journalism history

Journalism History

Community discussion

•Communication between tribes, societies

•Editors took stories from London papers, recounted what people said at the local pub.

The invention of news, 1690-1850

Assortment of local advertising

small paragraphs of local adversting

Large chunks of European and economic intelligence lifted from London papers

18th Century printers avoided controversy, printing largely foreign news because there was no ground for local leader grumbling

First Amendment to Constitution

•1791.. Only aimed at federal government, not state government

The Sedition Act of 1798

•Forbade criticism of the government, making it a criminal offense

Early newspapers

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DFfLVYLAJE&feature=player_embedded

1800-1890

•Correspondents, not occupation

•1820s, newspapers began sending out reporters to ship

•Between 1833-1835 entrepreneurs developed penny press.

•Sought out local news

•Began competition for local news

Partisan Press

Federalists Anti-FederalistsCommerce,

banking, manufacturing

Farmers, wage earners,

intellectualsAlexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

Gazette of the United

StatesNational Gazette

Philip FreneauJohn Fenno

•Transition from partisan to mercantile press

•Pennsylvania Evening Post & Advertiser

•First daily newspaper

•American Minerva

•Noah Webster, editor, is college educated (not just a printer)

•Paper has wider appeal (beyond N.Y.C.)

Development of daily newspaper

•Separation of fact and opinion

•National Intelligencer begins in 1800

•Covers Congress – verbatim

• Idea of a newspaper of record

•Forerunner of the Congressional Record

Development of daily newspaper

•Better presses, cheaper paper

• Idea emerges that news is new

•Reporters appear

•Foreign news still important

•Competition appears

Development of daily newspaper

New York Tribune

New York Herald

New-York Times

Horace Greeley

James Gordon Bennett

Henry RaymondBenjamin Day

Journalism History

Great Newspaper EditorsGreat Newspaper Editors

New York Sun

The first published newspaper interviewThe first published newspaper interview

Horace Greeley and Brigham Young

The first recorded newspaper interviewThe first recorded newspaper interviewH.G. — Am I to regard Mormonism (so-called) as a new religion, or as simply a new development of Christianity?B.Y. — We hold that there can be no true Christian Church without a priesthood directly commissioned by and in immediate

communication with the Son of God and Savior of mankind. Such a church is that of the Latter-Day Saints, called by their enemies Mormons; we know no other that even pretends to have present and direct revelations of God's will.

H.G. — Then I am to understand that you regard all other churches professing to be Christian as The Church of Rome regards all churches not in communion with itself — as schismatic, heretical, and out of the way of salvation?

B. Y. — Yes, substantially.H.G. — Apart from this, in what respect do your doctrines differ from those of our Orthodox Protestant Churches — the

Baptist or Methodist, for example?B.Y. — We hold the doctrines of Christianity, as revealed in the Old and New Testaments — also in the Book of Mormon,

which teaches the same cardinal truths, and those only.H.G. — Do you believe in the doctrine of the Trinity?B. Y. — We do; but not exactly as it is held by other churches. We believe in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, as

equal, but not identical — not as one person [being]. We believe in all the Bible teaches on this subject.H.G. — Do you believe in a personal devil — a distinct, conscious, spiritual being, whose nature and acts are essentially

malignant and evil?B.Y. — We do.H.G. — Do you hold the doctrine of Eternal Punishment?B.Y. — We do; though perhaps not exactly as other churches do. We believe it as the Bible teaches it.H.G. — I understand that you regard Baptism by Immersion as essential.B.Y. — We do.H.G. — Do you practice Infant Baptism?B.Y. — No.H.G. — Do you make removal to these valleys obligatory on your converts?B.Y. — They would consider themselves greatly aggrieved if they were not invited hither. We hold to such a gathering

together of God's People as the Bible foretells, and that this is the place and now is the time appointed for its consummation.

Pulitzer Hearst

Yellow Journalism

Famous journalists• Ida Tarbell

• Investigated trusts like Standard Oil

• Nellie Bly

• Investigated abuse of mental institutions

Photojournalism•Photographers no longer

need permission or cooperation of subjects

•Photographs more candid, intimate, immediate, episodic

•Considered “objective” documents

•News content in their own right, not just illustrations ancillary to the text

Milestones

•Half-tone photographic printing

•Gelatin-based film

•Flashbulbs

•Smaller, mass-produced cameras

Leica: mass produced in 1924

LIFE Magazine

•Founded in 1936

• Instant success

•Two million circulation by 1938

•22 million readers by 1944

Voice by wire

Alexander Graham Bell — 1876

Wireless

James Clerk Maxwell

•Electromagnetic radiation theorized 1864

Heinrich Hertz •Transmission of radio waves 1887

Guglielmo Marconi

•First wireless transmission 1895

•Transatlantic wireless transmission 1901

BroadcastingReginald Fessenden

•Wireless voice transmission 1906

Lee deForest

•Audion Tube 1864

•Broadcasts from Eiffel Tower 1908

Edwin Howard Armstrong

•Regenerative Circuit 1913

Radio Networks

David Sarnoff

•Suggests Radio Music Box 1916

•Establishes NBC 1926

William Paley

•Columbia Broadcast System 1928

US Congress

•Establishes the Federal Radio Commission 1927

Radio-Press War

• 1922 - A.P. says copy is not for radio

• 1933 - “Biltmore Agreement”

• Two, five-minute newscasts per day (after 9:30 a.m. and 9:00 p.m.)

• Networks respond with commentary

• 1939 - A.P. lifts banUPI “clacker”

Broadcast Commentators

Floyd Gibbons

Walter WinchellLowell

Thomas

Radio-Press War•1922 - A.P. says copy is

not for radio

•1933 - “Biltmore Agreement”

•Two, five-minute newscasts per day (after 9:30 a.m. and 9:00 p.m.)

•Networks respond with commentary

•1939 - A.P. lifts ban

UPI “clacker”

Mechanical Television

Mechanical Television

John Logie Baird

Philo T. FarnsworthPhilo T. Farnsworth

•Born in Beaver, Utah (1906)

•Raised in Idaho

•Attended BYU (1923-1924)

•Invented first all-electronic television (1926)

RCA

David SarnoffVladimir Zworykin

Edward R. Murrow

30 Minutes

•CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite - September 3, 1963

•NBC News “Huntley-Brinkley Report” - September 9, 1963

•ABC News with Peter Jennings - January 1965

Pentagon PapersPentagon Papers•MacNamara orders a

history of U.S. involvement in Indochina

•Leaked by Daniel Ellsberg

•Published in June 1971 by New York Times

•Government sues for prior restraint

•Other papers, including Washington Post, also publish

•MacNamara orders a history of U.S. involvement in Indochina

•Leaked by Daniel Ellsberg

•Published in June 1971 by New York Times

•Government sues for prior restraint

•Other papers, including Washington Post, also publish

Watergate Break-inWatergate Break-in• June 17, 1972: Democratic

National Committee in the Watergate complex

•Five “plumbers” planting listening devices are caught by Washington, D.C. police

•Operation financed by illegal contributions to CREEP

• June 17, 1972: Democratic National Committee in the Watergate complex

•Five “plumbers” planting listening devices are caught by Washington, D.C. police

•Operation financed by illegal contributions to CREEP

Watergate complex – Washington, D.C.

Watergate complex – Washington, D.C.

Watergate Break-inWatergate Break-in

•Taping system reveals president participated in coverup

•Taping system reveals president participated in coverup

Woodward & Bernstein

Woodward & Bernstein

•1900-1945 Commercialization of news

•1950s limited objectivity

•Adversarial press, 1970s

•1980s-2000, technology and consolidation

•2000, communications revolution