jenney’s first year latin lesson 36comparison of adverbs •like adjectives, there are three...

Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 36

1. Lesson 36 Vocabulary2. Comparison of Adverbs

3. Ablative of Degree of Difference4. Subordinate Clause Review: Causal & Temporal

Clauses

Lesson 36 Vocabulary

paulum, paulī, n.

a little

cotidiē (adv.)

daily, every day

deinde (adv.)

then, next

eō (adv.)

there, to that place

hūc (adv.)

here, to this place

illūc (adv.)

there, to that place there

nōndum (adv.)

not yet

numquam (adv.)

never

paene (adv.)

almost

quō (interrog. adv.)

where to?, to what place?

simul (adv.)

at the same time

statim (adv.)

immediately

atque/ac (conj. – after aequē, pariter, & simul)

as

postquam (conj.)

after

ut (conj.)

as, when, since, how

prīmō

at first

prīmā lūce (idiom)

at daybreak

prīmā nocte (idiom)

early in the night

prīmā aestāte (idiom)

at the beginning of summer

Comparison of Adverbs

Comparison of Adverbs

• like adjectives, there are three degrees of comparison for adverbs – positive, comparative, & superlative

• positive:– built from adj.: end in –ē (2-1-2) or –ter (3rd) – not built from adj.: no set ending, e.g. diū, paene– some adv. use the neut. sg. acc. of the adj. as their adv.

forms:• facile (easily)• multum (much)• prīmum (for the first time)

– translate: _____ly

Comparison of Adverbs• comparative:

– forming: same as neut. acc. sg. of the comparative adj. form from which the adv. is derived (–ius)

– translating: more _____ly, rather ______ly, too _____ly

• superlative:

– forming: change –us on the superl. adj. form to –ē

– translating: most _____ly, very ______ly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlative

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

simillimēmost similarly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

simillimēmost similarly

validēstrongly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

simillimēmost similarly

validēstrongly

validiusmore strongly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

simillimēmost similarly

validēstrongly

validiusmore strongly

validissimēmost strongly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

simillimēmost similarly

validēstrongly

validiusmore strongly

validissimēmost strongly

audacterboldly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

simillimēmost similarly

validēstrongly

validiusmore strongly

validissimēmost strongly

audacterboldly

audāciusmore boldly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

simillimēmost similarly

validēstrongly

validiusmore strongly

validissimēmost strongly

audacterboldly

audāciusmore boldly

audacissimēmost boldly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

simillimēmost similarly

validēstrongly

validiusmore strongly

validissimēmost strongly

audacterboldly

audāciusmore boldly

audacissimēmost boldly

laetēhappily

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

simillimēmost similarly

validēstrongly

validiusmore strongly

validissimēmost strongly

audacterboldly

audāciusmore boldly

audacissimēmost boldly

laetēhappily

laetiusmore happily

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely

liberiusmore freely

liberrimēmost freely

similitersimilarly

similiusmore similarly

simillimēmost similarly

validēstrongly

validiusmore strongly

validissimēmost strongly

audacterboldly

audāciusmore boldly

audacissimēmost boldly

laetēhappily

laetiusmore happily

laetissimēmost happily

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlative

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

minimēleast

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

minimēleast

multummuch

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

minimēleast

multummuch

plūsmore

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

minimēleast

multummuch

plūsmore

plurimummost

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

minimēleast

multummuch

plūsmore

plurimummost

magnoperegreatly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

minimēleast

multummuch

plūsmore

plurimummost

magnoperegreatly

magismore greatly

Comparison of AdverbsPositive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

minimēleast

multummuch

plūsmore

plurimummost

magnoperegreatly

magismore greatly

maximēmost greatly

Comparison of AdverbsPositive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

minimēleast

multummuch

plūsmore

plurimummost

magnoperegreatly

magismore greatly

maximēmost greatly

propenearly

Comparison of AdverbsPositive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

minimēleast

multummuch

plūsmore

plurimummost

magnoperegreatly

magismore greatly

maximēmost greatly

propenearly

propiusmore nearly

Comparison of AdverbsPositive Comparative Superlativebenewell

meliusbetter

optimēbest

malebadly

peiusworse

pessimēworst

parum / nōn multumlittle

minusless

minimēleast

multummuch

plūsmore

plurimummost

magnoperegreatly

magismore greatly

maximēmost greatly

propenearly

propiusmore nearly

proximēvery nearly

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlative

the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativediū

for a long time

the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativediū

for a long timediūtius

for a longer time, any longer

the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativediū

for a long timediūtius

for a longer time, any longer

diūtissimēfor the longest time

the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativediū

for a long timediūtius

for a longer time, any longer

diūtissimēfor the longest time

saepeoften

the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativediū

for a long timediūtius

for a longer time, any longer

diūtissimēfor the longest time

saepeoften

saepiusmore often

the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:

Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlativediū

for a long timediūtius

for a longer time, any longer

diūtissimēfor the longest time

saepeoften

saepiusmore often

saepissimēmost often

the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:

Ablative of Degree of Difference

Ablative of Degree of Difference (DOD)

• the abl. is used adverbially to express degree of difference

• this use of the abl. is seen with comparatives or with ante or post

• translate using “by”

• the abl. used will commonly be a form of multum or paulum– when not modifying a noun, this word will be in the abl. sg.

neut. form (–ō)

Ablative of Degree of Difference (DOD)

e.g.:• Multō fortius pugnat.

– He fights more bravely by much. (much more bravely)

• Paulō ante pervēnit.– He arrived before by a little. (a little before, a little while ago)

• Multīs post annīs Germānī Rōmam oppugnāvērunt.– Afterward by many years, the Germans attacked Rome.

(many years later)

Quam + Superlative

Quam + Superlative

• as with adjectives, quam can be used with a superlative adverb to express the notion “as _____ly as possible”

• with this construction, some form of posse is to be understood, and sometimes it will be there, e.g.:

– Venī quam prīmum. à Come as soon as possible.

– Venī quam prīmum potes. à Come as soon as you can.

Subordinate Clause Review:Temporal and Causal Clauses

Subordinate Clauses Review

• recall that there are simple, compound, and complex sentences in Latin, just like English

• complex sentences consist of at least one main clause and at least one subordinate clause

• there are several types of subordinate clauses: causal, temporal, conditional, relative, concessive, circumstantial, etc.

• we are concerned with temporal and causal clauses for now (but you need to be able to identify conditional & relative too)

Temporal Clauses

• temporal (< tempus, temporis, n.: time) clauses tell you information about the time of the action in the main clause

• answer the question “when?”• introduced by: – ubi: when

– postquam: after

– ut: as, when

– simul atque/ac: as soon as, at the same time as

Causal Clauses

• causal (< causa, causae, f.: reason) clauses tell you information about the cause or reason behind the action in the main clause

• answer the question “why?”

• introduced by: – quod: because

– ut: as, since

– quia: because

– quoniam: because