key concepts… what is science??? what are the main branches of science??? what is physical...

CHAPTER 1LESSON 1

Key Concepts…What is Science???

What are the main branches of science???

What is Physical Science???

I. What is Science? A. Def – a system of knowledge and the methods

used to find knowledge.*Science begins with curiosity and often ends with discovery*

B. Science and Technology 1. Shatter-proof glass 2. Technology

a. Def – use of knowledge to solve practical problems

b. What was the “science” in shatter-proof glass?

c. What was the “technology”?*Technology and science go hand in hand!

d. Ex: electricity led to…computers, tv’s, cell phones, etc.

II. Branches of ScienceA. 3 Branches…

1. Physical Science (non-living)

physics and chemistry2. Life Science (living)

botany (plants) and ecology (animals)

3. Earth and Space Science (history and origin)

geology and astronomy

Name Class Period

wks 1.1

1. Define the term “science”.2. How is science different than technology? Do

they work together?3. What are the 3 branches of natural science

and list two areas from each branch?4. Is the study of the muscle movements in the

human body an example of biology or physics? Explain.

*All assignments must have this general setup*

Chapter 1Lesson 2

“The Scientific Method”Key Concepts…

What is the goal of the scientific method?How does law differ from theory?

Why are models useful?

I. What is the Scientific Method? (Ex. Pg. 8)A. An organized plan used to help solve a problem.B. The General Idea…

-Use your senses. Walking in the rain gets you wet…

-Possible answer to a question. The faster your speed in the rain the drier you will be…

-Run a controlled experiment. Manipulated Variable-what you change (speed of person in rain). Constants = what stays the same? Only one variable should be changed.

-Measure the data accurately. Use the data to answer your hypothesis. Running clothes = less water. Walking clothes = more water.

-A well tested explanation for a set of observationsRunning in the rain gets you less wet than walking.

Observations

Form a Hypothesis

Test Hypothesis

Draw Conclusions

Develop a Theory

II. Theories vs. LawsA. Theory – an explanation based on observations and supported by data.

1. ex: Big Bang Theory, Creation Theory, Kinetic Theory of Matter,

Atomic Theory of Matter…2. Can be revised, discarded, or

replaced by a new theory with new knowledge.

3. Theory explain why…B. Scientific Law – Is a rule of nature

1. ex: Gravity, Friction, Death…2. Does not explain why or try to

answer.3. Ex. Gravity – objects fall

towards the earth.

III. Why use a model?A. Make it easier to understand difficult concepts.B. Ex.

Name Class Period

wks 1.2

1. What is the goal of the scientific method?

2. How does a law differ from theory? Give an example of both a law and a theory.

3. Why are models useful?

4. A group of students wanted to find out how running affects your pulse rate. What would your hypothesis be? What would the responding variable be in this case?

Chapter 1Lesson 3

“Measurement”

Key Concepts…What is scientific notation???What units do scientists use for their

measurements???What is the SI System and how do we use

it???

Activity (5-7 min)1. Use a pen/pencil and measure the

length of the table you are sitting at. 2. Record your measurement3. Repeat using a different pen/pencil4. Record your measurement

Think…Why are your measurements different from each other???

I. Using Scientific NotationA. A way of expressing a number as a value and a power of 10.

1. Why use it??? -easy to use large/small numbers2. Ex. 400,000,000 3. Ex. 35,300 4. Ex. 0.0000456 5. Ex. 4.58 x 10-3

4.0 x 108

3.53 x 104

4.56 x 10-5

0.00458

II. Standards of MeasurementsA. Standard – an exact quantity that people agree on.

1. Ex: a= 12

inches 2. a mile = 5280 feet

III. Different SystemsA. English System – feet, gallons, cups, inches…

1. U.S. only country to use it.B. SI System

1. 1960 by the French2. Used worldwide3. Based on powers of 10

Common Prefixes (pg. 17)Giga 1091,000,000,000Mega 106 1,000,000Kilo 103 1,000Hecto 102 100Deka 101 10Base 100 1Deci 10-1 0.1Centi 10-2 0.01Milli 10-3 0.001Micro 10-6 0.000001Nano 10-9 0.000000001

Examples1. Convert 1.0 m to dm?

10 decimeters2. A road is 1000 m in length. What is this

in km? 1 kilometer

3. A small new planet is found 3 light years away from Earth. If the diameter of this planet is 23,500 meters, how many kilometers is its diameter?

23.5 kilometers

More Conversions…

1. 2.3 mm cm2. 4.05 km meters3. 5.7 micrometer mm4. 10.01 Mm km5. 0.0003 hm mm6. 1,234,567 micrometers Mm7. 1.34 x 103 deciliters liters

CHAPTER 1LESSON 3 (CONT.)

“How to Use the S.I. System”

Introduction

mg

Prefix Unit measuredmilli gram

I. Length

A. Def – the distance between 2 points1. base unit = meter2. Examples

a. meter, millimeter, hectometer

Length Example

Convert: a. 5.0032 meters cm

= 500.32 cmb. .0034 km mm

= 3400 mmc. 4567 dm decameters

= 45.67 decameters

II. Volume (derived unit)

A. Def. – the amount of space occupied1. formula: length X width X height2. base unit = liter (liquids); meter (solids)

a. **1 cm3 = 1 ml** 3. solids are always cubed (cm3, m3)4. for liquids, use container

dimensions to calculate volume5. is a derived unit which means it

is obtained by combining SI units

Volume Example

A liquid is poured into a container. If the dimensions of the container are 45 cm, 54 cm, and 80 cm what is the volume of the liquid in ml?

194,400 ml

The sides of a box are 45 cm, 54 cm, and 0.4 dm. What is the volume of the box in cm3?

9,720 cm3

III. Mass

A. Def. – the amount of matter in an object

1. base unit = gram2. kilograms is used frequently3. ex: golf ball vs. table tennis ball

Mass Example

Convert:a. 54 g kg

.054 kg

b. 3.002 kg mg3,002,000 mg

IV. Density (derived unit)

A. Def. – Mass per unit of volume1. formula: density = mass / volume2. derived unit of mass and volume

Density Example

What is the density of an unknown metal that has a mass of 178.0 grams and a volume of 20.0 mL? ***Remember D=M/V***

8.9 grams/mLWill this object float in water??? (1.0 g/ml)

V. Time and Temperature

A. Def. – Time is the interval between two events.

1. Base unit = secondB. Def. – Temperature is the amount of heat contained in a substance

1. Base unit = Kelvin/Celsius

Temperature Scales

a. Celsius Scale – used for most scientific worki. 0 = freezing point of waterii. 100 = boiling point of wateriii. 20 = room temperatureiv. 37 = body temperature

b. Kelvin scalei. 0 on the Kelvin Scale is absolute zero (-273 C.)ii. to convert Celsius to Kelvin add 273 Kiii. to convert Kelvin to Celsius subtract 273 K

Temperature Example

The outside temperature is 29 degrees Celsius. What is it in Kelvin?

302 Kelvin

A person has a temperature of 313 Kelvin. Does this person have a fever?

yes; the body temp is 40 deg C.

CHAPTER 1LESSON 4

“Graphing”Key Concepts…

Why and how do we organize data?

I. Why do we organize data?A. Visual aid – helps us imagine what our

data looks like.B. Shows what is going on.C. Compare informationD. Makes it easier to understand

II. Types of Graphs

A. Line Graph1. Useful for showing changes2. Shows “connectedness”3. Used with “time” frequently. 75

80

85

90

1970 1980 1990 2000

Av

g. T

es

t S

core

s

Time Period

Average Central Lyon Test Scores

Where do we generally place the Dep. Variable and the Ind. Variable?

75

80

85

90

1970 1980 1990 2000

Av

g. T

es

t S

core

s

Time Period

Average Central Lyon Test Scores

Dependent variable

Independent variable

Direct vs. Indirect

Direct – As one set of values increases so does the other value.

Indirect – As one set of values decrease the othervalue increases.

What class period has the best average and what is their average?

Central Lyon Test Scores

60

70

80

90

100

2nd 3rd 6th 7th 8th

Class Period

Test

Sco

re

Test #1 Test #2 Test #3 Test #4

6th period = 90 points

B. Bar Graph1. Used to compare information2. bars not connected

Temperature of Central Lyon Rooms

0123456

18 deg C 19 deg C 20 deg C 21 deg C

Temperature (C)

# of R

ooms

What is the most popular temperature?

18 CWhat is the least

popular temperature?

20 CHow many rooms

were tested at Central Lyon?

13 rooms

Temperature of Central Lyon Rooms

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

18 deg C 19 deg C 20 deg C 21 deg C

Temperature (C)

C. Circle / Pie Graph1. Used to show different parts of a whole. (100%)2. Great visual tool3. Can be misleading

Physical Science Quiz #1 Results

17%

13%

28%

25%

17% 0-60

61-70

71-80

81-90

91-100

What needs to be included on a graph???

1. Title2. Labels – x and y axis3. Legend / Key4. Always make the graph colorful!5. Try to use computers if possible

In-Class Assignment 1.4 A survey shows that, in your

neighborhood; 75 people ride the bus; 45 drive their own cars; 25 people use a moped; and 5 people walk to school.

Make three different graphs to visually display this information.

Remember to include title, legend, and any other important information. Use colored pencils or markers.

CHAPTER 1LESSON 5 (EXTRA)

“Running an Experiment”

I. Controlled Experiment A. Def – organized way to test a hypothesis.

1. Only one variable may be changed –standard for comparison

–only thing that is different –variable changed = control

B. Constants1. Def - Factors that are the same2. Ex: brand, microwave, # of kernels

C. Should be repeated several timesD. Draw Conclusions

II. VariablesA. Ind. Variable / manipulated variable

1. Def – Factor adjusted by the experimenter.

2. Ex: Storage of popcorn before it was popped.B. Dep. Variable / Responding variable

1. Response to the Ind. Variable2. Ex: # of kernels popped

***The dependent variable depends on the independent variable***

Variable = something that can be changed in an experiment

Popcorn Experiment

# of kernels = # of kernelsFreshness = FreshnessBrand = BrandMicrowave = MicrowaveTime cooked = Time cookedStorage (room temp) = Storage (In freezer) *What is the manipulated Variable?

storage temperature