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Key Planning Factors for Waste Sector in

Developing Countries

ISWA Beacon Conference

Strategic Waste Management Planning

Novi Sad, Serbia

10 December 2009

Presentation Topics

• Overview – Waste management in developing countries

• World Bank

- Who we are

- What we do in waste management

Bukhara, Uzbekistan

Waste collection point

Waste Generation Rate

* Assumed population of 1.0 million.

• Cities with a population of 1.0 million or more in developing countries: 296

Income Level

Generation Rate

(kg/capita/day)

Generation*

(tons /day)

Low 0.5 500

Medium 0.7 700

High 1.6 1,600

Waste Composition

Material Low Medium High

Food 40-85% 20-65% 20-50%

Paper 1-10% 15-40% 15-40%

Recyclables 4-25% 5-26% 11-43%

Fines 15-50% 15-50% 5-20%

Moisture 40-80% 40-60% 20-30%

Income Level

Waste Collection

• Collection rate varies significantly

- Uncollected waste in urban areas: 30-60%

- Population w/ no service: 50%+

• Equipment – variety of vehicles used

- Out-of-service equipment: up to 80%

Conakry, Guinea

Amman, Jordan

Kabul, Afghanistan

Recycling

• Waste pickers – informal recycling at collection points / disposal sites

• Estimated 15 million waste pickers in developing countries

• Children and women, often work as pickers

• Waste picking – unhealthy work environment

• CDM methodology under development

Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Conakry, Guinea

Treatment

• Options – Aerobic composting, waste-to-energy, other

- Waste composition / moisture (food waste, precipitation)

• Methane avoidance (CDM)

Cairo, Egypt

Quantity: 375 tpd (current), 1,500 tpd (future)

CDM status: Validation

Lahore, Pakistan

Quantity: 300 tpd (current), 1,000 tpd (future)

CDM status: Validation

Waste Disposal – Open Dump

• Open dumping with uncontrolled fires is norm in most developing countries

• Public health and environmental hazardous

• Lack of regulatory authority / enforcement

• Cost of development and operation of a landfill

• Bank loans: Dump closure and development of landfill

Conakry, Guinea

Daily quantity: 500 tons

Waste Disposal – Engineered Landfill

• Regional landfill to achieve economies-of-scale

• Siting

• Design: Site design, bottom liner, leachate management, slopes

• Operations: Waste compaction, cover

Amman, Jordan

Daily waste received: 3,000 tpd

Composition: high % food waste, high leachate generation

CDM status: Validation

World Bank

• Founded 1944 for post-war reconstruction

• Role to alleviate poverty in developing countries

- Poverty: earn less than $2 per day

• Organization

- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

- International Development Association (IDA)

- International Finance Group (IFC)

- Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

- International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

World Bank – Municipal Waste Management

• Loans

- Technical / operational, institutional, financial, capacity building

- Project examples (pipeline, current, recently completed)

o Belarus

o Brazil

o China, Tianjin

o Columbia

o Jordan, Amman

o Maldives

o Morocco

o Uzbekistan, Tashkent Tianjin, China (Shuangkou Landfill)

• Carbon finance (CDM) Daily Waste Quantity Received: 1,300 tpd

• Technical Assistance»

World Bank, Carbon Finance

• Initiated carbon finance program 1999 to stimulate market

• Trustee of 12 Funds / Facilities for governments and firms

• Carbon Finance Unit contracts to purchase emission reductions for Fund / Facility members

• Carbon payment tied to certified performance

- Operations revenue

- Contributes to sustainable operation

- Mitigation of climate change

CDM

• Methodologies approved by the UNFCCC (CDM EB)

- Approved methodologies

o Landfill gas capture / treatment (flare, energy recovery)

o Methane avoidance: Aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion,

incineration, RDF as fuel

o Aerobic landfill

o Energy recovery, additional ERs - displacement of fossil fuel energy

- In Development, Recycling

• Methodology conditions include:

- Baseline: GHG emissions, absence of action

(Business as Usual).

- Additionality: ERs that would be achieved

with project

o Barriers – Investment, technical, common

practice

CDM Registered Projects

(mid-November 2009)

• Total CDM registered projects: 1,894

• Registered CDM municipal solid waste projects: 137

- 7.2% of total

- Landfill gas: 123 projects

- Region

- LFG -13 projects

- Methane avoidance – 0 projects

• LFG projects in validation: 145

Durbin, South Africa

LFG power generation / flare facility

CDM registration: December 2006

CDM Registered Projects - Region

(mid-November 2009)

Country Registered Request Registration

Armenia 1 -

Egypt 1 -

Georgia 1 -

Israel 4 -

Jordan - 1

Morocco 1 -

Syria 2 -

Tunisia 2 -

UAE 1 -

TOTAL 13 1

CDM (Carbon Finance) Project Cycle:

World Bank

• Project Idea Note (PIN)

• Letter of Intent (LOI)

• Project Design Document (PDD)

• Validation

• Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA)

• Registration

• Verification / Certification

Veolia Environmental Services - Alexandria, Egypt

Borg El Arab landfill

LFG flare

CDM registration: December 2006

PDD: Estimate of Potential LFG Gas Capture

• Gas generation potential

- First Order Decay (FOD) model

o Waste composition

o Ambient temp. / precipitation

o Methane correction factor

• Gas capture rate

Amman, Jordan

Leachate pond, base of cell

Leachate, moisture in food

waste

CDM LFG Project Performance –

PDD Forecasts vs. Verification Results

• Reported ERs to forecast ERs (PDDs): 58.4% (2007)

- Positive trend: 40.9% (2006)

• Over expectation factors, high capture rates, high k value, Lo

- Especially early projects

• Under performance, high leachate levels (moisture, food waste)

World Bank – Tianjin, China; Landfill Gas

• Tianjin: 5th largest city in China (population: 11.2 million)

• Loan

- Landfill financed by Bank, part of Urban Environment Loan

- First modern, engineered landfill in Tianjin

- Operations begun: 2001

- Site receives 1,300 tpd

• Carbon Finance

- PDD est. ERs: 913,108 tCO2e (7-year crediting period)

- Project registration: August 27, 2008

- Monitoring Report / 3rd party verification, 4th quarter 2009

- Buyer: Spanish Carbon Fund

TCEEE – Municipal agency joint venture

LFG to electricity project

CDM registered: August 2008

Shuangkou landfill - Tianjin, China

World Bank – ECARU (Cairo, Egypt); Composting

• ECARU private company / project stand alone activity – no Bank loan

• Carbon Finance

• - PDD est. ERs: 502,204 tCO2e (7-year crediting period)

• - Project in validation

• - Buyer: Carbon Fund for Europe

ECARU

Aerobic composting

CDM status: Validation

Quantity: 375 tpd (current); 1,500 tpd (future)

Cairo, Egypt

World Bank – Brazil, Caxia Economica Federal

• Brazil: 250 municipalities with population of > 100,000

• Caxia: Second largest public bank in Brazil

• Loan objectives

- Dump closures

- Investment in treatment facilities and engineered landfills

• Carbon finance

- Program of Activities (PoA), bundled

projects rather than individual projects

• Technical assistance

Novagerar – Nova Iguacu, Brazil

Adrianopolis landfill

LFG flare, facility to generate electricity

CDM registration: November 2004

World Bank - Urban Methodology (Future)

• Fastest growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

- Est. 70% of GHG emissions occur in cities

- 296 cities in developing countries with populations of 1.0 million or more

• High level of economic growth with very large population inflow

- 50% of world’s population lives in cities

• Inadequate level of engagement in CDM

• Carbon finance potential facilitate low-GHG development in

cities

• Key sectors

- Waste: Solid waste and wastewater

- Transport: Public and private

- Energy: Renewable and energy use (efficiency)

Thank You

Charles Peterson: cpeterson@worldbank.org

Additional Information

• General

- World Bank’s Carbon Finance Unit: www.carbonfinance.org

- World Bank’s Urban Solid Waste Management: http://go.worldbank.org/A5TFX56L50

- 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5: Waste

http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol5.html

- UNFCCC's CDM: http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.html

• Selected Large-Scale Methodologies

- LFG - ACM0001, Consolidated baseline and monitoring methodology for landfill gas project activities

http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_BTH14FSTZKN0WN9PBDUG9D2U83HXBQ

- Methane Avoidance (Composting, Other) – AM0025, Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste

treatment processes

http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_PJSD36RRF6X16OA7CSTR7H38OXVJTG

• Selected Small-Scale Methodologies

- LFG to Power - AMS-III.D, Grid connected renewable electricity generation

http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_PHPV5WESACMBTJ2YY54GAJYSIEI3HD

- LFG - AMS-III.G, Landfill methane recovery

http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_341FT628YO0PX9D2BW9IDMHSTPY139