john roff, acadia university, canada geohab, tasmania, may 2003 john.roff@acadiau.ca planning for...
Post on 29-Dec-2015
217 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
JOHN ROFF, ACADIA UNIVERSITY, CANADAGEOHAB, TASMANIA, MAY 2003
john.roff@acadiau.ca
PLANNING FORPLANNING FOR CONSERVATION CONSERVATION OFOF
Acknowledgements to:WORLD WILDLIFE FUND CANADACONSERVATION LAW FOUNDATION USACOMMISSION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION (NAFTA)CANADA PARKS AND WILDERNESS SOCIETYMARINE CONSERVATION BIOLOGY INSTITUTESCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE (EU)
Development of protected areas has been Development of protected areas has been driven..”more by opportunity than design, driven..”more by opportunity than design, scenery rather than science”scenery rather than science” (HACKMAN 1993)(HACKMAN 1993)
How to synthesize the How to synthesize the ‘Science’ in ‘Marine ‘Science’ in ‘Marine
Conservation?Conservation?
FOUR approaches to Marine Conservation:
Scotian Scotian Shelf Shelf SeascapesSeascapes
SPECIESSPECIES
SPACESSPACES
FISHERIESFISHERIES COASTAL ZONE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Each approach has virtues and limitations Each approach has virtues and limitations BUT: How should we BUT: How should we COMBINECOMBINE THEM ? THEM ?
How do we How do we USE USE geophysical data?geophysical data?
Single Species approach:Single Species approach: PassPassé, é, never-ending, arbitrarynever-ending, arbitrary BUT – interest in FOCAL SPECIES (Charismatic megafauna)BUT – interest in FOCAL SPECIES (Charismatic megafauna) AND - Meta-population studies – integrate species and genetic levelsAND - Meta-population studies – integrate species and genetic levels
Spaces-Habitat approach:Spaces-Habitat approach: Ignores individual speciesIgnores individual species BUT - integrates: community / ecosystem, and potentially genetic levelsBUT - integrates: community / ecosystem, and potentially genetic levels
Fisheries approach:Fisheries approach: Attention on commercial species only Attention on commercial species only BUT – ‘ecosystem’ level approach?BUT – ‘ecosystem’ level approach?
Coastal Zone management approach: Coastal Zone management approach: Emphasis on engineering and environmental qualityEmphasis on engineering and environmental quality
EECCOOLLOOGGIICCAALL HHIIEERRAARRCCHHYY
COMPOSITIONACOMPOSITIONALL
STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALFUNCTIONAL
GenesGenes Genetic Genetic structurestructure
Genetic Genetic processesprocesses
Species, Species, PopulationsPopulations
Population Population structurestructure
Demographic Demographic processes, Life processes, Life historieshistories
CommunitiesCommunities Community Community compositioncomposition
Organism-Organism-Habitat Habitat relationshipsrelationships
EcosystemsEcosystems Ecosystem Ecosystem structurestructure
Physical and Physical and Chemical Chemical processesprocesses
After Zacharias and Roff 2000, Cons. Bio.
Population Community EcosystemStructure (static) Process (function) Structure (static) Process (function) Structure (static) Process (function)Population structure[a, b]
Migration[a, b]
Transition areas[a]
Succession[a, b]
Water properties[a, b, c]
Biogeochemical cycles[a, b, c]
Distribution[a, b]
Recruitment[a]
Functional groups[a, b]
Predation[a]
Bottom topography[a, b, c]
Productivity[a, b, c]
Dispersion[a]
Reproduction[a]
Meta populations[a, b]
Competition[a]
Boundaries[a, b, c]
Water motion[a, b, c]
Keystone species[a]
Retention[a]
Heterogeneity[a]
Parasitism[a]
Wave exposure[a, b, c]
Events/disturbance[a, b, c]
Indicator species[a, b, c]
Evolution[a]
Endemism[a]
Mutualism[a]
Substrate type[a, b, c]
Anomalies[a, b, c]
Umbrella species[a]
Diversity[a, b]
Disease[a]
Depth[a, b, c]
Coupling[a, b, c]
Charismatic species[a]
Alternate stable states[a]
Amensalism[a]
Illumination[a, b, c]
Retention[a, b]
Vulnerable species[a, b]
Species richness[a, b, c]
Stratification[a, b, c]
Entrainment[a, b]
Economic species[a]
Species evenness[a, b, c]
Patchiness[a, b, c]
Desiccation[a, b]
Species abundance[a, b, c]
Dissolved gasses[a, b]
Representative anddistinct areas [a, b, c]
Representative anddistinct areas [a, b, c]
Biomass [a, b, c]
a – observable b – measurable c - applied to conservationa – observable b – measurable c - applied to conservation
From Zacharias and Roff 2000, Cons. Bio.From Zacharias and Roff 2000, Cons. Bio.
Ecological Hierarchy – Structures and Processes Structures and Processes
StructureStructure MutationMutation StructureStructure MigrationMigration StructureStructure SuccessioSuccessionn
WatermasWatermasss
CurrentsCurrents
GenotypeGenotypes s
DifferentiatioDifferentiationn
AbundancAbundancee
DispersioDispersionn
S.DiversitS.Diversityy
PredationPredation TempTemp TidesTides
FitnessFitness DriftDrift DistributDistribut RetentionRetention S. S. RichnessRichness
Competit.Competit. SalinitySalinity Disturban.Disturban.
DiversityDiversity FlowFlow Focal SppFocal Spp Mig/ DriftMig/ Drift S. S. EvennessEvenness
ParasitismParasitism PropertiesProperties GyresGyres
StocksStocks Nat. Nat. SelectSelect
KeystoneKeystone GrowthGrowth AbundancAbundancee
MutualismMutualism BoundarieBoundariess
RetentionRetention
InbreedinInbreedingg
Ind. Cond.Ind. Cond. Reprod.Reprod. RepresentRepresent..
DiseaseDisease Depth/Depth/PresPres
P-B P-B couplecouple
MatingMating Ind. Ind. Comp.Comp.
RecruitRecruit DistinctivDistinctivee
ProductioProductionn
LightLight Entrain.Entrain.
Dir. SelectDir. Select UmbrellaUmbrella BiomesBiomes Decomp.Decomp. StratificatStratificat..
B-G cyclesB-G cycles
Stab. Stab. selectselect
CharismatCharismat..
BiocoenosBiocoenos..
TopograpTopographh
Seasonal.Seasonal.
Dis. selectDis. select VulnerablVulnerablee
S-A relns.S-A relns. SubstrateSubstrate Product.Product.
Micro. Micro. Evol.Evol.
EconomicEconomic TransitionTransitionss
AnomaliesAnomalies H-A equil.H-A equil.
ErosionErosion PhenotypPhenotypeses
Fun.groupFun.groupss
ExposureExposure H-L equil.H-L equil.
SpeciationSpeciation FragmentFragmentss
Heterog.Heterog. PatchinesPatchinesss
TurbulencTurbulencee
Macro. Macro. EvolEvol
Meta-Meta-popspops
EndemismEndemism NutrientsNutrients MixingMixing
Alt. Alt. S.StatsS.Stats
Dis. GasesDis. Gases UpwellingUpwelling
SymbioseSymbiosess
AnoxiaAnoxia DivergencDivergencee
BiomassBiomass Ecol.IntegEcol.Integ..
ErosionErosion
ExpandedExpanded fromfrom Zacharias Zacharias &&
Roff 2000Roff 2000 DesiccatioDesiccationn
Genetic Structure Process
Species/ PopulationStructure Process
CommunityStructure Process
EcosystemStructure Process
• If marine environments are to be If marine environments are to be systematically protected - we systematically protected - we require: require: – Identification of habitat types Identification of habitat types – Identification of community types Identification of community types – Delineation of boundaries Delineation of boundaries
• These are fundamental prerequisites These are fundamental prerequisites to determine location and size of to determine location and size of MPA’sMPA’s
1. Approach based on 1. Approach based on Representative Representative HabitatsHabitats
• Classifications based only on Classifications based only on biological data are generally biological data are generally prohibited at larger scales, due to prohibited at larger scales, due to lack of data. lack of data.
• We are therefore obliged to classify We are therefore obliged to classify habitat types habitat types
• Mapped from enduring and recurrent Mapped from enduring and recurrent geophysical features geophysical features (STRUCTURES)(STRUCTURES)– (oceanographic and physiographic)(oceanographic and physiographic)– as surrogates for community types.as surrogates for community types.
1. Approach based on 1. Approach based on Representative HabitatsRepresentative Habitats
Map the marine Map the marine environmentenvironment
• TemperatureTemperature• SalinitySalinity• Water depthWater depth• Water ‘colour’Water ‘colour’• CurrentsCurrents• Substrate typesSubstrate types• Habitat typesHabitat types• Fish distributionsFish distributions• Marine mammalsMarine mammals• ETC. ETC.ETC. ETC.
Water depth
Scotian Shelf Seascapesof Representative Habitats
Roff et al. 2003 Roff et al. 2003 Aquat. Cons.Aquat. Cons.
Habitat Habitat heterogeneitheterogeneity y
How MANY How MANY different kinds of different kinds of Representative Representative Habitats? Habitats?
Roff et al. 2003 Aquat. Cons.Roff et al. 2003 Aquat. Cons.
What can we do with these What can we do with these seascapes?seascapes?
Scotian Shelf / Gulf of Maine – Scotian Shelf / Gulf of Maine – bottom Water Massesbottom Water Masses (T – S (T – S combinations)combinations)
Scotian Shelf / Gulf of Maine – Scotian Shelf / Gulf of Maine – bottom Water Massesbottom Water Masses (variability)(variability)
2.2. Approach based on:Approach based on:
• For analysis of For analysis of habitats, we must habitats, we must consider consider StructuresStructures and and ProcessesProcesses across the entire ecological hierarchyacross the entire ecological hierarchy
ANDAND
• ProcessesProcesses– Upwelling, Gyres, CurrentsUpwelling, Gyres, Currents
• Environmental AnomalyEnvironmental Anomaly– Temperature, Topography, Sea Height, Chlor Temperature, Topography, Sea Height, Chlor
aa
• Focal SpeciesFocal Species– Flagships, Umbrellas, Parasols, IndicatorsFlagships, Umbrellas, Parasols, Indicators
STRUCTURES STRUCTURES ANDAND PROCESSES PROCESSES
Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat. Cons.Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat. Cons.
Characteristics, Characteristics, Processes, Focal Processes, Focal SpeciesSpecies
Upwellingareas
Vents Coral Reefs
GyresCirculation
Seamount Shelf EdgeCanyons
Sponge Beds
Nutrient addition
Sulphur bacteria
Symbiotic and other algae
Physical accumul-ation
Sedimentflux enhanced
?
low diversity
high diversity
high diversity
low diversity
high diversity
high diversity
Flagships Parasols
Indicatorspecies
Indicatorspecies
Flagships Parasols
? ?
Resources ElevatedResources Elevated
High Primary Production AreasRetention Areas
Resources advected / focused
Resources depleted
Caves
Sediment by-pass ?
high diversity
Indicators
Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat. Cons.Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat. Cons.
Anomalies and Focal SpeciesAnomalies and Focal Species - - ExamplesExamples
AnomalyAnomaly LocationLocation Physical Physical ProcessProcess
Focal Focal SpeciesSpecies
BiologicBiological al ProcessProcess
Low temp/ Low temp/ high chlor ahigh chlor a
SW Nova SW Nova ScotiaScotia
UpwellingUpwelling Many larval Many larval speciesspecies
RecruitmenRecruitment Cellst Cells
TopographyTopography Saguenay Saguenay FjordFjord
Estuarine Estuarine circulationcirculation
Whales Whales EuphausiidEuphausiidss
FeedingFeeding
TopographyTopography Islands Islands everywhereverywheree
Isolation / Isolation / GeographicGeographic
Seals Seals
BirdsBirdsReproductioReproduction n FeedingFeeding
TopographyTopography / / CurrentsCurrents
Fundy / Fundy / P’quoddy P’quoddy BayBay
Gyre / Tidal Gyre / Tidal CirculationCirculation
Whales Whales (Copepods)(Copepods)
FeedingFeeding
High temp/ High temp/ high chlor ahigh chlor a
Minas Minas Basin Basin MudflatsMudflats
Tidal Tidal ResuspensioResuspensionn
Migrant Migrant BirdsBirds
FeedingFeeding
Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat. Cons.Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat. Cons.
Relations between Anomalies and Focal SpeciesRelations between Anomalies and Focal Species
Relations between Anomalies and Focal SpeciesRelations between Anomalies and Focal Species
3. Approaches based on 3. Approaches based on Fisheries ConservationFisheries Conservation
• SeveralSeveral strategies strategies toto determin determinee conservation conservation areas based on fisheries areas based on fisheries are possibleare possible::
Roff et al. 2002 MS.Roff et al. 2002 MS.
1.1. Habitat Suitability Indices (HSI) Habitat Suitability Indices (HSI)
22.. Traditional Ecological Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)Knowledge (TEK)
33.. Knowledge of spawning Knowledge of spawning / / recruitment recruitment areasareas
4.4. Minimum Viable Population Minimum Viable Population and Home Range and Home Range
5. Correspondence of fish 5. Correspondence of fish communities to water massescommunities to water masses
66. Species-Area (S-A) curves. Species-Area (S-A) curves
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEENCORRESPONDENCE BETWEENFISH COMMUNITIES AND OCEANOGRAPHYFISH COMMUNITIES AND OCEANOGRAPHY
COURTESY KEES ZWANENBURGCOURTESY WWF / CLF
WATER MASSES T-SWATER MASSES T-S FISH COMMUNITIESFISH COMMUNITIES
How large should an MPA How large should an MPA be? be? SPECIES – AREA CURVESSPECIES – AREA CURVES
AREAAREA
NU
MB
ER
OF
SP
EC
IES
NU
MB
ER
OF
SP
EC
IES
ASYMPTOTE
AREA ESTIMATE
For combined fish community
e.g. Frank and Schackell 2001, CJFAS
SPECIES – AREA CURVESSPECIES – AREA CURVES
AREAAREA
NU
MB
ER
OF
SP
EC
IES
NU
MB
ER
OF
SP
EC
IES
ASYMPTOTES
For separate ‘guilds’ of fish community
Determination of Community Typesand relations to geophysicsis critical to MPA planning
4. Approach based on Coastal 4. Approach based on Coastal Zone ManagementZone Management
1. Pristine areas2. Affected areas
- land use- water use-engineered areas
3. Socio-economic concerns4. First Nations5. Historic / Archaeological sites
Restrictions /Limitations / PreferencesRestrictions /Limitations / Preferences
How toHow to SYNTHESIZESYNTHESIZE thesethese approaches?approaches?
• THREE PHASESTHREE PHASES
1.1.Mapping / Overlays – Mapping / Overlays – REPRESENTATIVE & DISTINCTIVE AREASREPRESENTATIVE & DISTINCTIVE AREAS
1.1.Define Define SETSSETS of candidate MPA’s of candidate MPA’s2.2.Select Select THETHE NETWORKNETWORK of MPA’s of MPA’s
PHASE ONEPHASE ONE MAPPING / OVERLAYMAPPING / OVERLAY
1.1. Map Representative Habitats (Geophysical 1.1. Map Representative Habitats (Geophysical data)data)
1.2. Map Distinctive Habitats (Anomalies / Focal 1.2. Map Distinctive Habitats (Anomalies / Focal Species)Species)
1.3. Map Fisheries Areas (Fished and Closed)1.3. Map Fisheries Areas (Fished and Closed)1.4. Map Existing Protected Areas1.4. Map Existing Protected Areas1.5. Decide which Distinctive, Fisheries and 1.5. Decide which Distinctive, Fisheries and
Existing Areas should become MPA’sExisting Areas should become MPA’s1.6. Produce overlay maps of Distinctive, Fisheries 1.6. Produce overlay maps of Distinctive, Fisheries
and Existing Areas onto Representative Areasand Existing Areas onto Representative Areas1.7. Determine the proportion of each type of 1.7. Determine the proportion of each type of
Representative Area captured within the Representative Area captured within the selected Distinctive, Fisheries and Existing selected Distinctive, Fisheries and Existing AreasAreas
Whale sanctuary
Closed fishing area
SCOTIAN SHELF SeascapesRepresentative Areas
Existing protected area
Distinctive / Existing areas
Polluted coastal area
PHASE TWOPHASE TWO DEFINEDEFINE SETSSETS OF CANDIDATE MPA’sOF CANDIDATE MPA’s
EMPHASIS NOW ON REPRESENTATIVE EMPHASIS NOW ON REPRESENTATIVE AREASAREAS
2.1. 2.1. Species diversity versus areaSpecies diversity versus area - for macrobenthos / demersal fish- for macrobenthos / demersal fish
2.2. 2.2. Habitat heterogeneityHabitat heterogeneity – – identify regions of high heterogeneity identify regions of high heterogeneity - where all Representative Habitats exceed critical S-A - where all Representative Habitats exceed critical S-A
asymptote asymptote
QUESTIONS:QUESTIONS:2.3. How to set SIZE and BOUNDARIES for MPAs ?2.3. How to set SIZE and BOUNDARIES for MPAs ?
(Roff et al. in prep.)(Roff et al. in prep.)
2.4. How many MPA’s to establish ?2.4. How many MPA’s to establish ?2.5. Total area to be protected ?2.5. Total area to be protected ?
PHASE TWOPHASE TWO - - cont.cont.
DEFINE DEFINE SETSSETS OF CANDIDATE MPA’sOF CANDIDATE MPA’s
2.6. Eliminate non-viable sites for reason 2.6. Eliminate non-viable sites for reason – Too remote to manageToo remote to manage– Areas affected by human activityAreas affected by human activity
2.7. Apply geographic/ environmental 2.7. Apply geographic/ environmental criteria criteria – Proximity to existing areasProximity to existing areas– Maximum distance from existing sitesMaximum distance from existing sites– Areas of defined ‘naturalness’Areas of defined ‘naturalness’
2.8. Apply further selection criteria 2.8. Apply further selection criteria – SocioeconomicSocioeconomic– LegislativeLegislative– First nations, etc.First nations, etc.
THIS DEFINES VARIOUS THIS DEFINES VARIOUS SETSSETS OF CANDIDATE OF CANDIDATE MPA’sMPA’s
PHASE THREEPHASE THREE SELECT SELECT THETHE NETWORKNETWORK OF MPA’s OF MPA’s
NUMBER OF SITES, DISTANCES APART NUMBER OF SITES, DISTANCES APART
We are now moving from: We are now moving from:
A SETA SET of CANDIDATE MPA’s to of CANDIDATE MPA’s to
THETHE preferred preferred NETWORKNETWORK of of MPA’sMPA’s
PHASE THREE PHASE THREE - cont.- cont.
SELECT SELECT THETHE NETWORKNETWORK OF MPA’s OF MPA’s
•SETSSETS of MPA’s implies that we have of MPA’s implies that we have multiple possible sites designated, but says multiple possible sites designated, but says NOTHING about CONNECTIVITY among them NOTHING about CONNECTIVITY among them (connectivity = terrestrial corridors)(connectivity = terrestrial corridors)
• THE THE NETWORKNETWORK of MPA’s implies that we of MPA’s implies that we have considered CONNECTIVITY among have considered CONNECTIVITY among them them (I.e. their physical /biological inter-(I.e. their physical /biological inter-relationships)relationships)
• The most important PROCESS in The most important PROCESS in connectivity is connectivity is RECRUITMENTRECRUITMENT
i.e. i.e. GENETICGENETIC STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES
PHASE THREE PHASE THREE - cont.- cont.
SELECT SELECT THE NETWORKTHE NETWORK OF MPA’s OF MPA’s
This is a complex issue; some This is a complex issue; some reasoning:reasoning:
3.1. Determine number of replicates of each 3.1. Determine number of replicates of each habitat type required from the habitat type required from the SETSET of of Candidate MPA’sCandidate MPA’s
3.2. Determine flow patterns among 3.2. Determine flow patterns among replicatesreplicates
3.3. Determine meroplanktonic/ larval 3.3. Determine meroplanktonic/ larval phases and recruitment patterns of phases and recruitment patterns of macrobenthos and demersal fish speciesmacrobenthos and demersal fish species
PHASE THREE PHASE THREE - cont.- cont.
SELECT SELECT THE NETWORKTHE NETWORK OF MPA’s OF MPA’s
To comprise the To comprise the NETWORKNETWORK - - a a SETSET of of MPA’s must be oceanographically MPA’s must be oceanographically connected so that:connected so that:
• Smaller species will Smaller species will auto-recruitauto-recruit within within each MPAeach MPA
• Larger species would Larger species would allo-recruitallo-recruit among MPA’samong MPA’s
• No species would lose ALL its recruits No species would lose ALL its recruits to areas outside the NETWORK, unless to areas outside the NETWORK, unless they recruited to another NETWORKthey recruited to another NETWORK
Recruitment among Recruitment among MPA’sMPA’s
Prevailing current
Recruitment may be uni-directional Recruitment may be uni-directional OR subject to retention OR subject to retention mechanismsmechanisms
Auto-recruitmentAuto-recruitment
Allo-recruitmentAllo-recruitment
To another networkTo another network
From another networkFrom another network
Allo-recruitmentAllo-recruitment
One Dimensional One Dimensional dispersiondispersion
Lx
A(y) = ∫ J(x).L(x,y)dx 0
x – is the origin (source) of a dispersing individualy - is the destination of a dispersing individualThe domain [0, Lx] defines the ‘source’ space of releaseThe domain [o, Ly] defines the space over which individuals settleIf J(x) individuals (the # of juveniles at point x), settle according to a distribution L(x,y), then the # of individuals at point y is defined by:
Where: L(x,y) e-D(y-x-d)2
/D
D = parameter controls breadth of
distribution
and: d = v . t
D = distance, v = velocity, t = time
3-D Statistical solutions:3-D Statistical solutions:
Nx,p,t = ni (( (p+x/2) –pi+(t-ti) / 2(t-ti))
- ( (p-x/2) –pi+(t-ti) / 2(t-ti))
From: p+w/2
Nw,p,t = N0,0 ∫ t,2t (u) du p-w/2
BUT: How do we know if we BUT: How do we know if we have ‘finished’ the task and have ‘finished’ the task and ‘captured’ ‘captured’
We need an We need an INVENTORY INVENTORY across the across the
ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL HIERARCHYHIERARCHY
The Ecological The Ecological HHIIEERRARARCCHHYY
COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALFUNCTIONALGenesGenes Genetic structureGenetic structure Genetic processesGenetic processes
Species, Species, PopulationsPopulations
Population Population structurestructure
Demographic Demographic processes, Life processes, Life historieshistories
CommunitiesCommunities Community Community compositioncomposition
Organism-Habitat Organism-Habitat relationshipsrelationships
EcosystemsEcosystems Ecosystem Ecosystem structurestructure
Physical /Chemical Physical /Chemical processesprocesses
After Zacharias and After Zacharias and Roff 2000, Cons. Bio. Roff 2000, Cons. Bio. andandRoff and Evans 2002 Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat Cons.Aquat Cons.
Representative Representative
HabitatsHabitats
DistinctiveDistinctive HabitatsHabitats
Ecological Ecological
IntegrityIntegrity
FisheriesFisheries
Coastal Coastal ZoneZone
ConservationConservation
ManagementManagement
StructureStructure MutationMutation StructureStructure MigrationMigration StructureStructure SuccessioSuccessionn
WatermasWatermasss
CurrentsCurrents
GenotypeGenotypes s
DifferentiatioDifferentiationn
AbundancAbundancee
DispersioDispersionn
S.DiversitS.Diversityy
PredationPredation TempTemp TidesTides
FitnessFitness DriftDrift DistributDistribut RetentionRetention S. S. RichnessRichness
Competit.Competit. SalinitySalinity Disturban.Disturban.
DiversityDiversity FlowFlow Focal SppFocal Spp Mig/ DriftMig/ Drift S. S. EvennessEvenness
ParasitismParasitism PropertiesProperties GyresGyres
StocksStocks Nat. Nat. SelectSelect
KeystoneKeystone GrowthGrowth AbundancAbundancee
MutualismMutualism BoundarieBoundariess
RetentionRetention
InbreedinInbreedingg
Ind. Cond.Ind. Cond. Reprod.Reprod. RepresentRepresent..
DiseaseDisease Depth/Depth/PresPres
P-B P-B couplecouple
MatingMating Ind. Ind. Comp.Comp.
RecruitRecruit DistinctivDistinctivee
ProductioProductionn
LightLight Entrain.Entrain.
Dir. SelectDir. Select UmbrellaUmbrella BiomesBiomes Decomp.Decomp. StratificatStratificat..
B-G cyclesB-G cycles
Stab. Stab. selectselect
CharismatCharismat..
BiocoenosBiocoenos..
TopograpTopographh
Seasonal.Seasonal.
Dis. selectDis. select VulnerablVulnerablee
S-A relns.S-A relns. SubstrateSubstrate Product.Product.
Micro. Micro. Evol.Evol.
EconomicEconomic TransitionTransitionss
AnomaliesAnomalies H-A equil.H-A equil.
ErosionErosion PhenotypPhenotypeses
Fun.groupFun.groupss
ExposureExposure H-L equil.H-L equil.
SpeciationSpeciation FragmentFragmentss
Heterog.Heterog. PatchinesPatchinesss
TurbulencTurbulencee
Macro. Macro. EvolEvol
Meta-Meta-popspops
EndemismEndemism NutrientsNutrients MixingMixing
Alt. Alt. S.StatsS.Stats
Dis. GasesDis. Gases UpwellingUpwelling
SymbioseSymbiosess
AnoxiaAnoxia DivergencDivergencee
BiomassBiomass Ecol.IntegEcol.Integ..
ErosionErosion
ExpandedExpanded fromfrom Zacharias Zacharias &&
Roff 2000Roff 2000 DesiccatioDesiccationn
Genetic Structure Process
Species/ PopulationStructure Process
CommunityStructure Process
EcosystemStructure Process
Eco.
level Ecosys.
Comm. Popul. Species Genetic
Approach
↓
Process Structure
Process Structure
Process Structure
Process Structure
Distinct.Habitats
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,15,16,18
5,11,13,16
Assumed or N/A
1,2,3,5,6B,12,13,16
1,3,4,5,6,7
4,5,6A,6B,7,8,9,10,11
Inferred from structures
1,2,3,4
Repres.Habitats
10,11,12,13,14,18,19
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,17
Assumed or N/A, 7,8
1,2,3,4,5,6A,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16
5,6,7, 1,2,3,5,6A,6B,9,10,11
Inferred from structures
1,2,3,4,5
FisheriesConserv.
N/A N/A Assumed or N/A
6A,6B,9,16 fish only
1,2,3,4,5,6,7 fish only
1,2,3,6B,10 fish only
Inferred from structures
1,2,3,4,5 fish only
CoastalZoneManag.
2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,18
2,3,4,5,6,9,10,12,14
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sets ofMPA’s
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,17
1,2,3,4,5
Assumed or N/A,1
6A,6B,7,8,13,14
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
1,2,3,5,6A,6B,12
Inferred from structures
1,2,4,5
Networksof MPA’s
1,2,4,5,7,17
N/A Assumed or N/A
10,14 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
3,11,12,13
Inferred from structures
1,2,4,5
How the elements of biodiversity are ‘captured’ by various conservation approaches
top related