japan railaways, hiro
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Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Why Do We Need Screening Methods?
—We Desire Screening Methods to Easily Control the Pollution in the Ground
Hiro SakaiRailway Technical Research Institute, Japan Railways
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
What is going on in the geoenvironment in Japan Railways?
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Have you ever been to Japan?
Sapporo
Narita
Sendai
TokyoFukuoka
Hiroshima
Osaka
Kyoto
Basically, Japan Railways run electric trains, but they still use diesel engines JR Hokkaido
JR ShikokuYamaguchi Line, JR West
JR Freight
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
JR East
JR Central
JR West
JR Kyushu
Japan Railways also run electric trains throughout Japan
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
What kinds of issue are coming out from the operation of diesel engines?
-Leaking of light oil used as fuelThe polluted soil should be cleaned-up, but scientific data are needed. Aromatic hydrocarbons might be contained
Fondly called Brown Field Problems
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
What brown field problems are taking place in railroad operation?
Leakage from fuel tanks pollutes railroad tracks resulting in:
-Bad smell
-Unsightly looking, visual contamination
-Risk to contaminate groundwater
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Which case is much more serious?
Drips gas pumps.Drips from tanks on trains and engines.
We inspected the ground in a car depot 10 m
Arrival Track No. 1
Shunting Track
Arrival Track No. 4
Arrival Track No. 3
Engine Run-Round Track
Arrival Track No. 2
A B
E F
D
C
GL-5.5 mGL-5.5 m
GL-3.5 mGL-2.8 m
GL-5.5 m
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
How can we manage pollution?
5 m width for single tracks
342 car depots
Estimated 100,000,000 m2
1,000 m2 each
30,000 km active lines
Estimated 342,000 m2
What we knew are….
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Spo
t
Concentration of mireral oil extracted with hexan / mg g-1
5 - 5.5 m
1.5 - 2 m
2.5 - 3 m
2.5 - 3 m4.5 - 5.5 m
1.3 - 1.8 m
2 - 2.5 m1.5 - 2 m
5.1 - 5.5 m
5 - 5.5 m
1.5 - 2 m
2 - 2.5 m
1 - 1.5 m1.5 - 2 m
2 - 2.8 m
3 - 3.5 m1.5 - 2 m
A, remote from
F,close to
C, close to
B, remote from
D, close to
E, close to
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Bioremediation works??
No idea, but hope so….
Japan Railways still thinking….
-Just burn
-Bioremediation
-Other methods
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
What we need right now are….
-Information on the reasons why soil polluted with petroleum should be cleaned-up. We know that it is better to take care. But scientific data are needed to convince us.
-If necessary to clean-up, how deep we should do it?
-What methods are better in the case with railroad tracks? We run over 200,000 trains a day.
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
What kinds of issue are coming out from the operation of electric trains?
-Heavy metal contaminationScattered by friction between contact wires, especially lead and copper, and pantographs
Emitted from the surface of brake linings, including lead, because of high-speed operation
Friction at pantographs
When giving a brake
But all frictional materials containing heavy metals were already replaced with carbon materials
Whenever operating trains, generally, there occurs….
The surface of wheel tread is shaved by brake shoes in firm contact to scatter small particles of steel on washings, parked vehicles and houses on tracks
-Heavy metal contamination
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
20 40 60 80
0.4
0.2
00
Distance from track center / mSte
al a
mou
nt /
mg
m-2
day-
1
Concrete containing lime and fly ashes, which enhance material strength, releases chromium ion. The chromium polluted embankments of railroad tracks in the past, but such kind of concrete is no longer in use
-Chromium originating from concrete structures
Whenever operating trains, generally, there occurs….
Fly Ash Cement
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Cr(IV)
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Highly toxic pesticides with long life like simazine are no longer used, as they have been replaced with short-life pesticides such as glyphosate and dalapon. They would become free in the ground to cause pollution. Some are also mutagenic effective
-Soil pollution by pesticides
Less weeds, but produce polluted
Whenever operating trains, generally, there occurs….
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Furthermore, with wood sleepers,….
Creosote oil is used as a preservative for sleepers, which is soaking down into the ground thereunder. Within a radius of 1 m, soil is contaminated. We started using contaminant-free plastic or concrete sleepers for higher durability.
-Soil pollution under tracks by preservatives for wood sleepers
1mLooking Brown Fields
Questions?Any questions are absolutely welcome, but you can touch base with me even after the meeting….
Contact Hiro at:water@rtri.or.jp
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Why are screening methods needed for investigation of pollution in the ground?
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Japan wants to create a new approach to find benefits in ISO/TC 190 (Soil quality)!
If no one used, no meaning to standardize
Some standards are too scientific
No one needs to hesitate to prepare practical standards ScientificHIRO
Easy-Going Men
Come on to the practical side!
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
For your easy understanding, come to remember 9.11….
A special WG was instituted on explosives in TC 147 after 9.11
Shortly, to make money. This is because a big market just came out after the tragedySuch kind of standard will bring money by selling instruments under the analytical technique designated therebyBy putting standards in practical use, TC 147 became more active, as a result
North Korea would attack Japan!
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
For instance, ….To simply check the concentrations of pollutantsIf you want to drink water in a glass,….
pH Test Paper
Enjoy the water!
Go to a pH meter
Go to a pH meter
Screening Full
pH Meter
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
What are screening methods?To track hot spots in an investigation site
Detectors
Hot Spot
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Thus,….We Need
Save-Money-Standards!-Actual money-back is not necessarily needed
-But indirect benefits are needed, at least-Relatively poor performance is still okay
Saving cost and time
Applicable on-site
Simple operationEasy-going-standardsare definitely preferable
Even in this case, what is indispensable is…
Validation Date-To show the same or approximately the same values as those given by the methods currently standardized
-As you know, if taking something, lose something. This is true.
-Higher performance, including lower DLs and higher accuracies, are not necessary. Even if any, not so expected
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
What are Save-Money-Methods?There are still a lot of choices for the
Save-Money Methods
No screening methods have been standardized to prepare basic information for planning full investigation
Land to be inspected
Actually polluted
Full inspection at regular-intervals
Screening method to find hot spots
A screening method is one of the choices
Pollutants
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
With screening methods,….
Time can be saved
Cost would be reduced
Easier operation expected
Still benefit!
Easy to find hot spots:
Full investigation areas can be reducedEasy to plan full investigation around hot spots
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Current state and what are expected with us….Methods of ISO are rooted in a good scientific basis:
Resulted in reliable data to be used in regulations and assessment
But simplified and fast methods are also required:
For the first indicative investigation and to find hot spots
Standardization is needed:
To improve the quality of screening investigation in the standardization approach to check soil contamination
Not allowed with screening methods,….Not needed to replace the currently existing methodsScreening methods have purposes different from those of the existing methods
There are so many methods for screening. How do users properly choose one?
Provide information helpful in planning full investigation
Some guidelines and standards are neededTo avoid misuse and make the purpose clear to the users
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Specific methods to be proposed as screening methods
Basically, they should be used in pre-inspection for contaminated-land
-Energy-Dispersive XRF for heavy metals
-IR/TA for petroleum
-UV / VIS spectrophotometry for explosives
-Biological methods using enzymes to detect heavy metals
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
What we want to stress are….
Describe the limit of screening methods to avoid their misuse or misunderstanding of data
Screening methods work only in specific conditions
Understand and stress that the result is also specified to the manner of its use
The results from screening methods naturally have limits
Each screening method with different capacities and performanceSuggest how to choose screening methods with filed conditions to reasonably plan screening inspections and appropriately use the data therefrom to give proper reports
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
How many counties and experts join us? Don’t be behind!
Voting resultsItems Current
stage Voting “Yes” Registered
1 Guidance CD 14 11 147 countries
2 XRF WD 19 16 1611 countries
SC 3/WG 10 --- --- --- ---33
21 countries and orgs.
Questions?Any questions are absolutely welcome.
Hiro is also at:water@rtri.or.jp
Our goal there!
JapanRailways
Hope you have interest in screening methods….Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Application of screening methods to soil samples, including waste
Their goal must be the same. But there are different ways between reference and screening methods.
ScientificPractical
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Allowable limits of heavy metal concentrations in soil in Japan
Pb, 150ppm
Hg, 15ppm
As, 150ppm
CN-, 50ppm
Se, 150ppm
B, 4,000ppm
F-, 4,000ppm
Cd, 150ppm
Cr (IV), 250ppm
PbCd
Hg
Se
Cr F-
As
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Heavy metals are found at every workshop and car depot at an inspection….
Takatori Workshop in Kobe
Relocated to the suburbs in 2000
A lot of kinds of heavy metals were found.
5M USD were paid for the remediation.
Asahigawa Engine Depot in Hokkaido
Heavy metals were found, especially mercury, where batteries were maintained.
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
We are not sure how long, wide or deep our railroad tracks are polluted….
-Length in service, 30,000 km
-Average width for single tracks, 5 m150,000,000 m2, estimated
-Car depot, 342
-Average area, 1,000 m2
342,000 m2, estimated
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Japan Railway’s Proposal for screening methods is….
XRF for heavy metals in soilTo check if the concentrations of heavy metals are over the allowable limits or not
To track hot spots with heavy metals at a site
Determination limit, ppm
Cd, 5.5Cr, 36Pb, 8Other heavy metals, around 10 ppm
Reproducibility,
Cd, 1.38Cr, 0.24Pb, 0.22
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Major dimensions
3 g
Time, 5 min
Weight, 8 kg or less
In Japan, a hood is required to protect X-ray.
Sample, 3 gIf necessary, soil samples can be dried in five minutes.
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
What are the advantages with XRF….
Spot 1 2 3
Limit
Pb Cd
Hg
Not needed to extract heavy metals into waterIt is not easy to quantitatively prepare water samples.
Can detect several kinds of heavy metals at a timeIt will help to track hot spots at a site.
To check if the concentrations of heavy metals are over allowable limits or not
The DLs are around 1 ppm.
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
To make sure of the areas to be taken care of…. —Heavy MetalsWhat are the benefits:
Field investigation will drastically be simplified on site at a lower cost in a short time at a timeCd, Cr, Se, Pb, and As can be detected easily at 10 ppm up to 200 ppm at a time.
Pb Cd
Hg
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
There are two types of XRF detector
BatteryPower
Sample Cell
X-ray Filter
Preamplifier
Amplifier & Analyzer
X-ray Tube
X-ray Protected StructureSample Cell Room Soil Sample
Display
Computer
Software for calibration
Solid State Detector
X-Ray shielded
There are two types of XRF detector
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
X-Ray not shielded
PbCd
HgSe
CrF-
As
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Analytical performance of X-ray shielded type XRF
BatteryPower
Sample Cell
X-ray Filter
Preamplifier
Amplifier & Analyzer
X-ray Tube
X-ray Protected Structure
Sample Cell Room
Soil Sample
Display
Computer
Software for calibration
Solid State Detector
Element Detection limit, ppmCd 4.0Pb 4.2Se 1.1Hg 5.0As 2.8Cr 14
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Practical soil screening data by XRF
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
For petroleum….
IR
For petroleum….
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
TA
Relative Turbidity for Typical Hydrocarbons
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Hydrocarbon Concentration (ppm)
Rel
ativ
e Tu
rbid
ity
DialaDieselMotor OilJet A
All Final Field Data
y = 1.6897x + 194.65R2 = 0.9716
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000Lab (mg/kg)
Dex
sil (
mg/
kg)
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
For heavy metals by immunoassay….
*
*
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
For heavy metals by biological methods….
Direct Contact Tests• Soild Phase Microtox
– Direct contact?
• Sediment test– Ostracodtoxkit
• Respiratory activity• Seed germination & Root elongation
– Phytotoxkit
• Worm avoidance
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
What ISO/TC 190/SC 3/SG 10 wants to do with you are….
Join us!
Japan, XRF, IR/TA for petroleum
Finland, XRF
The Netherlands, inspection probes
UK, immunoassay
Germany, CG
Korea, detection for explosives
Poland, guidelines
Czech Rep., NIRSFAO, looking for simple methods to determine heavy metals on site
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Some comments already offered by the members….”In-laboratory methods should also be included with on-site methods,” Czech Republic“Screening methods needed to save money,” FAO“Not easy to prepare guidance papers,” Germany“Large difference in date between on-site and laboratory methods,” Germany“Reduce the volume of standards,“ Germany“Call an intermediate meeting in Korea,” Korea“Guidelines needed,” The Netherlands“Guidelines first,” UK
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Hiro’s requests to all the members in SC 3/WG 10 (Screening methods)
Bear in mind “HIRO is still easy-going all the time. HIRO wants to make everything simple!”
Prepare your each document in two A4-sized pages
Your PowerPoint files should be with maximum 5 VISUAL slides
Give Hiro any your questions, reactions, opinion, and requests by call or through e-mail at any time
Dress casually in SC 3/WG 10 meetings to make yourself easy, if you do not mind
Hope all the items be standardized in SC 3/WG 10 within six pages
Enjoy standardization work with HIRO in SC 3/WG 10!
Thick documents and long presentations bore you!
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Welcome to ISO/TC 190/SC 3/WG 10 (Screening methods)!
What is the most important is to enjoy the SC 3/WG 10 meeting with one another!
Everything should be negotiable in the WG to make everyone happy.
Your quick and positive response will make our work easy.
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
I Want to Stress Once Again!
ISO/TC 190/SC 3/WG 10 wants to bring us definitely including you ACTUAL BENEFIT. NO MORE PAPER EXCHANGE WITHOUT FRUIT!No intention, no result
No result, no practical use
No practical use, no benefit!
Do with us taking actual and effective manners
Questions?Any questions are absolutely welcome, but you can touch base with me even after the meeting….
Contact Hiro at:water@rtri.or.jp
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
How are screening methods standardized in ISO and CEN?
We .&
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Scope….
ISO/CD 12404:This international standard provides guidance on the selection and application of screening methods for assessing soil quality. Information is given on what constitutes an appropriate screening method and the conditions under which they can be used.
$$ $$
$
$
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:The aim of this document is to set up criteria as to when the different kind of screening methods may be applied for (to ?) the analysis of a certain parameter in waste and which steps are required to prove their suitability.
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Definition Screening methods
ISO/CD 12404:A method which is used (often on-site) to quickly obtain data on soil.
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:A method to quickly obtain data on sample characteristics
We .?
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Definition Laboratory reference methods
ISO/CD 12404:Laboratory-based method which is performed in accordance with national or international standards and is not necessarily comparable with screening methods
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:Reference method: Analytical method with known performance that is stipulated by law and is commonly standardized
We .!
We .!!
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Definition On-site verification
ISO/CD 12404:No definition
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:Third level of inspection according to the Landfill Directive and the Landfill Decision to ensure that the waste accepted at a landfill is the same as (that) described in the accompanying documents and that it is in accordance with the basic characterization and/or compliance testing
$
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Definition Screening
ISO/CD 12404:No definition but explaining that “screening methods can be used to set priorities for a site investigation or facilitate the design of a sampling plan.”
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:A method to quickly obtain data on sample characteristics
GuidelineGuideline
GuidelineGuideline
Still ideal??
Practical!
Standard
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Definition PrincipleISO/CD 12404:-Selection of a screening method for sampling and pre-treatment-Performance characteristics for screening methodsValidation (primary validation)Verification or daily performance tests (secondary validation)Quality control and quality management-Application and applicability of a selected screening methodScreening method requirementsQuality assuranceScreening method application
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:It defines the whole process from the selection of the screening method, the applicability and fir-for-purpose testing, the fulfilling of the acceptance criteria, the quality control of the applied method to the documentation of measurement results.
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
Thank you for listening!Hope my paper work for you and bring us all success in managing pollution taking place to our respective countries.
Questions?Any questions are absolutely welcome, but you can touch base with me even after the meeting….
Contact Hiro at:water@rtri.or.jp
Railway Technical Research InstituteJapan Railways
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