

eU=kL; O;k[;k;kekpk;Z;kLosQukfi inkuka prq"kqZ oxsZ"kq foHkktufeR;fLeu~ fo"k;s oS;kdj.kkukaereqn~/re~A1 ,oeso inkuka prq"kqZ oxsZ"kq foHkktua uS#Drk oS;kdj.kk'pksHkkoso LohoqQoZfUr];r~ rRdkyhu:ikfoKkuL; ifjp;eqiLFkki;frA

vFkZfoKkue~ (Semantics)

foKkuesrr~ 'kCnkFkZ;ks% Lo:ieFk p r;ks% ikjLifjdlEcU/ku~ foosp;frAHkkjrs¿FkZrÙoL;kè;;uekpk;Z;kLosQuSo izorZrs] ;rks áFkZfoKkueso rL; fu#Dr'kkL=kL;k&/kjHkwfe%A foKkufenek/`R;So rL; fu#DreFkZehekalka izLrkSfrA rnuUrja oS;kdj.kkuka]uS;kf;dkuka ehekaldkuka p nk'kZfud&foospusu foKkuesrr~ izkSf<a xre~A lEHkor%,rLekRdkj.kkr~ izFkesukFkZfonkpk;Z;kLosQu fu#Drs¿Fk p egkoS;kdj.ksukpk;Zir×tfyukegkHkk";s¿frxHkhjS% 'kCnSfjneqDra] ;nFkZfoKkufojfgra 'kCnKkua rFkSo izfrHkka dnkfiizdk'kf;rqe{kea Hkofr ;Fkk vXU;Hkkos 'kq"oSQU/ks ukfXua izTTokfyrqa l{keks HkofrA2

rF;esrr~ izdkjkUrjs.kksiLFkki;rkpk;Z;kLosQu iquoSZfnd½f"klEera eresrnfHkO;Dra ;nFkZ&rÙoflf¼a fouk lexzosnkuka Kku&foKkukuka okè;;ua rFkk fujFkZoaQ Hkofr] ;Fkk osn'kkL=kL;'kCnHkkjgkjL; xnZHk#ituL; 'kCnHkkjogua O;Fk± HkofrA ijURosrn~ foijhreFkZrÙofonkstuks Kkusu Loh;ku~ ikiku~ lokZu~ fouk'; loZfo/eÄõya izkIuksfr] LoxZyksd×pxPNfrA3 brksI;f/dekpk;Z;kLdL; fu#DrL; rq osnkFkZizdk'kueso izFkea iz;kstuefLr]4

vfi pkFkZKkua fouk 'kCnjpuk] 'kCno.kZxrlaLdkjknhuka dk;± dFkefi Kkrqa u 'kD;rbfr rL; n`<ks fo'okl%A5

'kCnkukeFkZrÙofpUrus opu};L;kL; fo'ks"kr% egÙoa orZrs & (i) izFke%osQufpPNCnsu dL;fpfÂf'prkFkZL; cks/ue~ (ii) f}rh;'pkFkZL; ifjorZufefrA vu;ks&oZpu;ks% izFkeL; Kkuekpk;Z;kLdL; ^fu?k.Vq* bR;L; 'kCnL; fuoZpusuSo izkIrqa'kD;rsA6 brksI;f/oaQ ;kLdiznÙkkfu izk;% lokZf.k fuoZpukU;L;ksnkgj.kkfu lfUr] ;rksfg

1- fu-] 13-9 % ukek[;krs pksilxZfuikrk'psfr oS;kdj.kk%A2- fu-] 1-18 %

;n~ x`ghrefoKkra fuxnsuSo 'kC|rsAvuXukfoo 'kq"oSaQ/ks u rTToyfr dfgZfpr~AA

3- ogh] 1-18 %LFkk.kqj;a Hkkjgkj% fdykHkwn/hR; osna u fotkukfr ;ks¿;Ze~A;ks¿FkZK bRldya Hknze'uqrs ukdesfr Kkufo/wrikEikAA

4- ogh] 1-15 % vFkkihneUrjs.k eU=ks"oFkZizR;;ks u fo|rsA5- ogh] 1-15 % vFkZeizfr;rks ukR;Ura LojlaLdkjksís'k%A6- ogh] 1-1 %

fu?k.Vo% dLekr~ fuxek bes HkofUr&AfuxUro ,o lUrks fuxeukr~ fu?k.Vo mP;Urs bR;kSieU;o%A

'kCnk% /krqfHk% lEc¼k fo|Urs¿Fk p /krksjsokFk± /kj;fUr (&vFkZ/kjdk HkofUr)Avkpk;Z;kLdL; ers fuoZpui¼frLrq 'kCnkuka O;k[;k;k ,oaQ lk/uesokfLrA dL;fpnfi'kCnL; ewys df'pn~ /krqHkZofr] vfi p /krquk lg inkFkZL;kusdfo/% lEcU/ks Hkforqa'kD;r* bfr rL; izeq[k% fl¼kUr%A ,rLekRdkj.kknlkS 'kCnL; ewys fo|ekuk;k%fØ;k;k (/krks%) fofHkÂku~ i{kkuf{ky{;hÑR; rL; ('kCnL;) fofHkÂk O;k[;k%L;qfjR;qfpreeU;r rnuqlkja p O;k[;k vfi Ñroku~A mnkgj.kkFk± xkSjkfnR;&|q&vkfn&ukeinkuka fuoZpukfu nz"VO;kuhfrA1 'kCnkukeusdkukferjsrj;ks% izfo"VsukI;sud'kks uwruk%'kCnk% lajP;UrsA vkpk;Z;kLd% rs"kka i`Fko~Q&i`Fkxo;okukeocks/us¿fi leFkkZ vklhr~A,rnFkZe~&vlqj% (3-8) fdehfnu~ (6-2)] dhdV% (6-32)] 'eJq% (3-5) bR;knhuka'kCnkuka ;kLdÑrkfu fuoZpukfu nz"VO;kfu lfUrA

Hkk"kkfoKkusukFkZifjorZuL; f=kÏks¿oLFkk% fuf'prk% Ñrk% & (1) ladkspue~](2) foLrkj.keFk p (3) iw.kZifjorZue~A vkpk;Z;kLosQu fo"k;s¿fLeu~ LiqQV:is.kfdefi uksDre~] ijUrq fu#Drs rsukFkZifjorZuL; dkj.kkfu ins&ins lÄïsfrrkfuA rL;kfHkers:ideqiek (lkn`';a) rf¼riz;ksx'psR;srkU;sokFkZifjorZuL; izeq[kkfu dkj.kkfu lfUrA,rnFk± lkn';k; d{;k* (v'oL; jlusfr) & bR;usu 'kCnsuk'oL; d{ksu layXuHkwr&RoknL;kSiE;su euq";L; d{kokpd% ^d{k*&'kCnL;kFkksZ2¿fi p i'kks% prq.kk± iknkukalkn`';su prqFkZHkkxL; |ksrd% îkn*&'kCnL;kFkksZ nz"VO;%A3 ,oeso rf¼riz;ksxs ^xkS*bR;L; 'kCnL;&i`Foh&xks&xksnqX/&xkspeZ&/uqT;kZ&bR;kn;ks¿FkkZ vL;ksnkgj.k:is.k nz"Vqa'kD;k%A iw.kkZFkZifjorZuL; Ñrs¿L;ksnkgj.k:is.k ^xkS* bR;sreso 'kCna xzghrqa 'kD;rs];nkusu lw;ZL;] pUnzel% j'eh.kkeqr ok loZfo/kuka j'eh.kkeocks/ks HkofrA4 brksI;fèkd&ekpk;Z ;kLosQu dL;kfi 'kCnL;kFkZ}; mRd"kZL;kid"kZL; pkfi ppkZ ÑrkA ,rnFksZôqQpj%* bR;L; 'kCnL; Ksu Ñrk O;k[;k nz"VO;k orZrs] ;=kksHk;ksjFkZ;ks% (mRd"kkZi&d"kZ;ks%) lekos'k% Ñrks¿fLrA oU;i'kksokZposQ oqQpj'kCns rq ôqQ* bR;L;kFkZ% oqQfRlr,okfLr] ijUrq nsork;k okposQ oqQpj'kCnL; ¶Dok;a u pjfr¸ bR;FkZ% oqQoZÂ=k oqQ*bR;L; ^Do* bR;fLeu~ :is fodklks tkr%] ; mRd"kkZfHk/k;dks orZrsA5 ,oesofu#DrL; lIres¿è;k;s tkrosnl~* oS'okuj'pku;ks;ZFkkFkkZUos"k.ks¿fi vkèkqfudkuqlUèkkuL;

1- nz"VO;] fu-] 2-5] 2-6 (xkS)_ 2-13 (vkfnR;)_ 1-6 (|q%)A2- fu-] 2-2 %

d{;k jTtq% v'oL;A d{ka lsorsA&&&& rRlkekU;kr~ euq";d{k% cgqewylkekU;kr~v'oL;A

3- ogh] 2-7 % &&i'kqiknizÑfr% izHkkxikn%A izHkkxiknlkekU;kr~&&A4- nz"VO;] fu-] 2-6&7_ 2-14 vkfnA5- fu- 1-20 %

oqQpj% bfr pjfrdeZ oqQfRlre~A vFk psr~ nsorkfHk/kua] Do v;a u pjfr bfrA

276 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

fu;ekuka iz;ksxa oqQoZrkpk;Z;kLosQuku;ksokZLrfodkFkZ% ikfFkZokfXufjfr fuf'pr%A1 ,oalEiw.kZfu#DrL;kyksMusukFkZfoKkufo"k;dkU;usdkfu ewyHkwrrF;kfu izdk'kUrsA

,oekpk;Z;kLdL; fu#DrxzUFks foosfprkuka Hkk"kkfoKkufo"k;dkukeqi;qZDrkuka fofHkÂ&rÙokuka ifj'khyusu LiqQVa izfrHkkfr ;r~ fl¼kUrn'kkFkp O;ogkjn'kkfi rsu èofufoKkuL;oSKkfuoaQ fo'ys"k.ka Ñre~A vususRFka izrh;rs ;ÙkfLeu~ lqnwjs dkys¿fi ;kLd% vkèkqfud&Hkk"kk&foKkuL; ewyHkwrfl¼kUrS% iw.kZr;k lqifjfpr vklhr~A vfLeu~ fo"k;s rL; Kku&ekèkR; dFkuesrnfr'k;ksfDriw.k± u Hkfo";fr ;n~ Hkk"kkfoKkuL; fuoZpui¼fr% fu#DrL;kL;fo"k;L;SdL;kÄõL; 'kCnfuoZpuL;So foLrkj% izrh;rs¿Fk p Hkk"kkfoKkuL;kFkZfoKkui¼fr&fuZ#DrL;kijL;kÄõL;kFkZfuoZpuL;So foLrkj% izfrHkkfr] ;;ks% lafgrklq] czkã.kkfn"kqxzUFks"kwiyC/'kCnkFkZcks/L; i¼freoyEC; fl¼kUr:is.kksiLFkkiuk Ñrk fo|rsAHkk"kkfoKkuL; fofo/èofufu;ek vfi ;kLdL; o.kkZxe&o.kZfodkjkfnèofufu;ekukeso;qxkuqowQya O;kidks foLrkj bfr izrh;UrsA oLrqrLrq Hkk"kk&foKkufo"k;dL;kpk;Z;kLdL;kL;KkuL;kyksd bnefi oDrqa 'kD;rs ;n~ Hkk"kk;k% ifjorZuL; fodklL; pSrLeknf/oaQLiqQVa oSKkfud×pksnkgj.ka rfLeu~ ;qxs loZFkkyH;eklhfnR;yefrfoLrjs.kA

1- nz"VO;] fu- 9-19&22 ([k.M)A

( 277 )

vU;ksU;kJ;nks"k% rRifjgkjksik;%& MkW- iznhioqQekj&ik.Ms;%

lgk;dkpk;Z] jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~]Hkksikyifjlj%] eè;izns'k%

vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kizlÄõs lekxrL; vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kL;(fl¼kUrdkSeqnh&izkS<euksjek&y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj&egkHkk";eknk;) fuokj.kalfo'kna ÑrfefrA

y{;rs Kk;rs¿ususfr O;qRiR;k y{k/krks% dj.ks Y;qV~izR;;s Ñrs lfr fu"i|rsy{k.k'kCn%A y{k1 /krq'pkFkZ};a fo|rsA n'kZukFksZ] vÄïukFksZ pA r=k n'kZu:ieFkZeknk;Sofu"ik|ks y{k.k'kCn%A n'kZu×pk=k Kkue~A Kkua f}fo/a lkekU;fo'ks"k;ksHksZnkr~A r=k Kku&lkekU;eso foo{;rsA vrks iQyfr ;r~ ;su dL;fpRinkFkksZ yf{krks Hkofr rYy{k.ke~AvFkok O;ogkjfu;keoaQ y{k.ke~A vFkok KkutudKkufo"k;Roa y{k.kRoe~A2 ij×p l,o fu;e% y{k.kinokP;ks Hkofr ;ks nks"k'kwU;ks HkofrA y{k.kL;kO;kIR;kn;% uo nks"kk%HkofUrA rs"kq nks"ks"oU;ksU;kJ;ksI;sdks nks"k%A l% nks"kks¿fi ;fn y{k.ks Hkofr rnk rYy{k.kau KkutuoaQ HkofrA

vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kLo:ie~

vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kLo:iKkuk; vkpk;ZcnzhukFk'kqDyegksn;suksDra ;r~µijLijkis{kRo&eU;ksU;kJ;Roe~A vFkkZr~ KkrO;fo"k;};L; LoKkuk; ijLijKkulkis{krsfrA 'kkL=kh;&Hkk"kk;keL; Lo:ia fo|rs ;r~ Loxzglkis{kxzglkis{kxzgfo"k;Roe~3A ;Fkk osQufpr~xkSyZ{;rs ;r~ lkLukfneku~ xkS%] iqu'p lkLukKkuk; y{k.ka Ñra ;r~ xksxyyEcdk;peZ&iqVde~A v=k fg xkso`fÙklkLuky{k.keU;ksU;kJ;nks"kxzLrks HkofrA ;rksá=k KkrO;};e~A,dk y{;Hkwrk xkS%] vijk y{k.kHkwrk lkLukA ,r;ks% lkLukKkua xksKkueis{krs] xksyZ{k.kRokr~A

1- pqjkfnx.kifBr/krqla[;k 1538-2- (y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj%) ¶bRFka Hkwry{k.ks lw=kL;] vfHkuopfUnzdk VhdkA3- ekFkqjhi×py{k.kh ia cnzhukFk'kqDyÑr&Hkwfedk i`"Bla[;k 203] izdk'kd% jktLFkkue~

fgUnhxzUFkvdkneh] t;iqjizdk'kue~laLdj.ke~ 1984

278 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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pkS[kEckfo|kHkoue~] laLdj.ke~ 19995- (y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj%) ¶bRFka Hkwry{k.ks lw=kL;] vfHkuopfUnzdk Vhdk6- ik-lw- 01@03@037- oSÕ;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh&laKkizdj.ke~] i`- la[;k 05] izdk'kd% pkS[kEHkklqjHkkjrh]

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01 ,dns'kL;ko`fÙk%&

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02 ,d'ks"k%&

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03 rU=ke~&

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05 ;ksxfoHkkx%&

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1- ik- lw- 01@03@02

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01 ,dns'kL;ko`fÙk%&

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1- ik- lw- 06@01@942- ik- lw- 06@01@953- 01@01@01

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1- izkS<euksjeklaKkizdj.k] i`"B la[;k 19] izdk'kd pkS[kEHkk laLÑr laLFkku okjk.klh]laLdj.k f}rh;] izdk'ku lu~ foØe lEor~ 2051

2- 01@01@49 ik- lw=k Hkk";] i`"Bla[;k 4093- ik- lw- 02@04@524- ik- lw- 05@02@94

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02 ,d'ks"k%&

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1- ik- lw- 04@01@82

284 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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03 rU=ke~&

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1- ik- lw- 01@01@592- ik- lw- 01@01@59 rRlw=kHkk"; i`"Bla[;k 502] izdk'kd pkS[kEHkk laLÑr izfr"Bku]

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1- ik- lw- 08@02@232- ik- lw- 07@01@1403- ik- lw- 03@03@764- 08@02@235- 08@03@25

286 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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1- 07@01@40 ik- lw- Hkk";oSQÕ;V

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1- ik- lw- 03@02@1182- ik- lw- 03@02@1193- ik- lw- 03@02@1204- ik- lw- 03@02@1215- ik- lw- 03@02@122

288 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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05 ;ksxfoHkkx%&

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1- ik- lw- 07@03@56

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1- ik- lw- 01@01@472- 07@04@47 ik- lw- Hkk";

290 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

vkdkjLFkkus rdkjks HkorhR;qDRok fopkfjra ;r~ nks% bfr "k"BÔUra ine~] vyks¿UR;L;1*bfr lw=ks.kkUR;L;So lEHkos rnFkZekdkjxzg.ka uko';de~A uuq vkdkjxzg.kkHkkos ufl¼~;fr] rLekfnR;qÙkjL;* vkns% ijL;* bfr ifjHkk"k;k ndkjL; fl¼Rokr~A uk;a nks"k%^vL; PokS2* bfr lw=kkndkj vuqorZrs] vr vdkjL;So Hkfo";rhfr fopkÕ;ksZDra ;r~¶;|o.kZxzg.keuqorZrs rnk n‰kos nks"kks Hkfo";fr3¸ ;rksfg nks nn~?kks%4* bfr lw=kL;kinks¿;e~A¶vp milxkZÙk%¸ mRlxkZiokn;ks% lekuopudRofu;e bfr fl¼kUrsu nnkns'kks¿I;dkj&L;So L;kr~A vkdkjL; nnkns'ks nÙke~] bR;=k la;ksxkfn% Jw;srA nks"kks¿;a lekxrs lekèkk&uk;ksDra ;r~ ¶,oa rfgZ o{;kfe nks nn~?kksfjfr¸ nks ; vdkj% rL;k‰ofrA rr% vpmilxkZÙk% vLR;soA ,oefi lw=kHksnks Ñrks HkofrA uklkS lw=kHksn% lw=kHksneqipjfUr ;=krnso lw=keU;r~ fØ;rs] Hkw;ks ok] ;fn rnsoksila?k`R; fØ;rs uklkS lw=kHksn%5¸ v;a Hkko%lks U;kl ,o lw=kHksnRosu O;oâ;rs ;=k rRlekua ifjorZua fo/k;kija lw=ka HkofrA vFkokikf.kfufufeZrlw=kLFkkus ikf.kU;is{k;k nh?kksZ U;klks Hkofr] ;Fkk ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld%*bfr lw=kLFkkus mins'kus¿tuqukfld%*A ;fn rnso lw=ka laf{kIrks Hkofr rnk l% lw=kHksnksnks"kk/k;dks u HkofrA izÑr bneso tkre~A uuq vÄõs"kq iz/kuO;kdj.kL;kè;;uL; iQya};e~] ,oaQ 'kCnlk/qRolEiknue~] vija ikjk;.ktU;kn`"Vflf¼% lw=kHksns 'kCnlkèkqRo&lEiknua rq Hkfo";fr fdUrq ikjk;.ktU;a ;nn`"ViQya rRiQykizkIrsfjfr psÂA vÄõkuka;Fkk lEHko ,o n"ViQy}kjSokn"VkFkZrk Hkofr] ;rksfg ;fn osnkÄõkuka ek=kkn"VkFkSZo L;kr~rnk cgq"kq LFkys"kq 'kCnlk/qRolEiknuk; Hkk";dkjs.kÑriz;kl vuFkZd% L;kr~] rLekr~n`"V}kjSokn`"VkFkZRoa dYiuh;eÄõkuke~A ,o×p izÑrs] vikf.kuh;Ro:iks nks"kks ukfLrAèofur×psna uklkS lw=kHksn% bfr nks"kk;¸ bfr Hkk";s.kA rPpsRFke~µvL; Hkk";L;snesorkRi;± ;r~ ;=k yk?koks Hkofr r=k lw=kHksnks nks"ktudks u HkofrA ;fn yk?ko:in"ViQy&lRos¿I;n"VL; gkfu% L;kr~ rns;a Hkk";ksfDrjsdi{kh;k L;kr~A rLekRn"ViQylRo vn"Vgkfu%u gkfudj%A v;a fu"d"kZ%] vkuqiwfoZfHkÂRos¿fi ;fn n"ViQya izkI;rs rnk rnn"ViQyefifo|r bfr Lohdj.kh;%A n`"V}kjSokÄõkuken`"ViQya Hkorhfr Lohdkjknso Hkk";Ñrkikf.kfulw=kk.kka rn~?kVdinkuka ok oSÕ;FkkZifÙkekik| (KkidijoaQ) uSdk% ifjHkk"kk%Kkfirk% rTKkidijHkk";L;ksPNsnks u Hkofr] vU;Fkk vn"ViQykFk± lw=kk.kka rn~?kVdinkukaok¿ok';dRosu r}SÕ;FkZekik| Ñra KkiuelÄõra L;kr~A ;Fkk ¶vH;klL;klo.ksZ6¸ bfrlw=k?kVelo.kZine~ ¶ok.kkZnkÄõa cyh;%¸ bfr ifjHkk"kk;k% KioaQ HkofrA b.k~ /krks% fyV~

1- ik- lw- 01@01@522- ik- lw- 07@04@323- 07@04@47 ik- lw- Hkk";4- ik- lw- 07@04@465- 06@04@78 ik- lw- Hkk";6- ik- lw- 06@04@78

ydkjs b$b$v bfr n'kk;ke~] bdkj};eknk; lo.kZnh?kZizkIr%] .kYo`fÙkf.kRoeknk;.kYizR;;fufeÙkdof¼izkZIrk] r=k of¼jis{k;k lo.kZnh?kZL;kUrjÄ~Rosu lo.kZnh?kksZ HkforO;%];|UrjÄõRokr~ iwo± lo.kZnh?kZ% L;kr~ rnk b;k; bfr y{;kflf¼%] vr% ifjHkk"kk LohÑrk^ok.kkZnkÄõa cyh;%* lR;ka ifjHkk"kk;ka u d'pu~ nks"k%] lo.kZnh?kZL; o.kZdk;ZRosu rnis{k;ko`¼s% cyoRokr~] fdUrq izes;flf¼% izek.kkRHkorhfr fl¼kUrsu ;kor~ o.kZdk;kZis{k;k]vÄõdk;ZL; cyoRocks/osQ opus izek.ka u Hkfo";fr rkor~ opuL;kizkekf.kdRosu udk;ZfuokZgd% vrks opu&izkek.;k; Hkk";dkjs.k] vH;klL;k¿lo.ksZ1* bfr lw=k?kVd&elo.kZ bfr ina izek.kRosuksiU;Lre~A rPpsRFke~] b$b$vrql~] bfr n'kk;ke~] vH;klL;s&o.kZL;s;Äõkns'kokj.kk; orZrs] fdURoUrjÄõL; lo.kZnh?kkZis{k;k cfgjÄõL;s;Äõkns'kL;kfl¼Rosulo.kZnh?ksZ Lor ,o bZ"krq%] bfr y{;flf¼%] vlo.kZxzg.ka O;FkZe~] lSo O;FkhZHkw;Kki;fr ;r~ ¶ok.kkZnkÄõa cyh;ks HkofrA ;fn n`"ViQy}kjk] vn`"ViQyL; dYiuk uL;kr~ rnk n"ViQykHkkos¿fi ikjk;.ktU;:ikn"ViQyk; lw=k?kVdklo.kZ&xzg.kpkfjrkF;sZuHkk";dkjs.k ÑrKkiuelÄõra L;kr~A rLekRn`"ViQy}kjSokn`"ViQyL; dYiuk dj.kh;kAuuq ¶bdks ;.kfp2¸ bfr lw=ks nh?kZ'kkdyizfr"ks/%¸ bfr okfrZdfopkjizlÄõs] vUrsHkf.kre~] ;r~ lkeF;Z;ksxkÂfgfdf×p=k] i';kfe 'kkL=ks ;nuFkZoaQ L;kr~3A vFkkZr~'kkL=klkeF;kZr~ lw=kkFkZO;oLFkkiÂkr~ inek=kefi O;kdj.k'kkL=ks¿uFkZoaQ ukfLrA Hkk";L;snesorkRi;± ;r~ ikf.kfulw=ks"kq dkfufpRinkfu n"ViQydkfu dkfufpPpkn"ViQydkfu] dkfu&fpPpksHk;iQydkfu] fdeI;uFkZoaQ ukfLrA vp milxkZÙk%* bfr lw=ks RoÄõkuken`"Vrkn"V}kjSosfr jhR;k ijLijHkk";fena fo#¼fefr psÂ] bdks ;.kfp* bfr lw=kLFka Hkk";esd&nsf'kRosu fojks/kHkkokr~A ;rksfg ¶nh?kZ'kkdyizfr"ks/kFkZe~ bfr okfrZdfopkjizlÄõs ;kfuiz;kstukfu nÙkkfu lfUr rkfu lokZf.k NUnfl n`"Vkuqfof/%] bfr fl¼kUra eRok[kf.Mrkfu] rRi{k mDrRokr~A ;r% [k.Mui{k mDre~] vr ,dns'kh rLeknqi;qZDrfoospusufl¼a ;r~ lw=k};LFkkus lw=k=k;dj.ksu u df'pr~ nks"kks¿fLr] vfirq gYinkdj.ksukU;ksU;k&J;nks"kkHkkosu yk?ko%A ,o×p yk?koknU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjk;¿;eso U;kl% Lohdj.kh;bfr osQ"kkf×pUera rÙkq ukxs'kn`"VÔk u lehphua xkSjokr~A xkSjo'psRFke~µlw=k};LFkkuslw=k=k;dYiuk dj.kh;k Hkofr ¶vp%¸ vuqukfld%* bfr iFko~Q&iFko~Q ;ksxk% HkofUr]vFk p vp% bfr lw=ks.kSo dk;ZlEHkos vuqukfld%* bfr r`rh;a lw=ka fu;ekFkZe~ Hkofr]rnuUrja foijhrfu;eokj.kksik;%] ;ksxfoHkkxlkeF;kZr~ ¶vU;rjL;¸ bfr fu;ea ckf/RokO;ofgrL;kfi Ñrs fu;efo/kufeR;knhfu lokZf.k dk;kZf.k Ñrkfu HkofUr lw=k=k;okfnuke~A,oa jhR;k i{ks¿fLeu~ egn~xkSjoa HkofrA lw=k=k;okfnuk ;Rinkdj.k:i% yk?ko% iznf'kZr%rnfi u lehphue~ ;rksfg gYinksPpkj.ks ;Ro.kkZfHkO;fDrtudd.BrkYokfnLFkkuka ;%

1- ik- lw- 06@04@782- ik- lw- 06@01@773- 06@01@77 ik- lw=kHkk";

292 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

vfHk?kkr% l ,o xkSjo% u rq ;ksxfoHkkx%] fu;e% foijhrfu;eokj.kk; Ñr mik;:i&euksO;kikj:ixkSjo%A mPpkj.kÑrxkSjo% ,o xkSjo% u rq euksO;kikj:ixkSjo% xkSjoksHkorhfr dkfpr~ jktkKk¿fLrA rLeknU;ksJ;nks"kokj.kk; lw=ka dYif;Rok ; mik;% lvrhoxkSjoxzLrRosu ukxs'ksu fujLr%A uuq ekLrq lw=k};LFkkus ;ksxfoHkkxsu lw=k=k;e~A ;sueuks O;kikj:iks xkSjo% L;kr~ fdUrq ¶gyUR;e~ bR;soQfLeÂso lw=ks yUR;e~ gy~ bfrlw=k};a fØ;rs nsgyhnhiU;k;sukUR;inkFkZL;ksHk;su lgkUo;%] mins'kin×pkuqorZrs rFkk pHkofr lw=kkFkksZ ;r~ mins'k¿UR;a fyfr HkofrA bRinkFkZKkrs lfr gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kL;okD;kFkZcks/s ukU;ksU;kJ;nks"kkifÙkfjfr psÂ] ikf.kfuuk ,deso ydkj% ifBr% U;kls rqydkj};ekxra r=kSdks ydkj% oqQr% lekxr bfr ftKklk;ka iz'ys"k ,o LohdrZO;ksHkfo";frA izf'y"VL; ydkjL; yksifo/kuk; lkS=kRokfndYius egn~xkSjoe~A vfi pizFkeU;klL; dks¿FkZ%A vUR;a ydkj br Hkorhfr psÂ] dL;k¿UR;fefr ftKklk;ke~]mins'k bfr lEcn~è;rs] rFkk pksins'ks¿UR;a fyr~ bR;so dFkf;";rs rÙkq u lEHkofr];rksfg] vKkrLo:iKkidksPpkj.kfo"k;Roeqins'kRoe~A l pksins'k% gy~RosR;kdkjdkuqiwfoZ&cks/dleqnk; ,o orZrs l p leqnk;% gfyfr u rq ydkjek=ke~A u pksPpkj.kfo"k;rk;Fkk i;kZfIrlEcU/su leqnk;s orZrs rFkk vo;os¿ihfr okP;e~] leqnk;ksPpkj.ks¿o;ok&ukeqPpkj.keo';Hkkfor;k leqnk;ksPpkj.k ,o ½"kh.kka rkRi;Ze~A rLeknqins'kinlEc¼sydkjL;sRlaKSo u Hkfo";fr rnlEc¼s rq lw=kkUR;ydkjL;SosRlaKk Hkfo";rhR;=k izek.kk&Hkkokr~ ;L; dL;kfi ydkjL; bRlaKkifÙk%A ,o×pk;efi i{kks u lehphu%A

06 lgsrk'kCnkFkZifjorZue~&^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=ks ;nk bRine~] bRlaKk;k% cks/oaQ rnSokU;ksU;kJ;nks"k%

lekirfrA ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=ks ;fn brk ?kVdfeRinfeRlaKk;k% cks/dks uHkfo";fr rnk vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kL; 'kÄïSo ukfLrA lgsrk 'kCn% lgsr'kCnL; izFkeSdopuL;:ie~A vL; fu"ifÙk% bRFka drq± 'kD;rs dVh /krkS oh /krkS ok izf'y"Vks ;k b] èkkrq%rLekRdrZ;FksZ r`PizR;;% b$r` bfr tkrs ¶lkoZ/krqµ0 bfr lw=ks.k /krqHkwrL;sdkjL; xq.kslfr ,r`'kCnks fu"i|rsA rr% lg'kCn%] vkfÄR;qilxZ'p iwo± ;ksT;rs lg$vk$,r` bfrn'kk;ke~ ¶,fÄ ij:ie~ bfr lw=ks.k ij:is lfr lg$,r` bfr tkrs ¶vksekÄõks'p¸bfr ij:is lgsr'kCnks tk;rs rr% izFkeSdopus lgsrk bfrA ¶vksekÄõks'p¸ bfr ij:i&fo/kuk;So eè;s vkfÄfr lfÂos'k%] vU;Fkk ¶o`f¼jsfp¸ bfr lw=ks.k o`f¼% L;kr~A upkè;;ukFkZd% bÄ~ /krks% Lej.kkFkZd'p bo~Q /krks% fo|ekuRos izf'y"Vkr~ b /krquk,r`'kCnfu"ifÙkjuqfprsfr okP;e~] mHk;ks% /kRoks% vf/iwoZdL;So iz;ksxlRosukxzg.kkr~A,oeso xR;FkZosQH;% b.k~ /krqH;ks ;fn ,r`'kCnL; fu"ifÙk% L;kr~ rnk ¶,R;sèkR;wB~lqbfr o`f¼% L;knr% b /krq% xzghr%A mi;qZDrjhR;k fu"iÂSr`'kCnkL;kFkksZ Hkofr ;r~ lgvk leUrknsfr xPNfrµcqf¼fo"k;ks Hkorhfr lgsrk eè;eks o.kZ%A lgsrk 'kCnL;k¿;eFkksZ;ksx:<'kDR;k HkofrA ;ksx'kDR;k lg] ,fr] bfr ;ksxkFkZizrhfr%A :<'kDR;k rq eè;ek&

o.kZcks/%A lgsrk'kCnL; eè;eo.kZ:ikFkZizfriknus ¶vkfnjUR;su lgsrk¸ bfr lw=kL;kFkksZHkofr ;r~ lgsrk eè;eks o.kZ% vUR;lfgrkfnlaKd% (v.kkfnlaKd%) v=k fg eè;e&o.kZ% laKh] vk|Ur'kCnlaKkokpd%] vk|Ur'kCnkH;ka lg eè;eo.kZL;Sdcqf¼fo"k;rk&lRosu ;L; izR;kgkjL; foo{kk Hkfo";fr] rL;k|Uro.kZeknk; eè;ikrho.kkZuka cksèklRosuk&T>ykfnlaKkuka Kkua Hkfo";frA ,oa jhR;k gyUR;e~*] lw=kL; okD;kFkZcks/dkj.khHkwrL;gYinkFkZL; KkulRosu ukU;ksU;kJ;nks"k%] ij×psna lek/kua ukxs'kjhR;k u ;qfDr;qDre~A;rksfg lgsrk'kCnL;kFkZifjorZusukU;ksU;kJ;nks"kkHkkos] nks"kek'kÄ~D; Ñr% ifjgkjks fujFkZd%L;kr~A vr% r‰k";izkek.;kr~ dYirs ;r~ dVh /krks% oh /krks'p iz'kfy"Vsdkjkr~r`PizR;;ks u HkofrA ,oeso fnokfnx.kifBrkr~ lg] vkÄ~ bR;u;ks% iwoZlfÂos'ksxR;FkZdkr~ bZÄ~ /krksjfi rPizR;;ks u HkofrA vfi p ;;k jhR;k lgsrk'kCnL; fu"ifÙk%vHkor~ rn~ ;ksx'kDR;k eè;eo.kZ:ikFkZL;kFkksZ¿I;lEHko% ;rksfg eè;s vkÄ~'kCnL;lfÂos'ka fo/k; rL;] vkleUrkfnR;FkZ% Ñr% rnFkZL; u dkfpnqi;ksfxrk u ok osQukfiinkFksZu lg rL;kUo;%A vr% vkleUrkfnR;FkksZ O;FkZ%A u p lgsrk'kCnks eè;eo.ksZ"kq:< bfr okP;e~A :<kS izek.kkHkkokr~A rLeknU;ksU;kJ;nks"kokj.kk;kU; d'puksik;%drZO;%A

07 lEiw.kZlw=kko`fÙk%&

br% iwo± eq[;r;k vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kokj.kk; "kM~ mik;k% of.kZrk% rs"kq losZ"kq i{ks"kqnks"kk%] vr% ríks"kokj.kk; ;ks ew/kZfHkf"kDr% mik;% lEiw.kZlw=kko`fÙk:i% ra n'kZ;fr'ks[kjdkj% Hkk";s¿fi1A Hkxork Hkk";dkjs.k loksZ¿fi gy~ ra reof/a izR;Ura eRoklosZ"kka gYo.kkZukfeRlaKk;k% vkifÙka fo/k; /krqizkfrifndizR;;fuikrkxekns'kkukaO;oflrinkFkZRosu izdYI; /krqRokfn/ekZ.kka i;kZfIrlEcU/su ;nf/dj.ka rs"kkfeRlaKsR;qDre~AvFkkZr~ /krqizkfrifndizR;;fuikrkxekns'kkuka ; vUR;ks gYo.kZ% l% bRlaKdks HkorhfrHkk";rkRi;Ze~A ij×psna dFka lEHkofr okD;kFkZKkus inkFkZKkuL; dkj.krklRosu ;koRgYinkFkZ&Kkua u Hkfo";fr rkor~ lw=kkFkZcks/klEHko% gYinkFkZKkufURor~ inkFkZKkuk/hue~A mDr×pydkjL;kuqcU/RosukKkfirRokr~ gYxzg.kL;kizflf¼% gyUR;feRlaKk HkorhR;qP;rsA ydkjL;SorkofnRlaKk u izkIuksfr2A bn×p Hkk";eU;ksU;kJ;nks"klUnsgijesoA rnuUrja lekèkkuefinÙke~] ;r~ ¶fl¼a rq ydkjfunsZ'kkr~ vFkkZr~ ,rr~ fl¼e~A dFka ydkjfunsZ'k% drZO;%gyUR;feRlaKk Hkofr ydkj'psfr oDrO;e~A ;|fi ydkjL;sRlaKka fouk gYinkFkZKkuau lEHkofr rFkkfi ikBØeknFkZØeks cyh;%* bfr U;k;su iwo± ydkjL;SosRlaKk foèks;sfrHkk";rkRi;Ze~A vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjk; f}rh;a lek/kua Ñra ;r~ ¶,d'ks"kfunsZ'kk}k

1- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj fgUnh Vhdk 31 i`"V vkpk;Z fo'oukFkÑr izdk'ku pkS[kEcklaLÑrizfr"Bku] ubZ fnYyh

2- 01@01@03 ik- lw- Hkk";

294 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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1- ik- lw- 06@01@193

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298 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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1- ukxks'kksfDrizdk'k] ys[kd [kqíh >k] izdk'kd pkS[kEHkk laLÑr fljht] lEikndt;Ñ".knkl gfjnkl] lu~ 1938] laKkizdj.k i`-la- 38

okP;e~A ¶vrks gs%¸ bR;knsLrkRi;ZxzkgdRosu yksV~LFkkfudls% izlÄõs¿HkkoL;knUrk&O;ofgrksÙkjRokHkkoorks gs'p lk/qRocks/usuknks"kkr~A u pSoeqís';rkoPNsndyksVLFkkfud&flRoO;kidRoL; f}rh;s fo/s;s gkfufjfr okP;e~A tkfri{kkJ;.ksu yksVLFkkfudflRo&eqfí';ksHk;ksfoZ/kusuksís';rkoPNsndflRoRokf/dj.ks flRos Loizfr;ksfxo`fÙkRolEcU/k&ofPNÂizfr;ksfxrkdkHkkoL; LoLFkkfuo`fÙkRolEcUèkkofPNÂizfr;ksfxrkdL;knUrk&O;ofgrksÙkjRokHkkofof'k"VgsjHkkoL; p r=kklRosu O;kidRoksiiÙks%A ,oa HkwrksO;kI;O;kidHkko% ¶gykfn 'ks"k%¸ bfr lw=ks oSQÕ;V% iznf'kZr%A r=k fg vkV~] vkVrq%bR;knkS gykfn 'ks"k%* bR;L; izo`R;FkZeH;kleqfí';knhrjgfYuo`fÙkekfngY'ks"k×p fo/k;ksís';rkoPNsdkH;klRoRoO;kidRoa fo/s;;ks% lkf/re~A Hkk";ksDreqik;=k;a O;fDr&i{kkfHkizk;s.ksfr pksDre~A oLrqrLrq yqdkuqRiÙksjsokUok[;kufefr fpUR;sesoA vU;kns'ksf"o&LFkkfu?kfVrcqf¼izlDrkokns'k?kfVra lkfèofr cks/usu tkrfuoÙksjkHkkosu HkqDroUrfefr U;k;L;fo"k;kHkkokr~A Hkko:ikns'kfo"k;s¿U;kn`'kL; LFkkU;kns'k HkkoL; x`g.ks izek.kkHkkokr~A up îwo± fg vioknk%* bfr U;k;% ukLekfHk% LohfØ;rs] ,oa lfr iwoZeiokn'kkL=kL;okD;kFkZcks/ks HkorhR;=k u fdefi izek.ke~A rFkk p ¶u foHkDrkS rqLek%¸ bfr lw=kokD;kFkZ&cks/iwoZeso ¶gyUR;e~ bfr lw=kL; okD;kFkZcks/s lfr u dkfpfRoizfrifÙkfjfr okP;e~AU;k;kLohdkjs mRlxkZiokn;ks% fodYikiÙks%] fo"k;O;oLFkkukiÙks'pA mRlxZ'kkL=kL;cksèk% iwo± Hkofr] viokn'kkL=kL; osfr fo"k;s oSQÕ;VsusRFka fopkfjre~A izdYI;pkiokn&fo"k;a rr% mRlxZ vfHkfufo'krs bfr U;k;Lo:ie~A v=k fg rr% bfr ins fnX;ksxy{k.kk&i×peh rRdj.kkRizdYI;inL;kFkksZ Hkofr lEik|e~A rFkk pkioknfo"k;a lEik|ksRlxZ'kkL=k&izofÙk%A lEiknu×pk=k izofÙkjsoA ;Fkk ;qou~* 'kCnL; izkfrifndlaKk;ka f}rh;kcgqopu&foo{kk;ka 'kfLoHkDrkS ;qou~$'kl~(vl~) bfr tkrs 'kfLoHkfDrijr% ¶'o;qe?kksukef¼rs1¸bfr odkjL; lEizlkj.ka izkIre~A r=k ;dkjLFkkus lEizlkj.ka odkjLFkkus osfr ftKklk;ka;fn iwo± ;dkjL; lEizlkj.ka L;kr~ rnk ¶u lEizlkj.ks lEizlkj.ke~2¸ bfr lw=kL;oSÕ;FkkZifÙk%] ;rksfg lw=kfena lEizlkj.ka ijr% iwoZ;.k% izkIrlEizklj.kfu"ks/kFkZe~] ;fniwo± ;dkjLFkkus L;kr~ rnk lEizlkj.kijdRokHkkokr~ fu"ks/oSÕ;FkZL;kifÙk% Li"VSoA,o×p û lEizklkj.ks* bfr lw=klkFkZD;k; iwo± ij;.k% LFkkus lEizlkj.keko';de~Av=k fg mRlxZ'kkL=ke~ ^'o;qe?kksukef¼rs* bfr lw=ke~A fu"ks/'kkL=k×p û lEizlkj.kslEizklkj.ke~* ;=kksRlxZ'kkL=ke~] viokn'kkL=kL; lEiknua iwo± u fØ;sr~ rnk viokn&'kkL=kL; oSÕ;FkkZifÙk% L;kr~A rFkk p oSQÕ;Ver viokn'kkL=kizo`fÙk% okD;kFkZcks/'piwo± HkorhfrA oSQÕ;VjhR;k izÑrs¿fi ¶u foHkDrkS bfr fu"ks/'kkL=kL; gyUR;e~* bfr]mRlxZ'kkL=kokD;kFkZcks/kRiwoZeko';dRoe~ vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kks nq#¼j bfr psÂ ¶u lEizlkj.ksµ0

1- ik- lw- 06@04@1332- ik- lw- 06@01@37

300 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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1- ik- lw- 06@01@372- 06@01@37 ik- lw-Hkk";

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302 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

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Synthesis : The Governing Principle ofthe Vedic Way of Life

Dr. Shashi TiwariFormer professor of Sanskrit,

University of Delhi, New Delhi

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In this age of globalization we are totally influenced bymodernity or materialism. Individuals nowadays are mostly far awayfrom ethos and morality. Absence of values directs society to thatextent where everyone wants success through violent competitionand rivalry, both of which are based on disintegration, undesirablecruelty, and jealousy. In this context, it is important to know theviewpoints of our great ancestors who realized the true meaningof human life. Vedic insight guides us for the achievement of truesuccess in all stages and the attainment of a happy, flourishing andpeaceful life. Obviously, the Vedic way of living has variousdimensions, so in this paper, focus is given only to its principle ofsynthesis and harmonization by bringing together important aspectsrelated to this thought specially in reference to life. Simultaneously,some essential Vedic concepts and techniques will be discussedwhich help to keep life on the right track and make it more healthyand enjoyable.

I may say at the outset, that the Vedas reveal their seers asmen of very great intellectual caliber. The poetical elements of theVedic hymns, namely imagery, symbolism etc. are thoroughlyfascinating and entrancing. Besides its poetic grandeur, the Vedascontain detailed injunctions for a well-ordered society and sociallife, great philosophical truths, and even scientific laws. There is

Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄašå 2016 (Vol.-11) ISSN : 0975-1769

The Governing Principle of the Vedic Way of Life 307

spiritualism of the highest order, not only in certain hymns, buteven in those verses where it is not too apparent. Above all, thereis a central concept running throughout the Vedic literature, whichincludes ideas for ensuring the wellbeing of all in this world andthe world to come.

The Vedas are the most reliable source of knowledge aboutwhat life is and how one should live one’s life. They guide theactions of a person from the moment of birth to the moment ofdeath and thereafter to ensure his or her salvation. How shouldsociety behave, how should a king govern his country, what shouldbe the conduct of a woman, what are the duties of a man - all suchmatters have been presented to us in a codified form in the Vedas.The essential purpose of the Vedas is to ensure the well-being ofthe universe. They contain divine laws for the well-being of the entirehumanity. Collective wellbeing does not refer only to humanity,because animals and plants also come under its vision. It goes evenfurther and stresses the well-being of shrubs, trees, mountains andrivers- in fact all creation. The famous Ç‚nti Mantra is its bestexample:

Dyauš Ä‚ntirantarikÅamÅ‚ntišp¼thi-vœ Ä‚ntir‚paš Ä‚ntiroÅadhayaš Ä‚ntiš/Vanaspatayaš Ä‚ntirviÄvedev‚š Ä‚ntirbrahma Ç‚ntišsarvam Ä‚ntiš Ç‚ntireva Ç‚ntiš s‚ m‚ Ä‚ntiredhi //

-Yajurveda, 36.17; Atharvaveda, 19.9.94

Ç‚nti. e. peace is a state of equilibrium which is needed forthe proper existence of all and everyone in this universe. For apeaceful and fine life, the Vedas visualize the key principles ofsynthesis and balance. Combination of often diverse concepts intoa coherent mood is called synthesis, which is regarded as the basiclaw for maintaining harmony. We can see this principle as the cruxof Vedic wisdom in its various notions. Some of them are conceptsof life, aims of human life, means for achievement, concepts ofhappiness, a definition of health, and ideal nature or behavior.

1. Vedic Concept of LifeThe seers of the Vedic hymns were very optimistic about

human life. In many mantras they express their love for life andhate for death. Life is a specific duration of time between takingbirth and leaving the body. Birth and death are two ends of life.

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The duration of time between the birth and the death varies.Everyone wants to live in this world for the maximum period.VasiÅÊha, the seer of the seventh Ma«Šala of Àgveda says, ‘that brighteye (Sun) placed in the east by the gods, has arisen. A hundredautumns may we see that bright eye, i.e. the sun, beneficent to gods;a hundred autumns may we live'.

TaccakÅurdevahitamÄukramuccarat paÄye-maÄaradaš Äatamjœvema ÄardašÄatam/ -RV 7.66.16

The Vedic Seers believe that they have been granted a life ofa full hundred years by the gods. So they ask them not to breakthe course of life in the midst, but to extend it to the full hundredyears (RV 1.89.9). They always seek the friendship of the gods, sothat they may grant all auspicious things to make life happy. GotamaÀÅi says, ‘May the auspicious favor of gods be ours, may the bountyof the righteous gods descend on us. We devotedly seek thefriendship of gods, so may the gods extend our life that we maylive here'.

Dev‚šna ‚yušpratirantujœvase / - Àgveda, 1.89.2.

Gotama says in another verse, ‘O Gods, may we hear goodwith our ears, may we see good with our eyes, with firm bodies andlimbs eulogizing you, O All, we may attain the hundred year's life'.

Bhadam kar«ebhiš Äru«uy‚ma dev‚-bhadram paÄyem‚k«abhiryajatr‚š /Sthiraira¡gaistuÄÊuv‚nsastanÒbhir-vyaÄema devahitam yad‚yuš // -Àgveda 1.89.8

From these and many other similar verses, it is clear that alife of hundred years was always sought for from the gods. Longevitywas the important general object to be asked for from the gods. Itis to be pointed out that whenever the Vedic seers asked for a fullhundred year's life, they always mean a life with good health andwealth. They knew that a life of a hundred years will be a curse if itis devoid of good health and wealth. Yajurveda says clearly, ‘Maywe see for hundred years, may we breath for hundred years, maywe hear for hundred years, may we speak for hundred years, maywe be not poverty-trodden, and if provided so, we would like tolive even after hundred years.'

PaÄyema Äaradaš Äatam, Jœvema Äaradaš-Äatam, Äru«uy‚ma Äaradaš Äatam,

prabrav‚ma Äaradaš Äatamadœn‚š sy‚ma-Äaradaš Äatam, bhÒyaÄca Äaradaš Äat‚t /

-Yajurveda, 36.24

The big objective is to secure a long life of one hundred yearswith prosperity, brave offspring, freedom from diseases, andabundance of food and drink. For the Vedic seers, life means‘active' not ‘inactive'. They always desire an active life of onehundred years (YV 40.2). A man should aspire to live a life of onehundred years only being active; otherwise he will not be able toenjoy the fruits of life. Along with worldly requirements, intelligenceis also desired for a happy life. The famous G‚yatrœ mantraexpresses desire for the improvement of mental faculties (RV3.62.10). A prayer to Agni is about the desire of intelligence, ‘OAgni! Make me endowed with that intelligence which is alwayssought for by the divine beings and ancestors'.

Y‚mmedh‚m devaga«‚š pitaraÄcop‚sate/Tay‚ m‚madya medhy‚'gne medh‚vinam kuru //

-Yajurveda 22.14

This Vedic Concept of life is very realistic, scientific andbalanced. It has several angles and applies generally to all men.Certainly other than this, higher goals for life are mentioned in theVedic verses to make a holistic concept of life.

2. Aim of Human LifePuruÅ‚rtha-chatuÅÊaya i.e. fourfold values of human existence -

Dharma, Artha, Kama and MokÅa are prescribed in the Vedictradition. The four aims in the life of a human being are wellestablished in post-Vedic intellectual traditions, but the root of theaims lies in the Vedic texts. The Vedic society acknowledges the fourpursuits of human life, namely, Dharma (principles of virtue), Artha(economic development), K‚ma (pleasure and entertainment) andMokÅa (final emancipation from the cycle of birth and death). Allare important. All are interrelated. All are to be pursued by a manin his life time. Their sequence is often linked with the differentstages of life (†Ärama).When combined, they make a ‘man's goalof life'. Making an effort to possess any one of them is condemnedas it will be harmful and will make life one-sided. Emphasis is givento the coordination of all the four at the same time.

Out of first three PuruÅ‚rthas, Dharma (righteousness) is

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considered more important because without it Artha (wealth) andK‚ma (pleasure) would be baseless. The Vedas have established theforemost virtues (Dharma) for men.

T‚ni dharm‚«i pratham‚ny‚san / -Àgveda 10.90.16.

Vedic culture believes in a hierarchy of goods, so here wealthis not negligible. Man's natural urge for wealth and prosperity isseen in the numerous prayers of the Vedas. Without wealth onecannot discharge even one's religious duties efficiently. A Vedic ÀÅisays clearly, ‘O Agni! Whatsoever good you will give to the doer ofsacrifice, it will definitely be returned to you in the form of religiousrites.'

Yadanîga d‚ÄuÅe tvamagne bhadram kariÅyasi /Tavettatsatyamanîgiraš// -Àgveda 1.1.6

Realizing the importance of material pleasures in life, Vedicseers pray, ‘May we be the masters of prosperity.'

Vayam sy‚ma patayo rayœ«‚m /- Àgveda10.121.10; Yajurveda 10.20

The emphasis was always laid on honest means for theattainment of wealth. A Àgvedic prayer indicates,' O Agni! Lead usto wealth through the right path'.

Agne naya supath‚ r‚yeasm‚n/ -Àgveda 1.189.1

The freedom of the soul is the ultimate goal of mankind. Inthe Vedic traditions, it is generally called MokÅa i.e. liberation fromthe cycle of life and death. There is no point of difference inrealizing that the supreme happiness lies in the liberation of soul.The UpaniÅads elaborate this idea in length and declare, ‘afterknowing Brahman one becomes Brahman.

Brahmavidbrahmaiva bhavati/ -Mu«ŠakopaniÅad,3.2.9

Knowledge of Brahman leads to liberation, the state ofMok¬a. Thus, in a human life, a person should set his goalsprogressively on the higher side, keeping all the four collectively asaims of life. Veda Vy‚sa explained this aspect very clearly, ‘FirstlyDharma should be pursued. Then Artha should be pursuedaccording to Dharma. Then K‚ma should be accomplished andfinally ones hould attain MokÅa'.

Dharmam sam‚caretpurvamtato'rthamdharmasam¼Êyutam /

Tataš k‚mam caretpasc‚tsiddh‚rthaš sa hi tatparam //

3. Means for AchievementFor attaining certain goals, means are required. The means may

be in the form of a principle, an action, or may be material. Vedicseers have discussed values, morality and ethics, which lay thegrounds for the cultivation of the final goals of life. The observanceof morality in domestic and public-life is prescribed forcefully.These are shown as means, but till they are practiced, they shouldbe treated as the main instrumental goals to be acquired. They ares‚dhana for the accomplishment of certain s‚dhya.

The importance of knowledge or Vidy‚ is explained variouslyin the Vedas, which are themselves considered as the source ofwhole knowledge. Here actions are proposed as most essential forhuman being. The Vedic Seers knew very well that mere knowledgeand its practice in action are two different things. Is life to be spentin walking the path of renunciation or in striving on the path ofaction? The Vedic literature covers a wide range of thoughts aboutit, but the £Äa UpaniÅad's real excellence lies in the analysis of twodoctrines, the two ways i.e. knowledge(Jü‚na) and action (Karman).According to some thinkers, this UpaniÅad advocates a synthesisof Karman and Jü‚na, for the achievement of final liberation. Itsfirst verse says, ‘whatever there is changeful in this changing world,all that must be enveloped by the Lord. Protect the Self byrenunciation. One should not lust after any man’s wealth.'

£Ä‚v‚syamidam sarvam yatkiüca jagaty‚m jagat/Tena tyaktena bhuüjœth‚ ma g¼dhaš kasyasviddhanam//

-£Äa. Up. 1

An illumined person regards the whole universe as †tmanalone, and so he renounces worldly objects. The second verseindicates the path of action. It declares, ‘In this world one shoulddesire to live a hundred years, but only by performing actions. Thus,and in no other way, can man be free from the taint of action'.

Kurvanneveha karm‚«i jijœviÅecchatam sama‚š/Evam tvayi n‚nyatheto'sti na karma lipyate nare//

-£Äa. Up. 2

This verse says that those who are attached to earthly life]

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should perform righteous duties in a spirit of dedication. The Verseprovides the philosophical background of Karma-yoga for theBhagavad-Gœt‚. Verses nine to eleven indicate that knowledge (Vidy‚)and ignorance or action (Avidy‚) are to be taken together for asuperior result. In the opinion of some commentators such asMadhv‚ch‚rya, Ved‚nta DeÄika, and Uvata, the harmonization ofknowledge and action is suggested here for the attainment ofimmortality, Amrita or MokÅa. The ninth verse shows that thosewho worship ignorance or action i.e. Avidy‚ enter into blindingdarkness, but into even greater darkness enter those who are devotedonly to knowledge i.e. vidy‚. The tenth verse says that by the pursuitof Vidy‚ a really different result is achieved, and another differentresult is achieved from the practice of Vidy‚. The eleventh verse says,‘who synthesizes both, crosses death, evil by ignorance or action(Avidy‚) and enjoys immortality, perfection by knowledge (Vidy‚)'.

Vidy‚m c‚vidy‚m ca yastadvedobhayam saha/Avidyay‚ m¼tyum tœrtv‚ vidyay‚m¼tam aÄnute//

-£Äa. Up. 11

The Upanishad, therefore, considers that both concepts areapparent contradictions, and results achieved by those conceptsare different. But when known and pursued together consecutivelyby the same person, Avidy‚ enables an aspirant, on the path ofspirituality, to overcome death, and Vidy‚enables him to attain toimmortality. The text hints at the combination of Vidy‚ and Avidy‚.It is not necessary to withdraw from active life to give oneself upto contemplation. Even a Jü‚nœ or Samny‚sin cannot give up action,though his action must be without attachment. The message is clearthat knowledge and action are to be taken together. A man attainsthe ultimate goal only by the combined pursuit of religious duties(karman) and spiritual knowledge (Jü‚na). Knowledge withoutaction and action without knowledge cannot lead to salvation asthe synthesis of both is recommended here by the UpaniÅad.

Mu«ŠakopaniÅad states this point differently, ‘There are twokinds of knowledge to be acquired - one is the lower knowledge(Apar‚ Vidy‚) and the other superior knowledge (Par‚ Vidy‚)'.

Dve vidye veditavye par‚ ca apar‚ ca/ -Mu«Ša. Up. 1.4

Simply it means that after completion of textual knowledge,it is essential to experience the superior level of knowledge i.e. vidy‚,which alone can lead to realization of the Self. So a combination

of action and knowledge is the best means for the achievement ofgoals in life according to Vedic philosophy.

4. Concept of HappinessThe ultimate goal of human life is happiness. Happiness, all

in all, is a state of mind. The mind is the most valuable instrumentgiven to us by nature. In Indian philosophical thought, it comprisesChitta, Buddhi, Manas and Aham. The faculty of liking, disliking,feeling, and memorizing is called Chitta, the faculty of discriminatingright and wrong is called Buddhi or intellect, that which takesdecisions on the basis of instruction from either Chitta or Buddhiis Manas, and lastly the one that implements the determination orotherwise of Manas is called Aham. Aham is the essence, theexecutor power of the self, Jœv‚tam‚, or the soul. Disciplining ofthe mind, comprising of Chitta, Buddhi, Manas and Aham,is theultimate key to happiness and that is why seer Patanjali's YogaDarÄana, in its entirety, is only an exercise in disciplining theaforesaid faculties of the mind. He says that when all thefluctuation of mind are restricted, then comes Yoga.

YogaÄchitta-v¼tti-nirodhaš/ - YogasÒtra 1.2

When the soul as master succeeds in freeing Chitta from allV¼ttis then the soul establishes itself in the svarÒpa of God, thegreat supervisor, and this state is called ultimate happiness.

The soul in its very nature is always calm and quite like thefull moon in the sky. Only when it gets involved with Chitta, doesit get perturbed, and that only when it has different kinds of v¼ttisrising in it due to contacts with outward worldly objects. So onehas three options for being away from worldly tensions that agitatethe mind - remaining away from such agitating objects, keeping awaysuch agitating objects , or strengthening spiritually in such a mannerthat even if the soul comes into contact with worldly objects, itdoes not allow any waves to rise in it.

All schools of Indian thought consider life to be lived forattaining absolute happiness. The option of living a life in mereenjoyment of the senses is ridiculed by most of the schools andtherefore, they include the above mentioned end in their viewpoints.

Hence, for real happiness, a combination of physical andspiritual life is recommended in the ancient scriptures. Vedas speakabout all sort of worldly achievements, but highlight the attainment

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of inner peace, and set goals for utmost happiness.

5. Definition of HealthHealth is a constitutive attribute of human life. A Vedic seer

prays for a long life with good health as ‘this body is very dear tohim and he wishes that it should be in perfect shape up to his oldage for the worship of Gods.'

Ayam lokaš priyatamo dev‚n‚mapar‚jitaš/Yasmai tvamiha m¼tyave diÅÊaš puruÅa jajÒiÅe//

AV 5.30.17

In the modern perception of health, there is no end forwhich one is preserving it. Attainment of health is considered tobe a substantial end in itself. Hence health is for health's sake. Onemight achieve other ends after attaining health but that does notmake health a means. The notion of health is not related with agrand narrative like a spiritual end. Something can become a meansif it has the potential to make somebody meet an end. Taking theroad is not an end in itself. We find the notion of health in theVedas as most composite, precisely because it is interlaced firstlyto provide the purpose of serving MokÅa, and secondly, to providefeatures such as wellbeing and morality, which find a place in thedesign of this notion. Nowhere in the history of civilization, havewe found a notion of health consisting of moral features. This isbecause here, MokÅa is understood as a state where moralrighteousness and good conduct help one to reach towards it.According to the Vedic view, the human body is a vehicle to beused for attaining an end. As says the Upani¬ad, ‘you should realizeyour body as chariot and the soul as its master.'

†tm‚nam Rathinam viddhi ÇariÄram rathameva tu /-KathopaniÅad,1.3.3

So health of the body has to play merely an instrumental role.It is only a means to attain something higher in virtue. †yurvedabasically evolved not as a medical system, but as a way of life thatwould enable man to reach the state of Brahman or MokÅa, whichis the highest PuruÅ‚rtha. For attaining the last end man shouldbe physically, mentally and socially healthy.

In Indian traditions, moral acts are tightly linked with theoverall wellbeing of a person. Several principles of moral acts andrighteousness are considered important for maintaining good health

also. The fuel of the spiritual journey is acquired through virtuousacts and cleansing of the body, so health is basically connectedwith morality. The constitution of the nexus and interrelationcontaining morality, health and MokÅa is evaluated in most of theVedic literature. The Atharvaveda indicates that moral righteousnessand good health jointly function as a means to push one towardssuperior end.

Brahmacarye«a tapas‚ dev‚ m¼tyumap‚ghnata/Indro ha brahmacarye«a devabhyaš svar‚bharat//

-AV 11.5 .19

Just as the Sun dispels darkness with light and producesexcellent materials like green trees, similarly man should dispeldisease, laziness, wretchedness etc. to obtain the bliss of inner peace.Health and morality not only place one in the right direction, butalso speed up the process of attainment of goals.

Importantly, health is not a necessary condition for attainingthe spiritual end of life, as without good health also one canproceed towards it, but proper health enhances one’s chances ofattaining MokÅa. In the modern perception of health, no otheraspects of life are essentially linked to the concept of health.

6. Balanced NatureOne of the main causes of our unhappiness is our

uncontrolled reaction to our human environmentåwhat people doaround usåand to the pleasant or unpleasant conditions in whichwe get involved. The ordinary man has no well-defined principlefor the regulation of these reactions. He reacts to these things in ahaphazard manner according to his whims and moods with theresult that he is being constantly disturbed by all kinds of violentemotions. Some people, finding these emotional reactionsunpleasant, decide not to react at all and gradually become cold,hard-hearted and indifferent to those around them. But theseattitudes are undesirable and cannot lead to acquiring a calm, gentleand compassionate nature in accordance with the requirements ofthe higher life. Spiritual life can go neither with violent reactionsnor with cold indifference which some misguided Philosophersrecommend to their followers. It requires a balanced nature inwhich our reactions are correctly regulated by the highest motivesand are in harmony with the Divine Law. Maharshi Patanjali has

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given a very good Sutra for this state of affairs which defines, ‘themind becomes calm and purified by the cultivation of friendlinesstoward happiness, compassion towards pain, goodwill or joytowards merit and indifference towards demerit'.

Maitrœkaru«‚muditopekÅ‚«‚m sukhaduškhapu«y‚pu«yaviÅy‚«‚m bh‚vn‚taÄcittapras‚danam/

-YogasÒtra 1.33

The mind becomes calm and delighted by cultivating goodfeelings and ignoring bad feelings. The Shivasankalpa SÒkta ofYajurveda is the basis of all such thoughts. A balanced nature isprescribed as an ideal nature in the Vedic living. Only then ourreactions are correctly regulated by the highest motives and are inharmony with Divine Law.

The above discussed points clearly show the balancedapproach of the Vedic seers for leading a happy and successful life.Coordination with diverse concepts and sentiments is the key forpleasant living according to the message of the Vedic sages. LaterShri Krishna called it ‘Smatvam Yoga' in Gœt‚. By adopting theseviews, we can ensue, even today, a better way of life with ameaningful existence in this world. Finally a beautiful prayer from›gveda is mentioned here to highlight the comprehensive visionof the Vedic people of the bright days of a happy life.

O God! bestow on us the best treasures,The efficient mind, and spiritual luster,The increase of wealth, the health of bodies,The sweetness of speech, and the fairness of days.

Indra ÄreÅth‚ni dravi«‚ni dhehiCittim dakÅasya subhagatvamasme /PoÅamrayœ«‚mariÅÊim tanÒnamSv‚dm‚namv‚cašsudinatvamahn‚m// -RV 2.21.6

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The Rg-Vedic Hymn to VasiÅÊha: theOldest Attested Divinization

Dr. Koenraad ELST

Renowned Orientalist, Belgium

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1. The Vedic context

1.1 The prehistory of the Vedas

The Àgveda contains a few vague references to its past, whichhappen to concur with a fuller account given in the Pur‚«as, anotorious mixture of myths, embellished history and sometimes areally historical core. The genealogies, in particular, were carefullymemorized and may very well have that historical core. The Puranictradition is at any rate much older than its written version edited inthe first millennium CE, existing already “in the UpaniÅadic periodif not earlier" (Siddhantashastree 1977:8) and mentioned in theMah‚bh‚rata (18.6.97, “eighteen Pur‚«as") and even in the Ch‚ndogyaUpaniÅad (7:1:2-4).

The time of origin would, according to the master narrative ofthe Puranic tradition, be the time of Manu's enthronement. Manuwas the Aryan patriarch who established his kingdom in the North-Indian town of Ayodhy‚ after having survived the Flood. In the Àgvedatoo, he is mentioned some forty times: as an ancestor, as the Fatherof Mankind, and implicitly as a law-giver, once even explicitly (RV1:128:1-2: “by Manu’s law"). Though the extant text of theM‚navadharmaÄ‚stra hardly predates the Christian age, the idea of anormative system established anciently by Manu is at least as old asthe Veda.

Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄaš 2016 (Vol.-11) ISSN : 0975-1769

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The Vedic seer VasiÅÊha links Manu with the fire as agent of thesacrifice, as transmitter of the sacrificial offering to the gods, andalso as immunizer against evil: “Worship the gods on this occasion,Agni, as (thou didst)for Manu: be our messenger, our protectoragainst malignity." (RV 7:11:3)

Manu's direct succession went through his eldest son IkÅv‚ku,founder of the Solar Dynasty, who remained in Ayodhy‚ where hisdescendant R‚ma was to rule. Most KÅatriyas in the Ga«g‚ plain,including R‚ma, the Buddha and the Gupta kings, claimed to belongto this Solar lineage.One of Manu's other heirs was his first-born,daughter IÎ‚, whose son (or descendant) PurÒravas (see RV 10:95:18)started the Lunar Dynasty originally based in PratiÅÊh‚napura nearPray‚ga (Siddhantashastree 1978:14).Their descendant NahuÅamoved westwards to the Sarasvatœ basin (alluded to in RV 7:95:2).His descendant Yay‚ti had five sons who became the patriarchs ofthe “five peoples" (RV 6:51:11), the ethnic horizon of the Vedas:PÒru, Anu, Druhyu, TurvaÄa and Yadu. According to a later myth, PÒruor Puru was the youngest but was rewarded with the privileges ofprimogeniture because of having lent his youth to his father whohad become impotent. At any rate, his tribe occupied the centrewhen the five tribes were given their historical locations, the centrebeing the Sarasvatœ basin.

Within PÒru's tribe, the Pauravas, then, king Bharata started theBh‚rata clan, the backbone around which the Vedic tradition was togrow. According to later tradition, he was the adoptive father of thefirst-generation Vedic seer, Bharadv‚ja, grandson of Anîgiras and thusmember of the first seer clan, a principal author of RV Book 6. ThisBharadv‚ja was born from the same mother as another prominentfirst-generation seer, Dœrghatamas (Nagar 2012:93, referring to MatsyaPur‚«a 49:25 and 49:30). As a grown man Bharadv‚ja became court-priest to king Divod‚sa (RV 6:16:5), an ancestor toVasiÅÊha's patronSud‚s (“Sud‚s's father Divod‚sa", RV 7:19:25).

Near the time of the very first Vedic hymns, an importanthistorical event took place, or at least, so the Pur‚«as report. A warwas triggered between the Druhyu tribe in Punjab and its easternneighbours, mainly the Pauravas in Haryana, ending in the westwardexpulsion of most Druhyus (Pargiter 1962:298, Bhargava 1971:99,Pusalker 1996:283, Talageri 2000:260 with reference to thePur‚«as: V‚yu 99:11-12, Matsya 48:9 etc.; and Talageri 2008:247).

The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬ha: 319

Their place in West-Punjab was taken by another of the five tribesoriginally living in the north (Kashmir), the †navas. These will play acentral role in VasiÅÊha's career.

The chronology of these putative characters and events isimportant in its own right, but is not the topic here. For what it isworth, the Puranic king-list as known to Greek visitors of CandraguptaMaurya's court in the 4th century BC or to later Greco-Roman India-watchers, started around 6776 BC. Pliny wrote that the Indiansdate their first king to “6,451 years and 3 months" before Alexanderthe Great (d. 323 BC), while Arrian puts “Pater Liber" (Dionysus) ashead of the dynastic list at 6,042 + 300 + 120 = 6,462 yearsbefore Sandrokottos (Chandragupta Maurya), to whom a Greekembassy was sent in 314 BC. (Arrian 2002:35, Majumdar1981:340) After a thorough study of the possibly historical datain the Pur‚«as, Siddhantashastree (1977:44) estimates that Manu'stime is at least as far back as “7976 BCE".

1.2 Ethnicity in the Vedas

The oldest work of Sanskrit literature is the Àg-Veda. We haveconsulted the original text, included in Wilson's publishedtranslation (1997, originally published in 1860 ff.), and thetranslations by Griffith (1991, originally published in 1889),Geldner (2003, originally published in 1951, though written beforehis death in 1929) and Jamison & Brereton (2014).

The Àg-Veda always refers to the Pauravas, whether friends ortraitors, as †rya. This term, often analyzed for ultimate deep meanings,has the effective meaning of “compatriot", “fellow citizen", “us" (asagainst “them"), in Vedic as well as in Iranian and Anatolian(Mallory& Adams 2006:266, Talageri 2000:154-160, Elst 2013).As Fortson (2004:187) writes: the term was a “self-designation ofthe Vedic Indic people", also used in self-reference by the Iranians.

The Paurava king at the beginning of the composition of theÀgveda is Bharata, mentioned in RV 6:16:4 (already as a memory:“Bharata of old") and 7:8:4. After him, India is still named Bh‚ratavarÅaor Bh‚rata. His progeny is mentioned in RV 2:36:2, 3:33:11-12,3:53:12, 3:53:24, 5:11:1, 5:54:14; two of his sons are named ashaving composed hymn RV 3:23and named in the hymn itself. Agni,the fire, is also described as a son of Bharata, including once by theSage VasiÅÊha (RV 7:8:4). Note that all these references are in the

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Family Books; by the time of the later books, people seem to haveforgotten about this ancestor, or chosen not to mention him.

The Bh‚rata clan remained in power until the internecine wardescribed in the Mah‚bh‚rata epic, “the Great (Epic) of the Bh‚rata's",an epic containing many a historical literary or mythological motifsbut undoubtedly also a historical core. This may be compared tothe Iliad (ca. 700 BCE), a story of gods and men about a city dugup by archaeologists, of which we, now know that it was based on ahistorical war ca. five hundred years earlier than the epic poem. Evenafter the Bh‚rata war, the dynasty maintained itself through the lonesurviving grandson ParœkÅit. (There still may have been a PÒru kingdomin India’s Northwest when Alexander fought one “Poros", but soonafter, his kingdom was absorbed in Candragupta Maurya's empire.)

The contending cousins in this war, the Kauravas and theP‚«Šavas, are depicted as socially descendants of Bharata butbiologically the grandsons of K¼Å«a Dvaipayana, also known as Veda-Vy‚sa, “the orderer of the Veda", the final codifier of the Vedic corpusof hymns. Apart from having an “official" son Çuka, Vy‚sa served assperm-donor for his half-brother king Vicitravœrya's widow (Nagar2012:569-571). And Vy‚sa, in turn, is described as a descendentof VasiÅÊha. At least, his father was called Par‚Äara, not historically tobe equated with VasiÅÊha's similarly named grandson, but deemed afirst name that ran in the VasiÅÊha's family, and at any rate treated (ornarrarively used) as indicating the latter's ancestorhood.

1.3 History of the Àg-Veda's composition

The Àgveda consists of ten books (Ma«Šala, “circle"), made upof hymns (SÒkta, “well said"), in turn divided into verses (Mantra,“mental instrument"). They were written, or rather composed, by agroup of seers (ÀÅi) spanning a number of generations, in praise ofone or more of the Gods. VasiÅÊha composes what is easily the mosthomogeneous book: the hymns collected in book are almost entirelyhis work.

VasiÅÊha asserts, like other seers, that the hymns are composedfor the Gods, not the other way around. He affirms that it is theÀÅis, not (in that particular case) Indra, who have “engendered" thehymns: “Among all ÀÅis, Indra, old and recent, who have engenderedhymns as sacred singers, even with us be thine auspiciousfriendships." (RV 7:22:9) This may sound trivial to the present

readers, but for some Hindu ears it really deserves to be emphasized.Very many traditional-minded Hindus are sure that the Vedas areGod-given: dictated by the Gods and then “seen" and recited by theseers.

This would turn the Veda into a kind of Ten Commandmentsor Qur'‚n, where it is God who does the speaking and who talksdown to man. Those who hold this view, are in contempt of theevidence given by the Veda itself, which they claim to be veneratingas God-given. From the very first verse, the correct relation is madecrystal-clear: “O§ Agnim iÊe", “I worship the Fire" (RV 1:1:1) So, manis worshipping a chosen deity, and it would be perverse to make theGods dictate the very hymns with which they should be worshipped.

Note also that VasiÅÊha inscribes himself in a hoary traditionof “ÀÅis old and recent". This is the general outlook in Hinduism:treading in the footsteps of the ancients. It is not necessary to inventanything new, as the truly important things have always been available.The Vedas themselves clearly inscribe themselves in an existingtradition. The Buddha equally said that he had merely gone the wayof the former Buddhas, and the contemporary masters equallyemphasize that they teach nothing new. If they do claim originality,you know you are dealing either with a charlatan or with a Westernsophomore who tries to impress his audience, like that fellow studentwho promised a “totally new" reading of the Yoga SÒtra. The moreclassical position was enunciated in a lecture about the ancient yogateacher and Yoga SÒtra author Pataüjali by Dr. PÒkh R‚j Çarm‚ fromJodhpur,who explained: “There is no improvising on Pataüjali."(1988) Innovators like Sri Aurobindo receive lip-service but theirnovelties do not have much impact in the long run, unless they toouse a discourse of “returning to the ancient roots".

Internal evidence, principally genealogical data, as well aslinguistic details, reveal an internal chronology (Talageri 2000:35-93, building on Oldenberg 1894). The oldest period consists ofBook 6, then book 3, then (though partly overlapping) book 7.This is followed by book 4, then book 2, the middle period. Thelate period starts with book 5, the youngest of the “Family Books",each one written by a family of seers;and then book 8. A collectionof separate hymns covering the period of books 4-2-5-8 is book 1.These 8 formed a first corpus of hymns. A collection of hymnsrelated to the psychedelic brew Soma forms book 9, and a distinctly

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younger collection of hymns constitutes book 10. This latter is partof a younger culture shared with the Yajur- and Atharva-Veda (theS‚ma-Veda mostly consists of hymns of the Àg-Veda put to music).

Many Vedic characters reappear in the Itih‚sas and Pur‚«as.Thus, Dœrghatamas, composer of hymns 1.140-164, is said sincethe Aitareya Br‚hma«a (8:23) to have been the court priest of foundingking Bharata and half-brother of the seer Bharadv‚j. This is not basedon data made explicit in the ›g-Veda itself. The Mah‚bh‚rata makeshim born blind, hence his name meaning “long darkness" (Nagar2012:120); but this seems to be a made-up story based on theetymology of his name, and especially strange for a seer most famousfor his astronomical observations to the extent that his name is evenexplained as a nickname for a nightly observer of the sky.

Famously, the Epics and Pur‚«as turn the Vedic rivals ViÄv‚mitraand VasiÅÊha into representatives of competing castes: the KÅatriyas,among whom R‚jarÅi ViÄv‚mitra is counted, and the Br‚hma«asincluding Brahma¼Åi VasiÅÊha. But these stories are reflective of socialconcerns of later society, not in evidence in the Vedic account. TheKÅatriyas, VaiÄyas and ÇÒdras are only mentioned at the fag end of theÀg-Veda (10:90:12), without even discussing their recruitment,heredity, social roles, mutual relations or anything we now know asthe caste system. By the time the Epics were edited, by contrast,caste was an uppermost concern. Let us keep in mind that referencesto Vedic characters by later Hindus are generally to these transformedpersonae whose name is Vedic but whose story is a later creation.

2. VasiÅÊha's life

VasiÅÊha is described as the son of Mitra-Varu«a with the nymphUrvaÄœ. (RV 7:33:11). Not that he was born from her womb, but sheaccepted him as her son after seeing the new-“born" emerge fromthe effusion of sperm deposited by Mitra and Varu«a, which theycouldn't contain after seeing her. In this case, the later Puranic storyhas a definite basis in the Vedic verse itself. He is therefore calledMaitr‚varu«i (his family name in the Anukrama«i list of hymn authors),just like Agastya, seer of RV 1:165-191. Therefore, these two aresometimes described as brothers. In post-Vedic writings, VasiÅÊha isdescribed as the mind-born son (Manasputra) of Brahma, who (e.g.in the Yoga-VasiÅÊha) often quotes instructions he received fromBrahma himself.

His proverbial wife Arundh‚tœ is not mentioned yet, but thathe has sons is already clear, and not only because hymn 7:33 ispartly dedicated to them. One hymn (RV 7:32) is composed togetherwith his son Çakti. He also mentions Par‚Äara (RV 7:18:21) togetherwith Çatay‚tu, seemingly another name of Çakti (thus Griffith1991:343). Par‚Äara is described as the son of Çakti by theAnukrama«i list when it mentions him as the seer of RV 1:65-73and part of RV 97:7.

His clan is said to wear their hair-knot on the right-hand side(RV 7:33:1). For this reason, a copper ÀÅi statue found with thisodd placement of the hair-knot is known as “VasiÅÊha's head" (Hicks& Anderson 1990). Though the copper was first cast in the 4thmillennium BC, inscriptions on it are much younger, and it isassumed that the copper was smelted and recast as the present statuein the historical age, when statues had become common inHinduism.

Possibly after a rivalry (about which the facts are not given)with Sud‚s's court priest ViÄv‚mitra, VasiÅÊha becomes the court priesthimself. ViÄv‚mitra is the main composer of Àg-Veda's Book 3including the single most famous Vedic verse, the G‚yatrœ mantra (RV3:62:10, a prayer to the rising sun, still recited daily as part of theSandhy‚-vandan‚ (the “salutation of the morning twilight"). The majorhistorical event treated in his hymn collection is his aid as courtpriest to Sud‚s in the victory over the KœkaÊas in the east (RV 3:53). Inspite of this success, he seems to have been replaced as royal priestby VasiÅÊha, who stars as the king's decisive helper in the subsequent“Battle of the Ten Kings" (D‚Äar‚jüa Yuddha).

The texts of the hymns allows us to deduce that ViÄv‚mitrahad reason to be envious of VasiÅÊha. Yet, though this envy and theensuing struggle became the topic of many more recent stories (seebelow, 6.1), the rivalry between the two seers is not treated in theÀg-Veda and can only be inferred. Verses RV 3:53:21-24, traditionallyinterpreted as a curse by ViÄv‚mitra on VasiÅÊha (as by Nagar 2013:222,citing S‚yana in support), contain “no whiff of this personal hostility"and “there is certainly no mention of VasiÅÊha, directly or indirectly"(Jamison and Brereton 2014:537).

3. VasiÅÊha's religion

The religion expounded in VasiÅÊha’s hymns is not noted for

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anything aberrant from the Vedic pattern. On the contrary, it hasgreatly helped in shaping our image of what the Vedic religion was.Thus, a general principle of most religion is: “Make the god payheed by pouring libations" (RV 7:16.11), or what the Romans called:Do ut des (“I give so that you will give"). He sings of “immortal fame"(RV 7:81:6), which was found to be a corner stone of the Indo-European worldview, the expression being common to divergentIndo-European poetry traditions. And he praises “male posterity"(RV 7:75:2), which ensures the hero of a constituency of descendantswho will venerate his memory.

3.1 The categories of gods

VasiÅÊha is first of all a worshipper of Heaven and Earth: “Iworship Heaven and Earth, parents of the Gods." (RV 7:53:1, likewise43:1) Just like Ouranos and Gaia in Greek mythology, they are thegods of the first generations, progenitors of all the other gods.

Apart from this basic couple, the gods, then, are conceived asbelonging to one of three categories: Vasus, Rudras, †dityas (RV7:10:4), i.e. earthly, atmospheric and heavenly gods. Here they arenot yet given their classical number: the “cubic" and “earthy" 8 forthe Vasus, the “unseizable" 11 for the Rudras, and the zodiacal 12for the †dityas (as in e.g. B¼had‚ra«yaka UpaniÅad 3.9.2). At least notexplicitly, for the total number of 33 gods (2 + 8 + 11 + 12) alreadyexisted, as is seen in RV 1:34:11, 1:139:11, 9:92:4 (all three: 33 as3 x 11), 3:6:9, 8:28:1, 8:30:2, 8:57:2. “The Gods, the Thirty-Three"is already a fixed expression, 33 is the unrivalled number of theVedic Gods.

In the anukrama«œs , the classes of Gods are called ga«a, “group,troupe", as in Marudga«a (RV 7:56-59), Àbhuga«a (RV 7:48) or†dityaga«a (RV 7:66). In the modern terms of set theory: a ga«a is a“set" and its “cardinal number". It is herefrom that a popular God iscalled Ga«eÄa or Ga«apati, “lord of classes (of gods)", “lord of cardinalnumbers", which effectively means “god of gods".

3.2 Varu«a

Foremost among the Gods are Indra and Varu«a: “One killsV¼tra, the other maintains the Law." (83:9) Whereas Indra is the Godof strong vs. weak, of vigour and power, Varu«a is the God of goodvs.evil, of norms, of morality.

He reminds us somewhat of the Christian God: he has an eyefor sin, for defects, for straying from the “law of nature" (¼ta). Thus:“Not our own will betrayed us, but seduction, thoughtlessness,Varu«a, wine, dice, or anger." (7:86:6) Sometimes he also shows thevindictiveness of the Old-Testamentic God, who visits the sins ofthe fathers upon the next generations: “Free us from sins committedby our fathers, [Varu«a]." (RV 7:86:5) But overall, he is the mercifulone, like Jesus’ father and like Islam's al-Rašm‚n al Rašœm, thoughhe knows everything about his worshippers' sinfulness: “Have mercy,spare me, Varu«a." (RV 7:89:1)

He makes his devotee medhira, “wise" (RV 7:87:4), meaningthat he has and confers medh‚, “wisdom", the Sanskrit equivalent ofIranian mazda. So, Ahura Mazd‚ (Asura Medha) is the equivalent ofVaru«a. This helps explain why the polarity good/evil is so central inMazdeism, and how post-exilic Judaism could have been conceivedas seriously influenced by Mazdeism, the dominant religion of theAchaemenid Empire to which Israel belonged when the Thora wasgiven its definitive editing.

3.3 Indra

Indra is VasiÅÊha's favourite object of devotion. He is worshippedas himself, as Indr‚gni, as Indravaru«a, as B¼haspati (RV 7:97) and alsoas the rain-god Parjanya (hymn 7:101-102, composed together withA¡giras priest Kum‚ra †gneya).

B¼haspati was originally just a name of “Indra (....) in his role aspriest-king and with priestly weapons – songs and correctlyformulated true speech (....) But in time the epithet was split off intoa separately conceived divine figure Brhaspati, first as an alloform ofIndra and then detached from Indra as an independent divinity whoserved as Indra's priest – taking with him Indra's priestly role, withIndra retaining his role as king and warrior." (Jamison & Brereton2014:633, introducing RV 4:50) He is also named Brahma«aspati,“lord of the formula" (RV 7:97:3 and 7:97:9). Significantly, B¼haspatialso became an alloform of GurÒ as the name of the planet Jupiter,both used till today in the name of Thursday.

The name Parjanya is cognate with Baltic Perkunas, Slavic Perun,Albanian Per”ndija, the name of the stormgod; and probably alsowith the Sanskrit tree name parkaÊœ, Latin quercus, “oak". Since theoak is a tree reputed to attract lightning, the link seems to be the

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lighting, Indra's weapon (vajra) and opener of rainstorms (“probablya link with the concept of lightning", Delamarre 1984:171).

The hymn 7:103, commonly known as the “Hymn of theFrogs", is somewhat jocular in spirit. (Due to the later canonizationof the Vedas, the playful aspect of the Vedic poems is insufficientlyrealized, see Elst 2011:36.) It likens the recitations by the priests tothe croaking of the frogs. The chosen day for this concert is the firstday of the rainy season when, after months of unbearable heat, thefirst rain is liberating: “As Brahmans talk at the Soma-rite, so, Frogs,ye gather round the pool to honour this day of all the year, the firstof Rain-time." (RV 7:103:7) After extreme drought, fertility is restoredand at once maximized by the generous rains. The frogs rejoice inthe overflow of water, the priests in the manifestation of theirfavourite object of worship, Indra.

This at once explains a lot about Indra's character. The Vedicpantheon has two main storm-gods: Rudra and Indra. Rudra standsfor the unexpected and dangerous storms in the mountains.Precisely because he is so unpredictable and threatening, he isflattered with the apotropaeic nick name Çiva, “the auspicious one".White as the snow on the mountains, his wife P‚rvatœ, “she of themountain", is also called Gaurœ, “the white one". Indra, by contrast,is simply good. He is the yearly recurring storm that opens the longed-for monsoon. This is a recurring and perfectly predictablephenomenon eagerly awaited by cultivators, just like the yearlyflooding of the Nile Valley. He has slaughtered the dragon of thesummer heat that withholds the waters, and releases them: “Hedefeated the snake and released the waters" (RV 7:21:3; moreallusions to Indra killing V¼tra are in RV 7:19:5, 20:2, 21:6, and inhymns by other seers).

Indra has elsewhere (e.g. RV 8:1:7) been called the purandaraor “fort-destroyer", which has also given rise to a lot of headyspeculation, with the forts being the ruined Harappan citiesdestroyed by the invading Aryan armies. Instead, the truth is not sosinister: “Usually human habitations were located on the banks ofthe rivers", but in the monsoon region, the onset of the rainy season,opened by Indra with thunderstorms, a few days are enough to makedrought give way to inundations: “[T]he Himalayan rivers destroyedthe human habitations by the torrential flow of water (....) This is theprecise reason why the water-god Indra has been considered the

purandara or the ‘destroyer of the villages'. (....) contrary to the generalclaims that pura means ‘fort', (....) the word always means ‘village' inthe Indian and Iranian languages." (Priyadarshi 2014:34) VasiÅÊhahas not used this expression for Indra, but has described Agni insimilar terms (RV 7:6:1) because fire does indeed have a similar effecton houses: sweeping the work of years away in one hour.

Indra's name is interchangeably used with Maghavan, “thegenerous one". So, here we get the usual image of Indra as mighty,giving boons, victorious and conferring victory in war to hisworshippers. He is also described as a great consumer of Soma,meaning that it is often sacrificed to him. But jokes about his sexualprowess and adventures are not so much in evidence here, as theyare in later parts of Vedic literature(e.g. RV 4:10, 8:80, 10:86,discussed in Elst 2011:36-37) and in the stories of related storm-gods like Zeus and Thor.Indeed, later generations saw the descentof Indra into becoming a figure of fun, with his amorous pursuitsending in disgrace -- a colourful sunset before oblivion set in.

3.4 The M¼tyuüjaya Mantra

The famous M¼tyuüjaya Mantra (RV 7:59:12) invokes Çiva as“the tree-eyed one" (Tryambaka). This concept is otherwise nowhereattested in the Vedas. Already Wilson in the 1860s thought it wasobviously interpolated: “The wish expressed being for finalemancipation (....) and the denomination Tryambaka are, in myopinion, decisive of the spuriousness of this stanza" (Wilson1997:270). So do Jamison and Brereton in their recent mosttranslation of the text: “The last four verses are clearly late additions"(2014:953).

Hindu Tradition says that the Vedas were given their finalordering by K¼Å«a Dvaipayana a.k.a. Veda-Vy‚sa, “analyzer/orderer ofthe Veda". He is commonly taken to be a descendant of VasiÅÊha:according to the ViÅ«u-Sahasran‚ma (3), “Vy‚sa is VasiÅÊha's great-grandson." For what it is worth, we speculate that he interpolatedby then the prestigious M¼tyuüjaya Mantra into his famous ancestor'shymn collection in order to counterbalance the prestige ofViÅv‚mitra's G‚yatrœ mantra. It may have been composed by Vy‚sahimself (upgrading his own little poem into a canonical Vedic verse)or by another descendant of VasiÅÊha, and in that sense it couldlegitimately be attributed to “VasiÅÊha" as a family name.

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4. The Battle of the Ten Kings

The single most important historical event mentioned in theÀg-Veda is the Battle of the Ten Kings. It is the topic of hymns RV7:18/33/83, and a number of allusions elsewhere, both by VasiÅÊhaand by other seers. It is a battle between the †ryas (meaning thePauravas, the seer’s own tribe) and the D‚sa coalition of ten clans,led by Kavi and Bheda.

4.1 History of the battle

The coalition comes from the west, from the basin of the Asiknœriver, the present-day Chenab, to attack Sud‚s on the riverside of theParuÅ«œ, the present-day Ravi (7:18:8-9), both in Pakistani Punjab.The word “attack" does not really imply that the coalition was theaggressor, though the Vedic people saw it that way. It may just aswell have been a tactical counteroffensive within a war in which Sud‚shimself was the main aggressor. Our knowledge of this conflict isjust too sketchy and moreover based on a partisan source.

The tactical moves mainly pertain to the military use of theriver: it seems that, when the coalition surrounded Sud‚s's army, thelatter escaped by fording the river (“Indra made the river shallow andeasy for Sud‚s to traverse", RV 7:18:5, “fordable ParuÅ«œ", RV 7:18:8),that the coalition fell into disarray while trying to cross the river,that some soldiers drowned while others were overtaken in hotpursuit.Their leader KavaÅa drowns, along with Druhyu (RV 7:18:12).Kavi “dies" (RV 7:18:8), Bheda first escapes but later gets killed (RV7:18:18-19), and one Devata is also killed (RV 7:18:20). Both thelegitimate enemy and Sud‚s's tribesmen siding with the enemy weredefeated: “Ye smote and slew his D‚sa and his †rya enemies andhelped Sudas with favour, Indra-Varu«a." (RV 7:83:1)

At any rate, the outcome of the battle is a clear victory, for theenemies are killed, dispersed or thrown back to the west, to theAsiknœ basin:“Agni chased these Dasyus in the east and turned thegodless westward" (RV 7:6:3).They leave their possessions behindand (part of) their land is occupied to become part of the Pauravadomain.

4.2 Who were the enemies?

The Vedic text gives quite a bit of detail about the enemycoalition. The ethnic identity of the enemies, often treated as a

mystery (if not filled in as “obviously the black aboriginals"), is infact crystal-clear.

Sud‚s, the T¼tsu, defeats the Pauravas' northwestern neighboramong the five tribes, the †navas: “The goods of Anu's son he gave toT¼tsu." (RV 7:18:13) In the next verse, the †navas are mentionedagain, together with what remained of the Druhyu tribe, as havingbeen “put to sleep". The enemies include Kavi and KavaÅa, the enemytribes P¼Äsu, P¼thu, Paktha, Bhalana (RV 7:18:7) are collectively knownas D‚sa, some of them as Pa«i (lambasted already in 7:6:3), andtheir priests as Dasyu. Practically all the names of enemy tribes orenemy leaders are Iranian or pertain to tribes known from Greco-Roman sources as Iranian: Kavi, the name of the Iranian dynastystill featuring in Zarathuätra's G‚th‚s (e.g. G‚th‚ 51:16, Insler1975:107);

KavaÄa/Kaoäa;D‚sa/Dahae;Dasyu/Danghyu;Pa«i/Parnoi; †nava/Anaoi;ParÄu/Persoi;P¼thu/Parthoi;Paktha/Paätu;Bhal‚na/Baluc/Bol‚n.

A few are not, at least at first sight, and it is after all aheterogeneous coalition. But names like Bheda, while notconspicuously Iranian, are not recognizably Dravidian or Mundaeither, and none of these names is.

On the same pattern, we later get the theological contrastbetween Asura and Ahura. The first seers including VasiÅÊha still usethe word in a positive sense, as “lord" or “powerful one": one of hishymns for Agni starts out as “praise of the Asura" (RV 7:6:1), and hecalls Agni again “the Asura" (RV 7:30:3), while Indra provides asurya,“lordliness", “manliness" (RV 7:21:7). Yet, he also call Agni the “Asura-slayer" (RV 7:13.1): this could be neutral, meaning “even mightierthan the mighty ones", but it could also signal the shift from positiveto negative.

In the later hymns and in Hindu literature ever since, Asurahas served as the usual term for “agent of evil", “demon", but stillwith a dignified status and an unmistakable dexterity, in distinctionfrom the lowly R‚kÅas‚s. In Buddhism too, Asuras are associated withpowerful quasi-human emotions, especially jealousy of the gods,but do not inhabit one of the hells where the Hungry Ghosts andother lowly creatures dwell (Krishna 2014:60-61). Conversely, inthe Iranian tradition they retain their divine status and it is the Deva/DaŒvas who got demonized.

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Note also that unlike the term Asura, the term D‚sa had alreadyacquired a negative connotation before the battle. It had been usedfor Çambara, a proverbial enemy slain by the Vedic king Divod‚sa (RV6:26:5 and 6:47:21, also mentioned as his defeated foe in 6:43:1and 9:61:2). Yet, originally the term did have a neutral or positivemeaning, as is clear enough from its use in the names Divod‚sa andSud‚s.

Though clear enough, Iranologists generally keep labouringunder the notion that early Avestan history is a mystery. By contrast,Parsi scholars candidly link the Battle of the Ten Kings (and thesubsequent V‚rÅ‚gira Battle, sung esp. in RV 1:100) to early Avestanhistory (Hodiwala 1913:12-16). Others create a confused picture,theorizing e.g. that the Vedic tribe consisted of Aryan invaderspenetrating India eastwards, and that the D‚sas were either aboriginalsor earlier invaders resisting the western newcomers.

Thus, D‚sas and Dasyus were “people and cultures eitherindigenous to South Asia or already in South Asia å from whereveror whenever they may have come å when the carriers of Rgvedicculture and religion moved into and through the northwest of thesubcontinent" (Jamison & Brereton 2014:56). The thrust of Sud‚s'sVedic Aryans was towards: “the region to the east (....), the Ga«ga-Yamun‚ Doab to which the Bharatas advanced (....) In this country ofthe D¹sas and Asuras". (Pradhan 2014:188)

Yet, nothing in the text supports this idea that the Vedic peoplecame from the west and the D‚sas from the east, or that the D‚sasmentioned lived across the Yamuna, or that the Vedic people wereintruders while the D‚sas were the established population, or thatthe Aryans even outside the context of this battle were on the movefrom west to east. On the contrary, twice and in two different ways,the source text says it is the D‚sas and Dasyus who came from thewest. It says that they have come to the “east" for a fight and thatthese “godless ones" are turned back “westward" (7:6:3); and it hasthem come from the westerly Asiknœ/Chenab river valley to challengeand fight Sud‚s on the shores of the easterly ParuÅ«œ/Ravi. Thatdoesn’t mean they were intruders into India, though: it is a bigcountry, and it is most unlikely that any of the warring partiesidentified with India as a whole (as opposed to their own slice of it)as “their" country.

Even Pradhan, who hurries to toe the orthodox line, breaks

ranks with his Western mentors by accepting as simply obvious theIranian identity of the Ten Kings, e.g.: “their Indo-Iranian past gavethe D‚sas the institution of sacrifice" (Pradhan 2014:124), “theirAryan antecedents become clear from the Avest‚ and the Greekhistorians' notices of the Dahae and the Parnoi" (Pradhan2014:132). He silently passes over the improbable implication thatthis would put the Iranians where he had earlier located the TenKings, viz. east of the Yamuna, a rather unorthodox hypothesis.

So everything, including a western-neighbourly location, pointsto the Iranians. Nothing is there to deny it, nothing points to anyoneelse.

4.3 The enemies' religion

The heroes of this hymn, the T¼tsus, are †ryas and supportedby Indra. The enemy camp as a whole is deemed anindra, “withoutIndra" (7:18:16), in a verse that seems to furnish the first instanceof this term.Later books use this as a standard allegation of theenemies: “Indra-less destructive spirit" (RV 4:23.7), “how can thosewithout Indra and without hymns harm me?" (RV 5:2:3), “enemieswithout Indra", truth-haters (RV 1:133:1), “my enemies withoutIndra" (RV 10:48:7), “Indra-less libation-drinkers" (RV 10:27:6)According to Geldner (2003/3:166), the latter is a “reminiscenceof 7:18:16". Either the same enemy people was involved or, perhaps,this had ultimately become a set phrase in referring to enemies.

Included in the enemy camp are the Dasyus, described as“faithless, rudely-speaking Pa«is/niggards, without belief, sacrificeor worship" (RV 7:6:3). Other seers call them “without sacrifice" (RV1:33:4, 8:70:11), “without oath" (RV 1:51:8, 1:175:3, 6:14:3,9:41:2), “riteless" (RV 10:22:8), “godless" (adeva, RV 8:70:11),“faithless" (RV 1.33.9, 2:22:10), “prayerless" (RV 4:16:9), “followingdifferent rites" (RV 8:70:11, 10:22:8).All these are propertiespertaining to religion.

Dasyus are the D‚sa's priests and the special target of VasiÅÊha'sire. In fact, opposition to the Dasyus is a general Vedic trait: “Dasyusnever figure as rich or powerful enemies. They are depicted as slyenemies who incite others into acts of boldness(6:24:8) (....) TheDasyus are clearly regarded with uncompromising hostility, while thehostility towards the D‚sas is relatively mild" (Talageri 2000:253).

Whereas commoners go to the movies to watch famous actors

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and actresses, intellectuals (the kind who come out of the movietheatre commenting: “I liked the book better") go there to maketheir point of view on the scenarist’s plot and the director'selaboration of it. Whereas commoners speak of World War 2 interms of “German" aggression, “British" fortitude and “Russian"sacrifices, intellectuals see a three-way contest between the competingideologies animating the Axis, the Soviet Union and the Atlanticcountries. So, Sud‚s's court priest is less interested in the warriorswho do the actual fighting, and more in the ideologues who haveturned the battle in a competition between different pantheons anddifferent ways of pleasing them.

The Iranian religion fits the bill. The Vedic seers saw a verysimilar religious practice and a very similar worldview, of peoplewhom they understood in spite of a different accent, and thereforewere extra sensitive to the points where the Athravans had “deviated"from the Vedic standard. Consider: the Mazdeans are “without fire-sacrifice": they don’t throw things into the sacred fire, because theyhold it even more sacred than the Vedic sacrificial priests, who stilluse it as a channel towards the gods. An Avestan yasnais not a Vedicyajüa.

They don't worship the Devas, whom they have demonized:DaŒva means “devil".Conversely, the Vedic Aryans originallyworshipped but ultimately demonized the Asuras Hale 1986).Among the gods, Indra in particular was identified with the principleof Evil. Nevertheless, though the substantivated epithet Verethraghna(“V¼tra-slayer") was separated from him and remained popular.

We may speculate that in an earlier confrontation, Indra didnot give them victory, so they demonized him, turning him into the“angry spirit", Angra Mainyu. Vedic Manyu (addressee of RV 10:83-84) was a name of Indra in his aspect of fury and passion. Anîgraseems to be a pun on the Anîgiras, the clan of his priests. Alternatively,the far northwest of the Subcontinent has no clear monsoon, atime opened with a thunderstorm signified by Indra. During theirmigrations as sketched in the Pur‚«as, the †navas are said to havemoved from the Western Ga«g‚ basin, which has a monsoon, toKashmir and West-Panjab, where the memory of a monsoon musthave faded, so Indra became less relevant and easily identified withthe people from monsoon territory.

Another element that may have played a role here, is VasiÅÊha's

stated opposition to magic: “Let the heroes (....) prevail against allgodless arts of magic" (RV 7:1:10), “Against the sorcerers hurl yourbolt" (RV 7:104:25). Human experience teaches the perfectcompatibility of this “skeptical" position with the fact that his ownsacrificial rituals deemed to result in battlefield victories (just likethe “miraculous" medallions worn by Catholics resulting inimpossible cures) equally amount to magic. At any rate, this cursedsorcery was identified with the Asuras, who are often depicted instories as more resourceful than the Devas. Magic sis at the centre ofthe Atharva Veda, named after the Iranian priestly class, the Athravans,and held in lower esteem than the Veda-trayi, the other three Vedas.Inthis case, it is not yet clear what was cause and what was effect: magic(from Magoi, the Greek name of the Iranian priests) was associatedwith the Iranians, and both the one and the other were mistrusted.

Finally, on the Vedic side, it is possible that Varu«a's identitywith the enemies’ god Ahura Mazd‚ had something to do with hisdecline and gradual disappearance from the Vedic horizon: “Onenotices the decline of Varu«a in Book X, which has no hymn forhim (....) If he is seen in his glory in some of the Family Books, BookX registers his decline and subordination to Indra." (Pradhan2014:153-154) At any rate, he did decline, both in power and inmoral stature: “Varu«a, who is now second to Indra unlike in VI, VIIand IV, is reduced to singing his praises (....) Varuªa of Books X andI acquires semi-demoniacal features which he did not have in theFamily Books (....) the former guardian of immortality is nowassociated with the world of the dead (....) unlike in the early Àgveda,the [Yaju] Sa§hit‚s treated Varu«a with dread" (Pradhan 2014:156).Likewise, the Varu«a-related concept of ?ta, “righteousness", “worldorder", “normative succession of phases in a cycle", “truth", dwindlesand is more or less replaced by dharma, “righteousness", “social andseasonal correctness".

This is only a partial and gradual demonization of Varu«a theAsura, nothing like the radical demonization of Indra the DaŒva. Butthat is commensurate with the fleeting Paurava war psychology asagainst the deep grudge the †navas bore after their defeat.

4.4 Who the enemies were not

None of the names or nicknames associated with the TenKings, their tribes or their religion is attested in Dravidian, Munda,

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Burushaski, Nahali, Tibetan or any other nearby language. Most ofthem, by contrast, are completely transparent as Iranian names.Similarly, their stated religious identification points to the Mazdeantradition. Yet, quite a few translators and students of the Vedas insistthat they are the “black aboriginals".

The first reason is that those targeted by VasiÅÊha are m¼dhrav‚c(RV 7:6:3), “babblers defective in speech" (Wilson), “rudely-speaking"(Griffith), “wrongly speaking" (“misredend", Geldner), or “of disdainfulwords" (Jamison and Brereton). This is not normally said of peoplespeaking a foreign language, but of people who are comprehensibleyet don't use the accent or the sociolinguistic register we are usedto. Still it is popularly thought that this refers to foreigners, the waythe European settlers in America considered the Amerindians alien.

The second reason is the frequent use of the word “black" asreferring to the enemies, notably VasiÅÊha's enemies: the asikni viÄa,“the black tribe" (7:5:3). But the use of “black" is not as pregnantwith sinister racist implications as if often made out. Hock (1999)shows that this is but an application of a universal symbolismrelating whiteness or lightness to what is good or friendly, anddarkness or blackness to what is threatening, inimical or evil. In thewriter’s country, Belgium, collaborators with the German occupierduring World War II were called Blacks (“zwarten"), resistance fightersWhites (“witten"). Colour symbolism is India has many applicationsunrelated to race, e.g. the “white" and the “black" Yajur-Veda aremerely the well-ordered and transparent c.q. the miscellaneous andlabyrinthine parts.

Moreover, in VasiÅÊha's case we are probably dealing with a pun,a double-entendre: asikni means “black", but it is also the name of ariver, Asiknœ, “the black river", which happens to be the river whencethe Ten Kings come to do battle. This is a normal type of hydronym,e.g. the Thames in England and the Demer in Belgium mean “dark(river)" as well, both names being cognates of Sanskrit tamas,“darkness"; just as rivers may have colour names referring to theirlighter aspect, e.g. the Chinese Huanghe, “Yellow River".

In this case, the unimaginative interpretation of this pun asindicating a black skin colour in the enemy, has been unusuallyconsequential. The British-colonial as well as the Nazi-Germannarrative was that the presumed “White Aryan conquest of Indiafrom the Black Aboriginals" illustrates the colonial and racialist view:

that superior races should rule over the inferior races and that masterraces should preserve their purity. All this could have been avoidedif the Vedic words for “black" (asikni, k¼Å«a) had been interpretedproperly. There was no racial difference between D‚sas and †ryas,and Iranians are not black.

4.5 Merits in the battle

Hymn RV 7:33 contains a bit of self-praise by VasiÅÊha. Ofsecondary importance is his praise for his sons' military role in thebattle: they “slaughtered Bheda" (RV 7:33:3). Also, affirmations thatthe seer was special and talented are not what is exceptional here,e.g.:“With divine birth, VasiÅÊha is a thinker and knower of Earth andHeaven." (RV 7:33:11-12)

The main focus of praise is that his recitation praising Indramanaged to move the god and channel his energies towards theBh‚rata army. He attributes to himself the best singing as well as thebest Soma for Indra (RV 7:33:2,4). And this singing made a decisivedifference: the T¼tsus found themselves embattled and defenceless,until VasiÅÊha became their guide (RV 7:33:5-6). The same point ismade in hymn 83: “Encircled, helpless, but Indra-Varu«a came tothe rescue (....) effectual was the service of the T¼tsus' priest." (RV7:83:3-4)

From a skeptical viewpoint, it must be borne in mind that hemay have been deluded about this. Kings who got defeated on thebattlefield also had court-priests who believed in the effectivenessof their rituals. VasiÅÊha may simply have been lucky. His whole self-praise and the resulting belief in the effectiveness of Vedic ritualsmay have been an over confident deduction from a victorious turnin this battle which was no more than a felicitous coincidence. Nodoubt he was a great poet, but whether his poetry caused (ratherthan just happened to coincide with) victory on the battlefield is amatter of belief.

5. Deification

Hymn 7.33 glorifies the crucial role in Battle of the Ten Kingsof VasiÅÊha. (verse 10-14)and his sons. It is the first attested Indiancase of divinization, though we shall see that an earlier instance hadalready been completed.

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5.1 Apotheosis

The process of a mortal’s deification was called äirk in ancientSemitic, “association". It is attested in Ugarit, Syria, where after dying,fabled kings were associated with a star. (De Moor 1990) In Islam,this äirk/“association" of a mortal with a star, or of a creature withthe Creator, became the single worst sin: polytheism.

In Greek it was called ap²theosis, “elevation to Godhood",“deification". Mortals thus deified among the stars include inmythology Hercules, Perseus, Andromede, Ganymede, but there arehistorical cases too: Antinoos, Roman emperor Hadrian's lover-boy(ever since, a star in Aquarius), and Jan Sobieski, who broke theTurkish siege of Vienna and then got associated with a newlydiscovered southern constellation, Scutum (Sobieskii), “(Sobieski's)Shield".

The logic, which at once explains the Indo-European poeticformula “undying fame" (Greek kleos aphthiton, Sanskrit Äravas akÅitam),is that one becomes immortal by one's glorious deeds, andimmortality is the key characteristic of gods. At the same time, thegods are identified with stars: the Sumerian ideogram for “God"shows a star, pronounced as dingir (in Akkadian pronounced as el,related to Hebrew Elohim and to names like Micha-el, “who is likeGod?" or Gabri-el, “my strength is God", and to Arabic al-il‚ha, “thedeity", whence All‚h), and intimates how the concept of a “god" wasoriginally conceived. A god was one who lived in heaven, who wouldremain there long after you as a mortal have died, and who can beseen every day by everyone. He is thus part of the collectiveconsciousness. So, that is what a man achieved by earning glory andbeing recognized as a god.

VasiÅÊha went through this process not just after his death, hedescribed it himself: “When Varu«a and I embark together and urgeour boat into the midst of the ocean, we, when we ride over ridgesof the waters, will swing before that swing and there be happy. Varu«aplaced VasiÅÊha in the vessel and deftly with his might made him a¼Åi." (RV 7:88:3-4) The vessel of the heavenly god Varu«a signifiesthe seeming motion of the stars around the earth. VasiÅÊha isassociating his status as a ¼Åi with his elevation to the starry sky.

This way VasiÅÊha was given a place among the stars. With hiswife Arundh‚tœ (sister of Kapila, a seer glorified as the perfected beingpar excellence in the Bhagavad-Gœt‚ 10.26) he is eternalized as the

star Mizar in the Great Bear, actually a double star, with VasiÅÊha asthe main star and Arundh‚tœ as his companion Alcor.She was theembodiment of marital fidelity,therefore her star is shown to a bride.

On this pattern, Vedic civilization elevated seven sages jointlyto a kind of godhood by associating them with the seven stars ofthe Great Bear. There are different versions, from late-Vedic tomedieval, the latter including sages associated with South India andeven Southeast Asia. (Mitchiner 2000) Together with seer Atri,VasiÅÊha is the only one to be present in all versions of the “SevenSages".

5.2 Other deifications in the Àg-Veda

Anything that outlives man and is therefore felt to be immortal,can be deified. In that sense, the disembodied ancestors are godstoo, for after death they stay on to watch over their progeny. Tolimit ourselves to VasiÅÊha's book, it addresses hymns to the frogspecies (RV 7:103) and to the waters (RV 7:47/49), as well as tothe named gods and to his own sons and himself (RV 7:33). Acolourful example elsewhere is the hymn “to the press-stones" (RV10:44), the implements used by the Soma priests, on the pattern ofthe annual sacrifice by a warrior to his weapons or by a craftsman tohis tools.

Since the line between god and man is fluid, some people areaddressed in passing as “divine", e.g. Trasadasyu is twice named “halfa god" (RV 4:42:8-9). Persons about whom you may never haveheard, but who each had one hymn addressed to them by the seerKakÅœv‚n, were the generous princes, son and father, Svanaya andBh‚vayavya's (RV 1:125-126). These are but a kind of D‚nastutis,lavish praise to express gratitude for gifts of sponsorship.Likewise, apart of a hymn is dedicated to a R‚j‚ Citra 8:21:15-18.

Further, a hymn is jointly dedicated to Indra and the composingseer Vasukra, who is deemed to be the God’s son (RV 10:28).Bythen, authorships and dedications often have something fanciful.Hence, finally, the hymn to the ancestor PurÒravas (founder of theLunar dynasty) and his beloved, the heavenly nymph UrvaÄœ (RV10:95). And that brings us to the one great success story of Vedicdivinization: Pururavas's mother IÎ‚ (RV 10:95:18).

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5.3 The matriarch IÎ‚

If VasiÅÊha may be considered the first one to be deified, therewas a “zeroth" (0th) candidate to be acknowledged. She lived wellbefore the first Vedic hymn, hence we can’t witness the process ofher climb from human being to Goddess, but in the hymnsthemselves her invocation is deemed very important. As the ancestressof the Vedic tribe, she had become, so to speak, the presiding deityof the Vedic tradition: IÎ‚.

She is often mentioned together with clan goddess Bh‚ratœand with the personified life artery of Vedic civilization, the rivergoddess Sarasvatœ. This follows a well-known pattern visible in manytraditions, from the “triple goddess" of the made-up (but in thisrespect authentic) Wicca religion; via al-L‚t, al-Uzza and al-Man‚t,the three pre-Islamic goddesses of Mecca mentioned in the Qur'‚n's“Satanic verses"; to the Vedic moon-goddesses Gunîgu, Sinœv‚lœ andRaka (signifying the first visible moon, the full moon and the lastmoon, RV 2:32:8, more elaborately sung in the Atharva-Veda); andthe later Hindu triplicity P‚rvatœ, Durg‚ and K‚lœ.

VasiÅÊha himself calls her “divine IÎ‚" (RV 7:44.2). He alsomentions her in RV 7:2:8 and 7:16:8. Her oldest mention isprobably in RV 6:1:2 by Bharadv‚j son-of-B¼haspati, where the fire,the first of the Gods, is asked to “sit down on the foot-mark of IÎ‚,accepting the (sacrificial) food and being glorified".

Puranic stories make her into Sudyumna, a son of Manu, whohad emerged from an enchanted pond finding himself transformedinto a woman. Already a father, she now gets impregnated by Budhaand becomes a mother. When the Gods turned against her andannounced the death of one half of her children, she offered tohave those killed she had had as a man, because “a woman loves herchildren more". Though later on the Gods were pleased with herand offered her the boon of choosing her own sex, she preferredremaining a woman, as “women enjoy the sex act nine times morethan men do". (The same observation was attributed by the Greeksto Teiresias, equally a veteran of life as both a man and a woman. Weapparently have an ancient motif of Indo-European poetry thatfound its way into various different narratives.)

This is not bad as a story, but it may be transparent of anactual historical sequence which has been reconstructed as follows:'Manu desired that his first child should be a son, whereas his wife

desired a daughter. Their first child was a girl. (....) IÎ‚ gave birth to aboy named Sudyumna (....) He could not ascend to the throne becauseof being [Manu]'s daughter’s son. Sudyumna, therefore, wasappointed to rule PratiÅÊh‚napura (....) This has been mentioned inthe form of allegory, which runs thus: IÎ‚, the first child of Manu,herself was transformed into a man, and then again into a woman(...) But when we carefully consider all the different descriptions indifferent Pur‚«as and epics, we can easily find the historical fact."(Siddhantashastree 1978:35)

Siddhantashastree (1978:84-87) cites both the Mah‚bh‚rata(1:90), where IÎ‚'s successor is called PurÒravas, like in RV 10:95:18,and various Puranic lists, where the Lunar dynasty is founded bySoma or Candra (“moon"), and without any Sudyumna.As for thesex change, the Vedic seers know nothing of it and just venerate heras the presiding Goddess of their tribe.

5.4 Temple near Manali

Outside Man‚lœ (Him‚cal), there is a temple to VasiÅÊha withsulphur hot springs. In modern Hinduism, That is the formalrecognition of his divine status. Other gods are brought before himto take a bath. It is asserted that this was the site where Manu's Arklanded after the Flood. As Brahma has only one temple (PuÅkar) butis undoubtedly a god, VasiÅÊha can also claim to be up there.

5.5 Significance of one's divinization

Singing one's own praise is not that unusual in the Vedictradition, witness e.g. Y‚jüavalkya claiming the herd of cows awardedby king Janaka for a debate that had yet to take place, as if actuallywinning it is a formality too small for a man of his calibre to gothrough (B¼had‚ra«yaka UpaniÅad 3.1.2). This could be understoodas a matter of personal conceit, at least of an assertive temperament.But it could equally be a grateful acceptance and proper appreciationof the divine working in and through you. It also prefigures theTantric practice of divinization by means of self-identification witha visualized deity: visualizing the divine in yourself, feeling yourselfto be a deity.

In serious theology, we might ponder this act of divinizationas profoundly heaven-challenging, as a Nietzschean repudiation of“envy on the part of those who by their very nature are incapable of

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self-affirmation and want to chain the whole world with their ownshackles", thus illustrating “the connection between denial of Godand self-worship" (Halbertal and Margalit 1994:250).

But there is no indication that VasiÅÊha had such a radicalintention, if only because he was quite serious about Indra and othergods. Indeed, he saw his main claim to fame in his skill of channelingthe energies of the gods through his rituals and recitations. Probablywe shouldn’t read too much in VasiÅÊha's self-deification: it was reallyjust a daring rhetorical flourish, momentarily placing himself on thepedestal where normally only the gods reside. After the Battle of theTen Kings and its literary digestion, he returned to business as usualand didn’t take his self-deification too seriously.

Yet, the question arises whether the Vedic seers were everspiritually ambitious enough to go beyond the dichotomy god-man.Even while using the language of serving the gods and being rewardedby them, did they sometimes transcend this dichotomy? The GreekVedic scholar Nicholas Kazanas thinks so:

“In the RV we can detect a process which I call ‘divinization'and which is, really, the same as the upanishadic or yogic ‘Self-Realization'. (....) Repeatedly in the RV one god or another is said toreside within man. (....) The Holy Power br„hman is also within manor as the innermost armour(6:75:19). A very clear statement revealsthat ‘the mighty and wise guardian of the entire world has enteredme, a simpleton' (1:164:21). Some prudent visionaries seek andmanage to realize these powers within themselves, chiefly the acittambr„hma, ‘the Holy Power that is beyond conception' (1.152.2). Manydescriptions are given in the hymns (....): ‘they found the spacious/infinite light even as they were reflecting' (7:90:4) (....) the seer Ka«vadeclares how he was born even like the Sun-god SÒrya afer he hadreceived essential knowledge (medh‚) about the Cosmic Order (¼ta)from his father." (Kazanas 2015:321-322)

This way, the Vedic hymns do already carry within them thegerms of a vision that will flourish in the UpaniÅads: of the divinewithin man, of non-duality between the individual Self (‚tman) andthe Absolute (brahman). The common belief in an oppositionbetween Vedic karmak‚«Ša and Upanishadic jü‚nak‚«Ša (the sectionsof ritual c.q. knowledge) is unfair to the Vedic poets, who had theirmoments of profound insight too.

6. Later place in Hinduism

Since our topic concerns the Àg-Veda, we disclaim responsibilityfor the enormous task of narrating VasiÅÊha's “after life". But as thereis so much of it, we should at least give a nod to this enormousmaterial. Our very incomplete list of his roles in later literature andphilosophy includes the following instances.

6.1 Epics

In the R‚m‚ya«a we get the classical image of VasiÅÊha: aproverbial sage living in a hermitage, married to Arundh‚tœ, possessorof the wish-cow K‚madhenu and her calf Nandinœ, and in rivalry withViÄv‚mitra, the princeling who tries to wrest his wish-cow from himbut finds out the hard way that Brahmanical power is superior. Asection (B‚lak‚«Ša 51-56) describes the rivalry with ViÄv‚mitra, whohas VasiÅÊha's 100 sons killed, though grandson Par‚Äara survives –an uncanny resemblance to the Mah‚bh‚rata narrative, where theP‚«Šavas' children are all killed but their only grandson ParœkÅit survivesto revive the lineage. Yet, in his youth, it is to ViÄv‚mitra that R‚maturns, and, after his father is persuaded by VasiÅÊha to give himpermission, has him as a tutor during a stay in the forest.ViÄv‚mitrain youth, VasiÅÊha in adulthood: this mirrors the employment bySud‚s of ViÄv‚mitra in his early and of VasiÅÊha in his later career.

The two seers can jointly take credit for the conduct of theR‚m‚ya«a campaign in accordance with the principles of Just War(Balkaran and Dorn 2012). The righteous war (Dharma Yuddha) hasbeen theorized in the West by Cicero, Thomas Aquinas and others,but its application existed already earlier in India. In the Mah‚bh‚rata,these principles are being broken one after another, and K¼Å«a'sbrother B‚lar‚ma's return from a pilgrimage at the end of the warserves to highlight his consternation at seeing how mores havedegenerated during the war. By contrast, in the R‚m‚ya«a, featuringR‚ma as the ideal man, these principles are upheld, and superficialobjections are duly met after a closer reading. Thus, cutting offSÒrpanakh‚'s nose (†ra«ya K‚«Ša 6) may not seem very gentlemanly,but the picture changes when you realize that R‚ma does this toprotect his lady Sœt‚, whom SÒrpanakh‚ has threatened to murder.

If at all we attribute some historical core to the story, we mustremain aware that VasiÅÊha came to serve as a family name (and stilldoes: Vasistha is common among Panjabi Brahmins), already in the

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Vedic hymn where the Sage's sons are called VasiÅÊhas, so we can’tstrictly say that the Vedic seer is meant. But precisely the similaritywith the Vedic poet is too good to be true and suggests that this wasjust a literary adaptation to which no historical value should beattached. At any rate, this is the VasiÅÊha best known in India : R‚ma'sgurÒ.

The Seer also makes a relatively minor appearance in theMahabh‚rata, where e.g. he visits the dying BhœÅma. Those who insiston seeing history here (and the story probably does have a historicalcore, just as Homer’s Iliad is based on a real war that took placesome five hundred years before Homer), are faced with the fact thatthis narrative treats the R‚m‚ya«a narrative as belonging to the distantpast; and that it treats the Vedas as completed with the final editingby VasiÅÊha's descendent Vy‚sa, who himself is already the grandfatherof some of the epic's protagonists.So, on both counts we cannotseriously treat the appearance of the Vedic Seer VasiÅÊha as morethan a literary device.

Nevertheless, as the proverbial Sage, he is made to contributeseriously to the philosophical excursions in the epics. In theR‚m‚ya«a, R‚m‚'s actions, presumably informed by his gurÒ'steachings, prefigure each of the principles of the Just War doctrine(as argued by Balkaran & Dorn 2012).In the Mahabh‚rata, adiscussion of determinism versus free will crucially quotes a lessonattributed to the instruction of VasiÅÊha by Brahma: “Destiny is notaccomplished without human action, just as a field without sownseed bears no fruit." (MBh 13:6:7, discussed in Gonz„lez-Reimann2010:30)

VasiÅÊha's grandson Par‚Äara is also presented as the author ofthe B¼hat-Par‚Äara-Hor‚-Ç‚stra, a comprehensive work on HinduizedHe enistic (now mis-termed “Vedic") astrology. VasiÅÊha himself isanachronistically credited with a book on Hellenistically-derivedelectional astrology, the VasiÅÊha-Sa§hit‚. Equally fictional: his wifeArundh‚tœ is featured by K‚lœd‚sa in his Kum‚rasambhava (canto 6) asbrokering the wedding of Çiva and P‚rvatœ.

6. Buddhism

The Buddha pays respect to VasiÅÊha. Far from being in “revoltagainst the Veda" (as endlessly claimed in Indian textbooksnowadays), he declares that the Veda in its true form was held by the

Vedic seers “Atthako, V‚mako, V‚madevo, Vess‚metto, Yamataggi, Anîgiraso,Bh‚radv‚jo, V‚setto, Kassapo, and Bhagu". (Vinaya Pitaka, Mahavagga,1.245) Alas, this “true" Veda had been altered. There are manyindications, starting with his frequent self-referential use of the word†rya (usually translated as “noble", but really “Vedic", hence “havingreceived the Vedic initiation", hence “upper-caste", hence“sociologically noble", hence metaphorically “morally noble", seeElst 2013), that he thought of himself as a reviver of the “true"Veda, as against the Yajur-Vedic ritualism that had by then filled upthe religious space.

6.3 More recent writings

VasiÅÊha's appearances in the Pur‚«a's are too many to becounted. For a single example, he is made the narrator in theJanakapraÄna (“Questions to king Janaka") of the Brahm‚«Ša-pur‚«a(Smets 2013), where teacher Datt‚treya instructs his disciple, kingK‚rtavœry‚rjuna, by referring to an earlier instruction in yoga by sageAsita to his disciple, king Janaka. VasiÅÊha only introduces andconcludes the narrative. His final words about what the king learned,are: “Well-versed in the true nature of yoga, endowed with the qualityof universal sovereignty (aiÄvarya) without being attached to it,resplendent, he (K‚rtavœry‚rjuna) governed the country for a longtime." (Smets 2013:115)

He is also made the author of the VasiÅÊha-Dharma-SÒtra. Partdescriptive and part normative, the Dharma-SÒtras are oftenconsidered as Law Books. An oft-quoted verse in anti-Brahmanpolemic serves to prove that, while vegetarianism clearly alreadyexisted among purists, it was still untypical of Brahmans: “If aBrahman refuses to eat the meat offered to him on the occasion ofÄraddh‚ or worship, he goes to hell." (VDS 11:34, quoted e.g. inKumar 2015) Interesting, but nothing here is specifically reminiscentof anything in VasiÅÊha's hymns.

VasiÅÊha serves as the protagonist of the medieval Yoga-VasiÅÊha(Venkatesananda 2013). This very prominent instruction on yogauses the narrative device of a teacher-pupil relationship between theproverbial sage VasiÅÊha and the proverbial hero R‚ma. The messageis akin to what other yoga masters taught, but have much less to dowith what the Vedic VasiÅÊha wrote.

Finally, we should mention the Dhanurveda, “Knowledge of

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Archery" (Ray 1991), a late minor classic on the art of warfare,attributed to VasiÅÊha. A Brahman as putative author of a martialtreatise should not surprise us: almost all the writing was done byBrahmans any way, and there are precedents for Brahmans dealingwith martial arts, e.g. the P‚«Šavas' archery teacher Dro«a, who hadreceived his martial knowledge from yet another belligerent Brahman,ParaÄur‚ma. In the Dhanurveda we briefly find the same emphasis onJust War already associated with VasiÅÊha, e.g. the chivalrous attitudeto non-combatants: “One should not kill the enemy who liesunconscious, is crippled, without weapon, filled with fear or askingasylum." (4:41) “He who sleeps, is drunk, without clothes orweapons, the lady, the minor, the helpless one and the coward leavingthe battlefield, must not be killed." (4:64) Less thorough and lessprofound than in the epics, but then it is a far smaller and lessimportant book.

7. Conclusion

After a remarkable performance in the Àgveda, VasiÅÊha hasbecome the proverbial ÀÅi. As such, his name has been endlessly re-used in later literature. The same role had also been assigned toKapila, who figures as the proverbial sage in the Bhagavad-Gœt‚ (10:26),but as the founder of the S‚§khya philosophy, discarded bymainstream Hinduism centuries ago, his star doesn’t shine as brightlyas VasiÅÊha's.

Yet, VasiÅÊha rose only to borderline godhood, unlike hisancestress IÎ‚. On the other hand, while deified and worshipped bythe Vedic seers, she did not survive the Vedic age. If you ask anyHindu on the street, the name IÎ‚ has largely been forgotten, butVasiÅÊha (usually through his role in the well-known R‚m‚yana) wouldstill ring a mighty bell.

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Balkaran, Raj, and Dorn, Walter A., 2012: “Violence in the V‚lmœkiR‚m‚ya«a: just war criteria in an ancient Indian epic", Journalof the American Academy of Religion, September 2012, p.659-690.

Bhargava, P.L., 1971 (1956): India in the Vedic Age, Lucknow: UpperIndia Publishing House.

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Elst, Koenraad, 2011: “Humour in Hinduism", in Walter van Herck& Hans Geybels, eds.: Humour in Religion, London: Continuum.

--, 2013: “The Indo-European, Vedic and post-Vedic meanings of†rya", Vedic Venues 2, p.57-77, Kothari Charity Trust, Kolkata.

Fortson, Benjamin, 2004: Indo-European Language and Culture. AnIntroduction, Oxford:Blackwell.

Gonz„lez-Reimann, Luis, 2010: The Mah‚bh‚rata and the Yugas. India'sGreat Epic Poem and the Hindu System of World Ages, Delhi: MotilalBanarsidass.

Halbertal, Moshe, and Margalit, Avishai, 1994 (1992): Idolatry,Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

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Hicks, Harry H., and Anderson, Robert N., 1990: “Analysis of anIndo-European Vedic Aryan Head – 4500-2500 B.C.", Journalof Indo-European Studies 18:425–446. Fall 1990.

Hock, Hans Heinrich, 1999: “Through a glass darkly: modern ‘racial'interpretations vs. textual and general prehistoric evidence on‚rya and d‚sa/dasyu in Vedic society", p.145-174 in Bronkhorst,Johannes, and Deshpande, Madhav, eds. 1999: Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology, CambridgeMA: Harvard.

Hodiwala, ShapurjiKavasji, 1913: Zarathushtra and His Contemporariesin the Rigveda, Bombay: Hodiwala.

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Kazanas, Nicholas, 2015: Vedic and Indo-European Studies, Delhi: AdityaPrakashan.

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( 347 )

Ayurvedic concepts in Atharvaveda

- Mitali

Research Scholar, Deptt. of SanskritFaculty of Arts, B.H.U., Varanasi

vFkoZosns¿usdk fo|k foylfUrA vk;q";fo"k;s"kq lwUrs"kqok;qosZn% ÑrfLFkfr%AvkFkoZf.kdk;qoSZfndkrF;kU;oyEC; vdlU/k=;k Lok'k;k 'kks/ys[ks¿fLeu~O;T;UrA

¶fo|Urs KkI;Urs /ekZfniq#"kkFkZprq"V;ksik;k ;su l osn%¸Which mean to say that medium through which different

methods of achieving four respective purusharthas (viz. Dharma, Arth,Kama & Moksha) could be known is termed as veda.

Vedas are the world treasure in the form of Mantra andBrahman respectively which represent the mysticism of life, natureand the whole universe. The world veda has been derived from theroot word ‘vid' (fon~ Kkus) combined with the suffix ‘ghü' (?k×k~) inthe terms of Bhava, Karma and Karana meaning knowledge, subjectof the knowledge and mode of the knowledge respectively.

†pastamba defines veda as ¶eU=kczkã.k;ksosZnuke/s;e~ i.e. collectionof Mantra and Brahman is termed as veda. And S‚yan defines vedaas ¶b"VizkIR;fu"Vifjgkj;ksjykSfddeqik;a ;ks xzUFkks osn;fr l osn%¸ i.e. the scripturewhich imparts knowledge of different ways in order to acquiredesirable things and removing undesirable things from our life. Thus,if we consider the both above definitions, we can say that words inthe form of Mantra and Brahman which provide us with theknowledge of desirable elements and removing undesirable one fromour life is termed as veda.

Unlike every division of veda, Atharveda holds its ownimportance on the basis of which many scholars of Veda consider itas unparallel and unique. Including the contents of other veda, italso comprises of applied science. Thus, simultaneous to crypticstreams of knowledge and science Atharvaveda can be considered

Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄašå 2016 (Vol.-11) ISSN : 0975-1769

348 laLÑr foe'kZ%

as an applied science too. It is repository of knowledge, pertainingto a variety of subjects, which have a direct bearing on practical life.It contains a considerable amount of scientific and quasi scientificinformation which deserves to be tested and verified in the cruciblesof modern science.

S‚yan in his introduction to Atharvaveda commentry says :-

¶O;k[;k; osnf=kr;ekeqf"ediQyizne~A,sfgdkeqf"ediQya prqFkZ O;kdfj";frAA¸

(vFkoZosnlk;.kHkk";Hkwfedk] 9-20)This Mantra conveys that Atharvaveda deals with the both

materialistic & non-materialistic world, i.e. it is helpful in achievingboth types of desires and goals, first one related with materialisticworld of which most of the common like us desire about. And thesecond one deals with the non-materialistic or real world which isachieved by the rare of the rarest through the means of deep penance,strong meditation and concentration of mind.

Also, Atharvaparisishta syas,

¶vFkoZeU=klEizkIR;k lokZflf¼HkZfo";frA¸ (vFkoZifjf'k"V 2-5)i.e. all types of goals can be achieved through Atharvavedic

mantras.

Nomenclature and subject matter of the Atharvaveda

Atharvaveda comprises of various names and these namesthemselves signifie the subject matter e.g. Some of the names canbe analysed as such; Among several names it is named as,Atharvaveda, Bhaisajyaveda, Amritaveda, Brahmaveda, Chhandoveda,Mahiveda etc. Atharvaveda itself says about its name (Bhaisjaya) :-

¶;Ka cqzeks ;tekue`p% lkekfu Hks"ktk;Kwaf"k gks=kk cwzeLrs uks eq×pRoagl%AA¸ (11-6-14)

Gopathabrahman states :

¶;s¿FkokZ.k% rn~Hks"kte~ ;n~Hks"kte~ rne`re~ ;ne`re~ rnczãA**(xksiFk] 1-3-4)

Thus, Brahma word is parallel to Bhaisjya.

Many scholars of vedic literature like Macdonell andBloomfield etc. Categorised the hymn of Atharvaveda in differentclasses as :

Ayurvedic concepts in Atharvaveda 349

The hymns meant to secure long life. (vk;q";lwDrkfu)

To get good wishes in many household manner. (ikSf"Vdkf.k)

To word off misfortune (e`xkj lwDrkfu)

To pardon the misdeeds (izk;f'prkfu lwDrkfu)

as well as vfHkpkfjdkf.k lwDrkfu and

HkS"kT;lwDrkfu these all are classified along with their subject matter.Besides all these, a class of hymn of cosmoganic and theosophicoccupies a good place in Atharvaveda in which Brahmavidya, Kala,Kama & Prana have been described. According to Kaushika Sutrathere are fourteen topics out of which my paper deals with thepharmaceutical or vk;w";lwDrkfu needed to live long, healthy andsecured life.

In the very paper, I have tried to collect the knowledge of themedicinal approaches present in Atharvaveda. In the due processsymptoms, causes and remedies of fever and various diseases havebeen explained.

Ayurveda as Upaveda and its definition

Regarding the concept of upavedas scholars have distinct viewsas Baldev Upadhyaya says that †yurveda is the upaveda ofAtharvaveda while Shukraniti says :-

½X;tq% lke pkFkoZosnk% vk;q/Zuq% Øekr~AxU/oZ'pSo rU=kkf.k miosnk% izdhfrZrk%A ('kqØuhfr 4-3-17)

†yurveda, Dhanurveda, Gandharvaveda and Tantraveda arefour upavedas of Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samveda and Atharvavedarespectively.

But as per my paper is concerned, it deals with the different¸yurvedic elements in Atharvaveda and their utility.

Shushrut defines †yurveda as :

vk;qfgZrkfgra O;kf/funkua 'keua rFkkAfo|rs ;=k fo}n~fHk% l pk;qosZn mP;rsA (lqJqr lw=kLFkku 1-23)

Charak says †yurveda as science of life. (pjd lw=kLFkku 20-23)i.e. through which beneficial and non-benicial components

of life, remedies and removal of various diseases to secure long andhealthy life are described, is termed as †yurveda.

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In Shukraneeti Ayurveda is defined as

foUnR;k;qosZfÙk lE;xkÑR;ks"kf/gsrqr%;fLeU½Xosnksiosn% l p vk;qosZnlaKd%A (4-3-21)

i.e. the upaveda of Rigveda in which various methods areprescribed to secure long life including symptoms and cure of variousdiseases, and knowledge of several medicines is described is termedas †yurveda.

Atharvaveda comprises of more than 30 hymns related withthe †yurveda. Some of which can be mentioned as such : tyfpfdRlk(4-57)] vkSf"k/lwDr (4-59)] nh?kkZ;q.;lwDr (5-28 ,oa 30)] vf{kjksxlwDr (6-16)] ;{euk'ku lwDr (6-20)] dq"BkS"kf/lwDr (6-95)] fpfdRlklwDr (6-96)]Tojuk'kulwDr (7-20) etc.

Atharvaveda is full of †yurvedic elements in which goal ofAtharvaveda has been stated for human beings to live complete life:

ruwLruok es lgs nr% loZek;qj'kh;AL;ksua es lhn iq#% i`.kLo ioeku% LoxsZAA (iw.kkZ;qlwDr] 19-6-1)

loZek;qthZo;kle~ (19-70-1)i.e. May I live my whole life.

Further, Atharvaveda points out various causes of diseasessome of which are being presented here :

In the 6th Kanda, we get firm knowledge about the root causesof diseases or illness. It states that unsystematic life is the main causewhich leads to number of diseases. Person leading unsystematic lifeis vulnerable to series of diseases as

da fpnozrLriqoZ/k; (6-20-1)] Here vozr means unsystematic.

In the ninth kanda it has been stated that various diseases areborn out of extra desires, of aversions, of the hearts i.e. balasa fromthe heart.

;fn dkeknidkekn~/`n;kTtk;rs ifjAânks cykleÄõsH;ks cfgfuZeZU=k;kegsA (9-8-8)

As we know that prevention is better than cure. Here we get aclue that in order to prevent ourselves from diseases, we certainlyneed first to control our desires and aversions because they hamperour internal energy and besides we must lead systematic life.

Again Atharvaveda says that the main cause of all diseases ispoision :-

mnjkr~ rs DykEuks ukH;k ân;knf/A;{ek.kka losZ"kka fo"ka fujokspega Ror~A (9-8-12)

Whether it is crush of the heart or stretch along the vertebrae-

¹;k ân;eqi"kZUR;uqrUofUr dhdlk%Aº (9-8-14)or there is creep along the intestines and confound entrails

¹;k xqnk vuqliZUR;kU=kkf.k eksg;fUr pAº (9-8-17)or whether it is sucking of the marrow or breaking apart the

joints

¹;k eKks fu/Z;fUr i#¡f"k fo#tfUr pAº (9-8-18)

or intoxication of the limbs (;s vÄõkfu en;fUr)Thus, all of the above problems are caused due to poison.

Such †yurvedic knowledge presented by our ancient seers still servesas the base and inspiration for the cause and cure of differentdiseases.

That's why it has been said in the 8th Kanda that poisonlessfood should be eaten and drunk :

;n'ukfl ;fRicfl /kU;a Ñ";k% i;%A;nk|a ;nuk|a lo± rs vÂefo"ka Ñ.kksfeA (8-2-19)

In the due process the importance of eating deep boiled riceand barley have been stated as such:

f'kokS rs Lrka ozhfg;okocyklonkse/kS,rkS ;{ea fo ck/srs ,rkS eq×prks vagl%AA (8-2-18)

Now, regarding the concept of fever, Atharvaveda uses the word^rDeu~*. Charaka says that fever is the most important among alldiseases which takes lives of most of the living beings :

Toj ,oknkSA TojLrq nsgsfUæ;euLrkidj% Toj;fr 'kjhjk.khfr Toj%A (pjdfunku] 1-16 ,oa 34)

Atharvaveda states that vatta, pita and kapha are the root causesof fever :

eq×p 'kh"kZDR;k mr dkl ,ua i#"i#jkfoos'kk ;ks vL;;ks vHkztk okrtk ;'p 'kq"eks ouLirhURlprka iork±'pA (1-12-3)

352 laLÑr foe'kZ%

In the above mantra Rishi is praying release you him fromheadache and cough and whoever has entered each joint of him,the blast that is cloud born and that is wind born.

One can also see the symptoms and causes of fever asdescribed :

;r Roa 'khrks¿Fk :j% lg dklkosi;%AHkhekLrs rDeu~ gsr;kLrkfHk% Le ifj o`Ä~fX/ u%A (5-22-10)

Along with the fever, interrelated problems with diseasesaccompanying fever are also discussed :

rDeu~ Hkzk=kk cyklsu LoÏk dkfld;k lgAikIek Hkzkr`;s.k lg xPNkeqej.ka tue~ AA (5-22-12)

this mantra presents Ayurvedic concept, which I think we allmust have experienced that fever is often accompanied with balas,cough and scab i.e. they are interrelated problems. That's why Rishihas called them as brother, sister and cousin of fever respectively.Such names are used probably to establish strong correlation amongthem.

Apart from the interrelated factors of fever, three classificationsof fever have also been done viz. (cold, fierce or rura and heat orsochis).

ue% 'khrk; rDeus ueks :jk; 'kksfp"ks Ñ.kksfeA;ks vU;s|q#Hk;|qjH;sfr r`rh;dk; ueks vLrq rDeusAA (1-25-4)

Thus, besides three intermittent phases of fever rishi is prayingto rDeu~ god to disappear the respective phase of fever :

r`rh;da for`rh;a lnfUneqr 'kkjne~ ArDekua 'khra :ja xzS"ea uk'k; okf"kZde~AA (5-22-13)

In the 5th Kanda one can see the very mantra of rDeuk'kulwDr :

vfXuLrDekuei ck/rkfer% lkseks xzkok o#.k% iwrn{kk%osfncZfgZ% lfe/% 'kks'kqpkuk vi }s"kkaL;eq;k HkoUrqAA (5-22-1)

This mantra provides use with the variant remedial measuresof diseases through Agni, Soma, Putdaksha, Vedi, Barhi and Samidha.Here Agni means keeping ourselves physically fit through excercisesand thus maintaing the optimum warmth and temperature of ourbody. Soma refers to the purification of heart, mind and medicinesin the form of positive thoughts; Putdaksha refers to the work of

complete cleanliness and vedi + Barhi + Samidha together signifieregular sacrifices.

Thus from the, above discussion we come to conclude thatwhat the new medical science talks about has been said alreadynumbers of years ago in our Vedas. And, if we follow and practicethe vedic life style we all can lead a happy and secured long life.

Bibliography

1. Atharvaveda Samhita, Edited and Revised by K. L. Joshi, Vol. I,II & III. Parimal Publication, Delhi (year 2000).

2- vFkoZosnHkk";] lk;.kkpk;ZÑrHkk";;qr] fo'ocU/qfo'os'ojkuUn oSfnd 'kks/laLFkku] gksf'k;kjiqj] fo- 2017

3- vFkoZosn dk lkaLÑfrd vè;;u] Mk- dfiynso f}osnh] fo'o Hkkjrh vuqlaèkkuifj"kn~] Kkuiqj] Hknksgh] lu~ 2012

4- vFkoZosns jktuhfr] Mk- fouk;djkepUnzjVkVs] lEiw.kkZuUn laLÑr fo'ofo|ky;]izFke laLdj.k

5- oSfnd lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr] cynso mikè;k;] 'kkjnk laLFkku] 37 ch johUnziqjh]nqxkZdq.M] okjk.klh] iape laLdj.k&2010

6- 'kqØuhfr] eukst ifCyds'kUl] 761 esu jksM cqjkM+h] fnYyh&110084] ukSokalaLdj.k&2013

7- euqLe`fr] Jh Bkdqj iqLrd Hk.Mkj] dpkSM+h xyh] okjk.klh] 221001

8- /eZ'kkL=k dk bfrgkl] Mk- ik.Mqjax okeu dk.ks] mÙkj izns'k fgUnh laLFkku]jktf"kZ iq#"kksÙkenkl V.Mu] fgUnh Hkou] egkRek xka/h ekxZ] y[kuÅ&226001

9- xksiFk czkã.k] ew0 ukjk;.k izsl] dydÙkk] 1861

10- vkiLrEc/eZlw=ke~ (ikyUnlaxzg)A

( 354 )

Bh‚skar‚c‚rya His Life, Timeand Poetic Talent1

Dr. Sudarshan Kumar Sharma

M.R. Governement College,Fazilka, Punjab

yksdHkkLdjL; HkkLdjkpk;ZL; LFkkua Hkkjrh;okÄ~e;kdk'ks furkUreqÂre~ArL; thoua thoudky dkO;izfrHkk×pkf'pÑR; Jè;k ys[kosQu xEHkhjksfoe'kksZ¿dkfj 'kks/ ys[ks¿fLeu~A

In Lœ‚vatœ Upoddh‚ta Lakhena Lal2 has described Bh‚skaraas Loka bh‚skara (Sun of the world) born as son of Maheshvara inthe lineage of BhÒdeva in village named Bœj‚pura in Country of Kar«‚-taka near Sahya (northern parts of western ghaÊs north of river K‚verœ,the portion being south of K‚verœ as Malayagiri).3

His date of birth has been given by Lakhanlal as 1036 ÇakaSa§vata=1114 A.D. and his composition date of Lœl‚vatœ as 1072Çaka Sa§vat i.e. 1150 AD

In his introduction Lakhanlal Jh‚ has given Siddh‚ntaÇiroma«i's date of composition at the age of 36 i.e. 1150 ADrepeated as such. Siddh‚nta Çiroma«i comprises four parts. Lœl‚vatœ,

1. Paper for publication in Bhaskara 900 - Bhaskaracharya's 900th BirthAnniversary, Sptember 19, 20 and 21 September, 2014 in VidyaPrasaraka Mandala, Dr. Bedekar Vidya Mandir, Vishnu Nagar, Naupada,Thane-400602

2. Lilavati by Shri Lakhan Lal Jha and Shri Suresh Sharma, The VidyaBhavana, Sanskrita Granthamala, 62, Caukhamba Vidya Bhawan,Varanasi-1, Reprint edition 2013, Upoddhata Slokas Verses 1-5, totalverses (11).

3. Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India N.L. Dey P171, Oriental Book Reprint Corporation, Book Publications, 54, RaniJhansi Road, New Delhi-110055, third edition 1971, first publicationin 1927.

Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄaš 2016 (Vol. -11) ISSN : 0975-1769

Bh‚skar‚c‚rya His Life, Time and Poetic Talent 355

Bœjaga«ita, Ga«it‚dhy‚ya and Gol‚dhy‚ya.1

The Persian translation2 of the the Pr‚k¼ta composition wasdone by Faizi at the command of Akbar in 1587 AD. In 1816Taylor and in 1817 H.T. Colebrooke translated it in English andsubsequently in many other languages this work became translated3.

The poetic talent of Bh‚skar‚c‚rya is evident from his gracefulstyle given to insipid topics of mathematics with full credit to thepoetry and figures of speech and allied poetic delineations. Apartfrom JyotiÅa Vy‚kara«a, DarÄana and allied auxiliary lores have beentaken into account.

The introductory verse in Lœl‚vatœ couched in Ç‚rdÒla VikrœŠitametre is written in very graceful style:

izhfra HkDrtuL; ;kstu;rs fo?ue~ fofu?uu~ Le`r%_ ra o`Unkjd o`UnofUnr inauRok erÄõkuue~A ikVha ln~xf.krL; ofPe prqjizhfriznka izLiqQVke~] laf{kIrk{kj dkseykeey&inSykZfyR;yhykorhe~4A

P‚Êi word used herein means Arithmetic and ikfjHkkf"kra alsoarithmetic given by VS Apte in Sanskrit English Dictionary P 329(MLBD, Delhi edition reprinted 2000) Verse 25 referes to 20 cowriesmaking one K‚ki«œ 4 K‚ki«œs making one Pa«a, 16 Pa«as makingone Dramma and 16 Drammas making a NiÅka.

Verses 3-11 headed by rqY;k ;okH;ka dfFkrk¿=k xq×tk oYyfL=kxq×tksèkj.ka p rs¿"VkS x|k.kdLrn~};kfeUnz rqY;S% oYySLrFkSdks /Vd% izfn"V%AA and

1. Bhumika to Lilavati P 1 wherein Mr. Lakhanlal Jha presumes Lilavati asthe name of the wife or daughter of the granthakara; from copper plategrant of Bhaudaji has come to light the name of his sons and grand sons.In 1163 AD he composed Karana Kutuhala the date of his death even.

2. Ibid3. Ibid4. Text P 15. ojkVdkuka n'kd};a ;r~ lk dkfd.kh rk'pi.k%prÏ% rs "kksM'k nzEe bgkoxE;ks nzEeSLrFkk

"kksM'kfHk'p fu"d%A ojkVd% - a cowrie VSA P 492, K‚ki«œ - a shell or cowrieused as a coin or a sum of meney equal to 20 cowries or to a quarter ofPa«a. A weight equal to a quarter of a m‚sa VSA P 141. Pa«a - 80cowries VSA P 310, NiÅka - a gold coin, a weight of gold equal to 108 or150, Suvar«a or a C‚«Š‚la VSA P 298. Also see NiÅka - a Àgvedic NiÅkaextraction by D.V. Chauhan P 627-638 published in the Annals of theBhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Voluem: LXVIII edited by Dr.R.N. Dandekar and Dr. G.B. Pulsule as 150th Birth Anniversary of RamaKrishana Gopala Krishana Bhandarkar 1987.

356 laLÑr foe'kZ%

n'kkèkZxq×ta izonfUrek"ka ek"kkà;S% "kksMkfHk'pd"kZe~ d"kSZ"prqfHkZ'p iya rqykKk% d"k±lqo.kZL; lqo.kZlaKe~ verse 3 and 4 on P 2 with Yojana, KoÄa, Kara Nivartanaand KÅetra verse 6 Dro«a, Kh‚rœ, ‚Šhaka, Prastha and KuŠava inverse 8 Verses 9 and 10 referring to Yavana Prac‚ritam‚nas sera, 40Seras Ma«a iknksux|k.kd rqY;k¿V~ÄïS f}lIrrqY;S% dfFkrks¿=klsj%A e.kkfHkèkkua [k;qxS'plsjS%/kU;kfnrkSY;s"kq rq#"dlaK%A

Verse 10 alamagira saha measure - };ÄïsUnq la[;S% ?kVoSQ'p lsj% rS%i×pfHk% L;kn~/fVdk p rkfHk%A e.kks¿"VfHkLRokyexhj 'kkg Ñrk¿=klaKk fut jkT;iw"kqZcouched in Upaj‚ti metres. Lœl‚vatœ has descirbed as P‚Êyadhy‚ya inthe colophon being the work of Bh‚skar‚c‚rya1 at the end of theverse couched in Vasanta tilak‚ metre in Anîkap‚Äa. ;s"kka lqtkfrxq.koxZfoHkwf"krkÄõh 'kq¼k¿f[kyO;oâfr% [kyq d.BlDrkA yhykorhg ljlksfDreqnkgjUrh rs"kkalnSolq[klEinqiSfro`f¼e~A

Lœl‚vatœ has been declared as a portion of Siddh‚nta Çiroma«i,edited by Pa«Šita Girij‚ Pras‚da Dwivedi, Vidy‚bhavana Pr‚cya Vidy‚Grantham‚l‚ 169. Caukhamb‚ Vidy‚bhavana, V‚r‚«asœ-1.Caukhamb‚ Samsk¼ta PratiÅÊh‚na, 38 UA Bungalow Road, JawaharNagar, PB 2113, Delhi-110007, 2007 edition having K‚la M‚n‚-dhy‚ya, Bhaga«‚dhy‚ya, Grah‚nayan‚dhy‚ya, KakÅ‚dhy‚ya, Inmadhyam‚dhik‚ra PratyabdaÄuddhi, adhim‚s‚dinir«ayah, spasÊ-‚dhik‚ra, TripraÄn‚dhik‚ra, Pravasambhav‚dhik‚ra, Candra-graha«‚dhik‚ra, SÒryagraha«‚dhik‚ra, Grahach‚y‚dhik‚ra, Uday‚-st‚dhik‚ra, P‚t‚dhik‚ra and the like.

Dr. RadheÄa Ranîgn‚tha r‚va Kulkar«i's summary on Karma-kari Vy‚khy‚ of Lœl‚vatœ alluding to a Gu«akara Paddhati expounded

1. Lœl‚vatœ by Lakhanlal Jh‚ P 355. Dr. ViÄvambhara Çara«a P‚Êhaka quotesin his Ancient Historians of India Asia Publishing House, Printed inIndia By A.S. MAMATA AT Sharda Press, Mangalore and published byP.S. Jayasinghe, Asia house Bombay 1966 edition. P 151 mentionedin Ç¼nîg‚ra Prak‚Äa by Bhoja Chapter XI and Introduction P 72 of A.N.Up‚dhy‚ya Lœl‚vatœ S.J.G.M - of KutÒhala having marriage of H‚la withSi§hala princess Lœl‚vatœ having her two friends, Mah‚numatœ, daughterof a YakÅa King and Kuvalaya m‚l‚ a vidy‚dhara princess the story beinga replica of the norm of story of Navas‚has‚nîka Carita of PadmaguptaParimala. In Hindu chemistry B.N. Seal mentions a Lœl‚vatœ of Vallabh‚-c‚rya PP 250, 285 Shedding of peculiar resistance to sinking (or gravity)exercised by water explaining the tendency of certain objects to float orto come up to the surface of water-rule of Archimedies Bh‚ratœya Kal‚Prak‚shana, 342 A, IInd floor, Naraina Colony, Trinagar, Delhi-110035

through Vy‚khy‚s of Lœl‚vatœ seems to be an article dilating uponthe varied aspects of Algebra. Summary of the article on P 669 ofR‚ÅÊriya Sansk¼ita Vidy‚peeÊha, Tirupati, AIOC June, 2010 andsimilarly a summary of paper entitled - T;ksfr"k'kkL=ks eklfopkj% on P672 of the same summary book, explains M‚sa word as an expounderof the definite tenure of time, illustrated in Àgveda having two tithisas Am‚vasy‚ and PÒr«im‚, Sinœv‚lœ as the first day of Am‚vasy‚, KuhÒas two days of Am‚vasy‚, Anumatiš as first day of PÒr«im‚ R‚k‚ asPÒr«im‚ day.

Dr. Virender Jh‚ Muzaffarpura (Bihar) has quoted fromPaücavi§Äa Br‚hma«a, Yajurveda KauÄœtakœ Br‚hma«a to illustratehis points. An abstract of an article of Pankaja Bhattacharya on P220 of Abstracts of Papers 15th World Samsk¼ta Conference January5-10, 2012 entitled “The Binary digits “Zero" and one" refers toLœl‚vatœ as a magnum opus attributed to Bh‚skar‚c‚rya and †rya-bhaÊœya a seminal work of †ryabhÊÊa. Bh‚skar‚c‚rya is assigned to12th century and †ryabhaÊÊa composed in 499 AD having Chapterson astronomy. Panîkaja BhaÊÊ‚c‚rya has stressed the role of twofigures zero and one in computer system now adapted to moderncomputation. Dr. Sushm‚ KulaÄreÅÊha in her presidential addressPP 104-137 AIOC 43rd Session, Uinversity of Jammu, October 12-14, 2006. Proceedings of the AIOC 43, BORI, Pune-411004 hastaken Lœl‚vatœ of Bh‚skar‚c‚rya a treastise on mathematics of Vedictradition with rationale in terms of modern mathematic stronglybased on N.H. Phadke's Mar‚Êhœ Translation of Lœl‚vatœ by KriÅa«jiShanîkar PaÊwardhana, SomaÄekhara, Amrita Naimapalli and ShyamLal Singh (Delhi 2006 reprint edition) a wornderful work; she givesBh‚skar‚c‚rya's birth as 1114 AD with composition of Lœl‚vatœ as1150 AD, a work considered as a standard work for about 800years in lucid, scholarly and literary presentations PP 111.

Dr. Mœtu GauŠa's articles in Padma Par‚ga PP 177-187 arebased on Agni Pur‚«a and JyotiÅa Ç‚stra. Agni Pur‚«a Chapter 122PP 259-260 of Agni Purana Guruma«Šala series No. XVII printed1957, 5 Clive Road, Calcutta edition entitled Kalaganana Varnanamverses 1-24 starting with dky% lekx.kks o{;s xf.kra dky cq¼;s] dky%lekax.kks¿oZQu?uks eklS% pS=kkfnfHk;qZr%A having topics like K‚laga«an‚, Samvat-sara, Sanîkr‚nti, graha«a arghak‚«Ša, Paüc‚nîga yoga, NakÅatra, T‚r‚graha, grahadaÄ‚, R‚si, Bh‚va, Sansk‚ra Yuddha Jay‚r«ava and thelike. Chapter 139, PP 287-288 entitled ÈaÅÊi Samvastsaraš also

358 laLÑr foe'kZ%

been expounded in details in Padma Par‚ga, Department ofSanskrita, University of Kashmir, Çrœnagar by Dr. Satyabh‚m‚ RazdanVolume VI 2012 -213.

Mrs. Medh‚ S. Limaye in the same Journal of University ofKashmir (AIOC 46th Session) PP 314-319 entitled “Qualities of aMathematician descirbed in Sanskrit Mathematical texts (K‚ÄamaryaCenter for Buddhist studies, Vidy‚ Vih‚ra, Mumbai, has mentionedthe Mathematicians in serial order, starting with:

i) Baudh‚yana ÇulvasÒtra (800 BC)

ii) M‚nava ÇulvasÒtra (750 AD)

iii) †pastumbha ÇulvasÒtra about 200 BC with

a) Bakshali manuscripts of unknown author and date.

b) Ga«itap‚da section of †ryabhaÊœya of †ryabhaÊa (499 AD)

c) Ganitadhyaya and Kuttakadhyaya of Brahmgupta (628 AD)

d) P‚Êiga«ita and TriÄatik‚ of Çrœ Dhar‚c‚rya (750 AD)

e) Ga«ita S‚rasanîgaraha of Mah‚vœ‚c‚rya (850 AD)

f) Ga«itatilaka of Çrœpati (1039 AD)

g) Lœl‚vatœ of Siddh‚nta Çiroma«i of Bh‚skar‚c‚rya (Bœjaga«ita)

Dr. K. Srinivasan Çat‚bhiÅeka Felicitation Committee VolumeI, West Mambalom, Chennai-600033, 2004 edition in articles ofDr. Çrœnivasan gives the names of Astronomers as:

1) †ryabhaÊÊa (father of Indian Astronomy (†rya bhaÊœyam)

2) L‚Êadeva - expounder of Romaka and PauliÅa Siddh‚nta

3) Var‚hamihra of Paüca Siddh‚ntik‚ and B¼hajj‚taka

4) P¼thuyaÄas (son of Var‚haminira Hor‚ S‚ra (Astrology)

5) Bh‚skara II - Siddh‚nta Çiroma«i and Bh‚shya on †ryabhaÊœya.

6) Brahmagupta BrahmasphuÊa Siddh‚nta and Kha«Šakh‚dyaka.

7) Lalla ÇiÅy‚dhi V¼ddhida

8) Muüjala-Laghu M‚nasa and B¼hanm‚nasa

9) Kamal‚kara bhaÊÊa - Siddh‚nta tattva viveka

10) Çripatœ - Siddh‚nta Çekhara

11) Ullura ParameÄvara Iyer Goladœpik‚ and Digga«ita

12) Ganîg‚dhara Candra m‚n‚bhidh‚na.

Dr. Çriœv‚san has also quoted such as †ryabhaÊÊa II, Bh‚skara-

I D‚modara, Nœla Ka«Êha Daivaga«ya having dealt with mathematics,astrology, Trigonometry etc and eclipses P 54. His critical editionof Inkula R‚ja Tejo nidhi Sanskrit JyotiÅa text of Tulaja Mah‚r‚ja ofBhonsle dynasty Taüj‚vaura serfoji mah‚raÊÊa family PP 63-71 alsois a formidable treatise on Astronomy and astrology.

The xksylkj%Composed by G‚rgya Kerala Nœlak«Êha Somay‚ ji, ViÄvesvar‚

nanda Indological series 47 ViÄveÄvar‚ nanda Institute Publication519 Publisher: VVRI Post Office, S‚dhu †shram, Hoshiarpur-146021 critically edited by Dr. K.V. Çarm‚ Vol.VIII. 1970 withintroduction PP 1-XXVI.

pUnzPNk;kxf.kre~ in volume XIV-1K.V. edition a supplement PP1-25 is also a work of Dr. K.V. Çarm‚ who is pariccheda III ofGolas‚ra has denominated verse 3-4 a as Pythagoras nks% le prqjJa ;r~dksVhrqY;a p rs mHks f'y"Vs ÑRok rVdks.k;qrs nks% dksV;Urj lekUeg~R;u;ks% oqQ;kZRizfrdks.kkUraftKkflr d.kZlfEersjs[ks with sphuÊa candr‚pti computation of true moonalso edited by Dr. K.V. Çarm‚ PP 1-145 of VIJ edition-XI 1973equally is a work of M‚dhava of Sanîgama gr‚ma contribution inAstronomy by the great scholar; Dr. R.C. Gupta in his article entitled“Some Important Indian Mathematical methods as conceived inSanskrit Language in his paper presented at InternationalConference, New Delhi 1972 PP 49-62 published in Dr. A.D.Pusalkar Felicitation Volume, a yearly journal of Department ofSanskrit, Delhi University, edited by Dr. Satya Vrat Shastri 1974edition PP 313-316 takes Lœl‚vatœ Kh‚tavyah‚ra edited by D.V. Apteprinted 1927 Pt II PP 247-250 (PP 222-223), 220 in forty oddequivalent average seminal area as such a work of Algebra as such.

Dr. N.M. Kansara a versatile genius in scientific literature fromAhmedabad an erstwhile Director of MaharÅi Academy of VedicSciences, Amedabad-15, having made an all round contribution inall fileds in his article entitled - Vedic Numerations and the Genesisof Arabic Numerals, published in SAMBODHI PP 145-152Volume 14, February, 1990, L.D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad,edited by R.S. Betai and Y.S. Ç‚strœ has quoted Lœl‚vatœ at fn 26 (P148) of Bh‚skar‚c‚rya.

Verse 3 P 9 as Under:

la[;k LFkkukfu & ,d n'k'krlgÏk;qry{kiz;qr dksV;% Øe'k% vcqZneCta [koZ&fu[koZegkin~e'kÄïoLrLekr~A quoted at fn 26 from 'kkÄ~[kk;uJkSrlw=k 15.11.4

360 laLÑr foe'kZ%

P 152 Sambodhi Vol. 14 in 26 being Lœl‚vatœ 3 as tyf/'pkUR;a eè;aijkèkZfefr n'kxq.kksÙkjk% la[;k%A Lœl‚vatœ by Lakhanlal Jh‚ edition.

Dr. N.M. Kansara says :-

The Ç‚nîkh‚yana Çrauta SÒtra continues the series afternyarbuda with nikharva, Samudra, Salila, Antya, Ananta (10 billions)each of those denominations in ten times the preceding so thatthere were aptly called DaÄottar‚ Sa§jü‚ (decuple terms) by Bh‚skaralateron. NakÅatran gagan‚t cyntu§ an article by Dr. P.V. Vartakentitled slipping of the Stasr Vega (Abhijit) an astronomicalphenomenon of 12000 years before Christ recorded in theMah‚bh‚rata quoted in Vanaparva 219-8-11 BORI, Pune editionavailable in Mah‚bh‚rata Gœta Press, edition Pt-I-1956 edition asVanaparva 230-8-11 P 687 (four verses written as 3 in Dr. K.V.Çarm‚ Felicitation Volume ÇrœÄ‚rad‚ Education Society ResearchCentre, Adyar, Chennai-600020 (Madras).

The chapter in Mah‚bh‚rata is entitled-

ÑfÙkdkuka u{k=ke.Mys LFkkuksiyfC/ d"Viznkuka fofo/xzgk.kkao.kZua p

The verse 8-11 are-

vfHkftr~ Li/Zekuk rq jksfg.;k vuqtk LolkAbPNUrh T;s"Brka nsoh riLrIrqa oua xrkAA8AA

r=k ew<ks¿fLe Hkæa rs u{k=ka xxukPP;qraAdkya fRona ije~ LdUn czã.kk lgfpUr;AA9AA

/fu"Bkfnrnk dkyks czã.kk ifjdfYir%Ajksfg.kh áHkoRiwoZe~ ,ra la[;k lekHkor~AA10AA

,oeqDrsrq 'kozsQ.k f=kfnoa ÑfÙkdk xrk%Au{k=ka lIr'kh"kkZHka Hkkfrrn~ ofÉnSore~AA

-highly uninterpretable one, riddles committed by scholars.Dr. Vartaka has quoted M‚habh‚rata I (†diparva) I 77-81 (Page 3,GP, Pt-I 1956 edition) as I-I.80

xzUFkxzfUFka rnk pozsQ lqfuxw<a oqQrwgykr~i.e. Riddles created by Vy‚sa deserve an interpretation by

cleaning his deception of Ga«apati.Dr. P.V. Vartaka has translated the four verses Vanaparva 230-

8-11 as under:-[contesting Abhijit (Star VEGA) the daughter - like younger

sister of Rohinœ (Aldebaran) went to Vana (a source of water) forheating the summer (t‚pa) because she was desirous of seniority. Ido not understand I am fumbled. I wish you good luck (But) musttell you that]. Abhijit (the star VEGA) has slipped down from thegagana (sky). This is a distant time, but you think over it with Brahm‚.At that time Brahm‚ had reckoned the time, giving DhaniÅÊh‚ thefirst place (in the list of NakÅatras). Rohi«œ was also given the firstplace in the past. I have k¼ttik‚ became gathered this muchinformation (Sanîkhy‚) when Indra spoke like this the (tridivam meanshappiness that seven headed constellation where deity is fire (Agni)is still glittering (Page 16).

K¼tik‚s devotees of fire went to the summer to heat it. Hence,the verse refers to the winter and summer solstices controlling thestar movements.

Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective- Dr. Shyam Deo Mishra

Assistant Professor, (Jyotish)

Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Bhopal Campus

;|fi izkphudkyknso czãk.MksRifÙka fo}kalf'pUr;keklq LrFkkfivkèkqfudk% fo"k;s¿fLeu~ v|Ros¿fi Li"Vizfriknuk 'kD;RokfíxHkzkUrk,o ojho`rfrA ik'pkR;fo}Rlq vkbULVhuo;sZ.k czãk.Mh;fLFkjkÄïa(Cosmological Constant) ifjdYI; egkfoLiQksV (Bigbang)

czãk.MksRifÙkdkj.kRosu izR;ikfnA fdfURo;eo/kj.kk¿fi fu£o'kÄïkukfLrA fo"k;s¿fLeu~ oSfndlkfgR;s"kq izk;% i×pk'knqÙkjf}'kra eU=kkmiyH;Urs ;s"kq czãk.MksRifÙkdkj.kefrfo'knr;k lqfopkfjra n`';rsArs"kq dk×pu eU=kkuknk; 'kks/ys[kks¿;a czãk.MksRiÙks% oSfndizfØ;kafo'kn;frA

Key words:

Aditi, †apaš, Vrihati †paš, Ap‚§ Nap‚t, cosmic matter.

Introduction

India is one of the most incredible countries of this worldthat bewilders the world by her antique and enormous knowledgewhich is inextricably interlinked with Dharma. Hence it is inscrutablyprecise thus long-lasting. As we know Dharma is ;rks¿H;qn;fu%Js;l~flf¼%A

Those deeds represent dharma, by which you can achieve themortal and eternal perfection or Siddhi. This extra-ordinarymagnificent ideology makes India and its wisdom far superior fromthe rest of the world. The supreme quest of any Indian text weatherit belongs to science, art or philosophy is to achieve Param-Tattvaintuitive apprehension of eternal entity through mortal perfection.It only can be achieved by the trinity of †dhibhautika (material),†dhidaivika (eternal) and †dhy‚tmika (spiritual).

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Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 363

All these three expedients elaborated by Lord K¼Ä«a inÇrimadbhagavad Gœt‚ in Karma yoga, Bhakti yoga and Jn‚na yoga to knowthe Parama-Tattva. Ved‚s, Puran‚s and text of any Ç‚stra interlacedby the triode of above mentioned up‚y‚s or expedients. Hence,subsidence of anyone of them hampers the process of intuitiverealization of that Ç‚stra. This rule applies for cosmology as well.Cosmology, which deals with the origin of universe and its elementslike stars, planets etc, is moreover a transcendental science. Thus itis imperceptible and can only be understood or intuitively realizedby †dhy‚tmika or spiritual means. Because of cosmology'simperceptibility, it can not be expressed or elaborated bydenotation or Abhidh‚-Çakti of word. That’s why the principles ofcosmology are discussed in Vedic Literature and Pur‚n‚s in symbolicform and must be decoded, again something that demands intuitiverealization or S‚kÄ‚tk‚ra. This research paper presents Vedicparadigm of cosmology through Vedic hymns which decoded bythe intuitive realization of great Indian scholars.

Modern theory of Cosmology

Before Einstein, cosmologists thought that static galaxy is theorigin of universe but, in 1917 Einstein propounded his generaltheory of relativity and introduced something known ascosmological constant. On the basis of that theory he cited thatuniverse either expands or shrinks but, ultimately he revisited histheory. On the ground of Einstein's theory Hubble expounded thetheory of expansion of universe1. According to Einstein, if we couldtravel back through the time, there must be a zero point of originwhere matter and energy absorbed with each other. Scientists calledit Singularity2. According to the theory of Singularity, universeoriginated in the 0.0001 second, when all matters collapsedinwards into an increasingly smaller and denser point3. Temperatureat that time was 10 billion degree and density was 4000 metricton in 1 centimeter cube. At that time not even a single nucleusformed. After the Big Bang, this unified condensed matter startedexpanding and passed through Quantum stage, Quark soup etc atthe Standard Era. At this stage churning started among 8 particles

1. A Brief History of time, P.8 - Stephen hawking.2. A Different approach to cosmology - Fred hoyle, G. burbidge and J.V.

Narlikar3. David Filkin-Steefen Hawking's Universe, P.100

364 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

like Electron, Proton, Neutron etc, antiparticles and radiation. BigBang started expansion of universe in circular motion and after 30minutes a compound of Helium and Hydrogen formed, whichknown as Cosmic matter. After million years, when temperaturedecreased up to 4000 degree, the Atom formed which started theprocess of formation of Heavenly Bodies like Stars, Planets etc.

The circular model of Universe in Vedas

Before describing the Vedic model of cosmology let'sconsider the hymn of Àgveda in which universe is assumed as monowheeler cart. Anarva Çakti or independent energy works in thecognition or N‚bhi of this wheel and AÄwa Çakti works in the rimof the wheel.

lIr ;q×tfUr jFkesdpØesdks v'oks ogfr lIrukekAf=kukfHk pØetjeuo± ;=ksek fo'ok Hkqoukf/ rLFkq%AA

(Rg. V. 1/164/2)

jFka ,dpØa (In) the mono wheeler cart lIr ;q×tfUr sevencomponents are implied ,d% v'o% one force or energy lIr ukekogfr drives seven components (of universe) f=kukfHk% (ug~ cU/us tobind) triple binding (which has that) vtja In consumable vuo±independent energy ;=k bek fo'ok Hkqoukf/ rLFkq% upon which alluniverse depend.

Universe with seven components is a cart on a wheel. Inspiredby k‚la it revolves and indicates the inconstancy of universe. In thewheel of this cart there are two circles one is inner or cognitive andother is outer. The outer circle has seven components which doessymbolize these seven;

1. Earth or P¼thvœ (Solid state)

2. Water or Jala (Liquid state)

3. Energy or Çakti ( Light )

4. Air or V‚yu (Gaseous state)

5. Sky or †k‚Äa (Soma energy or cosmic radiation)

6. Inter stellar space or Dik

7. Age of universe or S¼ÅÊik‚la (Samvatsara)

The inner circle which has Aditi that is the combination ofthree bindings of eternal matters or †dity‚s called 1. Mitra, 2. Varu«a3. Aryaman.

This hymn predicates the principle (law of equivalence ofmass energy relation) that whole universe is driven by one energyor AÄwa Çakti. Beyond this energy there is a constant fundamentalperpetual energy or mÒla †dy‚ Çakti Aditi, combination of threeconstant eternal matters, that is the base of origin of universe.

Abridged Vedic model of cosmology

According to Ved‚s, any substance of universe has fiveprimordial stages through which it exists in its present form or state.Here Vedic model is being introduced briefly step by step:

1. Aditi is the ultimate perpetual and balanced entity (MÒla Satt‚of Nature) in the center of N‚bhichakra. It is described asBr‚hmi Sthiti. It sustains in the twilight of universal creationor dissolution. It is the fundamental cause of creation. Itconsists three eternal substances called as 1. Mitra, 2. Varu«aand 3. Aryaman in equilibrium. As mentioned before Aditi isentity, not a stage of creation or origination.

2. The first stage of creation is called as †paš. It is the primaryactive stage where all 3 primitive substances become activewhich resulted in the imbalance among these. This †paš stageexists in the outer circle of N‚bhichakra. †paš is called as Mahattattva in DarÄan Ç‚stra or Indian philosophy.

3. After first active stage †paš, due to imbalance, essential threeelements which were inactive in Aditi become perturbed bythe stimulation and there collision which called as Big Bangin contemporary cosmology produced liquid through whichit expanded overwhelmingly. It is the next stage called as Vrihatœ†paš. In present, cosmologist called this Vrihatœ †paš or liquidas plasma or quark soup which was absorbable or usefulhence ideal in the process of origin after Vrihatœ †paš, nucleusformed in the next stage called Ap‚§ Nap‚t.

4. Third stage is called Ap‚§ Nap‚t, which is the nucleus stage.In Vedic paradigm it is in the third orbit around N‚bhichakra.It is the stage after Vrihatœ †paš or Plasma where matters areunstable and inconsumable. It is the pre-stage of Ardhagarbhaš

366 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

or Molecule (Param‚«u) thus can be compared to the cosmicmatter. It is in the third orbit around N‚bhichakra.

5. Forth stage is called as Sapta Ardhagarbhaš as the substanceformed in this stage has seven elements. In this stage, ionsformed by the nucleus thus, called ionic stage, transitory stageor Param‚«u Awasth‚ in modern science. Transitory andArdhagarbhaš has the same sense. It is well known fact thatMendeleev periodically classified the ion into seven states. ThisParam‚«u Tattva is called as Tanm‚tr‚ in philosophy.

6. In the last circle around N‚bhichakra, there is Jagat tattva, visibleentity of universe which is the compository form of sevenelements.

Period of the creation is known as 'Samvatsar' in Vedas. Theactivation of Aditi is the beginning of creation, which is symbolizedby UÅ‚k‚la. The origin of Hira«yagarbha or supernova is the startingpoint of Br‚hma Dina. By the transmigration of Aditi from orbit 1to 5 it transformed into visible universe. This is the period ofBr‚hma Dina and the regaining mÒla tattva Aditi by reverse processculminates universal dissolution or Pralaya or Br‚hma R‚tri. Soaccording to Veda, substance always exists in any of these five stages,which means substance never destroys, it just changes in anotherform according to various stage.

Elaboration of Vedic model of cosmology

Aditi:

According to Indian texts, this inconstant universe isoriginated from a specific inseparable invariant primitive entitywhich is described in Àgveda as Aditi. This Aditi or ultimate physicalreality is the initial material cause or Up‚d‚na K‚ra«a of universeso it called as mother (ekr) or primitive power or (Çakti). Universe ascosmos originates from Aditi and at the end merges into it.

Since creation and dissolution is an eternal process of thegod the efficient cause or his Çakti or fundamental power Aditi isalso eternal. Etymology of Aditi reveals its nature and work. Aditivfnfr where prefix v is NiÅedh‚rthaka means something that negates.The root d‚ nk has two meanings. First is d‚ awakhanŠane i.e.separation. u fo|rs [k.Mua ;L; So something that negates the

separation or inseparable. The second meaning derives from rootAd. vn~ Hk{k.ks means to swallow or engulf, with prefix v, it meanssomething that cannot to be swallowed absorbed or consumed.Thus Aditi the ultimate initial cause of creation is inseparable andinconsumable eternal entity of god. This hymn describes thatultimate initial cause or †dy‚- Çakti :

vfXukokZ i`fFkoh fo'otU;s vk Hkkfr nsoh ve`rs vewj%A{k;UoktS iq#'pUæks ueksfHk%AA (Rg. 3/25/3)

vfXu% Or that fundamental cause vewj% like sapient (by divinebenignity) fo'otU;s nsoh generator of the world (or universe) vers |koki`fFkoh vkHkkfr generates or illumines Dyuloka and BhÒloka oktS% bystrength (and) ueksfHk% by energy of food iq#'pUæks illuminates variouslyand that primitive ultimate cause {k;u~ Pervading across the universe.

The fundamental cause (power), like a sapient, generator ofthe universe generates or lights Dyuloka and BhÒloka by its strengthor energy. Its luminosity pervades the universe. As mentioned beforethis ultimate cause called as Aditi in Àgveda, in this hymn:

Ekkrk nsokukefnrsjuhda ;KL; dsrqcZgrh foHkkfgA

Ekkrk nsokuke~ Mother (of) Immortal luminaries Dev‚s (e.g. planets,stars etc) is Aditi vfnrs% vuhda army that originated from Aditi ;KL;(;t~ laxfrdj.ks) creation c`grh osQrq% enormous flag foHkkfg becomegraceful.

Army originated from Aditi, the mother of Devas, seemsgraceful like the enormous flag of creation or yajana.

There is a tale (†khy‚yik‚) in Eitareya Br‚hma«a about Aditi.

;Kks oS nsosH;% miØker rs nsok u ¯dpuk'kDuqou~ drq± u izktkuaLrs¿czwoÂfn¯rRo;sea ;Ka iztkukesfr] ;k rFksR;czohr~A lk oS oks oja o`.kk bfr] o`.kh"osfrA lSresoojeo`.khr eRizk;.kk ;Kk% lUrq enqn;uk bfr rFksfrA (Eitareya Br‚hma«a 1/2/1)

(Yajna) or creation went to dev‚s, they could not do orunderstand anything. They invoked Aditi and said that by yourgracefulness we (nsok%) could able to understand this yajna or s¼ÅÊi.She spoke: ok but I want a boom. They said: ask for that. She said:May this yajna or s¼ÅÊi originate from me and absorbed in me.

368 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

The central idea of this story is that Aditi or fundamentalphysical reality is the mother cause of creation and annihilation.In present science it is called as principal matter. Çwet‚ÄwaropaniÅaddefined this stage as 'Br‚hmœ sthiti' this fundamental substance ormÒla tattva Aditi which is the trinity of Mitra, Varu«a and Aryaman.

AÅÊa Vasu of Aditi:

According to modern science plasma was octagonal orAÅÊavargœ matter with eight compounds. According to Àgveda, whenmÒla tattva Aditi became active in the form of †paš, it is propagatedinto eight pari«‚mas or effects called as AÅÊa Vasu;

v"VkS iq=kklks vfnfr;sZ tkrkUrUo LifjAnsok mi izSRlIrfHk% ijk ekrZ.MekL;r~AA (Rg. V. 10/72/8)

vfnrs% rUo% v"VkS iq=kkl% ifjtkrk% Indestructible primary energy orcause Aditi (has) originated eight effects. ekrZ.Me~ or sun (Enormousfire ball in the beginning) vkL;r~ (root vl~ to through past tense)threw away. After the diffusion of fiery cosmic matter lIrfHk% nsoku~mi iz ,sr~ seven components of universe arisen excellently.

Mitra, Varu«a and Aryaman- eternal components of Aditi:

As said Mitra, Varu«a and Aryaman exist in Aditi this hymnpredicates that Aditi is the mother of all three.

vfnfruZ m:";Rofnfr% 'keZ ;PNrqAekrk fe=kL; jsokrks¿;ZE.kks o#.kL; p---AA (Rg. V. 8/47/9)

O mother of grandeur Mitra, Varu«a and Aryaman protect us.Give us piece. According to Àgveda they are majesties of universe.

lezktkoL; HkqouL; jktFkks fe=kko#.kk fonFks LonZ'kkA

(Rg. V. 5/63/2)

Deities of the 41st Sukta of 2nd MaüŠala of Àgveda are Mitraand Varu«a (fe=kko#.kkS). It elaborates their forms that both are theparticles in composition;

jktkukoufHkæqgk /zqos lnL;qÙkesAlgÏLFkw.k vklkrsAA (Rg. V. 2/41/5)

vufHknzqgk (nzksgjfgr) malevolent, with same nature jktkukS supremeenlighten fundamental entities lgÏLFkw.ks who have thousands ofpoles mÙkes foremost /zqos constants eternals lnfl in mÒlaprakriti Aditivklkrs situate.

This hymn depicts that Mitra and Varu«a are malevolent,common in nature and quality and have enormous particles inthem. Word vla[; indicates their particle form.

Next hymn in this Sukta indicates their form more elaborately.

rk lezktk ?k`rklqrh vkfnR;k nkuquLirh lpsrs vuàje~A

(Rg. V. 2/41/6)

Both invariable parts sons of Aditi are supreme of materialisticworld as their contribution make this universe come to an existsfrom miner to major state, from imperceptible to perceptible form,both construct combined matters naturally and quickly.

The third entity in Aditi is known as Arayman or Aryam‚.Etymology of Aryaman is root ½ which means to speed, root ;e~which means to control, to regularizes, to spread. Hence Aryamanmeans something that is controlled and kinetic that governs andspreads.

If we scrutinize the etymological meaning of Aryaman it seemsthat it is the Vikira«a or radiant energy, as we know Aryaman is thesynonym of sun or light. In modern science there are two types ofradiation. First is radiation of light that transacts heat of light andthe second is cosmic radiation which originates universal force ofgravitation that controls the balance of stellar objects. On the basisof its etymological meaning we can say that Aryaman is Vikira«a orradiant energy of both forms. It radiates lights and controls thestellar objects. Àgveda predicates the nature and form of Aryaman;

n{kL; okfnrs tUefu ozrs jktkuk fe=kko#.kk fooklflAvrwrZiUFkk% iq#jFkks v;Zek lIr gksrk fo"kq:is"kq tUelqAA

(Rg. V. 10/64/5)

In this hymn three adjectives used for aryaman 1- vrwFkZiUFkk%]2- lIr gksrk] 3- fo"kq #is"kq tUelq iq#jFkksA

vrwrZiUFkk% (root rqj~ to destroy, to kill with prefix v for negativesense so undestroyed) Panth‚š means ways hence this word means

370 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

whose way cannot be destroyed who is unperturbed. As we knowradiation is neutral that cannot be perturbed in electromagneticfield. lIr gksrk rays with seven colors. As we know sun has sevenrays.

lIr Rok gfjrks jFks ogfUr nso lw;ZA

fo"kq #is"kq tUelq iq#jFkks emerges in various forms. As we knowrays of light has various forms like ultra violet, infrared etc.

Hence Mitra and Varu«a together form matter. As they are inpair, one is the aggregation of positive charged particles and anotherone is the form of negative charged particles. Aryam‚ is radiationso it is neutral.

†paš

When Aditi becomes active it convertes into first stage ofcreation called †paš vki%A In present, the active state of Aditi whichis called †paš is named as quantum stage. Here †paš is homonym,it means water in general and with the derivation of root vkIy O;kIrkSit indicates comprehensiveness as well.

vkiks oS lokZ nsork%A ( Rg. V. 10/30/12)

S‚ya«a commented this hymn as:

r=kkI'kCnsu lokZ nsork mDrk HkofUrA vkIuqofUr bfr vki%A

Below mentioned two hymns cleared the existence of †pašin the origin of universe. Between these two, first questions aboutthe perptuality of mÒla tattva.

ijks fnok ij ,uk i`fFkO;k ijks nsosfHkjlqjS;ZnfLrAoaQ fLon~ xHk± izFkea n/z vkiks ;=k nsok% lei';ur fo'osAA

(Rg. V. 10/82/5)

ijks fnok beyond dyuloka ij ,uk i`fFkO;k% beyond this bhÒloka,nsosfHk% ij% beyond MahabÒt‚s (and) vlqjS% ij% beyond Asur‚s orpowerful micro elements ;nfLr rr izFkea xHk± that fetus of primitivestage vki% fda fLor~ where n/zs retains. ;=k losZ nsok% above mentionedpowers lei';Ur (ijLija lE;d~ vi';Ur) find themselves in unifiedstate, where †paš retains the fetus of primitive stage or Aditi which

is beyond dyuloka, bhÒloka, dev‚s and asur‚s; and where all these arein a monolithic state.

This question is answered in next hymn :

rfen~ xHkZe~ izFkea n/z vkiks ;=k nsok% lexPNUr fo'osAvtL; ukHkkoè;sdefiZra ;fLeu~ fo'okfu Hkqoukfu rLFkq%AA

(Rg.Ved. 10/82/6)

;fLeu~ In which fo'ok Hkqoukfu all lokas rLFkq% situated ;fLeu~ whom,da le£ire~ dedicated fo'os nsok% all elements ;=k where lexPNUr leavingtheir self existent mingled into singularity ra br~ vtL; ukHkkS vfèk inthe nucleus of that unborn vki% izFkea xHk± fundamental state ultimatein arterial cause n/zs retains.

Incorporation of all dev‚s or materialistic stages of universe,is in Aditi which is the internal stage of †paš. Thus †paš is the activestage of Aditi. †paš also quoted as Salilam in Gopatha Br‚hma«a.

vkiks g o bnexzs lfyyesoklA

But it does not mean that here the word †paš means water,Manusmiriti shed the light on the meaning of †paš;

Lkks¿fHkè;k; 'kjhjkRLokr~ fll`{kqfoZfo/k% iztk%Avi~ ,o lltkZnkS rklq chteokl`tr~AA

rn.MeHko¼Sea lglzka'kqleizHke~AA (euqLe`fr] 1@8&9)

fofo/k% iztk% fll`{kq% to create universe of several elements ofnature vfHkè;k; by thinking every perspective or creation diligentlyLokr~ 'kjhjkr~ from his body ( i.e. primitive cause Aditi) l% vknkS vi ,olltZ primarily he created vi~ Ap rklq chte~ vokltr~ in that Ap tattvahe established the seed ( for further creation).

rr~ gSee~ v.Me~ when the progenitor Brahm‚ established theseed in †paš it ovulated the primordial golden egg lgÏka'kqleizHka vHkor~that resembles scintillating sun.

Gopatha Br‚hma«a also illustrated †paš in this way :

ra ?kksjkr~ ozwQjkr~ lfyykr~ ljl% mnkfuU;q%A(G.p. brah. I/2/18)

From that terrific super inflammable ocean †di Çakti or fireball

372 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

originated. Since water can not produce fire hence †paš does notmean water here. There is an interesting tale behind its name inGopatha Br‚hma«a. According to that, at first Brahm‚ was alone sohe decided to create another deva or divine power. He worked hard,from his austerity respiration generated from every pore of his body.

vkse~ czgekg -------- re~ oS ,re~ lqosne~ Losn bfr vkp{krslosZH;% xrsZH;% Losn/kjk% iz vL;UnUr bfrA

(Gopath Br. I/1/1)

Because Sweda or respiration is a form of liquid thus theprimordial production from divine mortification called as †paš,then Brahm‚ said;

vkfHk% oS vge~ bna loZe~ tuf;";kfe ;r~ bna fd×p bfr rLekr~ tk;k%vHkou~ rTtk;kuka tk;kRoa ;Ppklq iq#"kks tk;rsA vkfHk% oS vga bna loZe~ èkkjf;";kfe;r~ bna fd×p bfr rLekr~ /kjk% vHkou~ rPp /kjk.kka /kjkRoe~ ;r~ vklq f/z;rsAvkfHk% oS vga loZe~ bna vkIL;kfe ;r~ bna fd×p bfr rLekr~ vki% vHkou~ rr~vika vkIRoe~A l% oS lokZu~ dkeku~ vkIuksfr ;ku~ dke;rsA (Gopath Br. I/1/2)

Hence †paš is the consequential stage of mÒla tattva Aditi thestage of equilibrium and according to Àgveda, the reason behindthe balance among stellar objects is;

vLrHkukn~ |ke~ o`"kHkks vUrfj{ke"kZURokiLRo;sg izlwrk%A(Rg.V.3/30/9)

o`"kHk% Thou o`"kHk (he who shower blessings upon us) Ro;k bgizlwrk% vki% †paš produced by you vUrfj{ke~ inter stellar space v"kZUrqflow through swiftly (which) |ke~ vLrHkukr~ hold the luminous objectsor lok‚s.

Today it is established theory of cosmology that cosmicradiation is the universal force of gravitation which remained afterthe Big Bang.

Vrihatœ †paš:

The three fold ultimate physical existence is Aditi which iscalled as †paš in its active state. When it becomes active orperturbed it resulted into expansion. This expansion creates theprimary effects.

This stage is called as Vrihatœ †paš. Word Vrihatœ derives fromthe root ' vrih' which means to expand. Vrihatœ is the next stage of†paš as Àgveda :

vgeiks vfiUoeq{kek.kk /kj;a fnoa lnus ½rL;A½rsu iq=kks vfnrs½Zrkoksr f=k/krq izFk;f} HkweAA (Rg. 4/42/4)

vga I the supreme power fnoa divya or divine m{kek.kk% (root m{kwhich means to grow, 'kkup~ suffix hence) expanding vi% †paš vfiUoa(fiUo to consolidate) consolidated. I /kj;a retained that consolidated†paš in rL; vfnrs% lnus the N‚bhichakra of perpetual Aditi. vfnrs% ½rsuby natural virtues of fundamental materialistic cause Aditi iq=k%originated vki% ½rkok (½rkoku~ izFkek] ,dopu) is naturally eternalor perpetual ( also) mr f=k/krq% (/krq% ewyrÙoa) who has threefundamental entities Hkwe (Hkweu izpqjrk ls) abundantly foizFk;r~ (fo'ks"ks.kizFk;r~) sublimely expanded.

I the supreme power consolidated the divine expanding †paš.I retained that consolidated †paš in the sadanam or primitive stageof Aditi and like Aditi this perpetual †paš abundant with 3fundamental entities expanded absolutely.

This sadanam is called as ukfHkpzd N‚bhichakra :

f=kukfHk pØetjeuoZe~ ;=ksek fo'ok Hkqoukf/ rLFkq%AA(Rg. V.1/164/2)

Àgveda enunciates the event (Big Bang) took place aftersecondary stage †paš;

½rqtZfu=kh rL;k viLifj e{kw tkr vkfo'k|klq o¼ZrsArnkguk vHkor~ fiI;q"kh i;ksa¿'kks% ih;w"ka izFkea rnqDF;e~AA

(Rg. V.2/13/1)

½rqtZfu=kh the mother of various stages Aditi rL;k% from that Aditiifj next vki% tkr% originated or transform e{kw quickly vkfo'kr~ enteredor took part in the process of origin. ;klq in this stage o¼Zrs this (†paš)extends and mutates va'kks% vkguk by the impact of rays of †paš rr~izFkea fiI;q"kh i;% ih;w"ka that primitive fluid (which) is absorbable cosmicmatter originated rnqDF;e~ this hymn indicates this fact.

Hence, in the first active stage †paš, essential three elementswhich were inactive in Aditi become perturbed by the stimulation

374 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

and there collision which called as Big Bang in contemporarycosmology produced liquid through which it expandedoverwhelmingly which the next stage is called as Vrihatœ †paš.

In present, Cosmologist called this Vrihatœ †paš or liquid asplasma or quark soup which was absorbable or useful, hence idealin the process of origin after Vrihatœ †paš, nucleus formed in thenext stage called Ap‚§ Nap‚t.

Ap‚§ Nap‚t:

Next stage of Vrihatœ †paš is called as Ap‚§ Nap‚t. It is verysignificant symbol in Àgveda as it is the deity of Sukta. uikr~ Nap‚t isderived from root ‘Pa' that means to guard, prefix ‘Na' is negativehence Nap‚t something that is unable to guard its form unstableor changeable. As the name of this stage suggest the substance ofthis stage is unstable in its form but at the same time infallible asNap‚t does also mean something that does not fall.

If we go through the literary meaning of Ap‚§ Nap‚t it revelsanother meaning which is, çThe grandson of †paš". Nap‚t meansgrandson and Ap‚§ means çof †paš ". If we scrutinize this meaningit tells everything. As we know, Aditi is the perpetual ultimateexistence it cannot be counted as stage since, stage is temporary.So the first active stage in the origin of universe is †paš. Next stagefrom †paš is Vrihatœ †paš. Third stage from †paš is Ap‚§ Nap‚t. SoAp‚§ Nap‚t is the grandson of †paš.

According to modern science, nucleus formed after plasmaor quark soup. Main components of this nucleus are helium andhydrogen, other components are elementary and they dissolvedquickly. It is the pre stage of molecule called as cosmic matter.Aforesaid Ap‚§ Nap‚t is the same stage after Vrihatœ †paš or plasmawhere matters are uikr~ Nap‚t or unstable and inconsumable. Ap‚§Nap‚t is the pre-stage of Ardhagarbh‚š or atom. Thus can be compareto the cosmic matter.

Ap‚§ Nap‚t indicated the matter, in this stage is indestructibleor inconsumable it propounds the theory of energy conservation.

bea LoLeS ân vk lqr"Va eU=ka okspse oqQfonL; osnr~Avika uiknlqjL; eÉk fo'okU;;ksZ Hkqouk ttkuAA

(Rg. V. 2/35/2)

v;Z% lord of universe uikr~ vika indestructible matter's vlqjL;

elementary energy eÉk (by the) greatness fo'okfu Hkqouk All lok‚s(universe) created. (Loard) vL; oqQfor~ osnr~ knew the mystery of Nap‚t.vLeS that lord ân vk lqr"Va essence of mystery by churning shouldbe kept in our heart bea eU=ka lq okspsu we must understand this hymn.

With the greatness of the energy of Ap‚§ Nap‚t orindestructible, God created this universe. We should understandthis mystery and keep its essence in our heart.

Ap‚§ Nap‚t creates Ardhagarbh‚š or Atom (Parm‚«u) whichresulted into five elements or Paücha mahabhÒta of universe.

Next hymn corroborates this theory

leU;k ;UR;qik ;UR;U;k% lekuewo± u|% i`.kfUrArew 'kqfpa 'kqp;ks nhfnokaleika uikra ifj rLFkqjki%AA

(Rg. V. 2/35/3)

le~ vU;k u|% As rivers lekuewoZe~ mi;fUr i`.kfUr p flow towardsthe same ocean and fill that (the same way) 'kqp;% vki% sacred liquidmatter m certainly ra 'kqfpa nhfnoka le~ (nhnh to glitter, suffix Dolq) thatserene radiant vika uikr~ indestructible nucleus matter ifjrLFkq%surrounded vU;k% others la;fUr mahabhÒtas go the same way.

N‚bhika tattva or Nucleus matter Ap‚§ Nap‚t is the origin andhome of Mah‚bhÒt‚ like ocean. All Mah‚bhÒt‚ originate from thenucleus and conceal in it.

Sapta Ardhgarbh‚h:

After the Big Bang, cosmic matter disperses which decreasesthe temperature of liquid. Than next Parm‚«u Awasth‚ or Atom stagearrives. In this condition atom that has seven components arise. InÀgveda it is called as the origin of Sapta Sindhu. This stage, called inÀgveda as Sapta Ardhagarbh‚š (lIr v/ZxHkkZ%), this word suggest, theembryonic form which is the indicator or emblematic of Atomicstate in modern science. As according to Mendeleev, atom has sevencomponents.

lIrk/ZxHkkZ HkqouL; jsrksA (Rg. V. 1/164/36)

It is well known fact that atom is the transitory or interimstage. The permanent stage is molecule or A«u. Hence, atomic stateor Ardhagarbha Awasth‚ is the interval between nascent or ionic stateand molecular state. In philosophy Ardhagarbha or Parm‚«u (Atomor Ion) is called as Tanm‚tr‚. Tanm‚tr‚ is the smallest form; in

376 laLÑr&foe'kZ%

philosophy it contains the structure of that particular Dravya ormatter. Hence Tanm‚tr‚ is the synonym of Parm‚«u or Ardhagarbha.

Mah‚bhÒt‚s or the elements of Universe:

The last stage of universe where A«u of Mah‚bhÒt‚s formedthus universe gained its present form.

Origin of Stars and Planets:

As for as origin of planet is concern Àgveda describes thatearth and other planets originates from sun;

vfnfráZtfu"V n{k ;k nqfgrk roArka nsok vUotk;Ur Hknzk ve`rcU/o%AA (Rg. V.10/72/5)

n{k O remained part of Primordial part of enormous sun fgcertainly ;k ro nqfgrk (root nqg~ means to exploit) your daughter(whodepends upon the exploitation of you energy) vfnfr% earth vtfu"Voriginated rke~ vuq like her Hknzk% who bestows blessings upon us ver/zqo cU/o% fastened by attraction. nsok stellar objects like planets etcvUotk;Ur originated from the same source Sun.

Next hymn reveals more about the origination of Stars:

;ísok vn% lfyys lqlajC/k vfr"BrAv=kk oks u`R;rkfeo rhozks js.kqjik;rAA (Rg. V.10/72/6)

;r~ When nsok% stellar objects lfyys in cosmic matter vn% becamecompact lq very strongly la (and) spledidly jC/k% each other (to catch,to tie) tied by attraction vi vk;r clearly situated. Then (after that)v=k in space uR;rka bo moving swirly o% certainly rhoz js.kq% earth vfr"Brestablished in her orbit.

Next hymn also elaborates the origin of celestial objects:

;ísok ;r;ks ;Fkk HkqoukU;fiUorAv=kk leqnz vk xwGgek lw;ZeteHkrZuAA (Rg. V.10/72/7)

Planets took the matter from cosmic fluid which was spreadin the space and became compact. After some time, by gainingenormous size, they appeared as Asterisms or Stars and from thoseStars like Sun, earth and other planets came into existence. Theyall stayed there in equilibrium with the help of mutual gravitationalforce applied to each other. Here, the adjective çSusa§rabdhaè suggest

that word Deva indicates stellar objects as they are strongly andsplendidly holding each other to stay there in the space. WordçAdašè pointing out the process of developing or becoming strongor compact, thus indicates primitive or embryonic stage of thosestellar objects. This Vedic theory of the process of star-formationis identical to the modern scientific theory.

Conclusion:

Origin of universe is described in Vedas in five stages form†paš to Mah‚bhÒt‚s which started from its mÒla prakriti Br‚hmi Awasth‚or Aditi. As it is well known fact that like other sciences Vedaspropounded the theories of Cosmology as well, but it ensconcescosmological theories not the experimental knowledge. As we knowthat in the past ancient sages had not such experimental tools likemodern science has in present, the only source they could possiblyhave at that time for getting great erudite knowledge of cosmologyor any other science was their prodigious intellect equipped witheternal divine motivation or Daivika Prera«‚. Therefore theirpostulates of cosmology are incredibly impeccable and there is noroom for errors as contemporary experimental tools and hypothesishas.

In hindsight, Cosmology or Brahmavijn‚na is Par‚ Vidy‚ ortranscendental science. Thus spilling the beans of cosmology isquite impossible for the human mind with the help of physicaltools. Present scientists are also admitting the fact that withoutattaining that inscrutable Par‚ Vidy‚ or transcendental science, weare hampered and unable to understand the process of origin ofuniverse. That is why today's scientists are returning to the Vedas,Vedic literature and meticulously trying to decipher these hymnsor verses that propound Cosmology.

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