keynote value-sensitive design: case parental controls and tracking technologies
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Being a Value-Sensitive Design Critic
Prof. Bieke Zaman@biekezaman
Inforte.fiUniversity of Oulu, Finland
November 2015
Value-Oriented Design: Why?
Why?
• Because…• it is not only instructive to question how technology is shaping the
way we behave, think, interact and socialize, • but also how we are shaping technologies
Technologies and design choices are not value free
Why values matter
“We have noticed a shift in the body of HCI work from a focus on the context of use to the context of impact” Cockton (2006), while pointing to the key role of engaging with values in HCI to achieve this shift
• Values have the power to change• Shaping decision making• Guiding our behaviour• Affecting the judged importance
Value-Oriented Design: The Challenges
Engaging with values? A paradigmatic discussionVarious strands of engaging with values in HCI1. Value-Sensitive Design (Friedman and colleagues)2. Worth-centered Design (Cockton and colleagues) 3. Values-led Participatory Design (Iversen and colleagues)4. …
What are values? A conceptual discussion
Challenge 1 “Values to who?”• User value? End user values? • Designer values?• Organizational values? • Cultural values?
What are values? A conceptual discussion
Challenge 2 “How and when do values emerge?”• Is it something that a company can impose to a product (cf. strategic
management and the notion of a value chain)• Is it something created by the user after the product has been launched
(e.g., consumer research experiences)• Is it something you can design or only design for (and to which extent is it
concerned with production and consumption & aligned with multi stakeholder concerns)
What are values? A conceptual discussion
Challenge 3 “How to identify, recognize and understand values?”• Quantifiable? E.g., profits or economic revenues as an
indicator of (economic) values• Interpretable? User values: an (anticipation/ reflection
upon) an interaction between user and product • Designable? How to recognize /understand values in
designs?
What are values? A conceptual discussion
Challenge 4 “How to design and negotiate values?”• How to ‘translate’ something abstract in something tangible?• Who to negotiate with? • How to deal with value conflicts / tensions, i.e. when one
value undermines another (cf. security vs privacy)?• When creating something that has no precedent, how to
anticipate upon values and how to know whose to be involved? • How to anticipate the consequences of design choices, e.g.
in judging alternatives?
Engaging with values? Methodological Issues• Tapping into the unconscious? E.g.,
Laddering, projective techniques• How to ‘solve’ value tensions, e.g. Value
dams, value flows• Power issues, e.g., who is heard, when,
and how• Theoretical notions shaping our analytical
lens, e.g., child as active agent
Zaman, B., & Vanden Abeele, V. (2010). Laddering with Young Children in User eXperience Evaluations: Theoretical Groundings and a Practical Case. In Interaction Design and Children. Barcelona: ACM Press.Zaman, B., & Jafarinaimi, N. (2015). A Value Sensitive Design Case Study: Why Values Do (not) Design. Charting the next decade of Value Sensitive Design Workshop, Aarhus Conference.
Engaging with values? Communicative issues• Summarizing and
categorizing versus focusing on in-depth, contextual insights• Communication tools:
value inventories, personas, stories
Zaman, B., & Vanden Abeele, V. (2010). Laddering with Young Children in User eXperience Evaluations: Theoretical Groundings and a Practical Case. In Interaction Design and Children. Barcelona: ACM Press.Zaman, B., & Jafarinaimi, N. (2015). A Value Sensitive Design Case Study: Why Values Do (not) Design. Charting the next decade of Value Sensitive Design Workshop, Aarhus Conference.
The problem? Understanding the difficulty
• Engaging with values in design: a problem of practice• Values-oriented practitioners regularly encounter the empirical
fact that a given value may be both desirable and non desirable when unfolding in the situated product interaction• What can values-oriented practitioners then rely on if values are
sometimes appropriate and sometimes problematic?• Even when we know the values, how do we design for them?
• Problem of the Identify / Apply logic• Values do not serve as fixed, pre-established formulas
Zaman, B., & Jafarinaimi, N. (2015). A Value Sensitive Design Case Study: Why Values Do (not) Design. Charting the next decade of Value Sensitive Design Workshop, Aarhus Conference. Jafarinaimi, N., Nathan, L.P., & Hargraves, I. (2015). Values as Hypotheses: Design, Inquiry, and the Service of Values. Design Issues 31(4), pp. 91-‐104.
The solution? A Reorientation
• Rather than focusing on what values are, focusing on what values do• A question of how values serve in action• Values as hypotheses • = a lens to look at , Is a way to understand / making sense of
the situation• = a lens to / Is a way to judge the action that the situation
demands (what needs to be done?)• But, values do not designZaman, B., & Jafarinaimi, N. (2015). A Value Sensitive Design Case Study: Why Values Do (not) Design. Charting the next decade of Value Sensitive Design Workshop, Aarhus Conference. Jafarinaimi, N., Nathan, L.P., & Hargraves, I. (2015). Values as Hypotheses: Design, Inquiry, and the Service of Values. Design Issues 31(4), pp. 91-‐104.
Putting things into perspective
1. An understanding of values, then, is something that emerges along a discovery in context, that is not to be separated from the action in which values unfold, accounting for the interwoveness of values and design
2. The usefulness of any conceptualization of values depends upon its success in the exploratory and explanatory endeavor in which they are deployed.
3. Engaging with values beyond a success or failure model – not just asking whether we applied the right value or whether the design met the value target
Value-Oriented Design: Designing for families with children/teenagers
Case study: parental controls & tracking technologies
A means to which / an end?
Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) and Means-End Chain (MEC) theory
“People choose a product because it contains attributes (A) that are instrumental to achieving desired consequences (C) and fulfilling values (V) ”
• Which characteristics are at stake for tracking technologies? (A)• Why would people use it? (C, V)
Zaman, B., Geurden, K., De Cock, R., De Schutter, B., Vanden Abeele, V. (2014). Motivation Profiles of Online Poker Players and the Role of Interface Preferences: A Laddering Study among Amateur and (Semi-‐) Professionals. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 154-‐164.
Looking through the lens of children
• What gratifications do they seek?• Example young children’s media
gratifications at home
Vanden Abeele, V., & Zaman, B. (2008). The Extended Likeability Framework: A Theoretical Framework for and a Practical Case of Designing Likeable Media Applications for Preschoolers. Advances in Human-‐Computer Interaction, 2008, 1–12. http://doi.org/10.1155/2008/719291
Looking through the lens of children
• How are they affected by their parents’ use of tracking technologies?• Example technical solutions for secure
and private parent-teen mobile safety
Czeskis, A., Dermendjieva, I., Yapit, H., Borning, A., Friedman, B., Gill, B., & Kohno, T. (2010). Parenting from the pocket: value tensions and technical directions for secure and private parent-‐teen mobile safety (pp. 1–15). ACM Press. http://doi.org/10.1145/1837110.1837130
Looking through the lens of adults
• What are they concerned with?• Provider of parental controls
• E.g., media company, corporate values• Consumer of parental controls
• E.g., parents, parental values
Nouwen, M., Van Mechelen, M., & Zaman, B. (2015). A Value Sensitive Design Approach to Parental Software for Young Children. In Proc. IDC 2015 (pp. 363–366). Boston, MA, USA: ACM Press.
Looking through the lens of adults
• Who is responsible?• Parents or even the parents of the
friends of your child• Considering direct and indirect
stakeholders
Czeskis, A., Dermendjieva, I., Yapit, H., Borning, A., Friedman, B., Gill, B., & Kohno, T. (2010). Parenting from the pocket: value tensions and technical directions for secure and private parent-‐teen mobile safety (pp. 1–15). ACM Press. http://doi.org/10.1145/1837110.1837130
Looking through the lens of adults
• Who is responsible?• Companies
http://ec.europa.eu/digital-‐agenda/en/news/better-‐internet-‐kids-‐ceo-‐coalition-‐1-‐year
Looking through the lens of adults
• Who is responsible?• Third parties: e.g., child welfare NGOs, freedom of speech advocates etc.• Researchers/designers
• Example, Interaction Design & Children (IDC) researchers and designers • When discussing the motivations for their designs and investigations, they “reveal which
qualities and behaviors of children they aspire to support as a community” Yarosh et al. (2011, p. 138)
• Common aspirations: • Social interaction• Connectedness (e.g., increased attention to support family connectedness)• Other: learning, expression & being creative, digital and physical play, personal growth
Yarosh, S., Radu, I., Hunter, S., & Rosenbaum, E. (2011). Examining values: an analysis of nine years of IDC research. Proceedings IDC 2011, pp. 136-‐144.
Looking through the lens of adults
• What do parents/ caregivers do? • Cf. values guiding behaviour• Example parental mediation styles of
young children’s digital media use at home
Parental Mediation Styles
Restrictive Mediation(time, content, purchases, device, location)
Distant Mediation (e.g., supervision)
Active Mediation
Collaborative Play
Participatory Learning
Zaman, B., Nouwen, M., Vanattenhoven, J., de Ferrerre, E., Van Looy, J. (2016). A Qualitative Inquiry into the Contextualized Parental Mediation Practices of Young Children’s Digital Media Use at Home. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media.
Looking through the lens of technology
• What does it afford? • Example parental controls
Parental Controls: functionalitiesTime RestrictionsContent RestrictionsActivity Restrictions:- Economic- Social- EntertainmentMonitoring & Tracking
Looking through the lens of technology
• What should these parental controls afford? • Example tracking technologies
Can you do it better? Become a Value-Sensitive Design Critic yourself
http://inforte.jyu.fi/events/value_sensitive_design
Questions?
@biekezaman
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