journal of faculty of arts and culture, south eastern ... kalam viii (1) 2014... · “kalam”...

“KALAM” International Journal of Faculty of Arts and Culture, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka

VOLUME VIII (1), JUNE 2014 ISSN: 1391-6815 P a g e | 65

“Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfspd; gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpidAk; ,e;jpahTf;F kPz;Lk; jpUg;gp

mDg;gg;glYk; : kiyaff; ftpijfis ikakhff; nfhz;lNjhu; Ma;T”

rhjpah> vk;.V.v];.vg; ,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Ma;Tr; RUf;fk;: kiyafj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fSf;F vjpuhf ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fspy; kiyaf kf;fis kpfTk; ghjpj;j rl;lq;fshf gpu[hTupik njhlu;ghd FbAupikr; rl;lk; (1948)> =kh rh];jpup xg;ge;jk; (1964)> =kh - ,e;jpuh xg;ge;jk; (1974;) Kjypad tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,r;rl;lq;fshy; kf;fs; ve;jsTf;F ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs; vd;gjid kiyaff; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy;NtW tpjkhfr; rpj;jpupf;fpd;wd.kiyafj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpidahYk; mjd; %yk; ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gl;ljdhYk; mDgtpj;j gpur;rpidfis kiyaff; ftpijfs; ve;jsTf;Fr; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd vd;gjid Muha;tij Nehf;fkhfff; nfhz;L ,t;tha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.,t;tha;tpy; Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sNjhL r%ftpay;> tuyhw;W> xg;gPl;L mZFKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. kiyaf kf;fspd; gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpid> ,e;jpahTf;F kPz;Lk; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gly; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW gpur;rpidfisAk; kiyaff; ftpijfs; rpwg;ghfr; rpj;jpupj;Js;sd vd;gNj ,t;tha;tpd; KbthFk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs;: Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;> gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpid> kiyaff; ftpij

murpay; uPjpahf Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfSf;F vjpuhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fSk; xg;ge;jq;fSk;

Mq;fpNyaH fhyj;jpYk; mjw;Fg; gpd;te;j murhq;f rigf; fhyj;jpYk;> fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; ,k;kf;fSf;F vjpuhfg; gy;NtW rl;lq;fs;,aw;wg;gl;L mKy;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. 1935Mk; Mz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l gj;njhd;gjhk; ,yf;f fhzpr; rPHjpUj;jr; rl;lKk; 1938Mk; Mz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l fpuhkrig kNrhjhr; rl;lKk; 1940Mk; Mz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,Ugj;jp ehd;fhk; ,yf;f kPd;gpbr; rl;lKk; 1942 ,y; ,aw;wg;gl;l ehw;gj;jp Vohk; ,yf;f Ng&e;J Nrit mDkjpg;gj;jpur; rl;lKk; ,yq;ifaH kakhf;Fjy; vd;w mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUe;jjhy;> ,tw;wpd; %yk; ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsHfs; ngUkstpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. fhzpr; rPHjpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> Kbf;Fupa fhzpia epykw;w tptrhapfSf;Fk; kj;jpaju tHf;fj;jpdUf;Fk; gfpHe;jspg;gjhfTk; mjpy; ,e;jpaHfSf;F ,lkspg;gjpy;iy vdTk; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fpuhkrig kNrhjhr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> fpuhkg;Gwj; NjHjy;fspy; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfSf;F

kWf;fg;gl;lJ. kPd;gpbr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> ,yq;iff; flypy; kPd;gpbf;f ,yq;ifaH khj;jpuNk mDkjpf;fg;gLtH. VidatHfs; tpz;zg;gpj;J mDkjp ngw Ntz;Lk;

vdf;$wg;gl;lJ. Ng&e;J Nrit mDkjpg;gj;jpur; rl;lj;jpd;gb> Ng&e;J Nrit mDkjp ngw tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; fk;gdp> vz;gj;jp Ie;JrjtPjkhd gq;Ffis ,yq;ifaUf;Nf nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ng&e;J Nritf;F tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; NghJ> ,yq;ifaUf;Nf Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wg;gl;lJ. Ng&e;Jfisr; nrhe;jkhf itj;J elhj;jp te;j ,e;jpaHfs; ,jdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. Kjyhk; murhq;f rigj; NjHjy; 1931 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; ,e;jpaj; jkpoHfSk; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpj;jdH. KjyhtJ murhq;f rigapy; mikf;fg;gl;l ke;jpupkhH rigapNy cj;jpNahf mq;fj;jtHfshf Mq;fpNyaH %tUk; K];ypk; gpujpepjp xUtUk; ,e;jpag; gpujpepjp xUtUk; rpq;fsg; gpujpepjpfs; ItUkhf nkhj;jk; gj;Jg; NgH epakpf;fg;gl;ldH.01

1921 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;ifapy; 602500 ,e;jpag; gpui[fs; ,Ue;jdH. mtHfs; Ke;jpa murhq;fj;jhYk; gytpj rYiffs; mspf;fg;gl;Nl ,q;F miof;fg;gl;ltHfs;. MdhYk; 1922 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;> ,q;F te;jtHfs; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s njhopyhsHfSf;F epfuhf rkcupik ngw;Nw ,Ue;J te;jdH. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ,e;jpa murhq;fNk.

,e;jpa murhq;fk; 1922 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wpa ntspNaw;wr; rl;lk; 07 Mk; gpuptpd; gj;jhk; tpjpapd;gb> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ntspNaWk; njhopyhsHfSf;F mtHfs; FbNaWk; ehLfspd; murhq;fk; me;ehl;Lj; njhopyhsHfSld; r%f> nghUshjhu tplaq;fspy; rkcupik nfhLj;jhyd;wp mtHfs; ntspNawyhfhJ vd;gjhFk;. ,q;F 1923 Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; gpujpahsUk; Njhl;l Kjyhspkhupd; gpujp epjpAkhd b.v];.Nrdhehaf;f mtHfSk; ,e;jpah nrd;W xg;ge;jk; nra;j gpd;dNu njhopyhsHfs; njhlHe;Jk; ,q;F FbNawpdH (`d;rhl;>1927> gf;. 2157).

,e;jpaj; njhopyhsHfs; rHtrd thf;Fupik ngWtij rpq;fstH tpUk;ghikahy;jhd; nlhd%H FOtpdH ,e;jpaUf;F thf;Fupik toq;Ftjpy; rpy epge;jidfis tpjpj;jdH. Ie;J Mz;Lfs; ,yq;ifapy; trpj;jtHfSf;Nf thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJ2 (FbAupikr; rl;lk; (1948)> =kh rh];jpup xg;ge;jk; (1964)> =kh - ,e;jpuh xg;ge;jk; (1974).

gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpidAk; ,e;jpahTf;F kPz;Lk; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;glYk; kiyafj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; murpay; uPjpahf vjpHnfhz;l gpur;rpidfspy; kpf Kf;fpakhd xU gpur;rpidahfg; gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpid tpsq;fpaJ. 1830;fspy; ,yq;iff;F tu Muk;gpj;j kiyafj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfspd; nkhj;j rdj;njhif> 1964Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ 975000 Nguhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;j rdj;njhifapy; gd;dpnuz;L rjtPjkhFk;. ,tHfsJ gpu[hTupik njhlHghff; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; ,yq;if murhq;fk; gy;NtW eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ (`d;rhl;> 1964> g.2137).vdpDk;>,yq;if Rje;jpuk; ngw;wijj; njhlHe;J ,lk;ngw;w KjyhtJ NjHjypy; kiyafj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; thf;Fupik ngw;W> NjHjypy; ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfis Mjupj;J> gjpNdO ,lJrhupg; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfspd; njupTf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jhHfs;.3 ,t;thwhd njhUepiyik njhopyhsHfSf;Fg; ngUk; rhjfkhf mike;JtpLk; vd vz;zpa Kjyhspj;Jt rpe;jid nfhz;l murpay; fl;rpfs;> njhopyhsH gyj;ij mbNahL rha;g;gjw;fhfr; nra;j rjpj;jpl;lNk

kiyafj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfspd; gpu[hTupikiag; gwpf;Fk; Kaw;rp vdyhk;. ,J gw;wp kh.nr. %f;ifah mtHfs;

gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whu;; “,yq;ifapYk; ghuhSkd;wj; NjHjypy; njhopyhsHfspd; eyk; gw;wpg; NgRk; fl;rpfs; fzprkhd mstpy; NjHe; njLf;fg;gl;lik> Kjyhspj;Jt rpe;jidkpf;f murpay; fl;rpfisf; ftiyailar; nra;jpUf;Fk; vd;gjid kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. vdNt ,d> nkhop> Ngjk; ,d;wp> NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; Kjyhspj;Jt rf;jpfs; ,ize;J njhopyhsHfspd; gyj;ij Kwpabf;fr; nra;j> Kjy; rjpNtiyahf> ,yq;ifapy; mg;NghjpUe;j RkhH gj;J ,yl;rk; ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsH r%fj;jpd; FbAupik gwpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa NknyOe;j fk;A+dpr mr;RWj;jy; khj;jpukpd;wp> cs;Shpy; fhzg;gl;l ,dthj murpay; fUj;Jf;fSk; ,jw;F tYT+l;LtdthapUe;jd. vt;thwhapDk; ,Wjp tpisthf> ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsHfs; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tho;tpypUe;J

xJf;fg;gl;ldH.”4

1950 – 1964 Mk; Mz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapd; 975000 Ngupy; 134000 NgH

khj;jpuNk ,e;jpaH – ghfp];jhdpaH trpg;gplr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpu[hTupik ngw;wpUe;jdH (`d;rhl;>1964> g.2080). mjidj; njhlHe;J 1964 Mk; Mz;L =kh

– rh];jpup xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb> %d;W ,yl;rk; NgUf;F ,yq;if muR gpu[hTupik toq;FtjhfTk; 525000 ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsHfis ,e;jpah Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ.

mNjNtis 1964 – 1979 Mk; Mz;LfSf;fpilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; 325000 Ngupd; FbAupik epHzapf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; fhyf;nfL tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ (`d;rhl; 1964> gf;. 2077-2078).

1964 Mk; Mz;L xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb> kpFjpahf cs;s 150000 Ngupy; miug; gq;fpdiu ,e;jpahTk; miug;gq;fpdiu ,yq;ifAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd 1974 ,y; ,e;jpuhfhe;jp gpujkuhf ,Ue;j NghJ ,yq;if muRld; xg;ge;jk; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhd xg;ge;jq;fshy; Vl;lstpy; ehlw;wtH gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPHT fhzg;gl;lJ. 375000 NgUf;F gpu[hTupik toq;Ftnjd ,yq;if muR Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; 1986 ,d; ,Wjp tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; 224000 NgUf;Nf gpuh[hTupik toq;fpaJ.

MW ,yl;rk; Ngiu Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjhff; $wpa ,e;jpa muRk; 1984Mk; Mz;bd; ,Wjptiu 446358 NgiuNa Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. vdpDk;> 1986 Mk; Mz;by; N[.MH. [atHj;jdhtpd; Ml;rpf;F MjuT toq;Ftjhf ,yq;ifj; njhopyhsH fhq;fpu]; fl;rpj; jiytuhd njhz;lkhd; murpay; ,zf;fk; xd;wpid Vw;gLj;jpdhH. Mdhy;> mjid epiwNtw;Wtjpy; eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfs; fhzg;gl;ld. vdpDk; 1989 Mk; Mz;by; ,lk;ngwtpUe;j [dhjpgjpj; NjHjypy; Njhl;l kf;fs; jq;fsJ KOikahd MjuitAk; I.Nj.fl;rpf;F toq;FtH vd;w mbg;gilapy; 1988Mk; Mz;L> njhz;lkhdpd; Kaw;rpapdhy; FbAupikr; rl;lk; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; %yk;> gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpidf;F Kw;Wg; Gs;sp itf;fg;gl;lJ.5

,jid eilKiwg;gLj;j Kw;gLk; NghJ> gy;NtW ,d;dy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. vdpDk; gbg;gbahf ,d;Wtiu gpu[hTupik toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.FbAupik gwpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J midtUf;Fk; FbAupik toq;Fk; rl;lk; mKyhFk; tiu> ,e;jpaj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; gyjug;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. ,k;kf;fs; jkJ cupikfs; mj;jidiaAk; ,oe;J> ehl;by; mbikfs; vd;w epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;ldH. murhq;fj; njhopy;fisr; nra;a Kbahj epiy ,tHfSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. gzk; nrYj;jpNa caHfy;tp ngwNtz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. tptrhak; nra;tjw;F epyk; thq;fNth> nrhe;jkhff; FbNawp tho;tjw;fhd tPLfis mikg;gjw;Nfh thq;Ftjw;Nfh Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ve;jf; fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; ,yq;ifia tpl;Lj; jkJ nrhe;j tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; ntspNaWtjw;Ff; flTr; rPl;Lfisg; ngw Kbahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. murhq;fk; toq;Fk; ve;jtpj rYiffisAk; ngWtjw;F cupikaw;wtHfshf ,tHfs; tpsq;fpdH. ,t;thwhd fhuzq;fspdhy; ,tHfs; jq;fsJ murpay; gyj;ij ,oe;jNjhL epd;WtplhJ midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; gpd;js;sg;gl;ldH.6

mNjNtis> 1964 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;jtHfSs; ngUk; ghyhdtHfs; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopj; jkpoHfspd; %d;whk; jiyKiwapdNu. mtHfs; FbAupikr; rl;lj;jpd; Ngupy; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w

epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lJk; gy;NtW tifahd ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; ,d;dy;fisAk; vjpHnfhs;s Neupl;lJ. mtHfspy;> ngUk;ghd;ikapdH fliyf;$l fhzhjtHfs;. ,e;jpah gw;wp mwpahjtHfs;. mt;thwhd epiyapy; mtHfis ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gp> mq;F Ngha; mtHfs; FbNawp> jkJ tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F ,d;DnkhU Nghuhl;lNk elhj;j Ntz;ba epiyik Vw;gl;lJ. mtHfs; ,yq;iff;F tUk;NghJ mDgtpj;j Jd;gq;fis tpl> mjpfsT Jd;gq;fisj; jpUg;gp ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;Gk; NghJk; mq;F jpUk;gpr; nrd;wNghJk; mDgtpj;jdH. vdpDk;> fhlhfpf; fple;j kiyafj;ij nghd; tpisAk; G+kpahf khw;wpa ,k;kf;fs; kPJ> ,dntwp nfhz;l Ngupdthj rf;jpfs; nfhQ;rk; $l> mDjhgk; fhl;ltpy;iy. mtHfsJ ,dthjr; nrad;Kiwf;F ,t;nthg;ge;jq;fs; ngU ntw;wpahf mike;jd. ,J gw;wp Nrh.re;jpuNrfud; gpd;tUkhW $WfpwhH.

“......... 1964 Mk; Mz;lstpy; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopj; jkpoHfspy; ngUk;ghyhdtHfs; Fwpg;ghf> ,uz;lhk; %d;whk; jiyKiwapduhd Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; jkJ jkpo;ehl;Lj; njhlHGfisNah G+HtPfj;ijNah ngUkstpw;F mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mtHfs; ,yq;ifapw; gpwe;jtHfshapDk; FbAupik ,oe;J ehlw;wtHfshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldH. mtHfsJ gpd;jq;fpa nghUshjhu epiy> FbAupikaw;W murpaypw; gq;Fnfhs;s ,ayhjepiy> mbf;fb rpq;fs ,dthjpfspd; jhf;FjYf;F cl;gl NeHe;jikahy; Vw;gl;l ghJfhg;gpd;ik> Vida ,yq;ifaUf;Fr; rkkhd Kiwapy; fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhu trjpfisg; ngwKbahikahy; Vw;gl;l tpuf;jp epiy Mfpa fhuzq;fshy;> jhafkhd ,e;jpahTf;Nf nrd;WtpLNthk; vd;w vz;zj;ij mtHfspy; gyH tsHj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. MW ,yl;rk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopj; jkpoHfis ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; tifapy; xg;ge;jq;fs; mike;jik rpq;fs ,dthjj;Jf;Ff; fpilj;j xU ntw;wp

vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk; .....”7,t;thwhd murpay; rhHe;j gpur;rpidfs; ehl;lhH ghly;fs;> ftpijfs;> rpWfijfs;> ehty;fs; midj;jpYk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.8

thf;Fupik> FbAupik> ehlw;wtH Kjypa gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp kiyaff; ftpijfspYk; Mokhfr; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

rp.tp.NtYg;gps;isapd; ‘Njapiyj;

Njhl;lj;jpNy’> rf;jp ghy Iahtpd;

‘jkpoDf;NfhH jdpg;ghl;L’>‘kdpj

cupikfs;’>‘ghHf;fhj ehl;bd; ghrj;

njhlHGfs;’> ky;ypif rp. Fkhupd; ‘,e;j

MLfs; eida’> jkpNohtpadpd; ‘guNjrp

MNdhk;’>‘cupikf;F xU NghH’>‘GdpjH

,uh[ypq;fk;’> ngdpapd; ‘jpl;ltpay;’>‘Gjpa

ahj;jpuhfkk;’> k. rz;Kfehjdpd; ‘ePyfpupj;

NjhoDf;F’> ngh. Gz;zpa%Hj;jpapd;

‘kiyaf kf;fs;’> R. Kuspjudpd;

‘gpupaj;jhd; Ntz;Lkh cupa G+kpia’>

ngahnty; V. nry;tuh[pd; ‘vq;f@H

uapy;’>‘vq;f@H tuyhW’> my;-m]{kj;jpd;

‘gpu[hTupikj; J}J’> ,uh.

epj;jpahde;jdpd; ‘Kftupiaj;

njhiyj;jtHfs;’> ,uhfiyg; gd;dPupd;

‘nghWg;gJ jFNkh’> re;jdk;

rj;jpaehjdpd; ‘tUf tUf cq;fs; tuNt

ey;tuT’>‘,y;iy kiyafj;jpy;’ Kjypa ftpijfs; ,t;tifapy; mike;jit.

kiyafj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; ngw;wpUe;j xU rpy rYiffSk; cupikfSk; 1931 Mk; Mz;L nlhd%H Mizf;FOtpd; rl;lk; mKYf;F te;jijj; njhlHe;J gwpNghfyhapd. 1935 Mk; Mz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l fhzp mgptpUj;jpr; rl;lk;> 1948Mk; Mz;by; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l NjHjy; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; Kjypatw;why; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; murpay; uPjpahf mehijfshf;fg;gl;ldH (`d;rhl;> 1948> gf;.983-1155> 1158-1235).

,e;epiyikfisg; gy ftpijfs; rpj;jpupf;fpd;wd. ,yq;ifg; gpui[ahf ,yq;ifapy; tho tpUk;gpatHfSk; gpu[hTupikr; rl;lq;fshy; ,e;jpah nry;y epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldH. gpu[hTupikf;F tpz;zg;gpj;j midtUf;Fk; gpu[hTupik fpilf;ftpy;iy. mjpfkhdtHfspd; tpz;zg;gq;fs; epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld (`d;rhl;> 1964> gf;.2080-2084). mjdhy;> ,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;ghf khwpa ,k;kf;fs;> gy;NtW NrhjidfSf;F cs;shfpdH. mtHfsJ ,Ug;gplk; ,yq;ifah ,e;jpahth vd;w jpz;lhl;lk; mtHfSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyikfisf; Fkudpd;

ftpijnahd;W gpd;tUkhW rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ@

“NghtJ Nghfl;Lk; vd;fpd;whah

GOjpAld; Gaw;fhw;wha; Gifal;Lkh

rhtJjhd; Kbntd;W nrhy;fpd;whah

rQ;ryj;jhy; vj;jid ehs; Jbg;gjk;kh

MtJjhd; vJntd;W nrhy;yp tpl;lhy;

mLj;njd;d> njhlHe;jpLtH topapy; neQ;rk;

NehtJjhd; md;whlk; vq;fs; Ntiy

Nehf;fj;ij nrhy;yptpL

fij Kbal;Lk;”

(Fkud;> 1967> J}thdk;> g. 11).

mkuH jpU v];. lg;spA+. MH. B. gz;lhuehaf;fh ,jid xU kdpjhgpkhdg; gpur;rpidahf Nehf;fpdhH vd;gij mtH 1954 Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Mw;wpa gpd;tUk; ciuapd; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

“ehk; mtHfis ngy;nrd; KfhKf;Fs; js;sptpl KbahJ> flYf;Fs; js;sptpl KbahJ my;yJ eQ;#l;l KbahJ. ,k;khjpupahd xU gpur;rpidapy; xU nghWg;Gs;s ehL ele;J nfhs;sf;$ba Kiw ,Jty;y vd;Wk; ,g;gpur;rpidia rkhjhdkhfj; jPHg;gjdhy; gy ed;ikfs; cs;sd. xUtifapy; vk;ikg; gPbj;Js;s Gw;WNehiag; gy jrhg;jq;fshf vk;ikg; gaKWj;Jk; epoiy> gyfhykhf rPo;gpbj;Js;s xU Gz;izf; Fzkhf;FfpNwhk;. mNjNtis ehlw;wtH vdf; $wg;gLk; kf;fshy; vkf;F ed;ik

fpilf;Fk;”9

,f;$w;wpypUe;J> ,k;kf;fspd; gpur;rpid epahaG+Htkhfj; jPHf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xd;W vd;gJ ahtUk; mwpe;jNj. mNjNtis ,tHfSf;Fk; gpu[hTupik toq;Ftjd; %yk;> ehL gy ed;ikfisNa milag; Nghfpd;wJ vd;gJ njspTgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,jidr; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; jhd;> gy;NtW eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfs; fhzg;gl;ld.

[t`u;yhy; NeUTf;Fg;gpd;> ,e;jpahtpd; gpujkuhf te;j rh];jpupaplk; mg;Nghija ,yq;ifapd; gpujkuhf tpsq;fpa =khNth gz;lhuehaf;fh> Ngr;RthHj;ijfis

elj;jp> mjd; KbthfNt =kh – rh];jpup xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ. Nfhg;gpf; fhy kf;fs; ,yq;ifapy; epue;jukhff; FbNawp tho Ntz;ba Njit fhzg;glhjjhy; mtHfs; ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nrd;W jk; Cjpaj;jpd; %yk; gapHnra;J thoyhk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifAld; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; vd nrd;W te;J nfhz;bUe;jdH. mjdhy;> mtHfs; epue;juf; FbNaw;wj;jpd; mtrpaj;jpid czutpy;iy. vdpDk; Njapiyr; nra;if Muk;gkhdJk; njhopyhsHfs; ,q;F epue;jukhff; FbNawp tho Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ. mjdhy; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj ,tHfs; ,q;F epue;jukhff; FbNawp thoj; njhlq;fpdH.10

,jdhy;> ,k;kf;fs; kNdhuPjpahf ,e;ehl;Lg; gpui[ahdhHfs;. ,tHfsJ ,isa re;jjpfSk; ,tHfsJ guk;giuapdUk; njhlHe;Jk; ,yq;ifapNyNa tho;e;J tuyhapdH. ,k;kf;fSf;fhf murhq;fKk; kz;nzz;nza;> NfhJik kh> jPg;ngl;b Kjypa nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;JnfhLj;jJ. ,t;thwhd epiyapy; ,k;kf;fSk; ,uT gfy; vd;W ghuhJ jkJ cly; ciog;ig toq;fp> ehl;bd; KJnfYk;Gfshf ,Ue;J te;Js;sdH. ,t;thW ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; jhd;> ,tHfSf;F vjpuhfr; rl;lq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. mt;thwhd rl;lq;fSs; kpfTk; nfhba xU rl;lkhfg; gpu[hTupikr; rl;lk; tpsq;fpaJ (`d;rhl;> 1948> gf;.983-1155> 1158-1235).

R. Kuspjud; ,t;nthg;ge;jk; njhlHghf

‘gpupaj;jhd; Ntz;Lkh cupa G+kpia’ vd;w ftpijapy;; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH@

“tUk; NghjpUe;j

tWikia kl;Lk;

xd;wiu E}w;whz;L

cilikahff; nfhz;L

Njrj;Jf;Fj; NjapiyAk;

Njapiyf;F ehKnkd

Mfpg;Nghd ge;jj;Jf;F

fhfpj xg;ge;j

epHg;ge;jk; Vd;?

kz;Ftpay;fsh

kiyfs; - mit

Njr md;idapd; Kiyfs;

ghy; Ruf;fr; nra;jd

,e;jf; fuq;fs;

%d;Wf;F Nkyhd

jiyKiwfs;

tpl;l %r;R

Rthrky;y

tpRthrk;!

kiyfNs

Njapiy kuq;fNs

ePq;fs; nrhd;dhy;

NghJk;

gpupaj;jhd;

Ntz;Lkh

cupaG+kpia?

(Kuspjud;> R.> 2001>jPtfj;J Cikfs;>gf;.10-11).

,k;kiyaf kf;fs; fhlhfpf; fple;j kiyafj;ijg; nghd; tpisAk; G+kpahf khw;wpatHfs;. kiyafj;ijg; gaDs;s G+kpahf khw;wpatHfs; ,tHfs;. ,e;ehl;ilNa jk; nrhe;j ehlhff; fUjp> jk;ik ehl;Lf;fhf KOikahf mHg;gzpj;j ,k;kf;fis xg;ge;jq;fs; vd;w ngaupy; ntspNawr; nra;tJ ve;jtifapYk; epahakw;w xU nray; (`d;rhl;> 1948>g.984).

mNjNtis> ,k;kf;fs; kiyafj;ij tsKwr; nra;tjw;fhfg; gl;l Jd;gq;fis kf;fs; kwe;jhYk; ,k;kiyfs; kwf;fhJ. ,k;kf;fspd; jiyKiwapdH ,e;ehl;ilNa jha;ehlhf vz;zp tho;e;J nfhz;bUg;gtHfs; ,t;thwhd G+kpia gpupaj;jhd; Ntz;Lkh vdj; Njapiyr; nrbfisAk; kiyfisAk; tpspj;Jf; $Wtjhf mike;j ,f;ftpijapy;> ftpQH jk; kdf;FKwiy ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH.

mNjNtis>“nrd;W tUfpNwd; n[d;k

G+kpNa” vDk; jiyg;gpy; mike;j> tz;zr; rpwfpd; ftpijapYk; gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpidahy; Vw;gl;l Jd;gk; Mokhfr; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehk; gpwe;J tsHe;j ehl;bdpy;> ehk; tho;tjw;F cupik ,y;iy vd;why;

me;jj; Jd;gj;ij vt;thW jhq;fpf; nfhs;tJ vdj; njupahky; ,k;kf;fs; jpz;lhbdH. mOJ Gyk;gpdH. jhk; ehLflf;Fk; ehs; neUq;Ftij vz;zp cs;sk; jLkhwpdH.

=kh – rh];jpup xg;ge;jk; gw;wp ,k;kf;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; vJTNk mwpahjtHfshf ,Ue;jdH. mjdhy; ,t;nthg;ge;jk; %yk; jkf;Fg; ngUik fpl;Lk;> gpu[hTupik fpilf;Fk;> mur cj;jpNahfk; Gupayhk; vd epidj;jdH. gyUila mt;thwhd vz;zq;fs; ,t;nthg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jpl;l gpd; jtpLnghbahfpd. ,e;epiyik my; -

m]{kj;jpd; “gpu[hTupikj; J}J” vDk; ftpijapy; jj;&gkhfr; rpj;jpupf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.

“cupik NfhUk; xt;nthU tUNk

=kh – rh];jpup rpyhfpaj;jhNy ngUik cwyhk;; gpwe;j G+kpapy; njhluyhk;! md;Nw njhiyayhk; ghujk;! gplup epkpu gpwe;j G+kpapy; thoj; jdpahd; tiue;J njhiyj;Njd;! Moj;jwpthy; murpdH Ntiy xd;iwg; ngwyhk;> cauyhk; vd;W ntd;wpf; Fuypy; tpilj;Jj; jpupe;Njd; ..... me;Njh fhw;Nw Mfhaf; fhw;Nw nte;Njd; cs;sk;; ntwpj;Njd;; ntbj;Njd;!.....

“vl;lhk; ruj;jpd; ,ope;j gpupthy; jl;lg;gl;lJ jq;fs; cupik vd;nwhU fljhrp vdf;fha;

,d;Wjhd; te;jnjd; wpak;Gf fhw;Nw!” my;-m]{kj;> 1987> my;-m]{kj; ftpijfs;> g. 18).

,f;ftpij %yk; kf;fspd; vjpHghHg;Gk;> Vkhw;wq;fSk; mtyk; jJk;g rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mNjNtis> murhq;f cj;jpNahfq;fs; nra;tjw;F gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpid jilahf ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ vd;gJk; ,jd; %yk; njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tHfSf;F thf;Fupik kWf;fg;gl;ljhy; jkf;Fj; Njitahd murpay; gpujpepjpfisj; njupT nra;J> jkf;fhfg; NghuhLtjw;fhd xU $l;lj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; rpukq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. gpu[hTupik kWf;fg;gl;l NghJ> mtHfSf;fhd fy;tp tha;g;Gfs; mwNt ,y;yhJ Nghapd. ,k;kf;fs; md;whl czTf;fhff; $l> f\;lg;gLgtHfs;. ,e;epiyapy; gzk; nrYj;jp fy;tp fw;gJk;> guPl;irfs;

vOJtJk; ,tHfshy; Kbahj fhupak;. mjdhy;> ,tHfs; fy;tpapy; NkYk; gpd;dile;jhHfs;. Rfhjhu kUj;Jt Nritfs; ,tHfSf;F ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gltpy;iy. murhq;fk; kf;fSf;fhf toq;Fk; rYiffs; ,tHfSf;F kWf;fg;gl;ld. mjdhy;> ,tHfs; NkYk; NkYk; tWikahy; f\;lg;gl;ldH. mNjNtis> ehs;NjhWk; gy;NtW tifapYk; nehe;J tho;e;jdH. ,yq;ifg; gpui[fs; mDgtpf;Fk; cupikfs; rkmstpy; ,tHfSf;F toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ,t;thwhd epiyikfs; ,tHfisg; gy;NtW tifapYk; ghjpj;jd.

,e;epiyikfs; rf;jP ghy Iahtpd; ‘kdpj

cupikfs;’ vDk; ftpijapy; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd@

“gpwg;GupikAk; ,y;iy vd;whH ........

ehl;L cupikAk; ,y;iy vd;whH – ek;

ey cupikAk; ,y;iy vd;whH

thf;FupikAk; ,y;iy vd;whH – fy;tp

trjpAk; ekf;F ,y;iy vd;whH.

Nehf;Fk; ,lnky;yhk; $ypfsha; - NkYk;

nehe;J mlq;fp ehk; thOtNjh?

rk cupikAk; ,y;iy vd;whH – jkpo;r;

rhjp vd;why; ,lk; ,y;iy vd;whH.”

(rf;jp ghy Iah> 1998> rf;jP ghy Iah ftpijfs;> g. 114).

,J kl;Lkd;wp> gpu[hTupikf;F tpz;zg;gpj;NjhH midtUf;Fk; gpu[hTupik fpilf;ftpy;iy. gpu[hTupik toq;Ftjw;fhd rl;lq;fs; kpf ,Wf;fkhditahff; fhzg;gl;ld. ,tHfspy; mjpfkhdtHfSf;F milahs ml;ilfNsh> gpwg;G mj;jhl;rpg;; gj;jpuq;fNsh ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,J gw;wp rhuy;ehld; mtHfs; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH;.

“,yq;ifapy; gpwg;Gr; rhl;rpg; gj;jpuk; ngWk; Kiwik 1898 ,d; gpd;dNu mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1948Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lj;jpd;gb 50 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l ,e;jpaHfs; FbAupik ngWk; jFjpia ,of;fpd;wdH. FbAupikf;F tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;

njhopyhsHfs; Nrfupj;Jj; juNtz;ba FLk;g tpguq;fs; rpf;fy; kpFe;jitahfTk; Fog;gkhd itahfTk; ,Ue;jd. kpff; Fiwe;j tho;f;if kl;lj;jpy; vJtpj fy;tpawpTkpd;wpapUe;j Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; ,jdhy; FbAupik NfhUk;

Mw;wy; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.”11

[`d;rhl;> (1948>1949)>

njhFjp-11> gf;.1747-177]

,k;kf;fspy; mjpfkhdtHfs; ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nry;y epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldH. vdpDk;,yq;ifg; gpui[ahf tho;tjw;F tpz;zg;gpj;J> gpu[hTupik fpilf;fhjtHfs; nghyprhuhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L> nfhOk;gpy; mtHfSf;nfd tpNrlkhf mikf;fg;gl;l rpiwr;rhiyfspy; milf;fg;gl;L> ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gl;ldH.

=kh – rh];jpup xg;ge;jk;> =kh – ,e;jpuh xg;ge;jk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; mjpfstpyhd ,e;jpaj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gpr; nry;y epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,tHfs; jpUk;gpr; nry;y Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJk;> tUk;NghJ mDgtpj;j Jd;gq;fis tpl> gd;klq;F Jd;gq;fis mDgtpf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. gpupthw;whik> GjpanjhU ,lj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W FbNaw Ntz;ba epiyik> gazj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Jd;gq;fs; vd gy;NtW tifapYk; f\;lq;fis mDgtpj;jdH. f. mUzhryk; mtHfspd; $w;W ,jid NkYk; cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.

“jhk; gpwe;J tsHe;j kiyafj;ijAk; neUq;fpa cwtpdh;fisAk; tpLj;J ,e;jpah jpUk;Gtjw;Fg; ngUk;ghyhd njhopyhsHfs; tpUk;gpajpy;iy. vdpDk; ,yq;if muR mtHfisj; jpUg;gpaDg;Gtjpy; jPtpuk; fhl;baJ. mt;thW jpUg;gpaDg;gg;gl;l NghJ mtHfs; mile;j ,d;dy;fSk; jtpg;GfSk; Vf;fq;fSk; ,og;Gf;fSk;

msg;gpy.”12

,k;kf;fs;> FLk;gj;ijAk; Rw;wj;jhiuAk; gpupa Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ngw;NwhH ,yq;ifapYk; gps;isfs; ,e;jpahtpYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba epiyikfs; Vw;gl;ld. fhjyd; fhjypiag; gpupa Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhd epiyikfs; kiyaff; FLk;gq;fspy; ngUk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpd. jk;khy; guhkupf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Kjpa ngw;Nwhiuf; $l gps;isfs; gpupe;J nry;y epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,tHfsJ gpupthw;whik gy;NtW tifapYk; ftpijfspYk; ehty;> rpWfij Kjypatw;wpYk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,t;thwhd tplaq;fSk; gy ftpijfspy; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd@

“milahsk; fhZk; me;j

ml;il vk;kpy; gyUf;fpy;iy

gpwg;Gr; rhl;rpg; gj;jpuNkh

ngWtnjkf;Fj; njhy;iy

Njhl;l kf;fs; gps;isg; ngw

te;Jtpl;l njhy;iy

FbAupikg;gpur;rpidAk;

jPutpy;iy”

(re;jdk; rj;jpaehjd;> 2003> kiyj;njd;wy;> g. 32).

re;jdk; rj;jpaehjdpd; Nkw;$wg;gl;l ftpijapy; ,k;kf;fspd; mwpahikAk; Jd;gq;fSk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mNjNtis ehl;il tWikapy; ,Ue;J fhj;j kf;fsJ tPLfisAk; gwpj;J> rpiwfspy; milj;Jj; Jd;gg;gLj;Jk;

epiyfis xopg;Nghk; vdj; ‘jkpoDf;NfhH

jdpg;ghlL’ vd;Dk;> rf;jp ghy Iahtpd;

ftpijapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tuJ ‘nrhe;j

ehl;bdpNy!’ vDk; ftpijAk; gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpid fhuzkhf jhk; gpwe;J tsHe;j nrhe;j ehl;bNy me;epaiug; Nghy; thoNtz;ba JHg;ghf;fpa epiy Vw;gl;lijr; rhLfpwJ. mj;NjhL ,f;nfhLikfshy; kf;fs; mepahakhfr; rpiwthrk; mDgtpf;f Ntz;baepiy Vw;gl;Ls;sijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ,k;kf;fsplk; gpu[hTupikf;fhfg; gpwg;G mj;jhl;rpg; gj;jpuk; Nfl;gJ nfhQ;rKk; epahakw;w xU nray;. Vnddpy;> ,tHfspy; rpyH fUf;nfhz;lJ $l> fhL NkLfspy; jhd;. gpwe;jJk; yaq;fspy;. ,tHfs; gpwe;j fhk;guhf;fSf;F fjTfs;$l ,y;iy. mt;thW ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,tHfsplk;

gpwg;Gg; gjpTfs; vq;Nf ,Uf;fg; NghfpwJ. mjid itj;J FbAupik ,y;iy vd;gJ kpfg; ngupanjhU mepahak; MFk;. ,e;epiyikfs; rpt.,uhN[e;jpudpd;

“,jantl;L 1948” vDk; ftpijapy; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.,k;kf;fspd; mwpahikiar; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jp fq;fhzpkhUk; gpu[hTupik ngw;Wj; jUtjhff; $wp> ,tHfis Vkhw;wpdH. gy;NtW tpz;zg;gq;fisf; nfhz;L te;J ,tHfsplk; xg;gkpLk;gb $wp mepahakpioj;jdH. ,e;epiyikfshy; ,tHfs; thf;Fupik ,oe;jjhf

jkpNohtpadpd; “cupikf;F xU

NghH”vDk; ftpijapy; gpd;tUkhW rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ@

“...ngupafq;fhzp khHfsd;W

Rk;kh gaKWj;jp

fhl;ba ,lj;jpnyy;yhk;

ifehl;L Nghl;Nl

xl;lhz;bahfp ,d;W>

cUf;Fiye;j guk;giuia

fhl;bf; nfhLj;J tUk;

fUq;fhypf; Fk;gypdhy;

thf;Fupik ,oe;Njhk;!

thOk; FbAupik ,oe;Njhk;

jpf;fw;NwhH Mf;fg;gl;Nlhk; .”

(jkpNohtpad;>2000> jkpNohtpad; ftpijfs;> g. 42).

xU rpyH ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gg;gl> xU rpyH ,yq;ifapy; gpu[hTupik ngw VidNahH ehlw;wtHfshf Mf;fg;gl;L mepahag;gLj;jg;gl;ldH. ,e;jpa murhq;fKk;> midj;Jj; Njhl;l kf;fSf;Fk; Gfyplk; toq;Ftjw;F Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. mjdhy; FLk;gq;fs; rPuopf;fg;gl;ld. mg;NghJ> mtHfs; mile;j Jd;gq;fSf;F msNtapy;iy.

ky;ypif rp. Fkhupd; “mNrhf tdj;ij

Nerpf;fpd;Nwhk;” vDk; ftpijapy;> ,e;jpa murhq;fk; Fwpg;gpl;lsT kf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> Vd; kw;wtHfisg; gupjtpf;f tpl;lJ vdf; Nfl;fpwhH. mt;thW gupjtpf;ftpl;L> ,k;kf;fs; gw;wpf; ftiy nfhs;tjpy; ve;jg; gaDk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; Vw;fdNt ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; iffspy; ,k;kf;fisf; $ypfshff; nfhLj;jNj gpioahd xU nray; vd;gjidAk; jj;&gkhfTk; fyhG+HtkhfTk; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shH.

xU je;ijapd; gpupthw;whikiaAk; kiyafj;jpd; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpidAk; gpd;tUk; rpWfijg; gFjp tpsf;fp epw;fpd;wJ.

“......... ehd; el;l kuq;fisg; ghHf;fpwNghJ> ehd; fhd;ntl;b> Ks;Sg;Nghl;L> tsk;gLj;jpd epyj;jpiy nropj;J> JspHj;J epf;fpw Njapiyr; nrbfisg; ghHf;fpw NghJ vd;iw Gs;isaisg; ghHf;fpw khjpup ,Uf;FJq;f. Mdh> ngj;J tsHj;Jtpl;l Gs;isas; vd;id

tpl;Lg; Nghapl;lhq;f rhkp.”13

,e;epfo;tpid ngdp jd; “Gjpa

ahj;jpuhfkk;” vDk; ftpijapy; gpd;tUkhW $WfpwhH@

“... E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;Lfspy;

Njapiyr; nrbfspd;

NtHfsha;tho;e;Jk; vq;fspy;

Ie;J yl;rk; kf;fisj;

‘jhafk; jpUk;G’ vdr;

rl;lk; Nghl;lJ

=kh – rh];jpup xg;ge;jk;

cioj;Jf; nfhLj;jtdpd;

jiytpjpia

cl;fhHe;J cz;l

,uz;L muRfs;

cld;gbf;if nra;jd.

,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;rp tpl;L

vYk;Gf; $Lfis

,e;jpahtpw;F

Vw;Wkjp nra;jJ

,yq;if muR

,yq;ifapd; jiynaOj;ij

rupnra;j ehq;fs;

vq;fspd; jiynaOj;ij

,d;ndhUtd; my;yth

vOjp itj;jhd;!?”

(ngdp> 1996> NghHf;fsg; G+ghsq;fs;> g. 92)

fhL Nklha;f; fple;j kiyafj;ij kf;fs; ,urpf;ff;$ba ,lkhfTk;> ehl;bd; tUkhdj;ijNa jPHkhdpf;Fk; ,lkhfTk; khw;wpa kiyafj; Njhl;lj;

njhopyhsHfis ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gpr; nry;Yk;gb nra;j NtiyahdJ ke;ij tpahghuj;ij xj;jjhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.

“ey;y tpiy nfhz;L ehia tpw;ghH>

me;j ehaplk; Nahrid Nfl;lJz;Nlh” vdf; $wpa ghujpapd; ftpij ,t;tplj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;. Vnddpy; ,k;kf;fSila kdepiyfisr; rw;Wk; nghUl;gLj;jhJ> ke;ijfis tpahghuk; nra;tJ Nghy; uapypy; kd;dhUf;F Vw;wpr;nry;yg;gl;L> mq;fpUe;J flYf;Fs; js;sp tpLtJ Nghd;W ,e;jpahTf;Fg; glFfspy; Vw;wp mDg;gg;gl;ldH. ,Jtiu fhyKk; ehl;Lf;fhf cioj;jijr; rw;Wk; vz;zhJ jhia> je;ijia> FLk;gj;ij> Rw;wj;jhiu> jhd; Nerpj;j Njhl;lj;jpid tpl;Lg; gpupj;J> ,tHfs; ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gg;gl;l Nrhf tuyhw;wpid

“nghbnkdpf;NfAk; ,uhkhD[Kk;” vDk; ftpij Mokhfr; rpj;jpupf;fpd;wJ. kd;dhH tiu topaDg;g te;jtHfs; fjwp mOjpl> clYk; csKk; NrhHtila fz;fspy; ePH tw;wpatHfshf tpilngw;w kf;fspd; epiy gpd;tUkhW rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ@

“...... jhiag; gpupj;J

je;ijiag; gpupj;J

jd;DapH vd Nghw;wpa

Njhl;lj;ijg; gpupj;J

Cidg; gpupj;J

cwtpidg; gpupj;J

XykpLk; kdpjupd;

ciog;gpid kpjpj;J

kd;dhupy; epd;W

te;jtH fjwpl

tho;f;ifr; Rikapid

jiyapNy Rke;J

fz;zPH tw;wpl

fhy;fSk; NrhHe;jpl

Ngha; tuhH vd;wYk;

Ngha; thNud; vd;wpl

“CUf;F” mDg;gpl

XbtUFJ .........

“VWlh RUf;fh

,dpnad;d mOif ........”

mOFuy; Nfl;L

MopNa mlq;Fk; .........”

(rp.rptNrfuk;>rp.> jk;igah>,.> ,uhN[e;jpud;>rpt.> gd;dPu;r; nry;tk;>v]; 1993 Fd;wj;Jf; FKwy;> g. 80)

,. jk;igahtpd; “mOiff; Nfhr;rpapNy” vDk; ftpijapYk; ,Nj fUj;J njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. FLk;gq;fs; rpjwbffg;gl;L> ML khLfs; Nghy; ,tHfs; gpupf;fg;gl;ldH. ,tHfs; mOfpd;w Xir thidNa gpse;jJ. ehl;bw;fhf cioj;jtHfs; ehaha; Ngaha; miyfpwhHfs; vd ,tH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. NkYk;> Mq;fpNyaH ,k;kf;fisj; jkJ Njitia epiwT nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhff; nfhz;L te;J tpl;L> ,tHfSf;fhd xOq;fhd thoplj;ijf;$l xOq;F nra;ahJ> ,tHfisg; ghijapNy tpl;L tpl;Lr; nrd;W tpl;ldH. mjdhy; ,k;kf;fs; nra;tjwpahJ jpifj;jdH.

“Ntypfs;” vDk; ftpijapYk; ,J vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Nj fUj;ij

Fkud;>J}thdk;” vDk; ftpijj; njhFjpapy;@

“mioj;jtH $l;lk; kiwe;jjlh – ek;

me;jpk fhyk; neUq;FNjlh”

(Fkud;> 1967> J}thdk;> g. 22)

vdf; $wpAs;shH. jk;ik mioj;J te;j gpupj;jhdpaHfs; jk;ik el;lhw;wpy; tpl;L tpl;Lr; nrd;W tpl;lhHfs;. mjdhy; jkJ epiyAk; ghHg;NghH Nfl;Nghupd;wp gupjhgj;jpw;F cs;shfp cs;sJ vd;gij ,f;ftp tupfs; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

,wg;gpd; NghJ jhd;> ngw;NwhH gps;isfisg; gpuptJk;> Rw;wj;jhH mOJ Gyk;GtJk; flTspd; tpjpahf cs;sJ. Mdhy; capHthOk; NghNj ,k;kf;fs; ,wg;gpd; NghJ mDgtpf;Fk; Ntjidfis mDgtpf;Fk; tifapy; vtnutNuh ,k;kf;fspd; tpjpia vOjpdhHfs; vDk; mtyepiy gpd;tUkhW rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ@

“…cwTk; el;Gk; gpupe;jjlh - ,q;F

cs;stH njhifAk; rupe;jjlh – ey;

mwKk; KiwAk; nfl;ljlh – KbT

mtrug; Ngr;rpy; gl;ljlh

gpwe;jtH ngw;wtH gpuptulh - $bg;

gpize;jtH fz;zPH nrhuptulh – kz;zpy;

,we;jtHf; fpiwNahd; tpjpj;jjlh - ,q;F

vkf;nfd vtNuh tpjpj;jjlh”

(Fkud;> 1967> J}thdk;> g. 21)

mjpfkhd ftpijfspy; jhk; cUthf;fpa> jhk; tpaHit rpe;jp cioj;j ,e;jg; G+kpapy; jkf;F tho;tjw;F cupik ,y;yhky; Nghfpd;wNj vd;w Vf;fepiy ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vj;jidNah capHfisg; gwpnfhLj;J> jk; Kd;NdhHfspd; cly;fisAk; ,k;kz;Zf;Nf cukhf;fp> fhyk; Neuk; ghHf;fhJ ciog;igNa caHthff; fUjp> mbg;gil trjpfs; $l> ,d;wp tho;e;j ,k;kf;fs; kPz;Lk; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gl;l epiyahdJ> kdpj jHkj;jpw;Nf NfL tpistpg;gjhd xU nray; vd;gjid kdpj Neak; nfhz;l vtUk; kWf;f KbahJ. rpyuJ murpay; Ra ,yhgj;jpw;fhf xU r%fj;jpd; jiytpjpiaNa khw;wpa xU nrayhfNt ,r;nraw;ghL tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,k;kf;fs; ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gpr;nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;w rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJk;> ,k;kf;fspd; midj;J vjpHghHg;GfSk; Vkhw;wq;fshfp tpl;ld. ,tHfsJ jtpg;gpidAk; Vf;fq;fisAk; gy ftpQHfSk; gy;NtW tpjkhfr; rpj;jpupj;Js;sdH.

,t;tsT f\;lg;gl;L tskhf;fpa mofpa G+kpahfpa kiyehL> ,d;W ahNuh mDgtpf;Fk; RtHf;fkhf khw;wg;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd;w Vf;fk; gy ftpijfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLk; ehs; neUq;f neUq;f ,k;kf;fspd; kdq;fs; Vq;fpj;jtpj;jd. ,g;gpuptpid vt;thW Vw;fg; Nghfpd;Nwhk; vd;w kdNtjidapy; ,k;kf;fs; jtpj;jdH.jhk; gpwe;J tsHe;j ehl;bNyNa jkf;F tho;tjw;F Kbatpy;iyNa vd kf;fs; mOJ Gyk;gpdH. ,e;jj; jtpg;gpid.

“ehl;fs; fopfpd;wd

ehL flf;Fk; Ntis

neUq;FfpwJ

gpupT vd; thriyj; jl;LfpwJ

gpupT Ntjidapd; gpujpepjp

tpop thriy Kl;Lfpwhd;

mOJ tpLNtNdh vd;w gak;

vd;id mKf;FfpwJ .....”

vd;Wk;

“ehd; gpwe;j ehl;bdpNy

ehd; ,Uf;f tpjpapy;iy

vd; n[d;k G+kpapNy

vdf;F cupikapy;iy

vd;Wk;

fz;zPupy; ftpij ghb>

nrd;W tUfpNwd;

n[d;k G+kpNa

jpUk;gTk; cd; ntspfspy;

vd;W Xb kfpo;NtNdh?

(rpthde;jd;.mU.>1985> tz;zr; rpwFf;

ftpijfs;> gf;. 93–95).

vg;NghJ kPz;Lk; cd;id mile;J cd; ntspfspy; re;Njhrkhf cyhtg; NghfpNwNdh vd;w Vf;fj;NjhL ftpQH ,f;ftpijia Kbj;Js;shH.

ngahnty; V. nry;tuh[pd; ‘vq;f@H

gh];Nghl;fhud;’>‘vq;f@H tuyhW’>‘vq;f@H

uapy;’> Kjypa ftpijfspYk; ,k;kf;fspd; Vf;fKk;> NtjidAk;> gpupthw;whikAk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. vd;Dila jhia vd;id tpl;Lg; gpupf;;FKd;> vd;Dila jiyiaf; nfha;JtpL@ vd; kz;iz tpl;Lk; vd;idg; gpupf;Fk; Kd;> ,k;kz;zpy; vd;idg; Gijj;JtpL@ Njrj;ij tpl;Lk; vd;id tpul;LKd;> vd;idj; Njl Kbahj ,lj;jpy; tPrp tpL vdf;$Wk; kf;fspd; cs;sf; FKwiy

“vq;f@H gh];Nghl;fhud;”> vDk; ftpijapy; ,tH $wpapUf;fpwhH. jk;ik itj;J ,Ug;gJ f\;lk; vd;WjhNd ,e;ehl;il tpl;L mDg;gg; NghfpwPHfs;. mt;thW mDg;ghJ ,k;kz;zpy; nfhd;W tpLtJ Nky; vd vz;zpj; jtpf;Fk; kdepiy ,jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Nj fUj;jpidj; njspTgLj;JtjhfNt k. rz;Kf ehjdpd;

“vd; kz;Nz” vDk; ftpijAk; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;gp xU GJtho;it Muk;gpg;gij tpl> ,q;NfNa xU Fopiaj; Njhz;Lq;fs;. ek;kpy; Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhH mOJ Xa;e;j fz;fNshL te;J ,wq;FthHfs;. mg;gbNa Gijj;J tpLq;fs;. ,e;jpah nry;tij tpl> ,J NkyhdJ vd kf;fspd; kdf;FKwiyj; jkJ ftpij %yk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH.

k. rz;Kfehjdpd; “ePyf;fpupj; NjhoDf;F” vDk; ftpijapy; gpuptpd; Jaiu czHr;rpG+Htkhf vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shH. jkJ Mrhghrq;fis vy;yhk; kwe;J

INahntd;W fjwp mo> ,dp vg;NghJ fhz;NghNkh vd;W ,jaq;fs; cile;J nehUq;f> $ntd;w FuNyhL uapy; kf;fisf; nfhz;L nrd;wJ. mjpy; nrd;wtHfs; jiy kd;dhupy; ,wq;fp> mOJ fz;fyq;fpatHfshff; fg;gypy; nrd;W ,uhNk];tuj;jpy; jkJ grpiaAk; kwe;J> Kfhk;fspy; %l;ilfisf; fl;bf; nfhz;L nra;tjwpahJ jpz;lhbdH. ,e;epiyik gpd;tUkhW rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ@

“MirfSk; ghrq;fSk;

‘INah’ vd;W fjw

,dp vd;W fhz;gnjd

,jaq;fs; nehUq;f

‘$’ ntd;w FuNyhL

Nfhr;rp cd;idAk;

nfhz;Nlhbg; Nghapw;W ....!

jiy kd;dhHj; jlkpwq;fp

fg;gypy; fz;fyq;fp

,uhNk];tuj;jpy; grp kwe;J

jwpnfl;Lj; jLkhwp

jkpof kz; kpjpj;J

Kfhk;fspy; %l;il fl;b...!”

(rz;Kfehjd;> kh.> 1995> tho th Njhoh> g. 72).

,t;thwhd epfo;T gy tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G epfo;e;jpUe;jhYk; ,d;Wk; ,it kdij tpl;L mfyhj nfh^u rk;gtq;fshfNt tpsq;Ffpd;wd. FwpQ;rp

ehldpd; “Vf;fk;” vDk; ftpijapy; ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLk; epiyapdhy; Vw;gl;l kdg;Nghuhl;lk; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahTf;F kPz;Lk; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLk; kf;fis tpopj;Jf; $Wtjhf my; - m]{kj;jpd;

“njhopyhspj; Njhoh” vDk; ftpij tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mJ kl;Lkd;wp> ,k;kf;fSf;F tpopg;GzHT+l;LtjhfTk; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,k;kf;fs; tutpUk;ghj NghJk; nts;isaHfshy; ,k;kf;fs; gyte;jkhfTk; Vkhw;wpAk;> Mir thHj;ijfisf; $wpAk; mioj;J tug;gl;ldH. ,q;Fte;j gpd;> jk; ftiyfis kwg;gjw;fhf kJtUe;jp jk; Ra rpe;jidia ,oe;jdH. vt;tsT

Jd;gq;fs; te;Jk; mjw;fhfg; Nghuhlj; Jzptw;wtHfshf tpsq;fpdH. ed;whf cioj;J ey;tho;T thoyhk; vd;w vjpHghHg;Gf;fisr; Rke;Js;sNtis> ntWq;ifauhf kPz;Lk; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLfpd;wdH. jk; nrhe;j ge;jq;fNsh> gzNkh> ,lNkh ,d;wp vt;thW ,e;jpah nrd;W tho;tJ. mq;Fs;stHfs; ePq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; vd;d nra;jPHfs;> vd;d NrHj;jPHfs; vd Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;ghHfs;. mjw;F vd;d gjpy;$wg; NghfpwhHfs; vdf;$wp ,k;kf;fis tpopg;gila itf;fpd;whH ftpQH@

“..... ifapy; vd;d itj;jha;?

,d;W flYk; jhz;bg; Nghtha;!

igapy; xd;Wk; ,d;wpr; -nrd;W

ghujj;ij mile;J

nka;apy; mbapy; ,y;iy – vd;W

ntWq;if tPrp epd;why;

Iak; ,d;wp cd;id – mtH

mofpd; ,yq;fh Gupapy;

nra;J epd;w njd;id? kb

NrHj;j njd;id? –vd;ghH

ita nkd;d nrhy;Yk;?– eP

tho;e;j fijfs; Nfl;Fk; ....

ifa fd;w Njhoh – eP

fz;fs; jpwe;J thlh .....”

(my; m]{kj;>1987> my; - m]{kj;

ftpijfs;> gf;. 09 – 10)

vd ,k;kf;fisr; rpe;jpf;fTk; J}z;LfpwhH. mNjNtis mepahaj;jpw;nfjpuhfg; NghuhlTk; J}z;LfpwhH. ,it khj;jpukd;wp ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gpr; nrd;w kf;fs; mq;F mDgtpj;j Jd;gq;fSk; msg;gupad. Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; ,q;F mioj;J tug;gl;l NghJ> gy;NtW tifahd Jd;gq;fis mDgtpj;J@ kiyafj;ijNa tsKwr; nra;J@ mg;gpuNjrf; fhyepiyfSf;Fk; tho;f;if Kiwf;Fk; <L nfhLj;J@ tho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; xU fl;lj;ij mile;J tpl;lhHfs;. ,t;thwhd epiyapy; kPz;Lk; ,tHfis ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;gpdhy;> vq;F nrd;W tho;tJ@ vd;d njhopy; nra;tJ@ vg;gb me;jg; Gjpa #oYf;Fj; jk;ik ,iaghf;fkilar; nra;tJ vd;gdnty;yhk; mLj;j Nghuhl;lq;fshf tpsq;fpd. xU rpyH

,e;jpah nry;Yk; NghJ> tpUg;gj;JlDk; gy;NtW vjpHghHg;GfSlDk; nrd;wdH. jhk; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;jhYk; ,e;jpah kPJ gw;Wf; nfhz;ltHfshf tpsq;fpdH. Mdhy;> mtHfSila ,e;epiyikf;F Kw;wpYk; khwhd epiyikfisNa mtHfs; ,e;jpah nrd;w gpwF czHe;J nfhz;ldH. jkJ vjpHghHg;GfSk;> vz;zq;fSk;> MirfSk; epiwNtwf;$ba ,lkhfNth> ,k;kf;fSk; jk; Njrj;jtHfNs vd mtHfis Mjupj;J tuNtw;Fk; epiyikfNsh,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. mjdhy; mtHfs; kpfTk; kdNtjid mile;jhHfs;. ,t;thwhd epiyikfs; gw;wp f.

mUzhryk; mtHfs; jkJ “kiyafj;

jkpo; ,yf;fpak;” vDk; E}ypy; gpd;tUkhW $wpAs;shH.

“jhafk; jpUk;gpa njhopyhsHfSf;F mq;F vj;jifa tuNtw;Gf; fhzg;gl;lJ! mq;F mtHfspd; epiy vj;jifaJ! vd;gtw;iw Nehf;fpd; mtHfsJ %jhijaH 160 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; mq;F vj;jifa epiyapy; fhzg;gl;ldNuh vt;thW ele;jdNuh mtw;Wf;F epfuhf my;yJ mtw;wpYk; Nftykhf me;epaHfshfTk>; mehijfshfTk;> mbikfshfTk;> jPz;lj; jfhjtHfshfTk; elhj;jg;gl;lJld;> ,yq;ifg; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspYk; ,df;fytuk; vd;w ngaupy; ,dthj Fz;lHfshy; mbf;fb elhj;jg;gLk; kpNyr;rj;jdkhd jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fk; nfhiy> nfhs;isr; rk;gtq;fSf;Fk; mbf;fb njhopyhsHfs; MshdhHfNsh> Mshfpd;whHfNsh> mNjNghd;W my;yJ mjdpYk; Nkhrkhfj; jkpofj;jpNy jhafk; jpUk;gpNahH jkpofj;Jf; Fz;lHfshNyNa nfh^ukhd jhf;FjYf;Fk; nfhiy> nfhs;isr; rk;gtq;fSf;Fk; mbf;fb MshtijAk; gz;izfsJk; jkpofj;jpd; kiyafg; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fsJkhd cilikahsHfNs jkJ fl;lisfisAk; mlf;F KiwfisAk; mtHfs; kPWk;NghJ Fz;lHfis Vtp ,tw;iwr; nra;tpg;gijAk; jkpof Ml;rpahsUk; ghJfhtyHfSk; ,tw;iwf; fz;Lk; ghuhKfkhf ,Ug;gijAk; mq;F

mbf;fb ,lk;ngWk; rk;gtq;fs;

ep&gpf;fpd;wd.”14

,t;thwhd Jd;g epiyikfisAk; frg;ghd mDgtq;fisAk; gyuJ ftpijfspy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sd.

ngdpapd; “Gjpa ahj;jpuhfkk;”> rf;jP

ghyIahtpd; “ghHf;fhj ehl;bd; ghrj;

njhlHGfs;” Kjypa ftpijfspy; ,e;epiyikfs; jj;&gkhfr; rpj;jupj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; gyuplKk; jhk; ,e;jpaH> jkJ jhafk; ,e;jpah> jkJ Kd;NdhHfs; tho;e;j G+kp ,e;jpah vd ,e;jpah kPjhd ghrg; gpizg;Gf; fhzg;gl;lJ. jkpofj;ijj; jk; jhafk; vd rpyu; vz;zpf; fspj;jdH. jkJ %r;Rk; czHTk; njd;df jkpofj;jpy; jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd czHe;jdH. vd;whYk;> re;jjp re;jjpahf ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH ,yq;iff;F te;J Jd;gg;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk; jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nerf;fuk; ePl;l ahUNk Kd;tutpy;iy. kpf ePz;l fhykhfNt ,tHfs; Jd;gj;jpy; Jtz;L nfhz;L ,Ue;jij mwpe;Jk; $l> ,tHfs; jkJ cwtpdH> nrhe;jf;fhuH vd vtUk; ,Jtiu nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhltpy;iy. ,tHfisj; jkpofj;jhH vd;Nwh> jk; nrhe;j kz;zpy; ,Ue;J nrd;wtHfs; vd;Nwh epidg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf> me;epaH> mfjpfs; vd;Nw mioj;jdH. ahUNk nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhb ,tHfis mutizf;ftpy;iy.

khwhf> xt;nthU njUTf;Fk; xt;nthU rhjp vd rhjpfis tsHj;J> jkJ rhjpNa> jkJ FyNk ngupnjd jk;gl;lk; mbj;Jj; jpupe;jdH. xt;nthU rhjpf;Fs;Sk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd rhjpfs; vd rhjpg;gpupTfs; tsHr;rp mile;J> murpay; uPjpapYk; jk; topNa ngupnjd rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhz;ldH. mjdhy;> ,q;fpUe;J jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gl;ltHfs; mtkjpf;fg;gl;lNjhL Jd;GWj;jg;gl;ldH. jkJ vjpHghHg;Gf;fs; Vkhw;wq;fshfpa epiyapy; ,k;kf;fs; kdKile;J NghapdH.mtHfs;> ,k;kf;fis md;NghL Nehf;ftpy;iy. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; vd ,uq;Fk; epiyAk; ,e;jpa kf;fsplk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,k;kf;fs; jkJ guk;giuapdH Mjyhy; ehKk; ,tHfSk; rkk; vd;w kdepiy tsutpy;iy. nrUf;FlNdNa mtHfs; ele;J

nfhz;ldH. rf;jP ghy Iahtpd; “ghHf;fhj

ehl;bd; ghrj; njhlHGfs;!” vDk;>

ftpijapy; ,e;jpah nrd;w kf;fs; mile;j ,t;thwhd Jd;g epiyfs; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

NkYk;> kiyaf kf;fspd; ,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;rp tpl;L vYk;Gf; $Lfis ,e;jpahTf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jJ ,yq;if muR. ,yq;ifapd; jiynaOj;ijr; rupnra;j kf;fspd; jiynaOj;ij ,yq;if muR vOjp itj;jJ. xd;wiu E}w;whz;L fhykhf xd;whf ,Ue;J cz;L> Fbj;J> xd;wha; ,Ue;j ,dk; rpjwbf;fg;gl;L> czHTfs; vupa> cwTfs; gpupf;fg;gl;L xU FOtpdiu kiyafj;jpy; ,Ue;J kd;dhH tiu uapypYk; kd;dhupy; ,Ue;J kz;lgk; tiu fg;gypYk; mDg;gp itj;jJ. cwTfisAk; jk; kz;izAk; gpuptJ Jd;gj;ijj; je;jhYk; jk; jha;ehl;Lf;Fj; jhNd tUfpNwhk; vd;W rpyH kdijj; jkf;Fj; jhNk MWjy;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L ,e;jpahit te;jile;jdH. jhk; ,Jtiu mDgtpj;j Jd;gq;fSf;nfy;yhk; xU tpbT fpilf;Fk; vd ,k;kf;fs; ek;gpdH. Mdhy; mjw;F khwhd #oypNyNa ,q;F tho;e;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhHfs; vd;w

cz;ikapidg; ngdp ‘Gjpa ahj;jpuhfkk;’ vDk; ftpijapy; gpd;tUkhW ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH@

“....... ,e;j

Gjpa ahj;jpuhfkj;jpd;

,d;DnkhU mj;jpahak;

,g;gbj;jhd; muq;NfwpaJ

G+HtPf ehLjhNd vd

Gwg;gl;L te;Njhk;

te;jTld; kWgbAk;

nte;J NghNdhk;

rhjpf;nfhU njU itj;J

Nkhjpf; nfhs;fpw

rq;flj;jpy; mfg;gl;Nlhk;

,e;jpaHfs; vd;W

Vw;Wf; nfhs;tPHfs; vd

vz;zpad;Nwh ehq;fs; te;Njhk;

,d;Nwh! .... ,d;Dk;

me;epaHfshfNt

miof;fg;gLfpd;Nwhk;

NghJk; vq;fs; Gyk;gy;!..”

(ngdp> 1996> NghHf;fsg; G+ghsq;fs;> gf;. 93 – 94)

,t;thW ftpijfspYk; gpu[hTupik gpur;rpid gw;wpAk; mjd; tpisthf mjpfkhd Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gl;l epiyikfs; gw;wpAk; tpupthff;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gl;l kf;fspd; epiyikfs; ftpijfspy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sij tpl> ehty;fspYk; rpWfijfspYk; kpfTk; MokhfTk; kdijg; gpope;J vLf;Fk; tifapYk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mbf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;

1. Fyuj;jpdk;> f.rp.> (1966)> Nehj; Kjy; Nfhgy;yth tiu: ,yq;ifapd; mz;ikf;fhy (1798-1962)murpay; tuyhW>

Kjyhk; ghfk;>gf;. 327-330 ,y; “Kjyhk;

murhq;f rig” vDk; jiyg;gpyhd fl;Liuapy;> Kjyhk; murhq;f rigj; NjHjypy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l mq;fj;jtHfspd; ngaHfs;> mq;fj;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if njhlHghd Gs;sp tpguq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

2. NkyJ>g.325 3. %f;ifah> kh.nr.> (1995)> ,d;iwa

kiyafk;> gf;. 77 – 78.

4. NkyJ> gf;. 78 – 79

5. %f;ifah> kh.nr.> (1995)> K.F.E}> gf;.

82 – 84.

6. mUzhryk;> f.> (1999)> kiyafj; jkpo; ehty;fs; - Xu; mwpKfk;>g.28

%f;ifah> kh.nr.> (1995)> K.F.E}> g.79 7. re;jpuNrfud;> Nrh.> (1989)> ,yq;if

,e;jpaH tuyhW> gf;.233-234 8. re;jpuNrfud;> Nrh.> (1989)> K.F.E}> gf;.

233 – 234.

9. K.rptypq;fj;jpd; “Ngg;gH gpui[fs;”>“kJu

fPjk;”>“fhfKk; eupAk;”> nre;J}udpd;

“eLf;flypy;”> khj;jis NrhKtpd;

“mtHfspd; Njrk;”> Nf. Nfhtpe;juh[pd;

“Fj;jif”>“fg;gy; vg;gq;nf”>“fe;jrhkp

CUf;Fg; Nghfpwhd;”> ,uh. jdNfhghypd;

“GyUk; nghOJ”> nkhop tujdpd;

“gpupe;J nry;Yk; xU Njhod;”> m.nr.

KUfhde;jdpd; “khupKj;Jtpd;

gpu[hTupik”> ,uh. rptypq;fj;jpd;

“Kd;dtd; nrhj;J” Kjypa rpWfijfspYk; khj;jis NrhKtpd;

“vy;iy jhz;lh mfjpfs;”> njh.

rpf;fd; uh[{tpd; “jhafk;”> rp.tp.

NtYg;gps;isapd; “,dpg;gl khl;Nld;”>

khj;jis fhHj;jpNfRtpd; “top

gpwe;jJ”> ngdbf;w; ghydpd;

“nrhe;jf;fhud;”> njsptj;ij N[hrg;gpd;

“ghyhap”> jp. QhdNrfupd; “FUjp

kiy” Kjypa ehty;fspYk; ,t;thwhd tplaq;fs; mtyk; kpFe;jjhfr; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

10.rhuy; ehld;> (2003)>kiyafj; jkpou;

tuyhW> g. 133. 11.re;jpu Nrfud;> Nrh.> (1989)> ,yq;if

,e;jpaH tuyhW> vDk; E}ypy; ,t;tplaq;fs; tpupthf Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. 12.rhuy; ehld;> (2003)> K.F.E}> g. 186.

13. mUzhryk;> f.>(1999)> K.F.E}> g. 14. tp];tehjd;>Jiu. (njhFg;ghrpupau;)> (1997)> ciof;fg; gpwe;jtHfs;> g. 77. 15.mUzhryk;> f.> (1994)> kiyafj;

jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> gf;. 52 – 54. vDk; E}ypYk; mtuhy; vLj;jhsg;gl;l rpy fl;LiufspYk; ,t;tplaq;fs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

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