it 10103

IT 10103 IT 10103 Introduction to Information TechnologyIntroduction to Information Technology

CHAPTER 07 - StorageCHAPTER 07 - Storage

STORAGESTORAGE

What is Storage?What is Storage?Holds data, instructions, and information for Holds data, instructions, and information for

future use.future use.

STORAGESTORAGE

Every computer uses storage to hold Every computer uses storage to hold system software and application software.system software and application software.

STORAGESTORAGE

Storage Medium (media)Storage Medium (media)The physical material on which a computer The physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions, and information.keeps data, instructions, and information.

STORAGESTORAGE

Storage CapacityStorage Capacity

TermTerm UnitUnit Decimal NumberDecimal Number

Kilobyte (KB)Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand1 thousand 1,0241,024

Megabyte (MB)Megabyte (MB) 1 million1 million 1,048,5761,048,576

Gigabyte (GB)Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion1 billion 1,073,741,8241,073,741,824

Terabyte (TB)Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion1 trillion 1,099,511,627,7761,099,511,627,776

Petabyte (PB)Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion1 quadrillion 1,125,899,906,842,6241,125,899,906,842,624

Exabyte (EB)Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion1 quintillion 1,152,921,504,606,846,9761,152,921,504,606,846,976

Zettabyte (ZB)Zettabyte (ZB) 1 sextillion1 sextillion 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,4241,180,591,620,717,411,303,424

Yottabyte (YB)Yottabyte (YB) 1 septillion1 septillion 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,1761,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176

STORAGESTORAGE

Recording and Retrieving from Storage is Recording and Retrieving from Storage is called:called:

Writing and ReadingWriting and Reading

STORAGESTORAGE

Access TimeAccess TimeThe time it takes to locate an item on The time it takes to locate an item on

storage media plus the time required to storage media plus the time required to deliver that item to memory and then to the deliver that item to memory and then to the

processorprocessor

STORAGESTORAGEFraction of Time MeasurementsFraction of Time Measurements

Fractions of a secondFractions of a second EnglishEnglish MetricMetric AbbrAbbr

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 yoctosecondyoctosecond ysys

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 zeptosecondzeptosecond zszs

0.000 000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 000 001 attosecondattosecond asas

0.000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 001 femtosecondfemtosecond fsfs

0.000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 001 trillionthtrillionth picosecondpicosecond psps

0.000 000 0010.000 000 001 billionthbillionth nanosecondnanosecond nsns

0.000 0010.000 001 millionthmillionth microsecondmicrosecond µsµs

0.0010.001 thousandththousandth millisecondmillisecond msms

0.010.01 hundredthhundredth centisecondcentisecond cscs

1.001.00 secondsecond ss

STORAGESTORAGE

Access TimeAccess TimeMemory = Billionth/Sec (Nanoseconds)Memory = Billionth/Sec (Nanoseconds)

Storage = Thousandth/Sec (Milliseconds)Storage = Thousandth/Sec (Milliseconds)

STORAGESTORAGE

Zip Disk Drives 100 MB – 750 MBZip Disk Drives 100 MB – 750 MB

Hard Drives (HD)Hard Drives (HD)

The primary storage device in a computer systemThe primary storage device in a computer system

STORAGESTORAGE

Invented in 1950’sInvented in 1950’s

Also called:Also called:

Fixed DisksFixed Disks

Hard DisksHard Disks

Primary StoragePrimary Storage

STORAGESTORAGE

Common Capacities:Common Capacities:

20 GB 30 GB 40 GB20 GB 30 GB 40 GB

60 GB 80 GB 100 GB60 GB 80 GB 100 GB

120 GB 160 GB 200 GB 300 GB120 GB 160 GB 200 GB 300 GB

400 GB 500 GB 750 GB400 GB 500 GB 750 GB

STORAGESTORAGE

Data is stored as FilesData is stored as Files

Files are collections of BytesFiles are collections of Bytes

STORAGESTORAGE

Files are simply strings of bytes stored on the Files are simply strings of bytes stored on the hard drivehard drive

STORAGESTORAGE

Files are fetched into Memory by the CPU one Files are fetched into Memory by the CPU one byte at a time, and stored on the HD one byte at byte at a time, and stored on the HD one byte at

a timea time

STORAGESTORAGE

The time to retrieve data is measured in two The time to retrieve data is measured in two ways:ways:

Data RateData Rate

Seek TimeSeek Time

STORAGESTORAGE

Data Rate:Data Rate:

The data rate is the number of bytes per second The data rate is the number of bytes per second that the drive can deliver to the CPU. Rates that the drive can deliver to the CPU. Rates

between 5 and 160 megabytes per second are between 5 and 160 megabytes per second are common. common.

STORAGESTORAGE

Seek Time:Seek Time:

The seek time is the amount of time between The seek time is the amount of time between when the CPU requests a file and when the first when the CPU requests a file and when the first

byte of the file is sent to the CPU. Times between byte of the file is sent to the CPU. Times between 8 and 20 milliseconds are common.8 and 20 milliseconds are common.

STORAGESTORAGE

View of aView of a

TypicalTypical

Internal Hard Internal Hard DriveDrive

STORAGESTORAGE

Inside aInside a

Hard DriveHard Drive

STORAGESTORAGE

Platters:Platters:

Typically spin at 3,600 to 10,000 RPM when Typically spin at 3,600 to 10,000 RPM when the drive is operating. These platters are the drive is operating. These platters are

manufactured to amazing tolerances and are manufactured to amazing tolerances and are mirror-smooth.mirror-smooth.

STORAGESTORAGE

Read/Write Read/Write HeadsHeads

PlattersPlatters

STORAGESTORAGE

Data is stored on the surface of a platter in Data is stored on the surface of a platter in sectorssectors and and trackstracks. .

STORAGESTORAGE

Tracks Tracks are concentric are concentric circlescircles(Yellow)(Yellow)

SectorsSectors are pie-shaped are pie-shaped wedges on a trackwedges on a track

(Blue)(Blue)

STORAGESTORAGE

Low-Level formatting a drive establishes the Low-Level formatting a drive establishes the tracks and sectors on the platter.tracks and sectors on the platter.

This is done at the factory.This is done at the factory.

STORAGESTORAGE

Partitioning a Hard DrivePartitioning a Hard Drive

Separates the Hard Drive into Logical PiecesSeparates the Hard Drive into Logical Pieces

STORAGESTORAGE

Partitioning a Hard DrivePartitioning a Hard Drive

Drive C: Drive C:

is always the first Logical drive partition of the first is always the first Logical drive partition of the first Hard Drive registered in the systemHard Drive registered in the system

STORAGESTORAGE

Partitioning Example:Partitioning Example:

80 GB

One Primary Partition

Drive C:

STORAGESTORAGE

Partitioning Example:Partitioning Example:

20 GB 20 GB 20 GB 20 GB

Primary

C:

Logical

D:

Logical

E:

Logical

F:

STORAGESTORAGE

High-level formatting writes the file-storage High-level formatting writes the file-storage structures, like the file-allocation table, into the structures, like the file-allocation table, into the

sectors. This process prepares the drive to hold sectors. This process prepares the drive to hold files. files.

STORAGESTORAGE

Head CrashHead Crash

Causes Physical Damage to the Hard Drive Causes Physical Damage to the Hard Drive PlattersPlatters

CatastrophicCatastrophic

Data Not Usually RecoverableData Not Usually Recoverable

STORAGESTORAGE

Hard Drive InterfacesHard Drive Interfaces

SATA – Serial Advanced Technology AttachmentSATA – Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

Newest Interface for PC’sNewest Interface for PC’s

Capable of 150 MBps Capable of 150 MBps up to 300 MBpsup to 300 MBps

Serial InterfaceSerial Interface

STORAGESTORAGE

Hard Drive InterfacesHard Drive Interfaces

EIDE – Enhanced Integrated Drive ElectronicsEIDE – Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics

Most common type today, but slowly replaced by Most common type today, but slowly replaced by SATASATA

Capable of 133 MBpsCapable of 133 MBps

Parallel InterfaceParallel Interface

STORAGESTORAGE

Hard Drive InterfacesHard Drive Interfaces

SCSI – Small Computer Systems InterfaceSCSI – Small Computer Systems Interface

Parallel Interface from 10 MBps – 320 MBpsParallel Interface from 10 MBps – 320 MBps

STORAGESTORAGE

SCSI Cont’dSCSI Cont’d

STORAGESTORAGE

Standard-Defined Bus

Speed

Common Signaling

Speed Name

Clock Speed (MHz)

ClockingTransfer Rate (Mtransfers/s

)

Throughput (MB/s)

Narrow (8-bit)

Wide (16-bit)

SCSI-1 "Regular" 5 Single 5 5 --

Fast "Fast" 10 Single 10 10 20

Fast-20 "Ultra" 20 Single 20 20 40

Fast-40 "Ultra2" 40 Single 40 40 80

Fast-80(DT)"Ultra3" or "Ultra160"

40 Double 80 -- 160

Fast-160(DT) "Ultra320" 80 Double 160 -- 320

Compact Disc (CD)Compact Disc (CD)

Developed in the 1980’sDeveloped in the 1980’s

Utilizes Lasers to Read data stored on a plastic Utilizes Lasers to Read data stored on a plastic circular disccircular disc

STORAGESTORAGE

CD’s are created in a CD’s are created in a spiral track from the spiral track from the

inside hub to the outside inside hub to the outside edgeedge

STORAGESTORAGE

The tracks are made up of Pits & Lands The tracks are made up of Pits & Lands representing 1’s & 0’srepresenting 1’s & 0’s

Pit = 0 Land = 1

STORAGESTORAGE

PC CD-ROMPC CD-ROM

Compact Disc created for use on a Personal Compact Disc created for use on a Personal ComputerComputer

99% of current software is shipped on CDs99% of current software is shipped on CDs

STORAGESTORAGE

CD Storage CapacityCD Storage Capacity

750 MB750 MB

800 MB800 MB

900 MB900 MB

1.3 GB – HD Burn1.3 GB – HD Burn

STORAGESTORAGE

CD, CD-R, CD-RWCD, CD-R, CD-RW

CD – Read OnlyCD – Read Only

CD-R – Read & Write OnceCD-R – Read & Write Once

CD-RW – Read & Write & Re-writeCD-RW – Read & Write & Re-write

STORAGESTORAGE

CD-ROMCD-ROM

Read Only – Common SpeedsRead Only – Common Speeds

1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x, 16x1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x, 16x

24x, 32x, 40x, 48x, 52x24x, 32x, 40x, 48x, 52x

STORAGESTORAGE

Read SpeedsRead Speeds1x = 150 Kb/Sec 1x = 150 Kb/Sec (Audio Standard)(Audio Standard)

24x = 150 x 24 or 3600 Kb/Sec24x = 150 x 24 or 3600 Kb/Sec

52x = 150 x 52 or 7800 Kb/Sec52x = 150 x 52 or 7800 Kb/Sec

STORAGESTORAGE

CD-RWCD-RW

Read & Write & Re-Write Read & Write & Re-Write

Common SpeedsCommon Speeds

8x/2x/12x, 12x/4x/24x8x/2x/12x, 12x/4x/24x

24x/8x/32x, 32x/12x/40x24x/8x/32x, 32x/12x/40x

48x/16x/48x, 52x/24x/52x48x/16x/48x, 52x/24x/52x

52x/48x/52x52x/48x/52x

STORAGESTORAGE

DVDDVD - Digital Versatile Disc - Digital Versatile Disc

STORAGESTORAGE

DVDDVD - Digital Versatile Disc - Digital Versatile Disc

STORAGESTORAGE

DVD-ROMDVD-ROM

Read Only FormatRead Only Format

Format Capacity Approx. Movie Time

Single-sided/single-layer 4.38 GB 2 hours

Single-sided/double-layer 7.95 GB 4 hours

Double-sided/single-layer 8.75 GB 4.5 hours

Double-sided/double-layer

15.9 GB Over 8 hours

STORAGESTORAGE

DVD-RDVD-R = DVD minus R = DVD minus R

A writeable formatA writeable format

The first DVD recording formatThe first DVD recording format

released that was compatible withreleased that was compatible with

standalone DVD Players standalone DVD Players

STORAGESTORAGE

DVD+RDVD+R = DVD plus R = DVD plus R

A writeable formatA writeable format

The second DVD recording formatThe second DVD recording format

released by the DVD+RW Alliance released by the DVD+RW Alliance

STORAGESTORAGE

DVD + or - R Dual-LayerDVD + or - R Dual-Layer

A writeable format that allows for writing to a dual-A writeable format that allows for writing to a dual-layer DVD. This type of disk holds approximately layer DVD. This type of disk holds approximately

8 GB.8 GB.

STORAGESTORAGE

Common DVD Drive SpeedsCommon DVD Drive Speeds

1x = 1385Kb/Sec1x = 1385Kb/Sec

5x, 10x, 12x, 16x Reading5x, 10x, 12x, 16x Reading

1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 12x, 16x, 18x Recording1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 12x, 16x, 18x Recording

1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x Re-Writing1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x Re-Writing

1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x Dual-Layer Writing1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x Dual-Layer Writing

STORAGESTORAGE

Optical Drives are necessary to be able to install Optical Drives are necessary to be able to install 99% of the software released today99% of the software released today

Every computer should have as a minimum a Every computer should have as a minimum a

CD DriveCD Drive(CD-RW drives are standard on most new computers today)(CD-RW drives are standard on most new computers today)

STORAGESTORAGE

Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices

STORAGESTORAGE

CompactFlash™

Physical Size: 36.3mm x 42.9mm x 3.3mm

Number of pins: 50

Most common uses: Digital cameras, PDAs, MP3 players

Distinguishing Characteristics: CompactFlash cards have the highest capacity and are the most rugged of the flash cards.

Cross-Compatibility: CompactFlash cards can be used in a PCMCIA slot if you have an adaptor. Also, some devices have slots for both CompactFlash and SmartMedia. Otherwise, you need to have a device with a CompactFlash Type I slot in order to use a CompactFlash card

Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices

STORAGESTORAGE

SmartMedia

Physical Size: 37mm x 45mm x .76mm

Number of pins: 22

Most common uses: Digital cameras, PDAs, MP3 players

Distinguishing Characteristics: SmartMedia cards have a flat contact surface that is different from the pins used on other flash cards. This is part of the reason why they can be so thin.

Cross-Compatibility: Some devices have slots for both SmartMedia and CompactFlash. Otherwise, you need to have a SmartMedia slot in order to use a SmartMedia card

Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices

STORAGESTORAGE

MultiMediaCard (MMC)

Physical Size: 24mm x 32mm x 1.4mm

Number of pins: 7

Most common uses: PDAs, MP3 players, cell phones, digital video cameras

Distinguishing Characteristics: MultiMediaCards are just like SD cards, except that they lack some of the SD file protection and encryption abilities.

Cross-Compatibility: Devices that use Secure Digital cards will also accept MultiMediaCards. Devices that use MultiMediaCards may also accept Secure Digital cards.

Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices

STORAGESTORAGE

Secure Digital (SD)

Physical Size: 24mm x 32mm x 2.1mm

Number of pins: 9

Most common uses: PDAs, MP3 players, cell phones, digital video cameras

Distinguishing Characteristics: SD cards are MultiMediaCards with special encryption capabilities to prevent unauthorized copying of data. SD cards also have a write protection feature similar to what you would find on a floppy disk.

Cross-Compatibility: Devices that use Secure Digital cards will also accept MultiMediaCards. Devices that use MultiMediaCards may also accept Secure Digital cards.

Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices

STORAGESTORAGE

Memory Stick®

Physical Size: 36.4mm x 42.8mm x 3.3mm

Number of pins: 10

Most common uses:Digital Cameras, digital music players, digital voice recorders, Sony MP3 audio recorder, video cameras, and computers with a Memory Stick slot.

Distinguishing Characteristics: Though smaller than a stick of chewing gum, Memory Stick packs big performance. Additionally, it's compact, rugged, reliable, and comes equipped with built-in erasure-prevention.

Cross-Compatibility: The Micro Vault USB Storage Media allows users to share and transport data via their computer’s USB port. All of Crucial's multi-port card readers are compatible with the Memory Stick.

Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices

STORAGESTORAGE

xD

Physical Size: 24.6mm x 24.9mm x 1.7mm

Number of pins: 18

Most common uses:Digital Still Cameras. There are plans to adapt the xD card for PDAs, audio players, and other IT appliances are underway.

Distinguishing Characteristics: In addition to offering compatibility with any manufacturer's xD-compatible device, the Olympus xD card is the only card that supports the Panorama function found on most Olympus digital cameras. The xD-Picture Card boasts the smallest form factor of any digital memory card, making it exceptionally portablexD cards can be used in a CompactFlash slot if you have an adaptor. Also, some devices have slots for both xD and SmartMedia. Otherwise, you need to have a device with an xD slot in order to use an xD-Picture card.

Cross-Compatibility: xD cards can be used in a CompactFlash slot if you have an adaptor. Also, some devices have slots for both xD and SmartMedia. Otherwise, you need to have a device with an xD slot in order to use an xD-Picture card.

Card ComparisonCard Comparison

STORAGESTORAGE

Questions?Questions?

STORAGESTORAGE

Assignment 05Assignment 05

Page 395Page 395

Case Study 4 – ResearchCase Study 4 – Research

Prepare a Report OnlyPrepare a Report Only

STORAGESTORAGE