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Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd. מ"חקר ימים ואגמים לישראל בע Tel-Shikmona, P.O.B. 8030, Haifa 31080 חיפה, 8030ד "ת, שקמונה-תל Tel: 972-4-8565200 : טלפון Fax: 972-4-8511911 : פקס
Environmental Quality of Israel's Mediterranean Coastal Waters in 2004
Annual Report of the National Marine Environmental Monitoring Program
Executive Summary
Barak Herut, Edna Shefer and Yuval Cohen
IOLR Report H34/2005a
The National Marine Environmental Monitoring Program is funded by The Ministry of the Environment
The Ministry of National Infrastructures
Monitoring activities in ports and marinas are funded by The Ministry of Defense
September 2005
© All rights reserved. No parts of this report may be published without permission in writing from the authours.
1
Executive Summary1 Introduction This report presents information on the environmental quality of Israel’s Mediterranean coastal waters in the year 2004, based on the National Marine Environmental Monitoring Program (NMEMP) and related activities carried out by the National Institute of Oceanography of Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR). The report also presents trends of environmental changes based on analysis of long-term monitoring data. The NMEMP is guided by the Marine and Coastal Environment Division of the Ministry of Environment. The aim of the program is to provide a scientific basis for decision making with regard to protection of the marine environment, including enforcement of the provisions of national legislation and international conventions. The NMEMP includes five components: • Monitoring of heavy metals in the coastal waters (carried out since 1978); • Monitoring of the introduction of nutrients and particulate metals into the
coastal waters through coastal rivers (since 1990); • Monitoring of the atmospheric fluxes of nutrients and heavy metals into the
coastal waters (since 1996); • Monitoring of nutrient levels and algal populations in the coastal waters (since
2000); • Estimation of the overall pollution load introduced into the coastal waters
derived from a database on point sources of pollution (as of 2002). The NMEMP has been updated over the years in accordance with the available information on pollution sources. Fig. 1 shows the main sources of pollution along the coastline. Fig. 2 presents the NMEMP sampling stations. Location of the sampling stations and the parameters measured at each station are listed in Table 1. All the data collected within the framework of the NMMP is archived at the Israel Marine Data Center (ISRAMAR), IOLR. The evaluation of temporal trends in the environmental quality of the coastal waters is based on analysis of all relevant ISRAMAR databases.
1 The original full report submitted to the Government is written in Hebrew ( available at the IOLR web site, Hebrew Version - www.ocean.org.il). This executive summary presents the main findings of the report and the figures included therein.
2
Monitoring Activities in the Year 2004 • Heavy metals in sediments: 14 sampling stations in Haifa Bay; 10 stations on
the continental shelf along the coast (~5 m depth); 31 stations at the lower reaches and outlets of the coastal rivers.
• Heavy metals and organic pollutants in ports and marinas: Sampling stations (water and sediments) in Haifa, Qishon and Ashdod ports and in Akko, Atlit, Hadera, Michmoret, Hertzelia, Tel-Aviv, Ashdod and Ashquelon marinas.
• Heavy metals in suspended particulate matter: 9 sampling stations along the coast between Ashdod and Haifa; 10 stations in Haifa Bay; 31 stations at the lower reach of the coastal rivers.
• Heavy metals in benthic organisms: 173 specimens of bivalves, 408 specimens of gastropods and 10 specimens of Hermit crab from Haifa Bay and other areas along the coast.
• Heavy metals in fish: 182 specimens of 10 species of inshore fish and 157 specimens of 4 species of trawl fish caught in Haifa Bay and in other areas along the coast.
• Pesticide residues in fish (preliminary screening): 11 specimens of 3 species of inshore fish.
• Heavy metals in atmospheric dust: 43 samples from Haifa area and 47 samples from Maagan Michael.
• Nutrients in rainwater: 36 samples from Haifa area. • Nutrients in the coastal rivers: 31 sampling stations at the lower reaches and
outlets of the rivers sampled twice (winter and fall). • Nutrients, chlorophyll and algae in coastal waters: Sampling during several
cruises along the coastline including Haifa Bay. Appendix 1 presents the total number of heavy metal analyses carried out since the beginning of the monitoring program. Main Findings The findings of the monitoring activities carried out in 2004 reveal that in general, the level of pollution of Israel's Mediterranean coastal waters is not high relative to international marine environmental quality guidelines and criteria. Trends of decreasing pollution identified in previous years continued in 2004. However, the situation is not yet satisfactory. Significant quantities of anthropogenic materials are introduced into the coastal waters both from point sources (marine outfalls and coastal rivers) and from diffuse sources (runoff waters and atmospheric deposition). As a result, a number of local pollution problems exist along the coastline. The findings and conclusions of the report are summarized below in two ways. First, in a table of environmental indicators (e.g. heavy metals in sediments, heavy metals in fish etc.). The table presents the status of the coastal waters in 2004 and trends in the last decade. Second, in maps presenting the status of different areas along the coastline relative to four environmental criteria: (1) status of the shallow water area
3
based on the values of the "Diversity Index"2 of the microalgae populations – four levels; (2) status of the lower reaches/outlet areas of the coastal rivers based on chlorophyll concentrations – three levels3; (3) status of the coastal sediments based on the concentrations of heavy metals, pesticide residues (DDT) and PCB's – two levels4; (4) status of the coastal sediments based on tributyl-tin (TBT) concentrations – two levels5. Environmental Indicators - Status and Trends 6
Environmental Indicator Status in 2004 Trends in Last Decade Heavy metals in sediments
Haifa Bay: Medium level of mercury pollution in the northern part of the Bay and the Qishon estuary. No change in mercury levels compared to 2003. Low concentrations of other heavy metals. Lead and zinc enrichment relative to other areas. Coastal rivers : High level of pollution by mercury, zinc, cadmium, nickel and medium level of pollution by copper, lead and chromium in the lower reach of the Qishon River. Medium level of pollution by some metals in the Betzet, Naaman, Hadera, Taninim and Alexander rivers.
Mercury pollution decreased. Lead concentrations decreased. Pollution in the Qishon estuary decreased. No clear trend of change in other rivers.
2 Number of species divided by the aquare root of the algal biomass (decreasing values indicate a trend towards eutrophication). 3 Based on the Sediment Quality Guidelines developed by US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for the National Status and Trends Program. The two levels used are pollutant concentrations smaller and greater than ERM values (concentration of pollutant above which biological effects frequently occur). An area/site is marked as "polluted" when the concentration of one of the metals/organic compounds considered exceeded ERM. 4 Low, Medium and High levels of nutrient pollution based on chlorophyll concentration data, according to NOAA's estuarine trophic state classification. 5 Less than and more than 100 microgr./Kg. 6 Pollution levels in the table (high, medium and low) are relative to water and sediment quality guidelines and criteria commonly used by US Government agencies for environmental assessment purposes and to the Israeli standeards for marine water quality.
4
Environmental Indicator Status in 2004 Trends in Last Decade Along the coast: In general, the concentrations of all metals in shallow areas are smaller than harmful levels. Several local pollution problems: Medium level of pollution by mercury and cadmium in TAS area. Chromium enrichment along the coast south of Palmachim and in the area of the "Agan Chemicals/Ashdod Refineries" outfall (off Ashdod). Ports and Marinas: High level of pollution by mercury and zinc in Haifa Port. Medium level of pollution by several metals in the ports of Haifa, Qishon and Ashdod and the marinas of Akko and Ashdod.
No clear trend in TAS (Tel-Aviv Region Sewage Treatment Plant) area (seasonal changes in the level of pollution). Similar and even higher levels of pollution found previously in Haifa and Qishon ports.
5
Environmental Indicator Status in 2004 Trends in Last Decade Heavy metals in suspended particulate matter
Haifa Bay: Concentrations in southern Haifa Bay, near the Qishon estuary, higher than those recorded outside the bay. Coastal rivers: High concentrations of mercury, cadmium and copper in several rivers. Along the coast: Much lower concentrations than in the outlets of the coastal rivers. Mercury enrichment opposite the outlets of Yarkon and Soreq rivers.
No change in mercury levels. Cadmium levels in the southern part of the bay decreased as of July 2000. No significant trend No significant trend.
Dissolved heavy metals in seawater
Concentrations in Haifa Bay higher than in other areas but generally lower than the Israeli water quality standard.
Heavy metals in fish Fish fit for consumption with respect to national safety limit. Mercury enrichment in inshore fish from Haifa Bay relative to fish from other areas. Mercury enrichment in some trawl fish from the northern part of the coastline relative to fish from the south. .
Mercury concentrations stabilized at a lower level than in previous decade. No change.
Heavy metals in benthic organisms
Haifa Bay and Akko: Mercury enrichment in bivalves and gastropods relative to other areas. Cadmium enrichment in gastropods from southern Haifa Bay relative to other areas.
Mercury concentrations in bivalves decreased during 1980 – 1992; trend of increase since 1993 has reversed in the past three years. Cadmium concentrations in Qishon estuary decreased.
6
Environmental Indicator Status in 2004 Trends in Last Decade Along the coast (selected sites): Cadmium enrichment in gastropods at Atlit
No change
Heavy metals in dust Concentrations similar to Europe and higher than in open sea areas.
Lead concentrations decreased. No clear trend of change in cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations.
Organic pollutants in sediments
Ports and marinas: Pollution by pesticide residues (DDT) in the ports of Haifa, Qishon and Ashdod, Tel-Aviv marina and the cooling basin of Ashdod power plant. Medium level of pollution in the Qishon Port, Akko marina and the cooling basin of Hadera power plant. High level of PCB's pollution in Haifa and Ashdod ports and Akko marina; medium level of pollution in Qishon Port and Tel-Aviv marina. Medium level of pollution by a few PAH's in Haifa and Ashdod ports. Significant TBT pollution in Haifa, Qishon and Ashdod ports, in Akko, Michmoret, Tel-Aviv and Ashquelon marinas and in the cooling basin of Ashdod power plant. The findings indicate continued TBT input.
Similar levels of pesticide residues, PCB's and TBT found in the years 2000 – 2003. Imposex (indicator of TBT pollution) found in snails from Haifa Bay.
Organic pollutants in water
Ports and marinas: At all sites the concentrations of volatile and semi-volatile pollutants were below detection limit or much lower than level harmful to
No significant change during 2000 – 2003.
7
Environmental Indicator Status in 2004 Trends in Last Decade marine organisms. High levels of TBT pollution found in Haifa and Ashdod ports and in Akko, Michmoret, Hertzelia and Tel-Aviv marinas. At all ports and marinas, TBT concentrations were higher than the Israeli water quality standard.
No significant change during 2000 – 2003.
Nutrients in rain water Nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes into the coastal waters smaller than in Europe but higher than in open sea areas.
Nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes depend on annual precipitation. No significant change in nitrogen flux in the last 7 years.
Nutrients in coastal rivers (outlet areas)
Medium to high levels of pollution in most rivers.
Some decrease in nutrient concentrations (especially in Soreq and Qishon rivers).
Nutrient load from point sources
Coastal rivers (including Qishon) > TAS outfall > others
Reported decrease in quantities of nutrients discharged into the rivers.
Nutrients in coastal waters
Haifa Bay: Nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment decreasing with distance from the shore. Along the coast: Phosphorus enrichment near the outlet of Yarkon river and TAS outfall; nitrate enrichment near the outlets of Yarkon and Taninim rivers. High nutrient concentrations near the effluent outfall of the Hertzelia sewage treatment plant.
Probably decreasing trend since 2002; possibly a change (increase) in N/P ratio of the Qishon River discharge.
Microalgae in coastal waters
Haifa Bay: High concentrations relative to other areas.
Monitoring started in 2000; possibly beginning
8
Environmental Indicator Status in 2004 Trends in Last Decade Especially high concentrations in the Qishon River estuary. Potentially toxic species found. Along the coast: High concentrations near Yarkon River. Relatively high concentration in shallow waters (< 10 m) compared to deeper water (30 m). Genera that might include toxic species found along entire coastline.
of a decreasing trend. Potentially toxic species found previously in Haifa Bay. Potentially toxic species found in previous years.
9
Environmental status along the coastline
a. Status of the shallow water area based on the values the Diversity Index of the microalgae populations and of the lower reaches/outlet areas of the coastal rivers based on chlorophyll concentrations.
M
EU4
EU3
EU3
EU2
EU1
EU1
EU1?
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
M
L
EU3
L
10
b. Status of the coastal sediments based on the concentrations of heavy metals,
pesticide residues (DDT), PCB's and TBT.
TBTזיהום ב-
PCB/DDTזיהום במתכות/PCB/DDTמתכות/
11
Recommendations Based on the findings of this report, it is recommended that the relevant government agencies take the following actions in order to reduce pollution of the coastal waters and to prevent potential public health risks and ecological damages:
1. Enhancement of the efforts to reduce wastewater discharges into the coastal rivers.
2. Develpoment of a data management system for wastewater discharges into the
coastal rivers ( to improve the ability to estimate the overall pollution load from the rivers).
3. Identification of the sources of heavy metals (especially mercury) input to the
Tel-Aviv Region Sewage Treatment Plant and treatment of the effluents at their sources in order to minimize metal discharges into the sea.
4. Adoption of sediment quality guidelines which would serve as targets for
decisions on restriction of wastewater discharge into the coastal waters and as an interpretive tool for monitoring programs.
5. Updating of the national safety limit for mercury levels in edible fish which
has been set many years ago. In addition, safety limits for other metals and for organic contaminants should be considered.
6. Porhibition of all fishing activities in polluted areas as well as in areas where
there is a risk of accumulation of harmful substances based on information on wastewater discharge into the sea.
7. Strict enfircement of the porhibition to use TBT antifouling paints within
Israel and on Israeli vessels.
8. Routine monitoring of bathing water quality in all beaches which are adjacent to the coastal rivers, are not "Declared Bathing Beaches" (where routine monitoring is carried out) and yet are open to the public.
12
Fig. 1: Location of land-base sources (triangles=marine outfalls, yellow points=coastal river outlets, black points=emergency/drainage outlets, red stars=power plants cooling water).
13
Fig. 2: Location of monitoring stations along the Mediterranean coast of Israel and at the lower reaches of the coastal rivers (A – northern area of the coast, B – Haifa Bay, C – southern area of the coast, D – Locations of benthic fauna sampling). The square south of Tel-Aviv (map C) represents the monitoring area of sewage sludge disposal at sea.
Med
iterr
anea
n
Sea
Monitoring stations, 2004
A
Map B
34.8 34.9 35.0 35.0 35.132.4
32.5
32.6
32.6
32.8
32.9
33.0
33.1
HB1-HB5
H1-H4
H5-H8
H9-H12
Bezet r.
Naaman r.
Qishon r.
Dalia r.
Taninim r.
Hadera r.
Alexander r.Coastal stations (water)Coastal stations (sediment)Aerosol stationsRiver stations (sediment & water)
14
Fig. 2: Cont.
146000 148000 150000 152000 154000 156000 158000 160000
246000
248000
250000
252000
254000
256000
258000
260000
12
891011
12
14
18
2223
2627
Carmelit
Haifa Bay
Monitoring stations, 2004
Aerosol sampling station
BCoastal stations (water)Coastal stations (sediment & benthic fauna)
15
Fig. 2: Cont.
Med
iterr
anea
n
Sea
Monitoring stations, 2004
Shafdan
Poleg r.
Yarqon r.
Soreq r.
Lakhish r.
Evtach r.
Shiqma r.
34.4 34.5 34.6 34.6 34.8 34.9 35.031.5
31.6
31.7
31.8
31.9
32.0
32.1
32.2
32.3 H43-H40
H13
H14-H17
H21-H18
H22-H25
AGAN
H26-H29
Coastal stations (water)
C
River stations (sediment & water)Coastal stations (sediment)
Agan/Baza
16
Fig. 2: Cont.
Haifa
34.6 34.8 35.0 35.2 35.4
31.6
31.8
32.0
32.2
32.4
32.6
32.8
33.0
33.2
Netanya
Hadera
Jaffa
Ashdod
Herzllya
Trawl fish
Coastal fish
Molluscs
Akko
Tel Aviv
D
North
Center I
Center II
South
17
Fig. 3. Mercury concentrations (µg g-1 dry wt.) in surficial sediments from the shallow area of Haifa Bay during 1984-2004. ERL is Effects Range Low; ERM is Effects Range Median.
Fig. 4: Mercury concentrations (µg g-1 dry wt.) in surficial sediments from stations 8 and 9 in northern Haifa Bay, at water depths of 3 and 6m respectively, during 1981-2004. ERL is Effects Range Low; ERM is Effects Range Median.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hg
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.)
Station 8Station 9
ERM
ERL
Hg
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Distance from Station 1 (km)
Hg
( µg/
g dr
y w
t.)198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004
station 8,9station 27
2004
1984
ERM
ERL
Hg
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.)
18
Fig. 5: Annual amounts of mercury introduced into Haifa Bay by effluents from the 'Electrochemical Industries'. The factory was closed in 2004.
Fig. 6: Profiles of mercury concentrations in sediment cores at station 10 in Haifa Bay during 1985 – 2004 (the integrated area below the profile represents the total amount of mercury in the core per cm2).
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Years
Mer
cury
inpu
t (kg
/yea
r
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Mer
cury
inpu
t (kg
/yea
r)
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Hg (ug/g dry wt.)
Dep
th c
m
St. 10 1985St. 10 1989St. 10 1993St. 10 1997St. 10 2004
Dep
th c
m
Hg (µg/g dry wt.)
19
Fig. 7: Mercury (A) and cadmium (B) concentrations (µg g-1 dry wt.) in Haifa Bay sediments, 2004 (size of arrows represents concentration).
Hg in SedimentsHaifa Bay, 2004
34.96 34.98 35.00 35.02 35.04 35.06 35.08 35.1032.80
32.82
32.84
32.86
32.88
32.90
32.92
32.94A
0.45 to 0.72
0.25 to 0.45
0.15 to 0.25
0.00 to 0.15
Cd in SedimentsHaifa Bay, 2004
34.96 34.98 35.00 35.02 35.04 35.06 35.08 35.1032.80
32.82
32.84
32.86
32.88
32.90
32.92
32.94B
1.20 to 6.60
0.10 to 1.20
0.00 to 0.10
20
Fig. 8: Cadmium and mercury concentrations (µg g-1dry wt.) in surficial sediments from the Qishon River estuary (station 27) during 1984-2004. (A) logaritmic scale; (B) linear scale for 1997–2004.
0
1
10
100
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Year
Cd
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.)
0.01
0.10
1.00
Hg (µg/g dry w
t.)
CdHg
AH
g (µg/g dry wt.)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Year
Cd
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Hg (µg/g dry w
t.)
ERL (Hg)
ERM (Hg)
ERM (Cd)
ERL (Cd)
B
Cd
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.) H
g (µg/g dry wt.)
21
Fig. 9: long-term trends of lead concentrations in surface sediments in Haifa Bay (A) and along the coast (B) during 1984-2004.
1984 - 2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
Year
Pb (µ
g/g
dry
wt.)x
x
12891011121418222326
A
1988-2004
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Pb (µ
g/g
dry
wt.)
H8H12H17H40
B
Pb (µ
g/g
dry
wt.)
Pb
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.)
22
Fig. 10: Mercury (A) and cadmium (B) concentrations in sediments along the Mediterranean coast of Israel in 2004 (size of arrows represents concentration).
34.60 34.80 35.00 35.20 35.40
31.60
31.80
32.00
32.20
32.40
32.60
32.80
33.00
33.20
Bezet r.
Naaman r.
Qishon r.
Dalia r.
Taninim r.
Hadera r.
Alexander r.
Poleg r.
Yarqon r.
Soreq r.
Lakhish r.
Evtach r.
Shiqma r.
(µg/g dry wt.)
Mediterranean Sea
Hg in sediments, 2004
0.71 to 0.85
0.25 to 0.71
0.15 to 0.25
0.00 to 0.15
A
23
Fig. 10: Cont.
34.60 34.80 35.00 35.20 35.40
31.60
31.80
32.00
32.20
32.40
32.60
32.80
33.00
33.20
Bezet r.
Naaman r.
Qishon r.
Dalia r.
Taninim r.
Hadera r.
Alexander r.
Poleg r.
Yarqon r.
Soreq r.
Lakhish r.
Evtach r.
Shiqma r.
(µg/g dry wt.)
Mediterranean Sea
Cd in sediments, 2004
9.60 to 27.00
1.20 to 9.60
0.00 to 1.20
B
24
Fig. 11: TBT concentrations (µg/L, logarithmic scale) in seawater at ports and marinas along the Mediterranean coast of Israel (August 2004).
Fig. 12: TBT concentrations (µg/kg, logarithmic scale) in sediments at ports and marinas along the Mediterranean coast of Israel during 2004.
0.1
1
10
100
1000
II היפ חמלנ
יבאב
תל ה רינמ
I היפ חמלנ
I דדואש
מל נ
כוה ערינמ
רתמומכ
גן מע
יהצלהר
ה רינמ
ודשד א
ה רינמ
III היפ חמלנ
II דדואש
מל נ
"אצאק
III דדואש
מל נ
ותפנמס
- שוןקי
מל נ
לוןשק אנהרימ
רהחד
גן מע
ולשכ אעגןמ
TBT µg
/L
TBT in water, 2004
TBT in sediment, 2004
1
10
100
1000
IV פהחי
מל נ
ותפנמס
- שוןקי
מל נ
III היפ חמלנ
יבאב
תל ה רינמ
II דדואש
מל נ
III דדואש
מל נ
רתמומכ
גן מע
I היפ חמלנ
כוה ערינמ
II היפ חמלנ
I ודשדמל א
נ
ולשכ אעגןמ
לוןשקה ארינמ
IV ודשד אמלנ
I הדר חעגןמ
יהצלהר
ה רינמ
"אצאק
ודשד א
ה רינמ
II הדר חעגןמ
פהחי
רץ מפ
ון צפ
TBT µg
/kg
dry
wt
TBT
(µg/
kg d
ry w
t.)
25
Fig. 13: Trends of heavy metal (µg/g dry wt.), PCB's ((µg/g dry wt.) and TBT (ng/g dry wt.) concentrations in surface sediments in ports and marinas during 2000-2004.
נמל חיפה
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hg
2
3
4
5
6
Cd
HgCd
נמל חיפה
50
90
130
170
210
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cr,
Cu
30
34
38
42
46
Ni
CrCuNi
נמל קישון
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hg
0
5
10
15
20
25C
d`̀
נמל קישון
0
100
200
300
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cr,
Cu
0
20
40
60
80
Ni
נמל אשדוד
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hg
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
Cd
נמל אשדוד
30
40
50
60
70
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cr,
Cu
18
22
26
30
34
Ni
26
Fig 13: cont. (heavy metals).
מרינה תל אביב
0.000
0.040
0.080
0.120
0.160
0.200
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hg
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
Cd
HgCd
מרינה הרצליה
0
20
40
60
80
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cr,
Cu
0
4
8
12
16
20
Ni
CrCuNi
מרינה עכו
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hg
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4
Cd
מרינה הרצליה
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hg
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
Cd
מרינה הרצליה
0
10
20
30
40
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cr,
Cu
0
2
4
6
8
10
Ni
מרינה עכו
0
40
80
120
160
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cr,
Cu
0
10
20
30
40
Ni
27
Fig 13: cont. (heavy metals).
מעגן מכמורת
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hg
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Cd
HgCd
מעגן מכמורת
0
4
8
12
16
20
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cr,
Cu
0
2
4
6
8
Ni
CrCuNi
מרינה אשדוד
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hg
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Cd
מרינה אשדוד
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cr,
Cu
0
4
8
12
16
20
Ni
מרינה אשקלון
0.004
0.044
0.084
0.124
0.164
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hg
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
Cd
מרינה אשקלון
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cr,
Cu
6
10
14
18
22
26
Ni
קצא"א
0.002
0.006
0.010
0.014
0.018
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hg
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
Cd
קצא"א
0
5
10
15
20
25
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cr,
Cu
0
4
8
12
16
20
Ni
28
Fig 13: cont. (TBT).
Tributyltin (low values)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
צפון מפרץחיפה
עתלית מעגן חדרה מרינההרצליה
מעגן אשכול מרינהאשדוד
מעגן קצא"א
Tri
buty
ltin
(ppb
2001200220032004
Tributyltin (medium values)
0
100
200
300
400
מעגן מכמורת מרינה ת"א נמל אשדוד מרינה אשקלון
Tri
buty
ltin
(ppb
2001200220032004
Tributyltin (high values)
0
1500
3000
4500
6000
נמל חיפה נמל קישון-מספנות מעגן עכו נמל אשדוד
Tri
buty
ltin
(ppb
)
2001200220032004
12000
Tri
buty
ltin
(ppb
)
Tri
buty
ltin
(ppb
)T
ribu
tylti
n (p
pb)
29
Fig 13: cont. (PCB's).
Fig. 14: Relationships between Fe, Pb and Al in suspended particulate matter sampled in shallow surface water along the Mediterranean coast of Israel in 2004.
PCB's
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
נמל חיפה
Iנמל חיפה
IIמול חוף
שמן
נמל
קישון -
מספנות
מעגן עכו מרינה תל
אביב
נמל
אשדוד
PCB
's (p
pm)
2001200220032004
1.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Al % dry wt.
Fe %
dry
wt.
Rivers March 04Rivers Sep 04Sea Aug 04
Fe %
dry
wt.
1
10
100
1000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Al % dry wt.
Pb µ
g/g
dry
wt
Rivers March 04Rivers Sep 04Sea Aug 04
Pb (µ
g/g
dry
wt.)
Al % dry wt.
30
Fig. 15: Decrease of mercury concentrations (µg g-1 wet wt.) in bivalves from Haifa Bay: Mactra corallina (1980-2004) and Donax sp. (1975-2004).
Donax Sp.Haifa Bay > 0.25
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)
Mactra corallinaNorthern Haifa Bay
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)
stations 1,2 8,9,10,12
31
Fig. 16: Box plots of Hg, Cu, and Zn concentrations in the bivalve Donax sp. collected at different sites during 2004. The bottom and the top edge of each box are located at the sample 25 and 75 percentiles. The center horizontal line is drawn at the sample median (EI=Electrochemical industries, QY=Qiryat Yam, MM=Maagan Michael).
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)
0.00
0.01
0.10
Cu
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)
0
1
2
3
4
EI QY MM
Zn (µ
g/g
wet
wt.)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Donax sp.
32
Fig. 17: Variations of Hg concentrations (logarithmic scale of µg g-1 wet wt.) in the bivalve Mactra corallina from northern Haifa Bay during 1980 – 2004. Analytical detection limit was 0.0005 µg g-1 dry wt.
-9
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Ln H
g (µ
g/g
wet
wt
Mactra corallina 1980-2004HB 1,2,8,9,10,12
Ln H
g (µ
g/g
wet
wt.)
-6
-4
-2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Ln H
g (µ
g/g
wet
wt
Mactra corallina 2002-2004 HB 1,2,8,9,10,12
Ln H
g (µ
g/g
wet
wt.)
33
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)
0.001
0.01
0.1
Cd
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
ACH AK-B AK-P QY HS TS AT MM HAD MIC PAL ASH
Zn (µ
g/g
wet
wt.)
0
10
20
30
40
Fig. 18: Box plots of Hg Cd and Zn concentrations in the gastropods Patella sp. collected at different sites during 2004. The bottom and the top edge of each box are located at the sample 25 and 75 percentiles. The center horizontal line is drawn at the sample median (ACH=Achziv, AK-B=Akko sewage, AK-P=Akko port, QY=Qiryat Yam, HS=Hof Shemen, TS=Tel Shiqmona, AT=Atlit, MM=Maagan Michael, HAD=hadera, MIC=Michmoret, PAL=Palmachim, ASH=Ashdod marina).
34
Fig. 19: Cadmium (A)and zinc (B) concentrations (µg g-1 wet wt.) in the gastropods Patella sp. at the Qishon River estuary (HS) and Qiryat Yam (QY), during 1997–2004. Bold line (in graph A) represents the anthropgenic Cd load introduced into the Qishon River
Fig. 20: Mercury concentrations (µg g-1 wet wt.) in the gastropods Patella sp. at different sites in Haifa Bay during 2001 – 2004.
Patella sp.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Cd
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)
0
1
2
3
4
Cd (ton/year)
HSQYCd load
A
Cd
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)
0
10
20
30
40
50
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Years
Zn (µ
g/g
wet
wt.
HSQY
B
Zn (µ
g/g
wet
wt.)
Patella sp.
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Hg
(µg/
g w
e w
t.
HSQYMMAkko-bACHAkko-pTSH
g (µ
g/g
wet
wt.)
35
Fig. 21: Mercury/body weight ratios in the muscle tissues of specimens of Diplodus sargus (annual average±standard deviation) from Haifa Bay and from other areas along the Israeli coastline, during 1979-2004.
Diplodus sargus
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005
Year
Hg
( µg/
g w
et w
t.)/F
ish w
t.sHaifa Bay
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)/F
ish
wt.
Diplodus sargus
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005
Year
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)/F
ish w
t.s
Other area
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)/F
ish
wt.
36
Fig. 22: Mercury/body weight ratios in the muscle tissues of specimens of Lithognathus mormyrus (annual average +standard deviation) from Haifa Bay and from other areas along the Israeli coastline, during 1979-2004.
Lithognathus mormyrus
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005
Year
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)/F
ish w
t.sHaifa Bay
Lithognathus mormyrus
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005
Year
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)/F
ish w
t.s
Other area
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)/F
ish
wt.
37
Fig. 23: Mercury/body weight ratios in the muscle tissues of specimens of Sargocentron rubrum (annual average +standard deviation) from Haifa Bay and from other areas along the Israeli coastline, during 1979-2004.
Fig. 24: Changes in mercury concentrations (µg/g wet wt.) in specimens of Mullus barbatus (annual average±standard deviation) caught along the northern part of the Israeli coastline during 1974-2004.
Mullus barbatus
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005
Year
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)
North israel (Atlit - Rosh-Ha niqra)
Sargocentron rubrum
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005
Year
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.) /F
ish w
t.sHaifa Bay
Hg
(µg/
g w
et w
t.)/F
ish
wt.
38
Fig. 25: Atmospheric fluxes of particulate Pb Cd and Cu at Tel-Shikmona (TS) and Maagan Michael (MM) during 1996 – 2004. Annual fluxes were calculated on the basis of sampling during 25% of the total annual days.
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
19951996
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
2005
parti
cula
te P
b (M
M) f
lux
(µg
m-2 y
r-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
particulate Pb (TS) flux (µg m-2 yr -1)
Pb-TSPb-MM
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
19951996
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
2005
parti
cula
te C
d flu
x (µ
g m-2
yr-1
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
particulate Cu flux (µg m
-2 yr -1)
Cd TSCd MMCu TSCu MM
39
Fig. 26: Atmospheric wet fluxes of inorganic phosphorus (IP) and inorganic nitrogen (IN) (mmol m-2 yr-1) at Tel-Shikmona during 1992 – 2004. The annual amount of precipitation at Haifa port is included.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1992/93
1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
diss
olve
d IP
flux
0
200
400
600
800
1000
annual precipitation (mm
IP fluxprecipitation
annual precipitation (mm
)
diss
olve
d IP
flux
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1992/93
1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
diss
olve
d IN
flux
diss
olve
d IP
flux
40
0
1
2
3
4
0 4 8 12 16
dissolved oxygen mg/L
wat
er d
epth
m
NaamanQishonAlexanderYarqonLachish
March 2004
September 2004
Fig. 27: Depth-profiles of salinity and dissolved oxygen concentrations at the estuaries of Naaman, Qishon and Alexander Rivers during March and September 2004.
0
1
2
3
4
0 4 8 12 16dissolved oxygen mg/L
wat
er d
epth
m
NaamanQishonAlexander
0
1
2
3
4
0 10 20 30 40
salinity
wat
er d
epth
m
NaamanQishonAlexander
0
1
2
3
4
0 10 20 30 40
salinity
wat
er d
epth
m
NaamanQishonAlexanderYarqonLachish
41
Fig. 28: Phosphate (A), ammonium (B) and nitrate (C) concentrations (µM) in surface water at the coastal river outlets along the Mediterranean coast of Israel, during 1990–2004 (March & September).
Beze
t
Naa
man
Qish
on
Dal
ia
Tani
nim
Had
era
Ale
xand
er
Pole
g
Yar
qon
Sore
q
Lakh
ish
Evta
ch
Shiq
ma
19901991
19921994
19951996
19971998 Mar
1998 Sep1999 Mar
1999 Oct2000 Mar
2000 Sep2001 Mar
2001 Sep2002 Mar
2002 Sep2003 Mar
2003 Sep2004 Mar
2004 Sep0
100
200
300
400
500
600PO
4 (µ
M)
Shoreline sampling (A stations)
Beze
t
Naa
man
Qish
on
Dal
ia
Tani
nim
Had
era
Ale
xand
er
Pole
g
Yar
qon
Sore
q
Lakh
ish
Evta
ch
Shiq
ma
19901991
19921994
19951996
19971998 Mar
1998 Sep1999 Mar
1999 Oct2000 Mar
2000 Sep2001 Mar
2001 Sep2002 Mar
2002 Sep2003 Mar
2003 Sep2004 Mar
2004 Sep0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
PO4
( µM
)
50 m from shoreline (B stations) or more
A
42
B
Beze
t
Naa
man
Qish
on
Dal
ia
Tani
nim
Had
era
Ale
xand
er
Pole
g
Yar
qon
Sore
q
Lakh
ish
Evta
ch
19941995
19961997
1998 Mar1998 Sep
1999 Mar1999 Oct
2000 Mar2000 Sep
2001 Mar2001 Sep
2002 Mar2002 Sep
2003 Mar2003 Sep
2004 Mar2004 Sep0
100200300400500600700800900
1000
NO
3 (m
M)
Shoreline sampling (A stations)
Beze
t
Naa
man
Qish
on
Dal
ia
Tani
nim
Had
era
Ale
xand
er
Pole
g
Yar
qon
Sore
q
Lakh
ish
Evta
ch
Shiq
ma
19941995
19961997
1998 Mar1998 Sep
1999 Mar1999 Oct
2000 Mar2000 Sep
2001 Mar2001 Sep
2002 Mar2002 Sep
2003 Mar2003 Sep
2004 Mar2004 Sep0
200400600800
10001200140016001800
NO
3 ( µ
M)
50 m from shoreline (B stations) or more
43
C
Bez
etN
aam
anQ
isho
nD
alia
Tani
nim
Had
era
Ale
xand
erPo
leg
Yar
qon
Sore
qLa
khis
hEv
tach
Shiq
ma
19961997
1998 Mar1998 Sep
1999 Mar1999 Oct
2000 Mar2000 Sep
2001 Mar2001 Sep
2002 Mar2002 Sep
2003 Mar2003 Sep
2004 Mar2004 Sep0
50010001500200025003000350040004500
NH
4 ( µ
M)
50 m from shoreline (B stations) or more
Bez
etN
aam
anQ
isho
nD
alia
Tani
nim
Had
era
Ale
xand
erPo
leg
Yar
qon
Sore
qLa
khis
hEv
tach
Shiq
ma
19961997
1998 Mar1998 Sep
1999 Mar1999 Oct
2000 Mar2000 Sep
2001 Mar2001 Sep
2002 Mar2002 Sep
2003 Mar2003 Sep
2004 Mar2004 Sep0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
NH
4 (µ
M)
Shoreline sampling (A stations)
44
Fig. 29: Nutrient (µM) – nitrate (A), phosphate (B), silicic acid (C), and Chlorophyll a (D) (µg/l) concentrations in surface water along the Mediterranean coast of Israel (depth <30m) during 2004.
Ashqelon
Tel Aviv
Taninim river
Netanya
Haifa
NitrateAugust 2004
34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 3531.6
31.7
31.8
31.9
32
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9
A
45
Ashqelon
Tel Aviv
Taninim river
Netanya
Haifa
August 2004
34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 3531.6
31.7
31.8
31.9
32
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9
Phosphate
B
46
Ashqelon
Tel Aviv
Taninim river
Netanya
Haifa
August 2004
34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 3531.6
31.7
31.8
31.9
32
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9
Silicic acid
C
47
Ashqelon
Tel Aviv
Taninim river
Netanya
Haifa
August 2004
34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 3531.6
31.7
31.8
31.9
32
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9
Chl-a
D
48
Fig. 30: Relative concentrations of Chl a derived from MERIS satellite images in 20 March 2004 (a), 25 May 2004 (b) and 20 August 2004 (c).
c
b
a
49
Fig. 31: Distribution of Synechococcus counts in surface water at Haifa Bay and along the Mediterranean coast of Israel taken from shallow and deeper (30m) stations during August 2004.
Fig. 32: Relative distribution of phytoplankton group biomass (µgC/L) in surface water at Haifa Bay and along the Mediterranean coast of Israel taken from shallow and deeper (30m) stations during August 2004.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Qishon HB5 HB4 HB2 HB1 Shallow Deep ShallowH8
DeepH5
ShallowH12
DeepH9
ShallowH17
DeepH14
ShallowH18
DeepH21
ShallowH29
DeepH26
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
H4 H1 Taninnim Alexander Yarqon Soreq Ashqelon
Counts (%)
0102030405060708090
100
HB5 HB4 HB2 HB1 Shallow Deep ShallowH8
DeepH5
ShallowH12
DeepH9
ShallowH17
DeepH14
ShallowH18
DeepH21
ShallowH29
DeepH26
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
H4 H1 Taninnim Alexander Yarqon Soreq Ashqelon
Biomass (%)
Synechococcus monads <5u Dinoflagellates Diatoms Other Flagellates
50
Fig. 33: Distribution of microplankton (>10µm) biomass (µgC/L) of dinoflagellates and diatoms in surface water at Haifa Bay and along the Mediterranean coast of Israel taken from shallow and deeper (30m) stations during August 2004.
Fig. 34: Distribution of phytoplankton biomass (µgC/L) in surface water at Haifa Bay (August 2004) and at the Qishon River estuary (May and October 2004).
01020
3040506070
8090
100
HB5 HB4 HB2 HB1 ShallowDeepShallowH8
DeepH5
ShallowH12
DeepH9
ShallowH17
DeepH14
ShallowH18
DeepH21
ShallowH29
DeepH26
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
H4 H1 Taninnim Alexander Yarqon Soreq Ashqelon
Biomass (µgC/L)
Dinoflagellates Diatoms
0200
400600800
100012001400
16001800
May October Shallowstations
Deepstations
Qishonport entry
Qishonport entry
HB5 HB4 HB2 HB1 Avarage Avarage
Biomass (µgC/L)
51
Fig. 35: Distribution of total phytoplankton cells and biomass (µgC/L) in surface water at Haifa Bay and along the Mediterranean coast of Israel taken from shallow and deeper (30m) stations during August 2004.
Fig. 36: Average phytoplankton biomass (µgC/L) in surface water at Haifa Bay and along the coast (in shallow and deeper (30m) stations) during 2001 – 2004.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350H
B5
HB
4
HB
2
HB
1
Shal
low
Dee
p
Shal
low
H8
Dee
pH
5
Shal
low
H12 Dee
pH
9
Shal
low
H17 Dee
pH
14
Shal
low
H18 Dee
pH
21
Shal
low
H29 Dee
pH
26
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
H4 H1 Taninnim Alexander Yarqon Soreq Ashqelon
Counts (Millions cells/L)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350Biomass (µgC/L)
Counts Biomass
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2001 2002 2003 2004
Biomass (µgC/L)
ShallowDeep
52
Fig. 37: Average microplankton biomass (µgC/L) in surface water at stations (in shallow and deeper (30m) water) along the coast during 2001 – 2004.
Fig. 38: Biomass (µgC/L) ratios of flagellates/diatoms in surface water at Haifa Bay and along the coast (in shallow and deeper (30m) stations) during 2002 – 2004.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
HB
5
HB
4
HB
2
HB
1
Shal
low
Dee
p
Shal
low
H8
Dee
pH
5Sh
allo
wH
12 Dee
pH
9Sh
allo
wH
17 Dee
pH
14Sh
allo
wH
18 Dee
pH
21Sh
allo
wH
29 Dee
pH
26
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
HaifaBay
H4 H1 Taninnim Alexander Yarqon Soreq Ashqelon
Flagellates/Diatoms Ratio
2002 2003 2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
H4 H1 H8 H5 H12 H9 H17 H14 H18 H21 H29 H26
Hof Dado Taninnim Alexander Yarqon Soreq Ashqelon
Biomass (µgC/L)
Shallow Deep
53
Fig. 39: Average microplankton biomass (µgC/L) in surface water at stations in Haifa Bay and the Qishon River estuary during 2002 – 2004.
Fig. 40: Diversity Index of the phytoplankton in surface water at Haifa Bay and along the Mediterranean coast of Israel taken from shallow and deeper (30m) stations during 2001 - 2004. The Diversity Index is calculated by dividing the number of species by the root square of total cell density.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Qishon HB5 HB4 HB2 HB1
Biomass (µgC/L)
Shallow Stations
0123456789
10
HB5 H4 H8 H12 H17 H18 H29
Qishon Haifa Bay Hof Dado Taninnim Alexander Yarqon Soreq Ashqelon
Div
ersit
y In
dex
Div
ersi
ty in
dex
Deep Stations
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
H1 H5 H9 H14 H21 H26
Hof Dado Taninnim Alexander Yarqon Soreq Ashqelon
Div
ersit
y In
dex
Div
ersi
ty in
dex
54
Fig. 41. Quality control charts for determination of cadmium (A) and mercury (B) in fish tissues and mercury in sediments (C). Points represent results (annual averages) of analyses of standard reference materials. Solid and dotted lines represent the certified values and their standard deviations.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Cd
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.)(SR
M 1
577;
1571
)
15
17
19
21
23
25
Cd (µg/g dry w
t.(Dolt-2;3)
Bovine liver (SRM 1577a) Bovine liver (SRM 1577b)
Dolt-2
Dolt-3
Orchard leaves (SRM 1571)
A
B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004
Hg
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.) (T
una
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
Hg (µg/g dry w
t.) (Dorm
-2)
Tuna
Dorm -2
Hg
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.) (T
una)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Annual mean values
Hg
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.)(B
uffa
lo,IA
EA
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hg (µg/g dry w
t.) (PAC
S-1)
PACS-1
Buffalo river sediment
IAEA 405
C
Hg
(µg/
g dr
y w
t.) (B
uffa
lo, I
AE
A)
55
Table: Heavy metal concentration range (µg g-1 wet wt.) in muscle tissue of inshore and trawl fish collected along the Mediterranean coast of Israel during 2004.
Size
(cm)
דגי מכמורת
Mullus barbatus North part of Israel, 32-56 m 50 11.0-20.0 0.014-0.162 bdl 0.275-1.28 3.16-7.07 2.84-13.94South part of Israel, 36 m depth 15 14.0-19.0 0.014-0.053 bdl 0.265-0.511 2.95-4.92 3.49-11.28
Upeneus moluccensis North part of Israel, 32-54 m 7 13.0-18.0 0.049-0.391 bdl 0.387-0.630 4.47-7.70 5.51-8.63South part of Israel, 36 m depth 12 13.5-20.5 0.055-0.418 bdl 0.332-1.889 3.78-7.90 2.91-14.40
Pagellus erythrinus North part of Israel, 32-56 m 33 13.0-23.0 0.038-0.428 bdl 0.194-0.565 3.66-6.19 1.47-8.02South part of Israel, 36 m depth 11 16.5-17.5 0.051-0.218 bdl 0.126-0.309 2.95-4.32 1.31-6.04
Rafael, 15 m depth. 10 12.0-18.0 0.143-0.493 bdl 0.247-0.412 3.33-4.86 1.81-8.39Bat galim, 5 m depth 12 14.0-17.5 0.039-0.079 bdl 0.251-0.520 3.57-4.58 1.85-6.85
Epinephelus aeneus off Yafo, 35 m depth 7 20.0-69.0 0.028-0.211 bdl 0.220-0.275 3.45-4.74 0.27-2.80
Pargus coeruleostictus off Yafo, 35 m depth 2 34.0 0.265-0.295 bdl 0.182-0.244 2.90-2.92 1.75-2.33
Species Location No. of specimens
Hg Cd Cu Zn Fe
56
Table: cont.
Size (cm)
דגים חופיים
Lithognathus mormyrus Qiryat Yam, 2 m depth 11 16.0-21.0 0.067-0.428 bdl 0.246-0.490 4.61-6.74 2.34-5.02Qiryat Haim, 10 m depth 9 14.5-16.0 0.026-0.069 bdl 0.168-0.427 3.95-5.69 3.62-9.72
Bat galim, 5m depth 18 12.5-17.0 0.025-0.089 bdl 0.218-1.75 4.53-7.36 1.22-9.37Jisr-az-zarqa, 3.5m depth 6 14.0-20.5 0.034-0.162 bdl 0.215-0.292 25.29-6.79 1.60-5.32
Qesarya, 8 m depth 2 16.0-205 0.031-0.062 bdl 0.442-0.486 4.22-5.84 3.67-5.95
Diplodus sargus Frutarom, 15m depth 4 12.0-16.5 0.064-0.403 bdl 0.217-0.279 3.72-5.09 3.45-4.50Bat galim, 5 m depth 10 15.0-25.0 0.036-0.568 bdl 0.246-0.487 1.81-2.50 1.26-3.88Qesarya, 8 m depth 10 14.0-22.0 0.050-0.239 bdl 0.217-0.532 3.45-5.79 2.71-6.95Herzliyya, 8m depth 6 19.5-22.5 0.102-0.433 bdl 0.252-0.416 3.19-6.38 3.85-9.13
Yafo, 35 m depth 2 2.75 0.293-0.492 bdl 0.227-0.283 3.04-3.21 2.34-3.77Palmahim, 8 m depth. 12 16.0-20.0 0.100-0.405 bdl 0.173-0.428 3.70-5.58 3.56-8.21
Diplodus vulgaris Frutarom, 15m depth 10 14.0-17.0 0.148-0.482 bdl 0.199-0.814 4.04-5.21 2.30-10.1Sargocentron rubrum Nahariyya, 11 14-20.5 0.285-0.740 bdl 0.175-0.794 2.84-4.64 4.0-6.3
Frutarom, 12m depth 10 14.5-16.5 0.274-0.485 bdl 0.221-0.536 3.07-3.5 3.2-7.3Bat galim, 28 m depth 10 15-19 0.221-0.545 bdl 0.221-0.455 3.34-4.92 5.0-7.9Palmahim, 8 m depth 5 15.5-18.0 0.159-0.226 bdl 0.309-0.441 3.15-3.87 3.42-8.31
Siganus rivulatus Bat galim, 5 m depth 1 18 0.012 bdl 0.257 3.53 3.44Qesarya, 8 m depth 11 17.5-22.0 0.002-0..012 bdl 0.323-0.784 4.59-6.62 3.70-7.83
Frutarom, 16 m depth 10 15.0-18.0 0.006-0.026 bdl 0.171-0.449 4.39-6.58 3.69-5.87Yafo, 10 m depth 8 14.5-18.0 0.005-0.010 bdl 0.485-1.117 3.81-5.67 3.80-12.08
Palmahim, 8 m depth. 3 19.0-25.5 0.005-0.008 bdl 0.154-0.283 3.07-4.55 2.31-2.74
Mullu surmuletus Frutarom, 17 m depth 8 18.0-22.0 0.157-0.384 bdl 0.289-0.649 3.24-4.18 3.77-9.65Epinephelus marginatus off Yafo, 35 m depth 2 54.0-58.0 0.208-0.341 bdl 0.220-0.240 3.76-4.23 2.42-3.91
Epinephelus costea off Yafo, 35 m depth 1 33.5 0.117 bdl 0.275 3.86 2.8bdl = below detection limit Cd<0.04µg/g wet wt.
Species Location No. of specimens
Hg Cd Cu Zn Fe
Appendix Total number of heavy metal analyses in fish, mollusks and sediments since the beginning of the monitoring program
Fish (1974-2004)
Diplodus sargus 848 Lithognathus mormyrus 993 Mullus barbatus 759 Sargocentron rubrum 452 Upeneus asymmetricus 287 Upeneus moluccensis 107 Siganus rivulatus 278 Mullus surmuletus 254 Oblada melanura 122 Pagellus erythrinus 353 Saurida undosquamis 148 Other 925
Total 5526
Mollusks* (1975-2004)
Mactra corrallina corrallina 1780 Astropecten bispinosus 55 Rudicardium tuberculatum 145 Neverita josephinia 80 Patella sp. 713 Diogenes pugilator 196 Donax trunculus 585 C. gallina 36 Arcularia gibbosula 69 Cellana rota 92 other 528
Total 4724
Sediment and suspended particulate matter
Sea Sediments (1981-2004) 682 River Sediments (1988-2004) 530 SPM (1994-2004) 859
Total 2080
* Composite samples (>10,000 specimens)
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