java notes 1 - operators control-flow

Java - BasicsPrepared byMohammed SikanderTechnical LeadCranes Varsity

Language BasicsVariablesOperatorsControl-flowArrays

mohammed.sikander@cranessoftware.com

Converting Ideas to Program

C++ Compilation Process

JAVA Compilation Process

First Java Program

The class can be public [not compulsory]

main should be public [compulsory]

main should be static [compulsory]

return type of main should be void [compulsory]

Argument of String [] is compulsory.

only the order of public and static can be swapped.

If class is public, filename should match class name.

If class is not public, filename can be different.

javac FirstProgram.java

Java SecondProgram

Naming ConventionsName Conventionclass Names hould start with uppercase letter and

be a noune.g. String, Color, Button, System, Thread etc.

interface Name should start with uppercase letter and be an adjective e.g. Runnable, Remote, ActionListener etc.

method Name should start with lowercase letter and be a verb e.g. actionPerformed(), main(), print(), println() etc.

variable Name should start with lowercase letter e.g. firstName, orderNumber etc.

package Name should be in lowercase letter e.g. java, lang, sql, util.

Constants Name should be in uppercase letter. e.g. RED, YELLOW, MAX_PRIORITY etc.

CamelCase in java naming conventionsJava follows camelcase syntax for

naming the class, interface, method and variable.

If name is combined with two words, second word will start with uppercase letter always

actionPerformed( ), firstName, ActionEvent, ActionListener etc.

Variables naming - RulesAll variable names must begin with a

letter, an underscore ( _ ), or a dollar sign ($).

[a-z/_/$] [a-z/_/$/0-9]Case sensitive – similar to c/c++

Samples of acceptable variable names: YES

Samples of unacceptable variable

names: NOGrade Grade(Test)GradeOnTest GradeTest#1Grade_On_Test 3rd_Test_GradeGradeTest Grade Test (has a

space) int $a = 5; int a$b = 8; int _x = 4; int _ = 9;

Variable naming – GuidelinesThe convention is to always use a

letter of the alphabet. The dollar sign and the underscore are discouraged.

Variable should begin with lowercase, multiple word variable can use camelCasing.

All characters in uppercase are reserved for final(constants)

DatatypesByte - 1 byteShort - 2 byteInt - 4Long - 8Float - 4 (IEEE 754)Double - 8 (IEEE 754)Char - 2 (unicode)Boolean - 1 (size undefined)Note : java does not support unsigned.

LITERALS Integer literals Decimal [1-9][0-9]Octal 0[0-7]Hexadecimal 0x[0-9,A-F]Binary (JAVA SE7) 0b[0-1]Underscore can appear in literals (JAVA SE7)long creditCardNum =

1234_5678_9012_3456L; Floating-point literals Double 4.5 or 4.5d 1.23e2Float4.5f 1.23e2f

Write the Outputclass ArithmeticOperation {

public static void main(String [] args ) {

byte a = 5; byte b = 10; byte sum = a + b;

System.out.println("Sum = " + sum); }

int sum = a + b;byte sum = (byte)(a + b);

Write the Output

Java Programclass ArithmeticOperation {

public static void main(String [] args ) {float res = 9 % 2.5f;System.out.println("res = " + res);}

C/ C++ Programint main( ){

float res = 9 % 2.5f;printf(" %f " ,res);

Arithmetic Operatorsint / int => intfloat / int => floatbyte + byte => int% operator can be applied to

float-typesEg : 5.0 % 2.4 = 0.29 % 2.5 => 1.5; 10 % 2.5 => 0

Outputclass ArithmeticOperation {

public static void main(String [] args ) { byte a = 5; byte b = 10; int sum = a + b; byte diff = (byte)(a – b);System.out.println("Sum = " + sum); System.out.println(“diff = " + diff); }

Conversion from Small to Largepublic class Conversion {public static void main(String args[]) {

byte b = 12;int i = 300;double d = 323.142;System.out.println("\nConversion of byte to

int.");i = b;System.out.println("i and b " + i + " " + b);System.out.println("\nConversion of int to

double.");d = i;System.out.println("d and i " + d + " " + i);

Conversion from Large to Smallpublic class Conversion {public static void main(String args[]) {

byte b;int i = 300;double d = 323.142;System.out.println("\nConversion of int to byte.");b = (byte) i;System.out.println("i and b " + i + " " + b);System.out.println("\nConversion of double to int.");i = (int) d;System.out.println("d and i " + d + " " + i);System.out.println("\nConversion of double to byte.");b = (byte) d;System.out.println("d and b " + d + " " + b);

Write the Outputpublic class ByteDemo { public static void main(String [] args) { byte x = 127; System.out.println(x); x++; System.out.println(x); }}

Code to Print ASCII / UNICODE Value of a Character public class CharAsciiValue { public static void main(String[]

args) { char a = 'A'; System.out.println(a + " " +

(int)a); }}

Question

Consider the statement double ans = 10.0+2.0/3.0−2.0∗2.0; Rewrite this statement, inserting

parentheses to ensure that ans = 11.0 upon evaluation of this statement.

What should be the datatype of res variable?public static void main( String []

args){

int a = 5;int b = 10;

____ res = a > b;System.out.println(res);

int main( ){

int a = 5;if(a)

printf(“True");else

printf(“False”);}

public static void main(String [] args)

{int a = 5;if(a)System.out.print("TRUE");elseSystem.out.print(“FALSE");

Relational Operators Result of Relational operators is of type boolean. int x = 5 > 2;//In valid – cannot assign boolean to int.

boolean flag = false; if(flag) { }

if(flag = true) { } int x = 5; if(x = 0) { }

Logical Operators&& , || - Short-circuiting operators, Same as C & , | - evaluates both condition.

if(++x > 5 & ++ y > 5){}Both x and y are updated

if(++x > 5 && ++ y > 5){}Only x is updated.

Write the Output

Try with following Changes 1. Change the value of x to 8.2. Replace && with &3. Try with OR Operators (| | and | )

Bitwise OperatorsCan be applied on integral types only& , | , ^ , ~, >> , << , >>> >>> (unsigned right shift)

If left and right are boolean, it is relational.

(a > b & a > c)

If left and right are integral, it is bitwise.(a & c)

To print in Binary FormInteger.toBinaryString(int)

Output:X = 2310111

Control Flow - ifIf (boolean)

◦Condition should be of booleanif( x ) invalid is not same as if(x != 0 )

(valid){ {} }boolean x = false;if( x ) if(x = true ) { {} }

Control Flow - switchThe switch statement is multiway

branch statement. It provides an easy way to dispatch execution to different parts of your code based on the value of an expression.

It often provides a better alternative than a large series of if-else-if statements

Case label can be of◦ Byte, short, char, int ◦ Enum , String (SE 7 & later)◦ Character , Byte, Short,Integer(Wrapper

class)◦ Break is not a must after every case

(similar to C).

Control Flow - switchpublic static void main(String [] args){byte b = 1;switch(b){ case 1 : System.out.println("Case 1"); case 2 :System.out.println("Case 2");}}

Iteration StatementsWhile Do-whileForEnhanced for loop for accessing

array elements

Enhanced for LoopIt was mainly designed for

iteration through collections and arrays. It can be used to make your loops more compact and easy to read.

int [ ] numbers = {5 , 8 , 2, 6,1};For(int x : numbers)

◦S.o.println(x);

Enhanced For with Multidimensional Arraysint sum = 0;int nums[][] = new int[3][5];for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)

for(int j=0; j < 5; j++)nums[i][j] = (i+1)*(j+1);

// use for-each for to display and sum the valuesfor(int x[ ] : nums) {

for(int y : x) {System.out.println("Value is: " + y);sum += y;}

}System.out.println("Summation: " + sum);

Method 2: No. of columns are same in all rows

Datatype [ ][ ] matrix;Matrix = new datatype[row][col];Method 3 : Each row can have diff. no of

elements(cols)Datatype [ ][ ] matrix;Matrix = new datatype[row][ ];For(I = 0 ; I < row ; i++)

◦ Matrix[i] = new datatype[col]

breakUnlabelled break & continue – similar to c/c+

+Labelled breaksearch: for (i = 0; i < arrayOfInts.length; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < arrayOfInts[i].length; j++) { if (arrayOfInts[i][j] == searchfor) { foundIt = true; break search; } }

Kangaroohttps://www.hackerrank.com/challenges/kangaroo

There are two kangaroos on an x-axis ready to jump in the positive direction (i.e, toward positive infinity). The first kangaroo starts at location x1 and moves at a rate of v1 meters per jump. The second kangaroo starts at location x2 and moves at a rate of v2 meters per jump. Given the starting locations and movement rates for each kangaroo, can you determine if they'll ever land at the same location at the same time?

Input Format A single line of four space-separated integers denoting the respective

values of x1, v1, x2, and v2. Output Format Print No if they cannot land on the same location at the same time. Print YES if they can land on the same location at the same time;

also print the location where they will land at same time. Note: The two kangaroos must land at the same location after making the same number

of jumps.

java notes 1 - operators control-flow

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