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KIDS CORNER
ARCTIC
ThispresentationaimstoteachyouabouttheArctic.
Thispresentationhasthefollowingstructure:
Slide1- WhatistheArctic?
Slide2- ImportanceoftheArctic
Slide3- ArcticPhenomena
Slide4- ArcticEcosystem
Slide5- ClimateChangeandtheArctic
Slide6- LawsoftheArctic
Slide7- TerritorialClaims
Slide8- ExplorationandExploitation
Slide9- FunFacts
Slide10- AustralianCurriculumMapping
KIDS CORNER
ARCTIC
WhatistheArctic?
AtthenorthernmostpartofEarth,thereisapolarregioncalledtheArctic.
ItiscomprisedoftheArcticOcean,adjacentseas,andpartsofAlaska,
Canada,Finland,Greenland,Iceland,Norway,RussiaandSweden.
ScientistsdonotagreeonastrictdefinitionoftheArctic.Themost
commonlyhelddefinitionistheregionabovetheArcticCircle.TheArctic
Circleisanimaginarylinethatcircumscribestheglobeatapproximately
66o 34’N.
However,otherscientistsplacetheArcticareanorthofthearctictreeline
wherethelandscapebecomesfrozenandisonlydottedwithshrubsand
lichen.Still,othersbasetheareaoftheArcticoffoftemperatures.This
definitionplacestheArcticasanylocationatahighlatitudewherethe
averagedailysummertemperaturedoesnotgoabove10oC.
KIDS CORNER
ARCTIC
ImportanceoftheArctic
Frozenoceanwateriscalledseaiceanditforms,grows,andmeltsinthe
ArcticOcean.Duringthemajorityoftheyear,seaiceiscoveredinsnow.
Seaiceplaysadirectroleintheglobalclimatebykeepingthepolarregions
cool.
SeaiceplaysanimportantroleintheArcticbecauseit:
1.Reflectssunlighttobounceheatbacktospace
2.Influencesoceancurrents
3.Insulatestheair
4.Keepsmethanelevelsdown
5.Limitsthedevelopmentofstrongstorms
6.Supportsnativepeoples
7.Supportsnativewildlife
KIDS CORNER
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ArcticPhenomena
TherearespecialatmosphericconditionsthatoccuronlyintheArctic.
Peopleareabletooftenseeandhearphenomenathattheywouldnotbe
abletoexperienceanywhereelseonEarth.
Thecoldtemperaturescoupledwiththemicroscopicicecrystalsthatare
suspendedintheairmakeslightandsoundtraveldifferentlyintheArctic.
Opticalillusionsarecreatedbythelayersofhotandcoldairwhichcause
thelightraystorefractorbendoffthesurfaceoftheice,clouds,and
water.Thecoldatmosphericconditionscausestrangephenomenawith
soundaswell.Peoplecanhearnoisesfromlongerdistancesawaydueto
thesoundwavesbendingdifferentlyinthecoldatmosphericconditionsof
thelowerlatitudesintheArctic.
Theauroraborealisisanamazingcolour displayintheskyovertheArctic
Circle.Itiscentred aroundthegeomagneticNorthPole.Theaurora
borealisisproducedwhenastreamofprotonsandelectronsemanate
fromthesun.Thissolarwindcombineswiththeoxygenandnitrogenin
theEarth’supperatmospheretoproducecolours oflightasthegases
ignite.Thevariouscolours appearfromthedifferentgasesatvarious
altitudes.
KIDS CORNER
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ArcticEcosystem
Thenorthernpolarecosystemisinfluencedbyenvironmentalconditionsin
theArctic.Whileextremeweatherandclimateconditionshaveprevented
scientistsfromfullyexploringthevastecosystemoftheArctic,thereis
muchweknowabouttheinterconnectednessofthisharshenvironment.
Despitetheinhospitableconditionsofice,snow,darkness,andwinds,the
Arcticecosystemteemswithabundantlife.Thebuildingblocksofthis
ecosystemarealgaeandphytoplankton.Algaeandphytoplanktoncreate
sustenancefromtheraysofthesunthatsupportfishandplanktonwhich
providefoodforbirdsandwalruses,seals,andevenwhales.Asthetop
Arcticpredator,polarbearsthriveontheanimalsbelowtheminthefood
web.
Changesinthefoodwebthreatenthefabricofarcticlife.Thecreatures
thatsurviveintheharshestconditionsonEartharenotexemptfromthe
effectsofglobalclimatechange.
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ClimateChangeandtheArctic
TheArcticfeelstheramificationsofhuman-caused,globalclimatechange.
TemperatureshaveincreasedintheArcticmorethananyotherareaon
Earthoverthelast30years.ThefirstchangesintheArcticclimatewere
foundinthe1970sand1980s.ScientistshavetrackedArcticwarmingover
thelastseveraldecades.Thechangebetweenthefirsthalfof2010and
thereferenceperiod(1968to1996)hasbeenanincreasein4°C.
Changesareoccurringtotheseaice,snowcover,andamountof
permafrostwhicheffectstheentireplanet.Arcticwarminghascausedthe
seaicecovertodeclineaswellasthesnowcoveroverland.Northern
CanadaandGreenland’sglaciersaremeltingandretreating.Previously
frozengroundhasalsobeguntowarmandthawout.
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LawsoftheArctic
TheArcticdoesnothaveasingleinternationalgoverningbody.Instead,
thereisanArcticCouncilthatworksasacollectivegoverningbodyforthe
entireregion.TheArcticCouncildefinesitselfastheleading
intergovernmentalforumpromotingcooperation,coordinationand
interactionamongtheArcticStates,Arcticindigenouscommunitiesand
otherArcticinhabitantsoncommonArcticissues,inparticularonissuesof
sustainabledevelopmentandenvironmentalprotectionintheArctic.
TheArcticCounciliscomprisedofmultipleWorkingGroupsthatassess
andrecommenddecisionsbasedontheirextensiveanalysis.Decisionsare
madebyconsensusamongtheeightArcticCouncilStates,withfull
consultationandinvolvementofallPermanentParticipants.
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TerritorialClaims
TheArcticisanareaoflandthatencompassesthethreecontinentsof
Asia,Europe,andNorthAmerica.Withinthesethreecontinents,thereare
eightArcticstates.However,noneoftheseeightstatesfallsentirelywithin
theArcticregion.TheArcticactuallyonlycoversthenorthernmostregion
ofthesestates.
Nationalwatersareterritorialwatersthatare22kilometres or12nautical
milesoffthecoastofacountry.Denmark,Norway,Russia,Canada,andthe
UnitedStatesallhavenationalwatersthatareintheArcticregion.Thisis
significantbecauseoftheuntappedresourcesthatarebecomingmore
readilyavailableduetoclimatechangesallowforenhancedeconomic
opportunity.
Therecedingseaicehasopenednewpassagesformaritimetravelwhich
hassparkedfreshdebatesovertheArcticlandmass.TheLawoftheSea
TreatygrantedportionsoftheArcticanditsresourcesupto320
kilometres fromlandtoCanada,Russia,Norway,Denmark,andtheUnited
States.Thetreatyallowsthemajorityoftheformaldecisionmakingpower
togotoregionalorganisations suchastheArcticCouncil.
KIDS CORNER
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ExplorationandExploitation
TheArcticistrulythenewscientificfrontier.Scientistshavebeenstudying
theseaice,thewatercolumn,andtheseafloorusingthelatestcutting-
edgetechnology.
Ahighdefinitioncameramountedonaremotelyoperatedvehiclehas
recentlytravelledasdeepas9000feet.Theinformationthatitgathered
hasunveiledviewsintothefrigidwatersthathaveneverpreviouslybeen
seenbyscientists.Collectingsamplesoforganismsinthewatercannow
beaccomplishedusingROV,multi-nets,andbottomtrawlerswhichallow
ustopeerdeeperintotheunexploredworldofarcticsealife.
“Icecoring”isatechniqueusedtogatherdataandinformationaboutsea
icealgae.Asscientistsassemblethisnewknowledgeanddata,theyare
abletounmaskthemysteriesoftheArcticfoodweb.
Majoroilandgascompaniesvieforaccesstotherichreservesinthe
Arctic,aligningsuperpoweragainstsuperpower.Whiletheterritorial
boundariesremainunclear,whatisknownisthatcontroloverthese
resourceswillbringeconomicwealthandprosperitytothewinner.
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FunFacts
- “Arctic”comesfromaGreekwordmeaningbear.Itreferstotwo
constellations“LittleBear”and”GreatBear”inthenorthernnightsky;
- ThecoldesttemperatureeverrecordedintheArcticisaround−70°C;
- BecauseoftheEarth’stilt,atleastonedayayearthereisanentireday
ofdarknessandalsoafulldayofsunshine;
- Approximatelyfourmillionpeople,calledInuits,liveintheArctic
region;
- OnespeciesfoundonlyintheArcticisthe narwhal,oftencalledthe
“unicornofthesea”;
- In1958,asubmarinecalledtheUSSNautilussailedbeneaththefrozen
iceoftheArcticOceanandprovedthattheenormousicesheetreston
waterandnotland.
KIDS CORNER
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AustralianCurriculumMapping
GRADE5SCIENCE(ACSSU043):Livingthingshavestructuralfeaturesand
adaptationsthathelpthemsurviveintheirenvironment.
GRADE6SCIENCE(ACSSU094):Thegrowthandsurvivaloflivingthingsare
affectedbythephysicalconditionsoftheirenvironment.
YEAR7SCIENCE(ACSSU112):Interactionsbetweenorganisms,including
theeffectsofhumanactivitiescanberepresentedbyfoodchainsandfood
webs.
YEAR9SCIENCE(ACSSU176):Ecosystemsconsistofcommunitiesof
interdependentorganismsandabioticcomponentsof
the environment; matter andenergyflowthroughthesesystems.
SUSTAINABILITY(01.2):Alllifeforms,includinghumanlife,areconnected
throughecosystemsonwhichtheydependfortheirwellbeingand
survival.
KIDS CORNER
ARCTIC
FORMOREINFORMATION,pleasevisitwww.mygreenworld.org oremail
info@mygreenworld.org togetintouchwithus.
Downloadourmobilegameapp,WorldoftheWild,andseehowyoucan
participateinvirtualwildlifeconservation.
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