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Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
9 to 5 No More: State Legislation To Give Working Families More
Time
Julie Schwartz Weber, JD
Policy Specialist
July 11, 2008
www.bc.edu/wfnetwork
** Any opinions expressed here are those of the author and not those of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation or the Sloan Work and Family Research Network.
.
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
Agenda
• Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?– Workforce Changes– Workplace Changes
• What Is the Impact on Families? – Impact on Parents– Impact on Children
• What Is the Impact on Employers?
• What Are States Doing to Help?– Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on:
• Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education)• Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules)• Flexible Place (Telework)
• Now What? Parting Thoughts
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
I Need a “June Cleaver” in My Life!
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
• Increased labor participation of mothers
• Rise of dual earner and single parent households, where every parent in the home works– Only 19% of married-couple
families fit the “traditional” model with a stay-at-home mother and breadwinner father
No Earners
One Earner, Husband
One Earner, Wife
Dual-Earner
Other Earner Types
57%
14%
19%
5%
5%
Source: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2005
• Increased numbers of workers, both men and women, are providing substantial care to their elderly and disabled relatives
WORKFORCE CHANGES
Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
• Non-daytime and weekend employment is mainstream
• Wide use of technology, including Blackberries, email, and voicemail, allow workers to be forever “on duty”
• Longer commutes than in previous decades
70
82 8191
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Combined work hours of all couples(dual and single-earner)
Combined work hours of dual-earnercouples with children
1977
2002
Source: Bond, et. al. (2002).
• 24/7 economy where time at work has increased
WORKPLACE CHANGES
Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
Agenda
• Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?– Workforce Changes– Workplace Changes
• What Is the Impact on Families? – Impact on Parents– Impact on Children
• What Is the Impact on Employers?
• What Are States Doing to Help?– Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on:
• Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education)• Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules)• Flexible Place (Telework)
• Now What? Parting Thoughts
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What is the Impact on Families?
• Work/family conflict may create stress, which increases risk of:– anxiety or mood disorder– substance abuse – physical health conditions
• Work/family conflict may lower marital quality
• Work/family conflict can result in adverse financial consequences
IMPACT ON PARENTS
Work/family conflict may result in negative health, social, and financial outcomes for parents
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What is the Impact on Families?
• Parental availability and involvement are important to children’s:– Health– Academic and developmental outcomes, particularly during
adolescence
IMPACT ON CHILDRENThere may be negative effects on children when parents lack flexibility to participate in their children’s lives
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
Agenda
• Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?– Workforce Changes– Workplace Changes
• What Is the Impact on Families? – Impact on Children– Impact on Parents
• What Is the Impact on Employers?
• What Are States Doing to Help?– Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on:
• Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education)• Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules)• Flexible Place (Telework)
• Now What? Parting Thoughts
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What is the Impact on Employers?
EMPLOYEES WITHOUT FLEXIBILITY COST EMPLOYERS $$$• Increased presenteeism
• Decreased productivity
• Decreased job satisfaction
• Increased absenteeism
• Greater health care costs
• Higher turnover costs
• Decreased engagement
• Less effective recruiting
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What is the Impact on Employers?
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
Agenda
• Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?– Workforce Changes– Workplace Changes
• What Is the Impact on Families? – Impact on Children– Impact on Parents
• What Is the Impact on Employers?
• What Are States Doing to Help?– Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on:
• Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education)• Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules)• Flexible Place (Telework)
• Now What? Parting Thoughts
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
States are active participants in the workplace flexibility movement
• Workplace Flexibility means that employees and supervisors have some choice and control over when, where, and how work gets done
(Center on Aging and Work)
• Workplace Flexibility is a “win-win” for the employer and employee
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
Flex-Time• Flexible work schedule
What Are States Doing To Help?
Flex-Career• Phased retirement
Flex-Leave• Paid Sick• Vacation• Parental leave• Education • Paid Family
Reduced Time• Part time (or part year)• Job Sharing
Flex-Place• Telework
Legislation to give working families more time
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
PAID SICK LEAVE
• Guarantees workers flexibility to deal with unanticipated or irregularly occurring short term illnesses or injuries for them or their family members
• Sick leave can be used by the worker for routine medical and preventive care for themselves or a family member and treatment and counseling for domestic violence
• Paid, job protected leave
• No federal or state laws re: private sector
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
US Workers without Paid Sick Days
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
All Part Time Low Wage Hotel/FoodService
Source: Lovell, 2004 (Does not include Federal Employees)
Workers by Type
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
Paid Sick Leave Legislation
Considered Bills
Passed Laws
San Francisco
Philadelphia
Milwaukee
DC
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
EDUCATION LEAVE
• Guarantees workers flexibility to take time off from work to attend their children’s school conferences or other school functions
• Job protected leave
• May or may not be paid
• No federal laws re: private sector
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
Education Leave Legislation
Considered Bills
Passed Laws
Both
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
FLEXIBLE WORK SCHEDULES
• Provide workers with flexibility in the scheduling of their work hours
• Examples include: – Flex time: allows workers to shift start and quitting times– Compressed work schedules: work a full-time schedule, in less
than a 5-day traditional workweek by increasing daily hours worked
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
High Wage
Low W
age
What kind of Workers get Flexible Schedules?
Percent that can adjust start and
stop times
Low wage workers have the least access to flexible work schedules
Source: Families and Work Institute, 2006
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?Flexible Schedule Legislation
Considered Bills
Passed Laws
Both
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
0
5
10
15
20
State Agencies
Traffic & Environment
Work Effectiveness
Family Responsibility
Changing Workforce
Wom
en
Older Workers
Private Sector Promotion
Civic Duties
Economic Developm
ent
Why do States enact Flexible Work Legislation?
Number of States
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
TELEWORK
• Working at an alternative worksite that is not the main worksite for some portion of their working hours
• Alternative worksite could be:– Worker’s home– Satellite office– Other location outside of the main work site
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?Telework Legislation
Considered Bills
Passed Laws
Both
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
What Are States Doing To Help?
02468
101214
State Agencies
Traffic & Environment
Work Effectiveness
Private Employers
Vocational Rehabilitation
Family/Dependent Care
Better Life Quality
Financial Benefit/Employees
Why do States enact Telework Legislation?
Number of States
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
Agenda
• Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family– Workforce Changes– Workplace Changes
• What Is the Impact on Families? – Impact on Children– Impact on Parents
• What Is the Impact on Employers?
• What Are States Doing to Help?– Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on:
• Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education)• Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules)• Flexible Place (Telework)
• Now What? Parting Thoughts
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
Now What? Parting Thoughts
“Caring for each other is the most basic form of civic
participation. We learn to care for families, and we
enlarge our communities of concern as we mature.
Caring is the essential democratic act, the prerequisite to
voting, joining associations, attending meetings, holding
office and all the other ways we sustain democracy.”
- Deborah Stone, Scholar, 2000
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
Now What? Parting Thoughts
Online: www.bc.edu/wfnetwork E-mail: wfnetwork@bc.edu Phone: 617-552-1708 Fax: 617-552-9202
Need more information?Questions?
Contact: Julie Schwartz Weber, Policy Specialist
617-552-1357schwarjc@bc.edu
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