kazi fall 2007 csci 3701 csci-370/eeng-480 computer networks khurram kazi

New York Institute of Technology

Engineering and Computer Sciences

Kazi Fall 2007 CSCI 370 1

CSCI-370/EENG-480

Computer Networks

Khurram Kazi

New York Institute of Technology

Engineering and Computer Sciences

Kazi Fall 2007 CSCI 370 2

Major sources of the slides for this lecture

Slides from Tanenbaum’s and William Stallings’ website are used in this lecture

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Course Outline

This course provides an introduction to the fundamentals and the applications of data communications networks. Network architectures, topology, protocols, network services and models will be discussed. Some of the protocols the course will cover are: Synchronous Optical Networks (SONET) (Wide Area Network) Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) (Wide Area Network) Ethernet (10/100, Gigabit Ethernet) (LAN, Metro and Wide Area Networks) MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) (Layer 2.5) Protocols based on Internet Protocol (IP) (Layer 3 and above) Switching and routing architectures will be presented (Hardware/Software

implementation architectures) Time permitting we will cover some aspects of Cellular Networking and Next

Generation Network Architecture (NGN) Services provided by various networks Network Security OPNET (a premier network simulator) will be used in simulating various

aspects of networking concepts.

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Grading Policy

Assignments, short quizzes and presentations on assigned papers (during the course of the semester) 30%

1 Midterm Test 30% Final Project 40% Final Projects will be in any topic of interest within the Data

Networking field There will be an Oral presentation of the project along with a

written report NYIT’s Academic Integrity policy will be strictly

enforced. Any student found to be cheating (in the assignments, quizzes, Midterm etc.) will get a straight “F”

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Do’s and Don’ts for the Final Project

DO NOT use any report / design from the net. I will know if you did!!

Properly referenced work that is not plagiarized is acceptable Most of it should be your work!! Select the topic that interests you. Be creative in it! Designing

some aspect in software or hardware will be highly encouraged as opposed to doing an overview/report on some networking technology

By mid semester have a good idea of your project Team of 2 students working on the same project is allowed.

Each team member’s task within the project should be explicitly defined.

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Intended Results at the Culmination of the Course You should have a good understanding of networking

technologies Should be able to architecturally design various

components of the diverse networks Design of a router/switching Network Element

Line CardsSwitch FabricsProtocol Handling

Ability to figure out which aspect is implemented in hardware and what is designed in the software

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Books

Required Textbooks: Computer Networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 4th Edition,

Prentice Hall, 2003, ISBN 0-13-066102-3 Recommended Textbooks:

1) The Internet and Its Protocols; A Comparative Approach, Adrian Farrel, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2004, ISBN 1-55860-913-X

2) Internetworking with TCP/IP Principles, Protocols, and Architectures, Douglas Comer, 4th Edition, Volume 1, Prentice Hall, 2000, ISBN 0-13-018380-6

3) Optical Networking Standards: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals, edited by Khurram Kazi, Springer, 2006, ISBN 0-387-24062-4

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Useful websites

Tanenbaum’s website at Prentice Hall http://authors.phptr.com/tanenbaumcn4/

William Stalling’s (Another good text book on data and computer networks) Website http://www.williamstallings.com/DCC/DCC8e.html

Standards Organizations and Industry Forums Internet Engineering Task Force

http://www.ietf.org/ MetroEthernet Forum

http://metroethernetforum.org/page_loader.php?p_id=84&index=1 International Telecommunication Union (ITU): The leading United Nations agency for

information and communication technologies http://www.itu.int/net/home/index.aspx

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) LAN/MAN Standards Committee http://www.ieee802.org/

OPNET (Network simulator that we will be using) www.opnet.com

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ITU

Main sectors• Radiocommunications

• Telecommunications Standardization

• Development

Classes of Members• National governments

• Sector members

• Associate members

• Regulatory agencies

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IETF

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. It is open to any interested individual. The IETF Mission Statement is documented in RFC 3935.

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IEEE 802 Standards

The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with † gave up.

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Implication of the Designs we work on; keep few things in mind!

During the design process we always make trade-offs Trade-offs can be based on time to market, cost

implications, complexity, environmental considerations etc. Ethics: Keep in mind the implications of what you are

designing, how it impacts the society!! Privacy vs. Security is a big issue in networking

Network designs inherently deal with Implementing of standardized solutions based on regional or

global standards developed by industry forums or international standards organizations

Power consumption considerations: Making the Designs Green; Environmental friendly!!

Cost/performance trade-offs

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Uses of Computer Networks

• Business Applications

• Home Applications

• Mobile Users

• Social Issues

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Business Applications of Networks

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Business Applications of Networks (2) The client-server model involves requests

and replies.

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Home Network Applications

Access to remote informationPerson-to-person communicationInteractive entertainmentElectronic commerce

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Home Network Applications (2)

In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.

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Home Network Applications (3)

Some forms of e-commerce.

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Types of Network

Metropolitan Area NetworksLocal Area NetworksWide Area NetworksCellular NetworksWireless Networks (could be

Broadband Networks or LANs)Home NetworksInternetworks

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Network classification based on distances Classification of interconnected processors

by scale.

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Fuzzy Networking Demarcation Points

Metro Edge

Metro Area Network

(Metro Core)

Premise(Enterprise Networks)

Metro Edge

Metro Area Network

(Metro Core)

Wide Area Network(Core/backbone/

Long Haul)

Bigger Pipes less intelligence in transportSmaller Pipes Higher intelligence in aggregation/

switching

Premise(Enterprise Networks)

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A Communications Model

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Communications Tasks

Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing Routing

Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management

Flow control

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Data Communications Model

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Transmission Medium Selection is a basic choice

internal use entirely up to business long-distance links made by carrier

Rapid technology advances change mix fiber optic Copper Cable (still alive and widely used) Wireless (microwaves, satellite, light waves, cellular

etc.) Transmission costs still high (but decreasing as time

progresses) Hence interest in efficiency improvements (never

ending so to speak!)

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Some of the Drivers for Innovative Networking Technologies

Growth of number & power of computers is driving need for interconnection

also seeing rapid integration of voice, data, image & video technologiesVoice over IPIPTVTraditional net connectivity for data

transmissions

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Types of Networks: Wide Area Networks

Span a large geographical area Cross public rights of way Rely in part on common carrier circuits Technologies used include:

circuit switching packet switching (IP or MPLS based) Ethernet based transport Legacy Technologies

frame relayAsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

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Types of Networks:Wide Area Network

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Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.

Types of Networks:Wide Area Network

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Types of Networks:Wide Area Network

A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

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Circuit Switching

Uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

Comprising a sequence of physical links with a dedicated logical channel

e.g. telephone network

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Packet Switching

Data sent out of sequence over diverse paths Small chunks (packets) of data at a time Packets passed from node to node between

source and destination Used for terminal to computer and computer

to computer communications

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Types of Networks:Metro Area Network

MAN Middle ground between LAN and WAN Private or public network High speed Large area

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Types of Networks:Metro Area Network

Headquarters to Printing site(15 miles)

HQ to Carrier Hotel(5 miles)

Printing Site to Carrier Hotel(15 miles)

2 Gigabit Ethernet Channels2 Fibre Channels1 multiplexed fiber (T1, T3, 10/100 Ethernet

1 Gigabit Ethernet Channels1 multiplexed fiber (T1, T3, 10/100 Ethernet

1 Gigabit Ethernet Channels1 multiplexed fiber (T1, T3, 10/100 Ethernet

Headquarters

Carrier Hotel

Printing site

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Types of Networks:Metro Area Network

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

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Types of Networks:Local Area Networks

Smaller scopeBuilding or small campus

Usually owned by same organization as attached devices

Data rates much higher Switched LANs, e.g. Ethernet Wireless LANs

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Types of Networks:Local Area Networks

Two broadcast networks (a) Bus (b) Ring

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Types of Networks:Wireless Networks

Categories of wireless networks:

System interconnectionWireless LANsWireless WANs

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Types of Networks:Wireless Networks

(a) Bluetooth configuration (b) Wireless LAN

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Types of Networks:Wireless Networks

(a) Individual mobile computers (b) A flying LAN

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Types of Networks:Home Networking

Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals

Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)

Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)

Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco)

Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam).

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Home Networking:Digital Living Room

Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) http://www.dlna.org/en/industry/about

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The Internet

Internet evolved from ARPANETfirst operational packet networkapplied to tactical radio & satellite nets alsohad a need for interoperability led to standardized TCP/IP protocols

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Internet Elements

SONET/OTH (MPLS based routing)

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Internet Architecture

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Example Configuration